Cuestión de género : maltrato y ficción
Full text
&XHVWLyQGHJpQHURPDOWUDWR ILFFLyQ
325&(/*DUF D0,VDEHO
8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOOD
(Q FLHUWR PRGR OD H[SORVLyQ GH YLROHQFLD KRJDUHxD R WHUURULVPR GRPpVWLFR
FRPR VH OH GHQRPLQD UHFLHQWHPHQWH QR HV QXHYD $V OR FRQILUPDQ HVWXGLRV
HVSHFLDOL]DGRVUHFLHQWHVGHFDUiFWHUVRFLROyJLFRSRO WLFRHVWDG VWLFR MXU GLFRFRPRHO
SXEOLFDGR SRU OD SURIHVRUD FULPLQyORJD 0 GHO &DVWLOOR )DOFyQ &DUR (O 0DOWUDWR
KDELWXDODODVPXMHUHVSRUFLWDUDOJXQR
6HSURGXFHHQGLIHUHQWHVQLYHOHVVRFLDOHV
FXOWXUDOHVWDQWRHQSD VHVGHO7HUFHU0XQGR2ULHQWH 2FFLGHQWH6XVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHV
V QWRPDVVRQDYHFHVP~OWLSOHV PXWDQWHV(OPDOWUDWRHQRFDVLRQHVVHGLVIUD]D VH
RFXOWDEDMRFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVDSDUHQWHPHQWHFRQVLGHUDGRVQRUPDOHVHQORVHVTXHPDVGH
UHODFLRQHVGHSDUHMDV FRPRHQFXDOTXLHUWUDVWRUQRDYHFHVHVLQFOXVRODSURSLDY FWLPD
TXLHQQRTXLHUHDGPLWLUDQWHV PLVPD D~QPHQRVDQWHORVGHPiVTXHHVREMHWRGH
DEXVR3RUHOORUHVXOWDWDQGLI FLOGHWHFWDUODLQFLGHQFLDUHDOGHORVFDVRVFX DPD RU D
QLVLTXLHUDVHGHQXQFLDQ1RVyORKD TXHFDPELDUODPHQWDOLGDGGHODJUHVRUWDPELpQ
KD TXHFRQFLHQFLDUDODY FWLPDTXHTXL]iVVLQVDEHUORWDPELpQKDFRQWULEXLGRDVHJXLU
ODSDXWDGHXQEDLOHPDFDEUR'HORTXHVHWUDWDHQFRQVHFXHQFLDHVGHFRQRFHUODV
SDXWDVGHFRQGXFWDVDJUHVLYDVSDUDURPSHUHVHHVTXHPDGHVWUXFWLYRGHFLHUWRWLSRGH
UHODFLRQHV
(VVDELGRTXHFDGDYH]PiVODSVLTXLDWU DRSWDSRUFRQVLGHUDUFRPRXQDGHODV
FDXVDV RU JHQHV GH FRQGXFWDV YLROHQWDV DJUHVLYDV HQ HO VHU KXPDQR HO IDFWRU
JHQpWLFR,JXDOTXHKHUHGDPRVHOFRORUGHOSHORRGHORVRMRVHOFDUiFWHUWDPELpQSDVD
GH XQD JHQHUDFLyQ D RWUD 'HWHUPLQDGDV FRQGXFWDV SDUHFHQ GHULYDUVH GH FLHUWDV
PXWDFLRQHV JHQpWLFDV ³(Q ORV RFKHQWD ORV JHQHWLVWDV GHVFXEULHURQ TXH FLHUWRV
WUDVWRUQRV GH OD OHFWXUD HVWDEDQ DVRFLDGRV D JHQHV HQ HO FURPRVRPD TXH OD
HVTXL]RIUHQLDWHQ DXQDOLDGRHQHOFURPRVRPDODSVLFRVLVHQHOFURPRVRPD OD
PDQLDFRGHSUHVLyQHQORVFURPRVRPDV ;$SULQFLSLRVGHORVQRYHQWD.HQQHWK
%OXPGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH7H[DV (UQHVW31REOHGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DOLIRUQLDHQ
ORV ÈQJHOHV DQXQFLDURQ HO GHVFXEULPLHQWR GH XQD FRQH[LyQ JHQpWLFD HQWUH HO
DOFRKROLVPR HOJHQPXWDQWHSDUDHOUHFHSWRUGHODGRSDPLQD'5'0iVWDUGHVH
$%&1RYLHPEUHSiJ
KDYLVWRTXHpVWHWDPELpQVHDVRFLDFRQHODXWLVPRHOV QGURPHGH7RXUHWWODDGLFFLyQ
ODKLSHUDFWLYLGDGLQIDQWLO´
3HURWDPELpQODKHUHQFLDFXOWXUDO DPELHQWDOTXHUHFLELPRVTXL]iVHQFLHUWR
PRGRWHQJDDOJRTXHYHUFRQGLFKDVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVDJUHVLYDVLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHO
VH[R HGDGGHODVY FWLPDV VXVYHUGXJRV(OFDVRHVTXHODJUDQLQFyJQLWDDFHUFDGHO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR KXPDQR VH EDVD HQ OD LPSRVLELOLGDG GH GHWHUPLQDU HQ TXp PHGLGD
LQIOX HQHOSHVRJHQpWLFR DPELHQWDOFRPRIDFWRUHVGHWHUPLQDQWHVGHFLHUWDVFRQGXFWDV
DJUHVLYDV
3DUHFH VHU TXp GHSHQGH GH FDGD SHUVRQD HO TXH XQ IDFWRU X RWUR ULMD
GHWHUPLQHHLQIOX DHQVXFRQGXFWD<HVSXHVDSDUWLUGHHVWDLQFyJQLWDFLHQW ILFDGHOD
TXH SDUWLPRV SDUD SODQWHDUQRV HQ TXp PHGLGD SRGHPRV GDU XQD UHVSXHVWD WDMDQWH
VHJXUDVREUHORVRU JHQHVGHODYLROHQFLD3RUHOORQRVDFHUFDPRVDOD/LWHUDWXUDDO$UWH
HQ GHILQLWLYD FRQ HO ILQ GH UDVWUHDU HMHPSORV GH FRQGXFWDV KXPDQDV TXH KDQ VLGR
GHVFULWDVSRUVXVDXWRUHVRDXWRUDVDFHSWDQGRORTXHDQXHVWURPRGRGHYHUHVHVHQFLDOD
ODQDWXUDOH]DKXPDQDVXFDUiFWHUFRQWUDGLFWRULRYROXEOHLPSUHYLVLEOHTXHOHFRQYLHUWH
DODYH]HQ~QLFRIUHQWHDOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRDQLPDO
1RVFHQWUDUHPRVHQODVPXMHUHVFRPRSDUDGLJPDSXHVWRTXHVHJ~QORVPHGLRV
pVWHHVVLQOXJDUDGXGDVHOJUXSRPiVDIHFWDGRSRUHOPDOWUDWR<HVWRHVXQKHFKRSRU
PXFKDVDUJXPHQWDFLRQHVHQFRQWUDTXHSXHGDQGDUVH(OUHYHUVRWHQGU DTXHYHUTXL]iV
FRQHOPLWRGHODVPXMHUHVGHOPDOODFDMDGH3DQGRUDHOÈQJHO$]XOODPXMHUFRPR
ÈQJHOR'HPRQLR GLDEyOLFDVHGXFWRUDOD0XVD&DO SVRTXHSHUWXUEDODWUDQTXLOLGDG
GHOKRPEUHHO0LWRGHOD0DQWLV5HOLJLRVDGHYRUDGRUDGHKRPEUHV ODVIHPPHVIDWDOHV
,PiJHQHV PLWRVQHJDWLYRVGHODPXMHUFRPRIXHQWHGHOPDOFUHDGRV UHFUHDGRVHQOD
%LEOLDRODOLWHUDWXUDXQLYHUVDOGHVGHOD(GDG0HGLDKDVWDQXHVWURVG DVDJXDVWXUELDV
GRQGH VH OH KD LQYLWDGR D FRQWHPSODUVH HQ XQ HVSHMR HPSDxDGR SRU OD SURSLD
LPDJLQDFLyQ(OHVSHMRGHODILFFLyQKDGHYXHOWRDODPXMHUXQDLPDJHQFRQIXVDTXHHQ
RFDVLRQHVTXL]iVWDPELpQHOODPLVPDKDFRQWULEXLGRDGHVDUUROODU0LWRVTXHVLQGXGD
HQDPERVFDVRVSXGLHUDQWHQHUDOJRTXHYHUFRQFLHUWRVRU JHQHVGHODVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHV
YLROHQWDV GH ORV VHUHV KXPDQRV 7DPELpQ OD DUJXPHQWDFLyQ SRGU D GDUVH HQ VHQWLGR
FRQWUDULRORVPLWRVVHGHVDUUROODQVHFUHDQ VHGLYXOJDQDODFROHFWLYLGDGDSDUWLUGHORV
KHFKRV FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV GHWHFWDGRV SRU HO VHU KXPDQR DO REVHUYDU OD UHDOLGDG
7DPELpQHQHO$UWHVHHODERUDQORVPLWRVEDMRGLVWLQWDVIRUPDV WHQGHQFLDV<SRURWUD
SDUWHQRVHQFRQWUDPRVLJXDOPHQWHFRQHOUHJLVWURGHORVUHVWRVGHOQDXIUDJLRHQORV
0X ,QWHUHVDQWHQ-XQLRSiJ
%(1Ë7(=-DYLHU3RUTXpQRVSDUHFHPRVDQXHVWURVSDGUHV0DGULG
PHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQGHODVPiVYXOJDUHVSDVLRQHVKXPDQDVHODPRUHOGHVDPRU
ORV FHORV OD YHQJDQ]D HO RGLR /R ODPHQWDEOH HV TXH DTX QR VH WUDWD GH QLQJXQD
DEVWUDFFLyQRILFFLyQVLQRGHPXMHUHVFRQFUHWDV QRSHUVRQDMHVTXHWUDVXQSHQRVR
FDOYDULRPXULHURQY FWLPDVGHOPDOWUDWR
&RPRHQWRGRODVRFLHGDG QRVRWURVDVPLVPDVLQWHQWDPRVEXVFDUUD]RQHVSDUD
XQRV KHFKRV TXH QRV FRQPXHYHQ QRV SURGXFHQ GRORU 7HQHPRV TXH UDFLRQDOL]DUOR
WRGR 6H LQWHQWD KDFHUOR EXVFDQGR DUJXPHQWDFLRQHV GH WRGR WLSR 7DPELpQ KD TXH
HQFRQWUDUFXOSDEOHV IXHQWHVODLQIDQFLDODPDUJLQDFLyQORVSDGUHVORVHVWHUHRWLSRV
ODVPLVPDVFRQYHQFLRQHVDUW VWLFDV9DPRVDLQWHQWDUSRUQXHVWUDSDUWHVHxDODUSRVLEOHV
FDXVDVTXHSXGLHUDQRULJLQDUTXL]iVLQGLUHFWDPHQWHHVWHWLSRGHDFWRVHQJOREDGRVHQOD
YLROHQFLD 7HQGU DPRV WDPELpQ TXH UHPLWLUQRV D XQ FRQFHSWR DQFHVWUDO DUTXHW SLFR
FRP~QDFXDOTXLHUFXOWXUDHOGHPDOGDGIUHQWHDERQGDGGHJpQHURQHXWUR
(QSULPHUOXJDUVRPRVFRQVFLHQWHVGHOKHFKRGHTXHGLFKDVSDVLRQHVVRQREMHWR
GHHVWXGLRSRUSDUWHGHSVLTXLDWUDVVRFLyORJRVSVLFyORJRVLQWHOHFWXDOHVUHOLJLRVRV VH
XWLOL]DQ HQ RFDVLRQHV FRPR DUPD GH GHWHUPLQDGRV JUXSRV SRO WLFRV GHFODUiQGRVH
GHIHQVRUHV GH FDXVDV GH LJXDOGDG 6LQ HPEDUJR ODV SDVLRQHV KXPDQDV GHVPHGLGDV
H[LVWHQ H[LVWLUiQVLHPSUH1RSRUHOORODVMXVWLILFDPRVQLDSUREDPRV/R~QLFRTXH
FDPELDHVHOPRGR ODIRUPDHQODTXHVHPDQLILHVWDQ VHRFXOWDQ<ORPiVLPSRUWDQWH
HV TXH WDPELpQ OD SHUFHSFLyQ YDORUDFLyQ TXH GH GLFKRV FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV VH WLHQH
YDU D VHJ~Q OD pSRFD 3RU HMHPSOR HQ OD ,QJODWHUUD LVDEHOLQD OD YHQJDQ]D VH
FRQVLGHUDEDXQGHUHFKROHJ WLPRDHVJULPLUFXDQWRPiVVLVHWUDWDEDGHODYHQJDQ]DSRU
SDUWHGHOKLMRGHODPXHUWHGHOSDGUHSRUPHQFLRQDUXQFDVR'HDK TXHSRUHMHPSOR
6KDNHVSHDUHHVFULELHUD+DPOHWDWHQGLHQGRDORVJXVWRV SUHIHUHQFLDVGHVXWLHPSR
'HLJXDOPRGRHOGXHORHUDXQUHFXUVRREOLJDGRGHOKRPEUHSDUDGHIHQGHUHOSURSLR
KRQRURHOGHXQDPXMHUQRKDFHPiVGHXQVLJOR ODOLWHUDWXUDWDPELpQQRVRIUHFH
EXHQ HMHPSOR GH HOOR HQ XQD REUD FRPR /RV 'XHOLVWDV GH -RVHSK &RQUDG SRU FLWDU
DOJXQDR/D5HJHQWDGH&ODU Q5HFRUGHPRVWDPELpQHOFyGLJRGHKRQRUHQODOLWHUDWXUD
GHO5H $UWXUR ODLQFLGHQFLDGHODGXOWHULRFRPRIXHQWHGHGHVHTXLOLEULRSRO WLFRHQ
DTXHO OHJHQGDULR UHLQR $FRQWHFLPLHQWRV SDUHFLGRV TXH DFWXDOPHQWH OD SUHQVD VLJXH
UHJLVWUDQGR TXHGHXQPRGRXRWURD~QGHVHVWDELOL]DQDXQSD V,JXDOPHQWHFLHUWDV
FRQGXFWDVQHJDWLYDVKDFLDODPXMHUGHVFULWDVHQWH[WRVOLWHUDULRRWUDWDGRVPHGLHYDOLVWDV
PLVyJLQRV WLHQHQ VX WUDGXFFLyQ HQ OD UHDOLGDG DFWXDO 6H WUDWD GH HQFRQWUDU QXHYDV
SRVLEOHVIXHQWHVGHFRQRFLPLHQWRSDUDODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDQXHYDLGHQWLGDGIHPHQLQD
VHxDODUSRVLEOHVRU JHQHVTXHFRQWULEX HURQDXQDLGHQWLGDGIDOVD GLVWRUVLRQDGDGH
VXLPDJHQ
7UDWDPRVGHVHxDODUODSRVLEOHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDGHODVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVYLROHQWDV
HQODUHDOLGDGFRQODILFFLyQRYLFHYHUVD GHFyPRpVWDVFDPELDQGHIRUPDVHJ~QOD
pSRFDDV FRPRODYDORUDFLyQ MXLFLRTXHVREUHpVWDVVHWLHQH1RREVWDQWHSDUHFHTXH
HQFXDQWRDOFRQWHQLGRVHUHILHUHODYLROHQFLDpVWHQRKDFDPELDGRGHOWRGRSXHVWR
TXHSDUHFHVHUTXHORTXHRFXUU DHQHOVLJOR;9,RHQOD(GDG0HGLDD~QSHUYLYHHQOD
VRFLHGDGSUHVHQWHTXL]iVEDMRIRUPDVDSDUHQWHPHQWHGLIHUHQWHVTXHQRVKDFHQFUHHUOR
PXFKRTXHKHPRVHYROXFLRQDGR
(OPDOWUDWRQRHVVLQyQLPRGH³FXOWXUDV´RVRFLHGDGHVDQWLJXDVH[WLQJXLGDVR
WHUFHUPXQGLVWDV 'H KHFKR OD WHFQRORJ D FRQ OD FRPSOLFLGDG GH OD VRFLHGDG OD
LQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQ FDSLWDOLVWD TXH LQYLWD DO FRQVXPLVPR GH FXOWR WDPELpQ VH XQH DO
GHVDUUROOR GHO PDOWUDWR FRPR MXHJR SRU HMHPSOR VDORQHV UHFUHDWLYRV RIUHFHQ D ORV
FKLFRVODRSRUWXQLGDGGHUHSURGXFLUHQHOSURJUDPDGHORUGHQDGRUODFDUDGHVXFKLFDR
DPLJRSDUDTXHODGHVWURFHDSXxHWD]RV(OPHUFDGRGHYLGHRMXHJRV &'5220V
IRPHQWDFRQODDSUREDFLyQHLQGLIHUHQFLDGHJRELHUQRVODGLIXVLyQGHMXHJRVTXHLQYLWDQ
KDFHQDSRORJ DGHODYLROHQFLD TXHHVWiQDODOFDQFHGHQLxRVDV DGROHVFHQWHV'H
KHFKR D VH KDQ FRQVWDWDGR FDVRV GH DVHVLQDWRV FU PHQHV SHUSHWXDGRV SRU MyYHQHV
LQIOXHQFLDGRV SRU XQ FRPSRUWDPLHQWR PLPpWLFR GH LGHQWLILFDFLyQ FRQ ORV UROHV
YLROHQWRVGHORVMXHJRV(QFRQFOXVLyQ OHMRVGHSDUHFHUHVFpSWLFDRPRUDOL]DQWHHQOD
HODERUDFLyQGHPHGLGDVHILFDFHVFRQWUDODYLROHQFLDSDUHFHTXHFLHUWDVFRQGXFWDVVRQ
LQWU QVHFDV FRQVXVWiQFLDOHVDOPHQRVHQDOJXQRVFDVRVDODSURSLDFRQGLFLyQKXPDQD
GHSHQGH FRPR HQ WRGR GH OD SURSLD OLEHUWDG GHO LQGLYLGXR GH OD LQIOXHQFLD GHO
HQWRUQRUHDO ILFWLFLRKDFHUXVRGHORVGRQHV SXQWRVRVFXURVGHFDGDXQR DVHDHQ
EHQHILFLRGDxRSURSLRRDMHQR3HURFRPRQRHVQXHVWUDLQWHQFLyQDGHQWUDUQRVHQHO
UHVEDODGL]RWHUUHQRPRUDOGHO%LHQ HO0DOFRQVLGHUDUHPRVWDPELpQDTXHOODDUPDGH
DXWRGHIHQVD TXH HO VHU KXPDQR WLHQH SDUD OHJLWLPDU H[FXVDU VXV DFFLRQHV PiV
SHUYHUVDV RWRUJiQGROHV XQDV YHFHV OD H[FXVD FXOWXUDO VRFLDO SRO WLFD HFRQyPLFD
FRQJpQLWDFRQHOILQGHMXVWLILFDU DPSDUDUORTXHEDMRQLQJ~QSUHFHSWRQLGRJPDSXHGH
DGPLWLUVHQLFRQVHQWLUVHVHDFXDOIXHUHODFRQGLFLyQRJpQHURGHODVY FWLPDV+D TXH
GHMDUGHVHUFyPSOLFHVGHODLQMXVWLFLDSHURKHPRVGHDGPLWLUWDPELpQTXHODQDWXUDOH]D
KXPDQD HV SRU HVHQFLD WUHPHQGDPHQWH FRQWUDGLFWRULD OD FRQGXFWD KXPDQD
HVHQFLDOPHQWHSURWHLFD6HLPSUHJQDGHXQRVUDVJRV RWURVGHODGLYHUVLGDGJHQpULFDHQ
FRPELQDFLRQHVLQILQLWDVORTXHSURGXFHFLHUWRGHVFRQFLHUWRHLPSRWHQFLDHQWRGRVDV
QRVRWURVDV
4XL]iVHOFRQFHSWRGHJpQHURHVWiHQFULVLVSUHFLVDPHQWHFXDQGRPiVVHKDEOD
VHXWLOL]DHVWHWpUPLQRHQV PSRVLXPVRHQFU WLFDOLWHUDULDHQORVOODPDGRVHVWXGLRVGH
JpQHUR 3DUHFH GHWHFWDUVH XQ IHQyPHQR QXHYR TXH SXGLHUD FDHU HQ HO SHOLJUR GH XQD
PRGDSDVDMHUDSDUHFHTXHH[LVWLHUDXQDHVSHFLHGH³SXJQD´GHJpQHURVDYDULRVQLYHOHV
3RUHMHPSORUHVXOWDFXULRVRTXHVHHVWpQFHOHEUDQGRLJXDOPHQWHGXUDQWHHVWRVG DVXQDV
MRUQDGDV VREUH ³/D &RQVWUXFFLyQ FXOWXUDO GH ODV PDVFXOLQLGDGHV´ HQ OD 8QLYHUVLGDG
3DEORGH2ODYLGH'HDK ODVLURQ DV FRQWUDGLFFLRQHVTXHVXUJHQHQRFDVLRQHVHQORV
SURSLRV HVWXGLRV GH JpQHUR DO GHOLPLWDU GHILQLU < FRQ UHVSHFWR DO PDOWUDWR pVWH VH
DERUGDHQRFDVLRQHVFRQFLHUWDKLSRFUHV DFRPRVLIXHUDXQPDODMHQReVWDVHDTXL]iV
OD SUHPLVD FODYH D SDUWLU GH OD TXH KD TXH WUDEDMDU HO FRQIOLFWR HQWUH OD UHODFLyQ
KRPEUHPXMHUVXUJHGHODVPLVPDVFRQWUDGLFFLRQHVGHVXVSODQWHDPLHQWRVDFWXDOHV/D
PXMHUFRQWHPSRUiQHDSRUXQODGRTXLHUHVHUOLEUH UHDOL]DUVHFRPRSURIHVLRQDOIXHUD
GHOKRJDUSHURDOPLVPRWLHPSRVLJXHEXVFDQGRVHJXULGDG SURWHFFLyQHQHOKRPEUH
FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHXQSHVRFXOWXUDO FRQYHQFLRQHVTXHDUUDVWUDORDFHSWHRQR3RU
VXSDUWHORVKRPEUHVHQHOVHQRGHODVIDPLOLDVTXLHUHQXQDPXMHUWUDEDMDGRUDTXHUH~QD
ODV FXDOLGDGHV KHUHGDGDV GH OD PXMHUiQJHO SURWHFWRUD GHO KRJDU GH DFXHUGR D ORV
HVWHUHRWLSRV GHO VLJOR ;,; DGHPiV GH ORV UHTXLVLWRV FXOWXUDOHV HFRQyPLFRV TXH OD
VRFLHGDG FDSLWDOLVWD RFFLGHQWDO SUHVHQWH H[LJH GH ODV PXMHUHV DO UHYpV $PERV
JpQHURV EXVFDQ HO XQR HQ HO RWUR ORV HVWHUHRWLSRV P WLFRV GHO SDVDGR TXH HQWUDQ HQ
FRQIOLFWR FRQ ORV YDORUHV SUHVHQWHV GH OD HFRQRP D RFFLGHQWDO TXH VH FHQWUD
SULPRUGLDOPHQWHHQODDGTXLVLFLyQGHORPDWHULDO HOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHXQVWDWXVHQ
XQDGHWHUPLQDGDHVIHUDVRFLDOROYLGiQGRQRVGHODVQHFHVLGDGHVSHUVRQDOHV DIHFWLYDV
TXH VXUJHQ FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH ODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV SULYDGDV HPRWLYDV HQWUH
LQGLYLGXRV TXHIXHURQSUREDEOHPHQWHODVTXHXQLHURQDHVWDVSHUVRQDVHQHOLQLFLRGH
VXV UHODFLRQHV 3DUHFH TXH OR S~EOLFR VRODSD OR SULYDGR&RPR FRQVHFXHQFLDGH HVWH
FRQIOLFWR XQD YH] PiV ORV PiV GHVSURWHJLGRV ORV KLMRV VXIUHQ WDPELpQ ODV
FRQVHFXHQFLDVGHOHVTXHPDVRFLDO HFRQyPLFRKR GRPLQDQWHHQHOPXQGRRFFLGHQWDO
<D TXH HQ SD VHV WHUFHUPXQGLVWDV UHFRUGHPRV OD PXMHU WUDEDMD FRPR OR KDF DQ OD
PD RU DGHJHQHUDFLRQHVSUHYLDVHQDOJXQRVSD VHVHXURSHRVQRSDUDUHDOL]DUVHVLQR
SDUDVXEVLVWLU HQFRQGLFLRQHVLQIUDKXPDQDV2ELHQVHSURK EHDODPXMHUWUDEDMDUR
WHQHU DFFHVR D OD HGXFDFLyQ FRPR PHGLGD GH FRQWURO GRPLQDFLyQ HQ FXOWXUDV
PXVXOPDQDV UDGLFDOHV /R TXH QR VLJQLILFD TXH HQ 2FFLGHQWH PXFKDV PXMHUHV QR
WUDEDMHQWDPELpQSDUDVXEVLVWLU'HKHFKRODVPXMHUHVSURIHVLRQDOHVQRGXGDQHQPXFKRV
FDVRV SDJDU OR PHQRV SRVLEOH D RWUD PXMHU QR SURIHVLRQDO SDUD FXLGDU D VXV KLMRV
SHTXHxRV FRQ WDO GH PDQWHQHU VX SXHVWR GH WUDEDMR FRQ SUHVWLJLRVRFLDO OD LJXDOGDG
HQWUHPXMHUHVWDPSRFRH[LVWHKR FRPRQRH[LVW DHQHOSDVDGRSRUTXHODVRFLHGDGQR
RIUHFHXQDUHVSXHVWDUHDODODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHODVIDPLOLDVVDOYRTXL]iVHQORVSD VHV
QyUGLFRVHXURSHRV
/D~QLFD YHUGDGHUDLGHQWLGDGGHODPXMHUQRHVGLVWLQWDDODTXHSXHGDEXVFDU
HO KRPEUH $PERV JpQHURV SDUHFHQ DFWXDOPHQWH KDEHUVH VHJUHJDGR PiV TXH QXQFD
TXL]iVSRUTXHODVGLVWLQFLRQHV GHVLJXDOGDGHVQRVRQGHJpQHURVLQRHFRQyPLFDV/D
PDUJLQDOLGDGGHODPXMHUQRHVGHJpQHURHVHFRQyPLFDVRFLDO SRO WLFD/DVPXMHUHV
GHODVFRUWHVPHGLHYDOHVTXHWHQ DQDFFHVRDODFXOWXUDSRUVXVWDWXVVRFLDO HFRQyPLFR
QRHUDQPDUJLQDGDVQLSRUORVKRPEUHVQLSRUODVSURSLDVPXMHUHVGHVXFODVHSRUFLWDU
XQ HMHPSOR FRPR WDPSRFR OR HUDQ ILJXUDV FRPR 0DGDPH GH 6WDsO UHJHQWHV GH ORV
OODPDGRVVDORQHVGRQGHVHUHXQ DQODVFODVHVVRFLDOHVDOWDVHLQWHOHFWXDOHVGHO3DU VGHO
VLJOR;9,,,SRUFLWDUVyORDOJXQRVHMHPSORV/DOODPDGDGLVFULPLQDFLyQGHJpQHUR VXV
GHULYDGRV WLHQHQ XQ RULJHQ HFRQyPLFR TXHD VX YH]WLHQH VX WUDGXFFLyQHQ OD SURSLD
FUHDFLyQDUW VWLFD6LKR H[LVWHSRUHMHPSORXQERRPHGLWRULDOGHHVFULWRUDVIHPHQLQDV
FRPRWDPELpQORH[SHULPHQWyHOVLJOR;,;HVSRUTXHVHTXLHUHYHQGHUXQHVWHUHRWLSRGH
PXMHU LQWHOHFWXDO HQ LJXDOGDG GH FRQGLFLRQHV (V FLHUWR TXH VH KD SURJUHVDGR
DSDUHQWHPHQWHHQHVWHVHQWLGR3HURD~QTXHGDQPXFKDVPXMHUHVSREUHV DQDOIDEHWDV
GHDSLHTXHQXQFDWHQGUiQRWXYLHURQODSRVLELOLGDGGHFRPSHWLUDVXYH]QRVyORFRQ
ORVKRPEUHVVLQRFRQRWUDVPXMHUHV3RUTXHFXDQGRKDEODPRVGHORIHPHQLQRSDUHFH
TXHVyORORKDFHPRVGHVGHFLHUWDVHVIHUDVFXOWXUDOHVRSRO WLFDV1RWRGDVODVPXMHUHVQL
WRGRVORVKRPEUHVWLHQHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHHVFULELURDO]DUVXYR]SRUTXHQLVLTXLHUD
UHFLELHURQODIRUPDFLyQQHFHVDULDSDUDHOOR3RUWDQWRQXHVWURVGLVFXUVRVVREUHJpQHUR
VHUiQVLHPSUHLQFRPSOHWRVVLQRVROYLGDPRVGHRWUDVPXMHUHV SULQFLSDOPHQWHGHORV
KRPEUHVDTXLHQHVODVPXMHUHVQRKDQGHYHUFRPRVXHQHPLJRUHFRUGDQGRODVSDODEUDV
GHODDXWRUD'RULV/HVVLQJHQVXGLVFXUVRDOUHFLELUHO3UHPLR3U QFLSHGH$VWXULDVVRQ
GHPDVLDGRV
(QHOGLVFXUVRGHJpQHURWDPELpQKD TXHLQFOXLUODVLQILQLWDVSRVLELOLGDGHVGH
FRPELQDFLRQHV JHQpULFDV TXH D VX YH] WLHQH HO WDQ OOHYDGR WpUPLQR 7DQWDV
FRPELQDFLRQHV FRPR HO PDVFXOLQR WDQWDV D VX YH] FRPR ODV LQWHUUHODFLRQHV HQWUH
DPERV(OFRQFHSWRGHJpQHURQRGHILQHQLDEDUFDODGLPHQVLyQSOXUDOGHODLGHQWLGDG
KXPDQD'HDK ORVFRQIOLFWRVSUHVHQWHVTXHD~QVHDUUDVWUDQHQODVRFLHGDG TXHHVWiQ
DFDEDQGR FRQ HO HVTXHPD WUDGLFLRQDO GH IDPLOLD SRU OR TXH VXUJHQ GLVWLQWDV
FRPELQDFLRQHVIDPLOLDUHVTXHQRVRQPiVTXHODWUDGXFFLyQVRFLDOGHXQV QWRPDGHOD
FULVLVGHJpQHUR'HQWURGHOHVTXHPDGHUHODFLRQHVVHGDXQF UFXORYLFLRVRLQILQLWRTXH
OOHYD D OD GHVLQWHJUDFLyQ IDPLOLDU LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHO VH[R FRPELQDFLRQHV
SRVLEOHVTXHKR VHGDQSRUTXHQRVHKDQUHYLVDGRSUHPLVDVHFRQyPLFDVTXHGLOX DQOD
GHVLJXDOGDG 3DXO 3UHVWRQ WUDWDED HVWH SUREOHPD HQ VX DUW FXOR 3DGUHV 7UDEDMDGRUHV
$%& GH 1RYLHPEUH SiJ ³6LQ XQD UHYLVLyQ FRPSOHWD GH OD SRO WLFD GH
HPSOHR HO GHVDUUROOR GH DFWLWXGHV FRKHUHQWHV FRQ UHVSHFWR D OD PDWHUQLGDG XQD
LQWHUYHQFLyQ PDVLYD SRU SDUWH GHO (VWDGR HQ HO FDPSR GH FXLGDGRV LQIDQWLOHV QR HV
SUREDEOHTXHHOVLJOR;;,VHDWHVWLJRGHFDPELRVLPSRUWDQWHV´(QUHDOLGDGORV(VWDGRV
GXUDQWHWLHPSRVHKDQDKRUUDGRXQDSRO WLFDGHLQYHUVLyQHQJDVWRVVRFLDOHVDFRVWDGHOD
PXMHUHQFXLGDGRVLQIDQWLOHVQRROYLGHPRVTXHODPXMHUHVFDSD]GHDOLPHQWDUGHVX
FXHUSR D VXV KLMRVDV HQ FXLGDGRV GH DQFLDQRV¢FXiQWDV PXMHUHV QRKDQ FXLGDGR
FXLGDQGHVXVSURSLRVSDGUHVHQHOKRJDUVLQUHFLELUQLQJ~QWLSRGHD XGDVRFLDO+R
HQG DDOJXQRVJRELHUQRVGLFHQRIUHFHUXQDSRO WLFDGHLJXDOGDGLQYLWDQGRDPXMHUHV
KRPEUHV D GHVDUUROODU WDUHDV IDPLOLDUHV GRPpVWLFDV TXH DKRUUDUiQ SUHVXSXHVWRV GH
RUGHQ VRFLDO TXH GHELHUDQ VHU GH VXV FRPSHWHQFLDV SXHVWR TXH FRQ OD PLVPD
ILQDQFLDFLyQ VH FXEULUi HO SXHVWR YDFDQWH LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH VX VH[R < HQ
FXDOTXLHUFDVRHVWDVXSXHVWDSRO WLFDGHLJXDOGDGVyORVHU DDSOLFDEOHDOIXQFLRQDULDGRHQ
HOWHPDGHSHWLFLyQGHEDMDVSDUDFXLGDGRVGHKLMRVPHQRUHVSRUORTXHQRWRGRVORV
VHFWRUHVVRFLDOHV IDPLOLDUHVSRGU DQEHQHILFLDUVH
&UHHPRV TXH OD YLROHQFLD R HO PDOWUDWR D PXMHUHV QLxRVWDPELpQ VHGHULYD
HQWUHPXFKDVUD]RQHVGHHVWDREVHVLyQSRUPDQWHQHUXQQLYHOHFRQyPLFR VWDWXVVRFLDO
TXHHQRFDVLRQHVWUDVWRUQDHOHVTXHPDGHUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV IDPLOLDUHV3HURTXL]iV
OD PXMHU WHQJD TXH YROYHU D FRQVLGHUDU VXV DXWpQWLFDV QHFHVLGDGHV UHSODQWHDUVH
DTXHOORVYDORUHVHQORVTXHHOODUHDOPHQWHTXLHUHFUHFHUMXQWRDVXVKLMRVRSDUHMDRHQ
VROHGDG$QXHVWURPRGRGHYHUODSRVLFLyQGHODPXMHUHQHOPXQGRQRKDFDPELDGR
WDQWRFRPRVHQRVTXLHUHKDFHUFUHHU/DPXMHUVLJXHDFWXDQGR GHVDUUROODQGRQRWDQWR
VXV SURSLDV QHFHVLGDGHV JXVWRV VLQR TXH VLJXH DMXVWiQGRVH DO HVTXHPD SDWULDUFDO
VROXFLRQDQGR QHFHVLGDGHV VRFLDOHV HFRQyPLFDV VLQ UHPXQHUDFLyQ R D XGD VRFLDO
DOJXQD/DPXMHUVLJXHVLHQGRXQLQVWUXPHQWRPiVDOVHUYLFLRGHGLFKDVQHFHVLGDGHV
WDQWRHQHOKRJDUFRPRHQODVRFLHGDGTXHSDUHFHKDGHUHSREODUHOSD VLQFOXVRFRQVX
VXSXHVWDLQGHSHQGHQFLDHFRQyPLFDDWUDYpVGHVXLQFRUSRUDFLyQDOPXQGRODERUDO OD
YLGDS~EOLFD'XUDQWHWLHPSRODVPXMHUHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVVHKDQGHMDGRJXLDUPiVSRUXQD
X RWUD WHQGHQFLD ILORVyILFD LGHROyJLFD LPSXHVWD SRU XQ IHPLQLVPR RFFLGHQWDO
DEXUJXHVDGRTXHUHDOPHQWHVyORHVWDEDDODOFDQFHGHXQDpOLWHLQWHOHFWXDOSHURTXHQR
DSRUWDED VROXFLRQHV D OD PXMHU DQDOIDEHWD UXUDO GH D SLH HQ ODFRQVWUXFFLyQ GHVX
LGHQWLGDGLGHQWLGDGHQWHQGLGDFRPROLEHUWDGXQDOLEHUWDGTXHVyORSXHGHSURYHQLUGHOD
LJXDOGDG HFRQyPLFD VRFLDO /DV PXMHUHV QR UHSUHVHQWDQ XQ FROHFWLYR PiV XQLGR R
VROLGDULRHQWUHHOODVPLVPDVSRUHOKHFKRGHVHUPXMHUFRPRWDPSRFRORKDFHHOKRPEUH
SRUVHUKRPEUHFRQORTXHVHFXHVWLRQDODYDOLGH]GHGLFKDVOLPLWDFLRQHVGHJUXSRVR
JpQHURV(OPDOWUDWRHVXQLYHUVDO QRJHQpULFR FRPRWDOKDGHVHUDIURQWDGR3DUD
FRQVHJXLUVXOLEHUWDGODPXMHUKDGHFRQRFHUVHDVLPLVPDHQSULPHUOXJDUTXpOXJDU
RFXSDUHDOPHQWHHQHOPXQGR FXDOHVVRQVXVREMHWLYRVFRPRLQGLYLGXR(VWDVLGHDV
IXHURQSUHPLVDVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHXQDREUDHPEOHPiWLFD QRPHQRVYLJHQWHKR HQ
G D /H 'HX[LqPH 6H[H GH 6LPRQH GH %HDXYRLU TXH DQDOL]D HQ VX SODQWHDPLHQWR OD
UHLYLQGLFDFLyQ GH OD LGHQWLGDG FRPR UHTXLVLWR SDUD OD FRQVHFXFLyQ GH OD OLEHUWDG
LQGLYLGXDO
(QFRQVHFXHQFLDHQWHQGHPRVTXHODVUD]RQHVGHOPDOWUDWRQRVHGHULYDQVyORGH
XQDFDWHJRUL]DFLyQGHJpQHURPDOHQWHQGLGD)XQGDPHQWDOPHQWHWLHQHQVXRULJHQHQOR
HFRQyPLFR GHDK ODVUD]RQHVVHELIXUFDQHQODFXOWXUDHQHODUWHHQODGLYLVLyQGHXQ
PXQGRHQHOTXHODVULTXH]DVHVWiQPDOGLVWULEXLGDVHQODVTXHORVIXHUWHVYLYHQDFRVWD
GHORVGpELOHVVLQGLVWLQFLyQGHVH[RV/DGHVLJXDOGDGHFRQyPLFD VRFLDOHQODTXHD~Q
YLYHQORVVHUHVKXPDQRVHVXQDGHODVIXHQWHVGHWRGRVORVFRQIOLFWRVLQFOXVRODPDO
OODPDGDYLROHQFLDGHJpQHUR
/D PXMHU D OR ODUJR GH OD +LVWRULD KD YLYLGR YLYH PiV HQ IXQFLyQ GH ODV
QHFHVLGDGHVGHODLPDJHQ SDSHOTXHGHHOODVHHVSHUD3RUHMHPSORVHR HKDEODUFRQ
FUXGH]D VDUFDVPRDFLHUWDVPXMHUHVGHRWUDVPXMHUHVTXHQRUHVSRQGHQDXQFLHUWR
HVWHUHRWLSRDFWXDO PRGHUQR'HORTXHVHWUDWDHVGHUHFRQFLOLDUDTXHOODVOLPLWDFLRQHVR
FDWHJRU DVTXHVHFRQWUDGLFHQSDUDUHVWDEOHFHUODDUPRQ DVLQOLPLWDFLyQGHVH[RVVLQ
TXHQDGLHWHQJDTXHVRPHWHUVHDQDGLH/DVPXMHUHVTXL]iVLPLWDQGRRWURVFROHFWLYRV
DQWHVPDUJLQDOHVSRUPLPHVLVVHDJUXSDQ3HURODVUHVSXHVWDVQRVRQGHVHJUHJDFLyQ
VLQRGHDEHUWXUD IXVLyQDFXDOTXLHUJpQHUR FODVH
1RHVTXHQRH[LVWDQVROXFLRQHVSDUDGHVDUUDLJDUODYLROHQFLDOODPDGDGHJpQHUR
DQXHVWURPRGRGHYHUKDFLDXQGHWHUPLQDGRJUXSRSHURWDPELpQHOSHVRGHODKHUHQFLD
FXOWXUDO FRQJpQLWDVREUHHOVHUKXPDQRHVFRQVLGHUDEOH VLHPSUHKDEUiEURWHVDLVODGRV
(O3D VGRPLQJR(QHUR
GH HVDV SDVLRQHV H[WUHPDV TXH SRU GHVJUDFLD SXHGHQ LQFOXVR DFDEDU FRQ OD YLGD GH
DOJXLHQ(VDYLROHQFLDVH[LVWDHQWUHJpQHURVYLHQHDGHPiVDYDODGDSRUVXSUHVHQFLDHQOD
OLWHUDWXUDXQLYHUVDOHVFULWD RUDOHQODSLQWXUDHOFLQHODFRSODSHURHQHOODODPXMHUVH
SUHVHQWD FRPR Y FWLPD GH XQ WUDWDPLHQWR LQMXVWR TXH SXGLHUD WHQHU VX RULJHQ HQ OD
SURSLD GHVLJXDOGDG GLIHUHQFLDV HFRQyPLFDV TXH ULJHQ HQWUH RWUDV ODV SDXWDV GH
UHODFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHV¢$FDVRQRHUDQODVP WLFDVKHUR QDVIHPHQLQDV'HVGHPRQDHQ
2WKHOOR 2IHOLD HQ+DPOHW 0DGDPH %RYDU $QQD .DUHQLQD &DWKHULQH(DUQVKDZ HQ
:XWKHULQJ+HLJKWVODSURWDJRQLVWDIHPHQLQDGHODQRYHODGH$QQH%URQWs/D,QTXLOLQD
GH:LOGIHOO+DOORODDG~OWHUD+HVWHUHQ7KH6FDUOHW/HWWHUSRUFLWDUDOJXQDVSHUVRQDMHV
OLWHUDULRVIHPHQLQRVREMHWRGHOPDOWUDWRSRUKRPEUHVSRUTXHHOPDWULPRQLRVLQDPRU
RIUHF D XQD VROXFLyQ DOWHUQDWLYD D VXV SURSLDV FDUHQFLDV HFRQyPLFDV VRFLDOHV"
5HFXUVRGHILFFLyQTXHVXSRQHXQDFRQYHQFLyQDFHSWDGD TXHWLHQHHQPXFKRVFDVRVVX
UHIHUHQWHHQODSURSLDUHDOLGDGGHVFULWD1LQJXQDGHHVWDVPXMHUHVHQGLFKDVREUDVWHQ D
XQDLQGHSHQGHQFLDHFRQyPLFDRVRFLDOSURSLD VXVFRQIOLFWRVSHUVRQDOHVSXGLHUDQVHU
IUXWRGHHVDLPSRVLFLyQGHOPDWULPRQLRFRPRWUDQVDFFLyQHFRQyPLFDTXHGLHUDVROXFLyQ
DVXVLWXDFLyQGHLQIHULRULGDG(QDOJXQRVFDVRVODGHSHQGHQFLDHFRQyPLFDRVRFLDOFRQ
HOKRPEUHODVSULYDEDLQFOXVRGHQRPEUHSURSLRVHJ~QODFRQYHQFLyQFRPRHQHOFDVR
GH$QQD.DUHQLQDR0DGDPH%RYDU &DGDXQDDVXPDQHUDVRQFDUDFWHUL]DGDVFRPR
PXMHUHVY FWLPDVGHXQWLSRGHPDOWUDWRTXHVHJ~QORVFDVRVGLILHUHQXQRVGHRWURVSHUR
GLFKDVREUDVSODQWHDQVHDQVXVDXWRUHVKRPEUHVRPXMHUHVHOWUDVIRQGRHFRQyPLFR OD
FRQYHQFLyQVRFLDOHLQFOXVRFXOWXUDOFRPRRU JHQHVGHWDOHVFRQGXFWDVGHVFULWDVHQHO
HVTXHPDGHUHODFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHV1LTXHGHFLUWLHQHGHODVLQQXPHUDEOHVERIHWDGDVD
PXMHUHVHQHOFLQHFRPRSDUWHGHODFRQYHQFLyQHVWpWLFDDXQTXHHVFLHUWRTXHWDPELpQ
H[LVWHQDODLQYHUVDHQODFRQYHQFLyQGHODPXMHUFRPRUHVSRQGRQD ILHUHFLOODGRPDGD
TXHVHHQIUHQWDDOKRPEUH TXHQRWLHQHRWURREMHWLYRTXHHOGHULGLFXOL]DUDXQKRPEUH
DSDUHQWHPHQWHGRPLQDGRSRUODPXMHU(QFRQWUDPRVHMHPSORVGHPDOWUDWRDPXMHUHVHQ
HOFLQHFRPRSDUWHGHXQDFRQYHQFLyQDGPLWLGDTXHDSUXHEDODGXDOLGDGRXQLyQGHORV
FRQWUDULRVFRPRHVTXHPDHQODGHVFULSFLyQGHODVUHODFLRQHV3RUHMHPSORHQ*RQHZLWK
WKH:LQGDGPLWLPRVODFRQYHQFLyQGHOFRUWHMRORVEXHQRVPRGDOHVGHORVFDEDOOHURV
VXUHxRV GDPDVFRPSODFLHQWHVFRQODPH]FODGHODUHEHOG D IXHU]DGHXQD(VFDUODWD
2+DUDTXHDERIHWHDGDPiVWDUGHSRUVXJDOiQURGDUiHPEDUD]DGDHVFDOHUDVDEDMR¢(V
6FDUOHW2+DUDXQDPXMHUPDOWUDWDGDSRUTXH5H[OHGDXQWRUWD]ROLPSLR"6HGLFHTXHHO
PDOWUDWRKDGHVHUFRQWLQXDGRSDUDTXHVHGHILQDFRPRWDO5HVXOWDGLI FLODVHYHUDUORV
O PLWHV FRQYHQFLRQHVDUW VWLFDVTXHSXGLHUDQWHQHUDOJ~QG DVXPLPHVLVRWUDGXFFLyQ
/HDU /D PXMHU HV SHUFLELGD HQWUH RWUDV SHUVSHFWLYDV SRU 6KDNHVSHDUH FRPR XQ VHU
FRQVFLHQWH VHQVLEOHDFHUFDGHODVOLPLWDFLRQHVTXHHOOHQJXDMHLPSRQHSDUDFRPXQLFDU
SHUVXDGLU UHDOPHQWH HO SHQVDPLHQWR HO VHQWLPLHQWR SRU HVR OD KDFH FDOODU /D
VDELGXU DGHODPXMHUHQ6KDNHVSHDUHHVWiHQVXLQWHULRUHQVXVLOHQFLRTXHSDUDQDGDHV
VXPLVR³/RYHDQGEHVLOHQW´.LQJ/HDU,LOGLFH&RUGHOLD/DPXMHUHQHVWH
FDVR&RUGHOLDUHSUHVHQWDXQSHUVRQDMH QWHJUR IXHUWHTXHFRQWUDVWDFRQODGHELOLGDGGH
XQ SDGUH TXH VXFXPEH D OD DGXODFLyQ YHUEDO YDF D GH VXV RWUDV KLMDV &RUGHOLD HV
FRQVFLHQWHGHODLQDGHFXDFLyQHLQFDSDFLGDGGHOOHQJXDMHSDUDFRPXQLFDU³QRFRQVLJR
HOHYDUPLFRUD]yQKDVWDPLVODELRV´.LQJ/HDU,LOOR³VHJXUDHVWR GHTXH
PLDPRUVREUHSDVDPLOHQJXD´.LQJ/HDU,LOO
8QVLOHQFLRI VLFRPDOLQWHUSUHWDGRFRPRVLJQRGHVXPLVLyQREHGLHQFLD SDXWD
DVHJXLU<DDTXHOVLOHQFLRHUDXQDUHLYLQGLFDFLyQ+R HQG DDTXHOVLOHQFLRVHKDURWR
(VFDVLXQDXOOLGRDQLPDOHVFR SULPLWLYRDOTXHQRSRGHPRVSRUPiVWLHPSRLJQRUDU
&ODUR TXH WDPELpQ H[LVWHQ KRPEUHV PDOWUDWDGRV QLxRV QLxDV H KLMRV H KLMDV
PXMHUHVDPXMHUHV KRPEUHVDKRPEUHV'HORTXHVHWUDWDHVGHDIURQWDUHOSUREOHPD
GHOPDOWUDWRQREDMRODGLYLVLyQGHORVVH[RVRFRPRXQSUREOHPDGHJpQHURVLQRFRPR
XQPDOPiVSURGXFWRGHODLQMXVWDGLYLVLyQHFRQyPLFDGHOPXQGR/DDUJXPHQWDFLyQGH
ODGHVLJXDOGDGRGHODOODPDGDYLROHQFLDGHJpQHURVyORHQWHQGLGDFRPRXQFRQIOLFWR
HQWUHKRPEUHV PXMHUHVHVXQDHTXLYRFDFLyQHQVXPLVPRSODQWHDPLHQWRLQLFLDO3RU
HOORVHKDFRQYHUWLGRHQXQDUPDGHGREOHILORTXHVLQTXHUHUVHKDYXHOWRFRQWUDODV
SURSLDV PXMHUHV SRUTXH TXL]iV VH KD HTXLYRFDGR HO GLVFXUVR /D GHVLJXDOGDG HV XQ
SUREOHPDXQLYHUVDOVLQGLVWLQFLyQGHUD]DVRVH[RV1R/RVKRPEUHV PXMHUHVQRVRPRV
LJXDOHV$OPHQRVpVWDQRHUDODLJXDOGDGTXHVHHVSHUDED$OJRKDIDOODGRHQHOGLVFXUVR
GH JpQHURV 6LQ GXGD HQ LQWHOLJHQFLD FDSDFLGDG DPERV KDQ GHPRVWUDGR WHQHU
FRPSHWHQFLDVREUDGD3HURKD YDULDEOHVFRPRHQWRGRTXHQRVHKDQUHVSHWDGR HVR
KDFUHDGRXQDHQRUPHFRQIXVLyQHQORVUROHVDGHVHPSHxDUHQODVRFLHGDGSRUHMHPSOR
HQHOVHQRGHODVIDPLOLDV+RPEUHV PXMHUHVDQWHHOQXHYRPLOHQLRVHGHEDWHQHQ
FRQWUDGLFFLRQHVVLQVDEHUTXpKDFHUFRQHVDKHUHQFLDFXOWXUDO OLWHUDULDGHOSDVDGR OR
TXHHQHOIXWXURVHHVSHUDGHHOORV4XL]iVKD DTXHYROYHUDFRQVLGHUDUFLHUWRVYDORUHV
TXHWDPELpQIRUPDQSDUWHGHODQDWXUDOH]DKXPDQDPLUDUGHQWURGHQRVRWURVDVPLVPRV
DV HQFRQWUDUQXHVWURODGRPiVSULPLWLYRLQRFHQWHHQHOEXHQVHQWLGRGHODSDODEUD
7RGDVODVFLWDVGH.LQJ/HDUFRUUHVSRQGHQD:LOOLDP6KDNHVSHDUH7UDG0$&RQHMHUR(OUH /HDU
0DGULG&iWHGUD
1RVHRIUHFHQVROXFLRQHVVLQRPiVELHQVHWUDWDGHUHIOH[LRQDUVREUHXQGLVFXUVR
GH LJXDOGDG HQWUH KRPEUH PXMHU TXH SRU DOJXQD UD]yQ SDUHFH IDOODU $XQTXH VH
FDVWLJXHDORVDJUHVRUHVFRPRRFXUUHFRQFXDOTXLHUGHOLWRVLQRVHUHPHGLDQODVFDXVDV
TXHRULJLQDQHVWHWLSRGHDFWRVQRVHFRQVHJXLUiHUUDGLFDUXQPDODQWLJXR WHUULEOHORV
PLWRV HVWHUHRWLSRVDUUDLJDGRVHQODOLWHUDWXUD HQODFXOWXUD5HIUDQHV SURYHUELRV
WDOHVFRPR³$ZRPDQDVVHDQGZDOQXWWUHHWKHPRUH RXEHDWWKHEHWWHUEH´$OD
PXMHUDODVQR DOQRJDOFXDQWRPiVSHJXHVPHMRUVHUi3UHVHQWDUDODPXMHU
FRPR XQD Y FWLPD SRU SDUWH GHO KRPEUH HQ FDPSDxDV HQ FRQWUD GH OD YLROHQFLD GH
JpQHURVHQORVPHGLRVQRKDFHPiVTXHUHLQLFLDUHOF UFXORGHODLQMXVWLFLDJHQpULFD
TXHHVWDYH]VHFHEDFRQHOKRPEUH IRPHQWDUVLQTXHUHUORHOSDSHOTXHKDVWDDKRUDVH
OHKDKHFKRUHSUHVHQWDUDDPERV9LHQGRHVWDVLPiJHQHVVXSXHVWDPHQWHGHGHQXQFLDORV
HVSHFWDGRUHVHQWUHHOORVORVQLxRVDVSXHGHQWHQHUXQDYLVLyQGLVWRUVLRQDGDGHORVUROHV
UHDFFLRQDUHQFRQWUDRHQGHIHQVDGHXQDDFWLWXGFRQODTXHQRVHVLHQWHQSDUDQDGD
LGHQWLILFDGRVSRUHOKHFKRGHVHUGHXQRXRWURJpQHUR
1RSDUHFHSRUWDQWRTXHVHKD DHYROXFLRQDGRPXFKRHQFLHUWRVDVSHFWRV(VFLHUWR
TXHODVPXMHUHVWUDEDMDQGHQWUR IXHUDGHOKRJDUVLJXHQSDULHQGRDXQTXHFDGDYH]
PHQRVHQ(VSDxDTXHWLHQHHO QGLFHGHQDWDOLGDGPiVEDMRGH(XURSDSRUTXHQRH[LVWHQ
ODV PHGLGDV VRFLDOHV H LQYHUVLRQHV QHFHVDULDV TXH SHUPLWDQ D OD PXMHU FRPSDJLQDU
IDPLOLD WUDEDMRH[WHUQR
/DVPXMHUHVSXHGHQVHSDUDUVHGHQXQFLDU SURWHVWDU6HOHVSHUPLWHLQFOXVRXQD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQP QLPDHQORVHMHUFLFLRVGHSRGHU3HURWHQHPRVODLPSUHVLyQTXHHVXQD
HVWUDWHJLDPiVSDUDFRQWHQWDUODLPDJHQS~EOLFDGHODLJXDOGDG/DVPXMHUHVHQHOSRGHU
QRVRQPiVVHQVLEOHVDORVDXWpQWLFRVSUREOHPDVGHODVPXMHUHVGHDSLHSRUVHUPXMHU
3RUWDQWRHOGLVFXUVRQRKDGHVHUGHJpQHURVLQRGHSHUVRQDVGHLQGLYLGXRVVHQVLEOHVD
RWURVLQGLYLGXRVTXHKDQGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGRVVXVVHPHMDQWHV
+D TXHDFHSWDUODVGLIHUHQFLDVTXHFRPRLQGLYLGXRV~QLFRVWLHQHQKRPEUHV
PXMHUHV UHVSHWDUVHFRPRVHUHVKXPDQRV/DPXMHUWLHQHTXHVHUYDOLHQWH H[SUHVDU
FODUDPHQWHTXHQROHEDVWDFRQTXHHOKRPEUHFDPELHORVSDxDOHVROHGpHOELEHUyQDVX
KLMRRDVLVWDDOSDUWRSDUDFXEULUHOH[SHGLHQWHGHODLJXDOGDG3DUHFHTXHHVHOKRPEUHHO
TXHGHQXHYRVHKDDSRGHUDGRGHORVSRFRVSULYLOHJLRVTXHODPXMHUWHQ DFRQODH[FXVD
GH OD LJXDOGDG GHMiQGROD GH QXHYR FRQWUDGLFWRULDPHQWH HQ XQD VLWXDFLyQ GH
LQIHULRULGDG7LHQHHOPXQGRTXHUHFRUGDUDOJRWDQHOHPHQWDOTXHVHUSDGUHQRHVOR
PLVPRTXHVHUPDGUH DSDUWLUGHDK UHVSHWDQGRODVGLIHUHQFLDVTXHSRUQDWXUDOH]D
WHQHPRV DXQDUQRV SDUD UHFXSHUDU OD DUPRQ D TXL]iV DVLVWLU DO QDFLPLHQWR GH OR TXH
-R FH GHVLJQy FRQ KXPRU HQ 8OLVHV FRPR ³WKH QHZ ZRPDQO PDQ´ 8
TXH
SURSRQHPRVHQFRPELQDFLyQSHURDODLQYHUVDHQXQDIXVLyQGHJpQHURVTXHUHLQYHQWDUD
HOOHQJXDMHPiVDOOiGHODFRQFHVLyQOLQJ VWLFDGHODVWHUPLQDFLRQHVRVDV(VWDPRGHUQD
FRQFHSFLyQ GH XQD ILFFLyQ TXH DEROLHUD ODV FDWHJRUL]DFLRQHV GH JpQHUR FRQ HOOROD
FRQVHFXHQWH FU WLFD TXH GH HOOD VH GHULYD FRQGLFLRQDU D DIHFWDU D D VX YH] TXL]iV
WDPELpQ HO RUGHQ FRQFHSFLyQ GH OD UHDOLGDG (V DOJR WDQ YLHMR FRPR DTXHOOR GH OD
XQLyQGHO LQ HO DQ/DPXMHUWLHQHTXHUHLQYHQWDUVXLGHQWLGDGDWUDYpVGHODILFFLyQ
DWUDYpVGHOOHQJXDMHSDUDTXHDV ODUHDOLGDGWDPELpQVHDRWUD
-2<&(-DPHV8O VVHV+DUPRQGVZRUWK3HQJXLQ