/D DJRQ D GHO E~KR FKLFR GH -XVWR 9LOD (O SDSHO GH OD PXMHU HQ OD YLROHQFLD
SRO WLFD
$*8,/$52UR]FR0DU D-RVp
8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOOD
&RPR SUHPLVD PHWRGROyJLFD EiVLFD SURFHGH PDWL]DU HO W WXOR GH OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQ /D DJRQ D GHO E~KR FKLFR GH -XVWR 9LOD (O SDSHO GH OD PXMHU HQ OD
YLROHQFLDLQVXUJHQWHSXHVSRUXQODGRKHPRVLQWHQWDGRDOXGLUDOW WXORGHODQRYHODFRQ
OD TXH YDPRVDLOXVWUDUHOREMHWRGHQXHVWUDUHIOH[LyQ SRURWURDQWLFLSDUHODVSHFWRTXH
QRV LQWHUHVDDERUGDUVLELHQPiVTXHGHYLROHQFLDLQVXUJHQWHWHQGU DPRVTXHKDEODUGH
YLROHQFLDSRO WLFDHQXQDGREOHYHUWLHQWHODYLROHQFLDLQVXUJHQWH ODYLROHQFLDGH(VWDGR
HQHOSHU RGRKLVWyULFRHQHOTXHVHGHVDUUROODODREUD
/D DJRQ D GHO E~KR FKLFR GH -XVWR 9LOD ¢4XLpQ HV -XVWR 9LOD" 9LOD HV XQ
KLVWRULDGRU H[WUHPHxR HVSHFLDOLVWD HQ +LVWRULD HVSDxROD FRQWHPSRUiQHD PLHPEUR
IXQGDGRUGHOD6(*8()6RFLHGDGGH(VWXGLRVGHOD*XHUUD&LYLO HO)UDQTXLVPR
DXWRUGHREUDVKLVWyULFDVFHQWUDGDVHQODJXHUULOOD
8QJUDQFRQRFHGRUGHHVWHSHU RGR
KLVWyULFRTXHHVFULEHpVWDVXSULPHUDQRYHODHQXQLQWHQWRGHFRPXQLFDUDTXHOORTXHHO
GLVFXUVRKLVWyULFRQROHSHUPLWHWUDQVPLWLUODLQWUDKLVWRULDODFRWLGLDQLGDGGHODYLGD
FRQYHQFLGRGHTXHHOGLVFXUVRILFFLRQDOOHSHUPLWHFRQWDUODV]RQDVVHFUHWDVGHODOPDGH
ODJXHUUD D XGDDFRPSUHQGHUPHMRUODSURSLD+LVWRULD
(Q VX QRYHOD FXHQWD OD YLGD GH GLH]GLHFLVpLV KRPEUHV GRV PXMHUHV TXH
DEDQGRQDQVXVSXHEORVKX HQGRDODVVLHUUDVH[WUHPHxDVGHOD6HUHQD OD6LEHULDFX D
H[LVWHQFLD D SDUWLU GH VH KL]R D EDVH GH ODUJDV PDUFKDV GH ³/iJULPDV FDOODGDV
VLOHQFLRVGHKLHUURDQJXVWLDV6DFULILFLRV2OYLGR(VSHUDQ]DV3ODQHV<QXHYDPHQWHOD
UHDOLGDGKXLGDRPXHUWH´
1RVHQFRQWUDPRVSXHVFRQODFRQVWDWDFLyQGHXQSDVDGRWUiJLFRODYLVLyQGH
XQDKXPDQLGDGRSULPLGD GHVKHFKD XQSRHWDYLHQWRGHVDOYDFLyQGHQXHVWUDIUiJLO
PHPRULDTXHHQVXSULPHUDQRYHODWUDWDDXQWLHPSRORVWHPDVHWHUQRVGHODO ULFDHO
DPRUODPXHUWHHOVXIULPLHQWR« ODOLWHUDWXUDTXHHOGLDULRYLYLUHQFLHUUD3HQHWUDHQ
OR PiV SURIXQGR GH OD FRQGLFLyQ KXPDQD SRU HOOR VX PHQVDMH WUDQVFLHQGH ODV
FRRUGHQDGDVFURQRWySLFDVHQODPHGLGDHQTXHSUHVHQWDXQDYLVLyQHWQRJUiILFDTXHOHMRV
([WUHPDGXUD OD JXHUUD FLYLO %DGDMR] 8QLYHUVLWDV /D JXHUULOOD DQWLIUDQTXLVWD HQ
([WUHPDGXUD%DGDMR]8QLYHUVLWDV
9,/$,]TXLHUGR-/DDJRQ DGHOE~KRFKLFR%DGDMR]'HO2HVWHSiJ
GH FLUFXQVFULELU OD KLVWRULD HQ HVSDFLRV GH ILFFLyQ UHDOHV FRQFUHWRV SHUPLWH VX
JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ KDFLD XQLYHUVDOHV KLVWyULFROLWHUDULRV 4XL]i QR UHODWD KLVWRULDV YLYLGDV
UHDOPHQWHSHURV ODVYLYHQFLDV UHODWRVGHODVSHUVRQDVTXHODVYLYLHURQHQORTXHKD
TXHGDGRGHIDVFLQDQWHSDUDODVJHQHUDFLRQHVGHODSRVJXHUUD
(QHVWDUHIOH[LyQGHVGHODOHFWXUDTXH³FRPRPXMHU´UHDOL]RGHODREUD TXHVLQ
GXGD LQFRUSRUD D OD KHUPHQpXWLFD LQWHUSUHWDWLYD PL SURSLD H[SHULHQFLD JHQpULFD
LQWHQWDUpUHDOL]DUXQDGHVFULSFLyQGHOSDSHOGHODPXMHUHQODYLROHQFLDSRO WLFDIUXWRGH
OD*XHUUD&LYLO(VSDxRODHQORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVGHJpQHURTXHFRLQFLGHQ HQORVTXH
GLYHUJHQ UHVSHFWR D VXV FRPSDxHURV HQ XQ LQWHQWR GH SODVPDU OR TXH UHDOPHQWH VH
GHGXFH GH ODOH HQGDVLQSHUSHWXDUJUDWXLWDPHQWHSODQWHDPLHQWRVHVWHUHRWLSDGRVHQOD
UHODFLyQ HQWUH JpQHURV QL WDPSRFR LQWXLU XQD LJXDOGDG LQH[LVWHQWH HQ HO PRPHQWR
KLVWyULFRHQHOTXHQRVVLWXDPRV
+HPRV GH SDUWLU GH TXH QRV HQIUHQWDPRV D DxRV WHUULEOHV GH UHFXHUGRV
GUDPiWLFRV HQ OD YLGD GH SHUVRQDV TXH KDQ VLGR H[FOXLGDV R VH KDQ DXWRH[FOXLGR GHO
VLVWHPDTXHVHKDE DLPSXHVWRHQ(VSDxDSDUDHYLWDUORVPHFDQLVPRVGHUHSUHVLyQGHOD
GLFWDGXUDIUDQTXLVWD
3HUR¢TXpHQWHQGHPRVSRUYLROHQFLD"
$OLFLD0ROLQDSVLFyORJDGHO&HQWUR5HLQD6RI DSDUDHOHVWXGLRGHOD9LROHQFLD
ODGHILQHFRPR³HOUHVXOWDGRGHODLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHODDJUHVLYLGDGQDWXUDO ODFXOWXUD
TXHVXHOHWUDGXFLUVHHQDFFLRQHVLQWHQFLRQDGDVRDPHQD]DVGHDFFLyQWHQGHQWHVDFDXVDU
GDxRDRWURVVHUHVKXPDQRV´
&REUDHVSHFLDOUHOHYDQFLDHQODREUDODYLROHQFLDSRO WLFD
FRPRWHOyQGHIRQGRHQVXGREOHFRQVLGHUDFLyQODYLROHQFLDLQVXUJHQWH ODYLROHQFLD
GH(VWDGR
/DYLROHQFLDLQVXUJHQWHVHH[SOLFLWDHQODREUDHQIRUPDGHVHFXHVWURVGHDVDOWRV
GH JROSHV HFRQyPLFRV« WLHQH FRPR ILQDOLGDG LQPHGLDWD FRQVHJXLU VXVWHQWR SDUD
VREUHYLYLU HQ HO PRQWH HQ JHQHUDO VH SURGXFH FRPR OXFKD SRU OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD
UHVSRQGLHQGRFRQYLROHQFLDDODYLROHQFLDGHTXHHUDQREMHWRWDQWRORVPLHPEURVGHODV
SDUWLGDVFRPRVXVIDPLOLDUHVY FWLPDVGHODYLROHQFLDGH(VWDGR³/RVGRVJXDUGLDVTXH
HPERVFDPRVD HUSRUHOSDGUH ODPDGUHGH³-DUDPDJR¶´
¢&XiO HV HO SDSHO GH ODV PXMHUHV GH OD SDUWLGD HQ HVWRV DFWRV" (Q HVWDV
PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV YLROHQWDV GHO PRYLPLHQWR LQVXUJHQWH QR LQWHUYLHQHQ DFWLYDPHQWH ODV
02/,1$ *RQ]iOH] $OLFLD ³/D YLROHQFLD GH JpQHUR´ FRQIHUHQFLD GLFWDGD HQ ODV -RUQDGDV
9LROHQFLDJpQHUR FRHGXFDFLyQ&yUGREDGHRFWXEUH HOGHQRYLHPEUH
9,/$2SFLWSiJ
PXMHUHVGHODSDUWLGD$ORVXPRFRPSDUWHQGLVFUHWDPHQWHORVSODQHVTXHVXVPLHPEURV
GLVHxDEDQ FRQ DQWHULRULGDG D ORV JROSHV 1R ROYLGHPRV OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ GH JpQHUR
LPSXHVWD SRU ODV RUGHQDQ]DV GH ODV DJUXSDFLRQHV JXHUULOOHUDV TXH SURKLE DQ
H[SUHVDPHQWH OD SUHVHQFLD GH PXMHUHV HQ HO PRQWH DXQTXH HQ OD SUiFWLFD DOJXQDV GH
HOODV HQ XQD SURSRUFLyQ PX LQIHULRU D OD GH ORV KRPEUHV LQFOXVR HPSXxDQGR ODV
DUPDVVHLQWHJUDUDQHQODVSDUWLGDV'HKHFKRODDQFLDQD&RQFKD 1LHWDIRUPDEDQ
SDUWHGHODSDUWLGDGH$ORQVR³9HQHQR´SRUTXHVHKDOODEDQHQSHOLJURGHPXHUWH OD
YLGDHQVXVUHVSHFWLYRVOXJDUHVGHRULJHQVHKDE DKHFKRLPSRVLEOH
/RFLHUWRHVTXHHOJpQHURGHVFDOLILFDEDDODVPXMHUHVFRPRHOHPHQWRVDFWLYRVHQ
OD YLGD SRO WLFD HQ HO PRQWH DVXP DQ WDUHDV VLPLODUHV D ODV GHO iPELWR SULYDGR GHO
KRJDU<HVTXHODPXMHUFRPRVHHQFDUJyGHSRWHQFLDUOXHJRHOLPDJLQDULRFXOWXUDOGHO
IUDQTXLVPR
HQ HVWH PRPHQWR KLVWyULFR HV XQ VHU DEVROXWDPHQWH GHWHUPLQDGR SRU VX
FRQGLFLyQ VH[XDO $GHPiV HO REMHWLYR GH OD JXHUULOOD VH FHQWUDED HQ DFDEDU FRQ HO
IUDQTXLVPR QRHQPRGLILFDUODVFRVWXPEUHVGHODpSRFDQLHQODOXFKDSRUORVGHUHFKRV
GHODPXMHU(VWRQRVD XGDDFRPSUHQGHUTXHIXQFLRQHVTXHGHVHPSHxDEDQODVPXMHUHV
LQWHJUDQWHVGHODVSDUWLGDVJXHUULOOHUDVVHUHODFLRQDUDQFRQODVODERUHVGHLQWHQGHQFLD
DVLVWHQFLDOHV TXH ILJXUDUDQ FRPR HOHPHQWRV VXERUGLQDGRV HQ HO PRYLPLHQWR
LQVXUJHQWH
« &RQFKD FRORFDED XQ HQRUPH SXFKHUR MXQWR D ODV EUDVDV GH OD KRJXHUD 1LHWD ±
VLJXLHQGRODVLQVWUXFFLRQHVGHODDQFLDQDVHDOHMyGHOFDPSDPHQWRHQEXVFDGHWDOORVGH
EROVDGHSDVWRUFRQORVTXHOLPSLDUODVKHULGDVGH³(O)XVLODR´
&RPR DILUPD 6HFXQGLQR 6HUUDQR
ODV IXQFLRQHV GHQWUR GH ODJXHUULOOD HVWDEDQ
FODUDPHQWH GHOLPLWDGDV 6HJ~Q FRQVWDWDPRV HQ OD QRYHOD KRPEUHV PXMHUHV
FRPSDUW DQ DO DPRU GHO KRJDU UHIOH[LRQHV VREUH FXHVWLRQHV SRO WLFDV UHFXHUGRV
VLOHQFLRVSUHSDUDEDQORVJROSHVHFRQyPLFRV«3HURODVWDUHDVGHXQDV RWURVHVWDEDQ
DEVROXWDPHQWHGHOLPLWDGDV
/DYLROHQFLDGH(VWDGRSRUVXSDUWHVHFLPHQWDEDHQODGLYLVLyQTXHHO5pJLPHQ
)UDQTXLVWDVHHQFDUJyGHHVWDEOHFHUHQWUHHOEDQGRYHQFHGRU HOYHQFLGR&RPRUHFRJH
-867$ 5RGULJR 0HUFHGHV ³/DV SDUDGRMDV GHO PLHGR /RV PDTXLV HO UHIXHU]R GH ODV
HVWUXFWXUDVGHOSRGHUORFDO´/DKLVWRULDORFDOHQOD(VSDxDFRQWHPSRUiQHD%DUFHORQD/¶$UHQoSiJV
9,/$2SFLWSiJ
6(55$126HFXQGLQR0DTXLV+LVWRULDGHODJXHUULOODDQWLIUDQTXLVWD0DGULG7HPDVGH+R
SiJV
-%HQHW
HOEDQGRYHQFHGRUQXQFDLQWHQWyODUHFRQFLOLDFLyQQDFLRQDOLPSRQLpQGRVHSRU
HOFRQWUDULRODVDQVLDVGHYHQJDQ]DODGHSXUDFLyQHLQFOXVRODHOLPLQDFLyQGHTXLHQHVHO
5pJLPHQFRQVLGHUDEDTXHSRGU DVXSRQHUXQDDPHQD]D
¿Cómo p o agonizan las muje es es e ipo de iolencia? Fue on múl iples los
ins umen os de p esión psicológica y ísica del Régimen. En la no ela, es a iolencia
se aplicaba a las muje es no como muje es ni po su in e ención en asun os públicos; la
ep esión se ex iende a ellas en cuan o se les in uye simpa izan es de la causa
epublicana o, en la mayo ía de los casos, po su inculación con pe sonas
comp ome idas en la de ensa de las libe ades. En muchos casos, la gua dia ci il
ep esaliaba a las pe sonas allegadas en su imposibilidad de da caza a la pa ida huida y
el esul ado e a “(…) Muje es peladas al ce o y paseadas po el pueblo con el ca el de
‘po oja’”.9
(Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR HVWD YLROHQFLD GH (VWDGR QR KD VLGR FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR
YLROHQFLDVLQRFRPRMXVWLFLDGXUDQWHXQDJUDQSDUWHGHOVLJOR;;$ORVPXHUWRVFRPR
UHVXOWDGRGHODYLROHQFLDLQVXUJHQWHVHOHVFRQVLGHUDEDKpURHVPXHUWRVSRU'LRV SRUOD
3DWULD PLHQWUDV TXH D ORV PXHUWRV Y FWLPDV GH OD UHSUHVLyQ IUDQTXLVWD VH OHV KDF D
DSDUHFHUFRPRPHUHFHGRUHVGHXQMXVWRFDVWLJR
6LQHPEDUJRVLFRPRVXMHWRVDFWLYRVODVPXMHUHVQRVRO DQSDUWLFLSDUHQDFWRV
YLROHQWRVDQDOL]DGRVHQODQRYHODORVFRQWH[WRVHQORVTXHVHPDQLILHVWDYLROHQFLDV
TXHDSDUHFHFRPRY FWLPD DHQHOVHQRGHODIDPLOLD DGHODYLROHQFLDH[SUHVDFRPR
VLJQRGHHVFODYLWXGVH[XDO
5HVSHFWRDODYLROHQFLDSRO WLFDDGHPiVGHTXHWRGRVORVPLHPEURVGHODSDUWLGDVXIUHQ
YLROHQFLD HQ ODV FiUFHOHV SRU ODV TXH SDVDQ HQ ORV FDPSRV GH FRQFHQWUDFLyQ VRQ
PXFKDVODVVHFXHODVGHODJXHUUDFLYLOTXHSHUYLYHQHQORVDxRVKDPEUHPLVHULD
UDFLRQDPLHQWR HVWUDSHUOR« HQWUH HOODV HO VLOHQFLR HO PLHGR GH TXLHQHV IXHURQ
YHQFLGRV FRPR FRPSOHPHQWR GH OD UHSUHVLyQ DFWLYD TXH DGHPiV VXIU DQ (Q HVWH
VHQWLGRSUREDEOHPHQWHODPD RUDJUHVLyQTXHKXELHURQGHVXIULUWDQWRODVPXMHUHVFRPR
ODLQFLSLHQWHOXFKDSRUODLJXDOGDGGHORVVHUHVKXPDQRVIXHUDODLQYROXFLyQSURGXFLGD
SRUHODGRFWULQDPLHQWRGHOD6HFFLyQ)HPHQLQD
%(1(7-XDQ³/DVOLEHUWDGHVVHFXHVWUDGDV´/DJXHUUDFLYLOHVSDxROD8QDUHIOH[LyQPRUDO
DxRVGHVSXpV%DUFHORQD3ODQHWDSiJV
9,/$2SFLWSiJ
'XUDQWHDTXHOWLHPSRHQVHxDURQDODVPXMHUHVGH+HOHFKRVDDUHDOL]DUERQLWDV
ODERUHV REUDVGHKRJDUHxDDUWHVDQ D«3HURVREUHWRGRVHGHGLFDURQDLPSDUWLUHO
FDWHFLVPRIDODQJLVWDDODVPiVMyYHQHV
6HVHJyHOVXHxRGHLJXDOGDG/DLJOHVLD OD6HFFLyQ)HPHQLQDVHHQFDUJDURQGH
UHGHILQLUHOSDSHOGHODPXMHUHQHOVHQRGHXQDVRFLHGDGWUHPHQGDPHQWHUHDFFLRQDULD
6HHMHUFLyYHUGDGHUDPHQWHXQDYLROHQFLDLQVWLWXFLRQDOFRQODLPSRVLFLyQGHXQFyGLJRGH
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRVIHPHQLQRVPiVSURSLRVGHODpSRFDGHFLPRQyQLFDTXHGHORVDxRV
(VWH FyGLJR VHSXOWDED SRU FRPSOHWR FXDOTXLHU DWLVER GH LJXDOGDG HQWUH VH[RV
RSRQLpQGRVH DV D ORV SULQFLSLRV DO FyGLJR pWLFR GHIHQGLGR SRU OD 5HS~EOLFD H
LQVWDXUDQGR XQD KLSRFUHV D VRFLDO VREUH WRGR HQ ODV FODVHV DOWDV TXH SUDFWLFDEDQ XQD
GREOHPRUDOODTXHSUHGLFDEDQPXMHUHV KRPEUHV ODTXHSUDFWLFDEDQORVKRPEUHV
TXHIUHFXHQWDEDQFRQUHODWLYDDVLGXLGDGORVSURVW EXORVGHOD]RQD³«/DVHVFDSDGLWDV
GHQHJRFLRVGHGRQ+LODULRTXHDFXG DDORVSURVW EXORVGHODFLXGDGEXVFDQGRXQSRFR
GHWHUQXUD´
/DV PXMHUHV GH OD QRYHOD HQ VXPD VLQ VHU UHVSRQVDEOHV GLUHFWDV GH KHFKRV
YLROHQWRVVXIUHQODYLROHQFLDHQVXVP~OWLSOHVFDUDVFRQXQGHQRPLQDGRUFRP~QFRQHO
UHVWR GH ORV HVSDxROHV OD DUELWUDULD SULYDFLyQ GH OD OLEHUWDG S~EOLFD SULYDGD (Q
GHILQLWLYD HO PDUFR GH OD QRYHOD HV HO GH OD UHSUHVLyQ LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGD SRU HO
IUDQTXLVPRGHODTXHHVREMHWRODSDUWLGDGH$ORQVR³9HQHQR´ VXVIDPLOLDV FRQWUDOD
FXDOOXFKDQ
&DEH GLIHUHQFLDU QR REVWDQWH GH HQWUH OD JDOHU D GH SHUVRQDMHV IHPHQLQRV
UHODFLRQDGRVFRQODOXFKDLQVXUJHQWHODVPXMHUHVKXLGDVDTXHOODVTXHVHLQWHJUDEDQHQ
ODUHGGHHQODFHV SRU~OWLPRODVIDPLOLDUHVGLUHFWDVGHORVPDTXLVFyQ XJHVPDGUHV
YLXGDV KLMDV QRYLDV« TXH SDUHFHQ HOHYDUVH FRPR UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GHO WRSRV GH OD
FRQGLFLyQGHODHVSHUDGHODEDQGRQRGHOVLOHQFLR«<DOPLVPRWLHPSRGHODIXHU]D
GHODYDOHQW DGHO³VDEHUHVWDU´7RGDVPXMHUHVTXHOXFKDQSRUVREUHYLYLUHQHOWLHPSR
HQHOHVSDFLRTXHOHVKDWRFDGRYLYLU
/DV PXMHUHV GH OD SDUWLGD &RQFKD 1LHWD DPEDV VXIULHURQ XQ LQYHQWDULR GH
YHMDFLRQHV/DPiVMRYHQLQFOXVRIXHYLRODGDSRU'+LODULRVLQSRVLELOLGDGGHGHQXQFLD
DOJXQDGHOGHOLWRDVDELHQGDVGHTXHGHQXQFLDUVyORVXSRQGU DHPSHRUDUVXVLWXDFLyQ
'HKHFKRG DVGHVSXpVHOODPLVPDFXHQWDD0DWHRDOILQDOGHODREUDTXH³«/OHJDURQ
,ELGHPSiJ
,ELGHPSiJ
FXDWURKRPEUHVGH+HOHFKRVD PHREOLJDURQDLUFRQHOORV«0HKDE DGHQXQFLDRHO
GXHxR³SRUURMD´PHGLMHURQ´
1LHOODQLODDQFLDQD&RQFKDVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUVXVHGGHYHQJDQ]DSXHVDXQTXH
HQHOIRQGRGHVXVFRUD]RQHVKD DVXIULPLHQWRVRQLQFDSDFHVGHPDWHULDOL]DUVXLUDHQ
XQD DFWR YLROHQWR $PEDV URWDV GH GRORU VH XQHQ D OD SDUWLGD GH µ9HQHQR¶ XQD YH]
GHVWUXLGR VX HQWRUQR IDPLOLDU TXH HQ HO FDVR GH 1LHWD WUDXPDWL]DGD SRU OD YLRODFLyQ
VH[XDOGHTXHIXHREMHWRHVGHVSUHFLDGDSRUORVVX RVDOKDFHUODFXOSDEOHGHPDQFLOODU
ODKRQUDIDPLOLDU6LODYLRODFLyQHQV QRIXHUDVXILFLHQWHODMRYHQVHYH³PDFKDFDGD´
SVLFROyJLFDPHQWH SRU VX HQWRUQR PiV LQPHGLDWR &XDQGR OD DQFLDQD LQVLVWH HQ TXH
³«(VWH QR HV OXJDU SD XQD PXMHU FRPR W~ 7X VLWLR HVWi FRQ WXV SDGUHV FRQ WX
IDPLOLD«´
1LHWDHQWUHFRUWDGDPHQWHOHUHVSRQGH³£$ VHxRUD&RQFKD1RWHQJRDQDGLHHQ/DV
1DYDV« QL HQ QLQJ~Q RWUR VLWLR 0LV SDGUHV IXHURQ XQRV FREDUGHV FXDQGR PiV ORV
QHFHVLWp«´
&RQFKDSRUVXSDUWHHVXQDDQFLDQDYLXGDDODTXHOHKDQPXHUWRHOPDULGR
ORV KLMRV HQ OD JXHUUD FLYLO 5HIOH[LYD OOHQDGH VDELGXU D FRQFLOLDGRUD DSHVDU GHOR
VXIULGR ³« TXH FDVL QXQFD KDE D KDEODGR GHODQWH GH ORV KRPEUHV GHF D FRQ YR]
VXDYH DFDULFLDQWHTXHORPHMRUHUDHVWDUWRGRVMXQWRVSXHVVLFDGDXQRKDF DORTXH
TXHU DDOILQDOORVDSUHVDU DQDWRGRV´
RULHQWDVLHPSUHFRQVXVRSLQLRQHVWDQWRD1LHWD
FRPRDOUHVWRGHODSDUWLGD3HUGLGDWRGDHVSHUDQ]DFRQVHUHQLGDGLQVLVWHHQTXH³+D
TXHDFDEDUFRQHVWDYLGDTXHQRHVYLGD(OWLHPSRSDVD ODVKHULGDVGHE DQFHUUDUVH D´
$DPEDVDXQTXHKXLGDVHQFXDOTXLHUFDVRVHOHVYLQFXODEDFRPRDOUHVWRGHODV
PXMHUHV DHQODVLHUUD DHQHOSXHEORDOHPSOD]DPLHQWRDOVHGHQWDULVPRPiVY FWLPDV
TXH YHUGXJRV IUHQWH D VXV FRPSDxHURV ORV KRPEUHV LGHQWLILFDGRV FRPR QyPDGDV
YLQFXODGRVDOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRYROFDGRVKDFLDODOXFKDDUPDGD
(QODUHGGHDSR RV HQODFHVGHORVGHODVLHUUDFREUDHVSHFLDOUHOHYDQFLDHOSDSHO
GHODPXMHU8QDSR RTXHPiVTXHSRULGHRORJ DVHIXQGDPHQWDEDHQHOIDFWRUKXPDQR
HQORVOD]RVGHIUDWHUQLGDG VROLGDULGDG
,ELGHPSiJ
,ELGHPSiJ
,ELGHP
,ELGHPSiJ
,ELGHPSiJ
<GHHQWUHWRGRVGLVWLQJXLU DPRVDOD5RVDULRXQDGHODVPiVDFWLYDVHQODFHVTXH
UHVXOWDVHUXQRGHORVSHUVRQDMHVPiVFRPSOHMRVGHODQRYHOD*UDFLDVDVXEHOOH]DORJUD
XQDVLWXDFLyQVRFLDOHVWDEOH GHFHQWH&RQHOODVHYHULILFDXQDYH]PiVTXHODEHOOH]DHV
ODOODYHIHPHQLQDSRUH[FHOHQFLDSDUDDFFHGHUDXQHVWDWXVVXSHULRU5RVDULRURPSHFRQ
WRGDVVXVDWDGXUDVDQWHULRUHV$ORODUJRGHODQRYHODUHFKD]DFXDOTXLHUVLWXDFLyQTXH
SXHGDSUHILJXUDUODFRPRXQVHUGpELOHLQGHIHQVRSXHVFRQWRGRXQDYH]FRQVHJXLGRHO
SURSyVLWRGHORJUDUXQDYLGDGHFHQWHVHPXHVWUDFRPRXQDFRPSDxHUDFRQWHVWDWDULD
FRQ LGHDV SURSLDV FRQWUDULDV D VX PDULGR TXH XWLOL]D OD VLWXDFLyQ GH VX FyQ XJH
IDODQJLVWDSDUDDSR DUDTXLHQHVFUHHRSRUWXQR³«1RVHRVRFXUUDVDOLUGHHQWUHODSDMD
D QR VHU TXH HVFXFKpLV PL YR] &XDQGR SXHGD VL HV TXH SXHGR RV WUDHUp DOJR GH
FHQDU«´
$EDQGRQDODYLGDGHSURVWLWXFLyQEDMRHOQRPEUHGH/XLVDµODFRUWi¶FDViQGRVHFRQ
µ(O3HUUDFKLFD¶DEDQGRQDDVXPDULGRWUDVD XGDUDODSDUWLGDGH$ORQVRµ9HQHQR¶SRU
DPRU D XQR GH VXV PLHPEURV 0DUW Q µ(O FDUERQHUR¶ FRQ TXLHQ KX H 6H HOHYD HQ OD
ILJXUDIHPHQLQDPiVURPSHGRUDGHODQRYHODGXHxDHQWRGRPRPHQWRGHVXGHVWLQR1R
FRPHWHQLQJ~QDFWRYLROHQWRSHURVLQOXJDUDGXGDVHVFDSD]GHKDFHUOR'HFLGHSDVRD
SDVRFDGDHVFDODGHVXSUR HFWRYLWDO(ODXWRUVLWXDGRDILQDOHVGHOVLJOR;;DOSHUILODU
HVWHSHUVRQDMHQRWLHQHSUREOHPDVSDUDUHVROYHUGHIRUPDIHOL]HVWDVLWXDFLyQREYLDQGR
ODIDWDOLGDGTXHODVRFLHGDGELHQSHQVDQWHVXHOHRWRUJDUFRPRUHVSXHVWDDWDOHVRSFLRQHV
IHPHQLQDV$OILQDOGHODQRYHOD³«0DUW Q 5RVDULRKXLU DQSRUILQGHµ(O3HUUDFKLFD¶
FDPLQRGH,UiQ´
<SRU~OWLPR¢TXpSDSHOGHVHPSHxDURQODVPXMHUHVYLQFXODGDVIDPLOLDUPHQWHFRQ
ORVGHOPRQWH TXHSHUPDQHFLHURQDSDUHQWHPHQWHUHVLJQDGDVHQVXVKRJDUHVUHVSHFWRD
OD YLROHQFLD SRO WLFD" (VWDV PXMHUHV HUDQ DMHQDV D FXDOTXLHU LPSXOVR UHLYLQGLFDWLYR
DQJXVWLDGDV FRPR HVWDEDQ SRU OD VXHUWH GH ORV VX RV SUHRFXSDGDV RFXSDGDV HQ HO
VRVWpQGHODHFRQRP DIDPLOLDU
5HSUHVHQWDQODFDUDGHORSULYDGRUHVSHFWRDOPRYLPLHQWRLQVXUJHQWHGHOPDTXLVGH
ORFRWLGLDQRIUHQWHDODJUDQ+LVWRULD6RQPXMHUHVFRQORVSLHVHQODWLHUUDOOHQDVGH
YDORU GHVHQWLGRFRP~QPiVRFXSDGDVHQSURWHJHUTXHHQFRPEDWLU
(QHVWHFRQWH[WRKLVWyULFRGHFRQIOLFWREpOLFRODSRVJXHUUDSDUDODVPXMHUHVGHORV
KXLGRV VXSXVR XQD SURORQJDFLyQ GH OD JXHUUD FRQ ORV KRPEUHV HQ HO PRQWH HVWDV
,ELGHPSiJ
,ELGHPSiJ
PXMHUHVHQFDVDVXSRQHQODGLYHUJHQFLDGHGRVXQLYHUVRV4XHGDQHQIUHQWDGRVHOYpUWLJR
GHODJXHUULOOD ODGLI FLOKHURLFLGDGGHORFRWLGLDQR«$ORQVRREVHUYDDVXPXMHU
'HSURQWRHQWUHODVOODPDVSDUHFLyUHFRUWDUVHHOURVWURPDFLOHQWRGHVXPXMHU6XFDUD
UHIOHMDED HO PLHGR GH YLYLU HWHUQDPHQWH FRQ HO FRUD]yQ GHVWHUUDGR HQ ORV K~PHGRV
VXEWHUUiQHRVGHODUHDOLGDG'HVXVRMRVHVFDSDEDHOWLHPSRVLQPiVFRQWUROTXHHOGHODV
HVWDFLRQHV(UDXQDILJXUDGHPXMHUGHVWUXLGD«HOODYLY DHORWURH[LOLRHOH[LOLRLQWHULRU
PLHQWUDVHVSHUDEDFRQDPDUJXUDTXHDFXDOTXLHUKRUDGHFXDOTXLHUG DOODPDVHDODSXHUWD
HO FDGiYHU GHO PDULGR « /D PXMHU GH XQ KXLGR QR WLHQH OD RSFLyQ GH HOHJLU HQWUH OD
IHOLFLGDG HOGRORU«
1RFDEHODKXLGDQRFDEHHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVyORODHVSHUDSURORQJDGDHQHOWLHPSR
LQWHQWDQGR FRQVWUXLU XQD FRWLGLDQLGDG SUHVHQWH SUHxDGD GH UHFXHUGRV GH XQD
FRWLGLDQLGDGSDVDGDTXHGLI FLOPHQWHVHUiUHFXSHUDGDHQXQIXWXUR
(Q HO FRQWH[WR GH OD JXHUULOOD DQWLIUDQTXLVWD FRPR UHVSXHVWD D OD YLROHQFLD GH
(VWDGRWDOFRPRUHIOHMDODQRYHODPDGXUDHOGUDPDGHHVWDVPXMHUHVXQGUDPDTXHVH
PDWHULDOL]DHQODUXSWXUDIDPLOLDUHQHOG DDG DGHPDGUHVVLQKLMRVGHKLMRVVLQSDGUHV
GH YLXGDV« GH PXMHUHV GHVHVSHUDGDV TXH VREUHYLYHQ TXH VRVWLHQHQ HO KRJDU VRODV
EDMRODDPHQD]DFRQVWDQWHGHODUHSUHVLyQLQVWLWXFLRQDOTXHDPHQXGRVHWUDGXF DHQOD
LQYDVLyQ GH ORV HVSDFLRV GH LQWLPLGDG IDPLOLDUHV ³«5HJLVWUDURQ FDVD SRU FDVDFRUUDO
SRUFRUUDOWHMDGRSRUWHMDGR´
(QUHVXPHQHVWDVPXMHUHVVXIU DQSRUXQDSDUWHODSHQXULDHFRQyPLFDFDUJiQGRVH
HOVRVWpQIDPLOLDU SRURWUDHODLVODPLHQWRSRUVXYLQFXODFLyQDODJXHUULOOD(QHVWDV
FRQGLFLRQHV KDQ GH VRSRUWDU HO FRQWURO OD YLJLODQFLD FRQVWDQWHV GH ODV IXHU]DV GHO
RUGHQXQGUDPDTXHVHKDFRQVXPLGRGXUDQWHDxRVHQODLQGLIHUHQFLD HOVLOHQFLRGHOD
RSLQLyQ S~EOLFD GH OD KLVWRULD TXH REUDV GH ILFFLyQ FRPR pVWD QRV SRQHQ GH
PDQLILHVWR<HVTXH«
&XDQGRHOU RGHODOH HQGDVXHQDHVTXHFRUUHFHUFDHODUUR RGHODKLVWRULD
,ELGHPSiJ
,ELGHPSiJ