La competitividad y los recursos tangibles. Una visión desde la calidad de servicio y la legislación. Aplicación a la empresa hotelera malagueña.
Abstract
El escenario actual en que estamos inmersos hace que las empresas estén abocadas a enfrentarse a una competencia creciente, cuya única salida posible es la me}ora de su competitividad, me}ora que se debe conseguir a través de múlti
Full text
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