scieee AI-readable full text Open interactive document viewer

Aparición del feminismo en el postmodernismo

García González, Inmaculada

Full text

$SDULFLyQGHOIHPLQLVPRHQHOSRVWPRGHUQLVPR *$5&Ë$*RQ]iOH],QPDFXODGD&RQFHSFLyQ  (V GLItFLO GHFLU FXiQGR VXUJH HO IHPLQLVPR FRPR PRYLPLHQWR HQ OD 3RVWPRGHUQLGDG6REUHWRGRVLQRVILMDPRVHQODHVWpWLFDTXHODVFDQWDQWHVPDQWXYLHURQ HQ HVFHQDDVXPLHQGRHOUROGHOKRPEUHFRPRPpWRGRSDUDVXVUHLYLQGLFDFLRQHV3DUD H[SOLFDUHOPRYLPLHQWRGHODV5LRWW*UUUOVHVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHFUHDUXQPDUFR 'HEHPRVSULPHURWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHODPRGHUQLGDGFRQVXSUHRFXSDFLyQYLVXDO UHYHODED SUREOHPDV HSLVWHPROyJLFRV LQKHUHQWHV D ODV UHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV \ D VX UHSURGXFFLyQ ³7DOHV SUREOHPDV LQIRUPDQ ORV PRGRV PLVPRV HQ TXH VH FRQVWUX\H OD GLIHUHQFLDVRFLDO\DVHDHQWpUPLQRVGHFODVHVH[RRUD]D´  +XERDVtXQDHPDQFLSDFLyQ GHOSDVDGRHXURFHQWULVWD\SDWULDUFDOTXHUHOHJyDODPXMHUDXQSODQRLQIHULRU &RPR HQ ODV DUWHV FRPR HQ OD FXOWXUD FRPR HQ ODV GLYHUVDV GLVFLSOLQDV HO PRGHUQLVPRIDYRUHFLyXQDOtQHDFRJQLWLYDTXHGHPDUFDEDFDGDFDPSR\HVSRUHOORTXH VXUJLHURQORVSUREOHPDVDQWHVFLWDGRV 6LQHPEDUJRODHUDSRVWPRGHUQDVHSUHVHQWyFRQXQQXHYRWDODQWHGRQGHODOtQHD FRJQLWLYDGLV\XQWLYDGHVDSDUHFtD\FRQHOODORVSUREOHPDVFUHDGRVHQHOPRGHUQLVPR 3RUWDQWRGHDKtVXUJHHOPRYLPLHQWRIHPLQLVWD\DTXHHOSRVWPRGHUQLVPRQRPDUFD GLIHUHQFLDVVLQRTXH³HOIHPLQLVPRFRPSDUWHFRQRWURVGLVFXUVRVPDUJLQDGRVHOVWDWXV GHXQDHVSHFLHGHRWUR´  3HURFRQHVWHQXHYRDYDQFHQRWRGRHVWDED\DVDOYDGRSDUDHO GLVFXUVR IHPHQLQR SRUTXH HO SRVWPRGHUQLVPR HQ FXDQWR D VX FDUiFWHU XQLYHUVDO ³XQLYHUVDOLGDGGHODVIRUPDVXWLOL]DGDVSDUDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQYLVXDO´  \VXSOXUDOLVPR TXHUHGXFHDOKXPDQRD³VHURWURHQWUHRWURV´  UHGXFHDODLQGLIHUHQFLDFXDOTXLHUWLSRGH UHLYLQGLFDFLyQGHODLGHQWLGDGGHOLQGLYLGXR(OIHPLQLVPRHQHOSRVWPRGHUQLVPR\DQWH HVWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSRFD\HVFDVDUHOHYDQFLDSXGRFREUDUHQHVWHSHUtRGRVREUHWRGRVL WHQHPRV HQ FXHQWD TXH ORV SRORV GH HPLVLyQ \ UHFHSFLyQ \ ORV VLVWHPDV GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ2FFLGHQWDOHVYLVXDOL]DQDWUDYpVGHXQVXMHWRXQLWDULRHOPDVFXOLQR /DXQLGDGDODKRUDGHYLVXDOL]DU\GHHQXQFLDUSRUTXH³WRGRORTXHVHVXHOH OODPDUSRVWPRGHUQRHVVHQFLOODPHQWHXQDIRUPDGHGLVWLQJXLUODXQLyQTXHH[LVWHHQWUH  &2/$,==,*LXODHG)HPLQLVPR\WHRUtDGHOGLVFXUVR0DGULG&iWHGUDSiJ  ,ELGHPSiJ  2:(16&UDLJ³/DVIHPLQLVWDV\HOSRVWPRGHUQLVPR´/DSRVWPRGHUQLGDG+DO)RVWHUHG %DUFHORQD.DLUyVSiJ  ,ELGHPSiJ ODpWLFD\ODHVWpWLFD´  HVODUD]yQGHODRSUHVLyQTXHVHHMHUFHVREUHODPXMHUHQODpSRFD GHODTXHHVWDPRVKDEODQGRSXHVGHHVDIRUPDXQLWDULDVHSURGXFHODGLIHUHQFLDVRFLDO $QWH OD PLUDGD PDVFXOLQD DQWH OD FRVLILFDFLyQ GH OD PXMHU FRPRREMHWR \ QRFRPR VXMHWR HV SRU OR TXH ODV YRFHV IHPHQLQDV VH DO]DQ (O VLVWHPD GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ RFFLGHQWDOQLHJDWRGDOHJLWLPLGDGDODPXMHU³HVWDSURKLELFLyQVHUHILHUHSULQFLSDOPHQWH DODPXMHUFRPRVXMHWR\UDUDYH]FRPRHOREMHWRGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQSXHVGHVGHOXHJR QRIDOWDQLPiJHQHVGHODVPXMHUHV´  $QWHODDXWRPDWL]DFLyQGHOFXHUSRKXPDQRODV IHPLQLVWDV GHFLGHQ FULWLFDU ³HO VRSRUWH HSLVWHPROyJLFR´ TXH VRVWLHQH HVWH WLSR GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHYLVXDOLGDG (VDTXtGRQGHHVWiHQFODYDGRHOIHPLQLVPRTXHVXUJHHQOD3RVPRGHUQLGDG\ORV FDQWRVTXHHQWRQDQODV5LRWW*LUUOVSRUODOXFKDGHODPXMHUVXMHWR\QRREMHWR 'LFH*LXOD&RODL]]LTXH³HOPRPHQWRHQHOTXHHOFXHUSRKXPDQRHVHQWUHJDGR DO FDPSR GH OD YLVLyQ HV WDPELpQ HO PRPHQWR HQ HO TXH HV KHFKR H[FHVLYR \ GHVKXPDQL]DGR´   $Vt OD PXMHU FXDQGR HV UHSUHVHQWDGD FXDQGR VX FXHUSR TXHGD ItVLFDPHQWH GHVKXPDQL]DGR HQ WDO UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ OD YLVXDOL]DFLyQ HV WDPELpQ DXWRPDWL]DGD \ GHVKXPDQL]DGD (VWR VHJ~Q &RODL]]L ³VH SURGXFH FRPR H[FHVR HVSHFWDFXODU´   (V HQ HVWH SXQWR GRQGH SHUVRQDOPHQWH HO IHPLQLVPR GH OD 3RVPRGHUQLGDGQRWUDVFLHQGHSRUTXHDODEXVDUGHO³H[FHVRHVSHFWDFXODU´QRFREUDOD UHOHYDQFLDTXHGHELHUD(VGHFLUVLODV5LRWW*UUUOVVHVRPHWLHURQDXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ VXFXHUSRTXHGyWDPELpQItVLFDPHQWHGHVKXPDQL]DGR\ODYLVXDOL]DFLyQDOILQ\DOFDER VHJXtD VLHQGR OD PLVPD LQGLIHUHQWH GHVKXPDQL]DGD XQLYHUVDO \ XQLWDULD 6H FRQYLUWLHURQDVtPLVPDVHQXQREMHWRPiVYLVXDOFRPRFXDOTXLHURWUR\IXHHOPRWLYRGH TXHODPXMHUVHGHVHVWLPDUDHQODHVIHUDURFN/DPXMHUHVWDEDVLHQGRVXMHWRDODYH]TXH VHJXtDVLHQGRREMHWRQRPiV3RUHVRHOIHPLQLVPRFRPRPRYLPLHQWRQRH[LVWLyPHMRU SRGUtDPRV DILUPDU TXH OD PXMHU DGRSWy HO SDSHO GHO KRPEUH HQ OD VRFLHGDG HVWR VH SXHGHMXVWLILFDUPX\ELHQFRQHOVLJXLHQWHDUJXPHQWRTXHH[SRQH&UDLJ2ZHQV  $ILQGHKDEODUGHUHSUHVHQWDUVHDVtPLVPDXQDPXMHUDVXPHXQDSRVLFLyQPDVFXOLQD TXL]iHVWDVHDODUD]yQGHTXHVXHODDVRFLDUVHDODIHPLQHLGDGFRQODPDVFDUDGDFRQOD IDOVDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ     0$))(62/,0LFKHO³/DVRFLDOLGDGHQODSRVPRGHUQLGDG´(Q WRUQR D OD SRVWPRGHUQLGDG *LDQQL9DWWLPR\RWURV%DUFHORQD$QWKURSRVSiJ  )267(5+DO/DSRVWPRGHUQLGDG%DUFHORQD.DLUyV3iJ  &2/$,==,*LXOD)HPLQLVPR\WHRUtDGHOGLVFXUVR0DGULG&iWHGUDSiJ  ,EtGHPSiJ  )267(52SFLWSiJ (VWHDUJXPHQWRYXHOYHDUHDILUPDUTXHDOIHPLQLVPRVHOHGLR³YLVLELOLGDG´\ VXIULy HO PLVPR GHVWLQR TXH RWUR WLSR GH GLVFXUVRV PDUJLQDOHV TXH FXSLHURQ HQ OD 3RVPRGHUQLGDG $QWH OD IDODFLD GH OR TXH PXFKRV OODPDURQ ³GLYHUVLGDG FXOWXUDO´ ODV IHPLQLVWDVVHFRQYLUWLHURQHQDTXHOPRPHQWRHQXQDPDVFDUDGD /DV PXMHUHV GHELHURQ LQWHJUDU VX GLVFXUVR GHVGH OR ORFDO D OR XQLYHUVDO SDUD SRGHU DVt ³DOLDUVH FRQ RWURV´ FRQ OR PDVFXOLQR (V GHFLU VL PLUDPRV KDFLD HO SRVWPRGHUQLVPR OD PHMRU RIHUWD IHPLQLVWD OD FRQVWLWX\H HO ³UHJLRQDOLVPR FUtWLFR´ $SURYHFKDUHVDVLWXDFLyQGH³ORFDOLGDG´HVOD~QLFDIRUPDGHDFFHVRDODFUtWLFDVRFLDO ³/RPiVFUXFLDOVREUHHOHQFXHQWURGHOIHPLQLVPR\HOSRVWPRGHUQLVPRHVTXHWUDVOD QHJDWLYDDGHMDUVHVHGXFLUHQHODEDQGRQRODVIHPLQLVWDVWDPSRFRGHVSUHFLDQOD³QRYHOD URVD´TXHHVHOSRVWPRGHUQLVPR´  /DVPXMHUHVGHEHQDSURYHFKDUHODEDQGRQRGHHVD ³XQLYHUVDOLGDG´ GH HVD H[SRVLFLyQ SRFR FHUWHUD GHO HVSHFWiFXORFRPR VLPXODFURTXH FRQVWLWX\yXQIUDFDVRSDUDLPSXOVDUVXSRWHQFLDOFUtWLFRVRFLDO  (VWUDWHJLDVGHOIHPLQLVPRHQODSRVPRGHUQLGDG (VLQGXGDEOHTXHFRQHO3RVWPRGHUQLVPRHOVXMHWRKDSHUGLGRGHYLVWDHOFHQWUR KLVWyULFR /D UDFLRQDOLGDG KLVWyULFD GHVDSDUHFH SXHVWR TXH  ³OD PRGHUQLGDG GHMD GH H[LVWLU FXDQGR GHVDSDUHFH OD SRVLELOLGDG GH VHJXLU KDEODQGR GH OD KLVWRULD FRPR XQD HQWLGDGXQLWDULD´  /DSHUVSHFWLYDKLVWyULFDVHHQFXHQWUDIXHUDGHOSODQRUHDO\HOPXQGR GHODFRPXQLFDFLyQWRPDODVULHQGDVHQHVWD³FULVLVGHOSURJUHVR´(VHQHVWHPXQGRGH ODFRPXQLFDFLyQGRQGHKD\XQHVWDOOLGRGH³UDFLRQDOLGDGHVORFDOHV´SHQVHPRVTXH\D QRH[LVWHXQDUD]yQXQLWDULD´TXHOHGDHOLPSXOVRDORVGLVFXUVRVPLQRULWDULRVHQWUH HOORVHOGLVFXUVRIHPLQLVWDRSXQNSRUHMHPSOR  3HUR³HOHIHFWRHPDQFLSDQWHGHODOLEHUDFLyQGHODVUDFLRQDOLGDGHVORFDOHVQRHV VLQ HPEDUJR VRODPHQWH JDUDQWL]DU D FDGD XQR XQD SRVLELOLGDG PiV FRPSOHWD GH UHFRQRFLPLHQWR\GHDXWHQWLFLGDGFRPRVLODHPDQFLSDFLyQFRQVLVWLHUDHQPDQLIHVWDU ILQDOPHQWH OR TXH FDGD XQR HV GH YHUGDG QHJUR PXMHU KRPRVH[XDO HWF´  (V DTXt GRQGHYXHOYHDUHFDHUHOGLVFXUVRIHPHQLQRSRUTXHHVHGLVFXUVRVyORIXHFRQVLGHUDGRHQ ODSULPHUDSDUWHGHHVWDSUHPLVDHOGHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWR\ODDXWHQWLFLGDGGHORTXHXQR YHUGDGHUDPHQWH HV /DV IHPLQLVWDV QR UHSDUDURQ HQ OD VRFLRORJtD IRUPDOLVWD \ FRQWLQXDURQHQODWyQLFDGHODDILUPDFLyQGHODLGHQWLGDG  &2/$,==,2SFLWSiJ   9$77,02 *LDQQL  ³/D SRVPRGHUQLGDG ¢XQD VRFLHGDG WUDQVSDUHQWH"´ (Q WRUQR D OD SRVWPRGHUQLGDG*LDQQL9DWWLPR\RWURV%DUFHORQD$QWKURSRVSiJ   (QUHVXPHQDOHVWDUHOGLVFXUVRGHODPXMHUGLIHUHQFLDGRGHORXQRQRGHVFDQVD HQHOSRVWXODGRGHODVRFLRORJtDSRVPRGHUQDODVRFLHGDGHVXQDVXPDGHLQGLYLGXRV\ HV HVWH PLVPR GLVFXUVR HO TXH OD FRQGHQD D XQ VHJXQGR SODQR SXHVWR TXH GHVGH OD SHUVSHFWLYDGHODVRFLRORJtDIRUPDOLVWD³KD\TXHLQWHJUDULQYHQWDU´(OODVQRLQYHQWDURQ PiVELHQLPLWDURQODHVWpWLFDPDVFXOLQDDFXGLHQGRDODXQLVH[XDOL]DFLyQ 6L VHJXLPRV OD DUJXPHQWDFLyQ GHO SHQVDPLHQWR GHFRQVWUXFWLYR DO TXH DSXQWD 3DW[L/DQFHURVSRGUHPRVREVHUYDUFRPRHVWDVHVWUDWHJLDVQRVRQPiVTXHQHJDFLRQHVGH Vt PLVPDV ³/D SRVPRGHUQLGDG HQ OD PHGLGD HQ TXH DGRSWD PRGRV IUDJPHQWDULRV GHFRQVWUXFWLYRV GLVFRQWLQXRV QR KDFH VLQR QHJDU VX VXSXHVWD H[LVWHQFLD XQLWDULD VXVWDQFLDO1RKD\SRVPRGHUQLGDGVLQRXQDPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHHVWUDWHJLDVTXHFDUHFHQGH SURSyVLWRFRP~Q´  /DPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHHVWUDWHJLDVTXHFUHDURQODVPXMHUHVHQWRUQR VX\RQRKLFLHURQVLQRFUHDUPRGRVIUDJPHQWDULRVTXHGHELOLWDURQHVHSURSyVLWRGHFUtWLFD VRFLDO1RKDEtDXQSURSyVLWRFRP~QTXHDERFyHQXQGLVFXUVRIUDFDVDGRTXHQRIXH UHOHYDQWHKDVWDTXHODOyJLFDELQDULDGHVDSDUHFLy\VHDFHSWyORFRPSOHMRGHOFDPELR  (O IHPLQLVPR VHJ~Q &UDLJ 2ZHQV ³FRPR FUtWLFD UDGLFDO GH ORV GLVFXUVRV GRPLQDQWHV GHO KRPEUH PRGHUQR HV XQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWR SROtWLFR \ HSLVWHPROyJLFR SROtWLFRSRUTXHGHVDItDHORUGHQGHODVRFLHGDGSDWULDUFDOHSLVWHPROyJLFRSRUTXHSRQH HQWHODGHMXLFLRODHVWUXFWXUDGHVXVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV´(QHOVHQWLGRGH2ZHQVODV5LRWW *UUUOV Vt HVWDUtDQ HMHUFLHQGR XQD DFWLYLGDG SURIXQGD \ ELHQ HQFDPLQDGD GH OD UHLYLQGLFDFLyQ3RUXQODGRDOLQWURGXFLUVHHQXQ³PXQGRGHKRPEUHV´FRPRHOURFN GHVDILDURQDODVRFLHGDGSDWULDUFDOSRURWURDXQTXHQRWDQFODURURPSLHURQODFOiVLFD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ RFFLGHQWDO GH OD PXMHU 6LQ HPEDUJR HVWD HVWUDWHJLD QR IXQFLRQD UHDOPHQWHHQHOVHJXQGRGHORVSURSyVLWRVHOHSLVWHPROyJLFR1RHVWiFODURTXHODV 5LRWW *UUUOV URPSLHUDQ OD HVWUXFWXUD GH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ SRUTXH VL DGRSWDURQ XQ URO PDVFXOLQRHVWDEDQUHDILUPDQGRXQDGHWHUPLQDGDHVWUXFWXUDXQLVH[XDOL]DGD  1R VH SXHGH SRQHU HQ GXGD TXH HO GLVFXUVR IHPLQLVWD VXUJH FRQ OD SRVPRGHUQLGDGSHURODHVFLVLyQGHORVJUXSRV\ODHVFDVDSURORQJDFLyQHQHOWLHPSRTXH WXYLHURQODVFRPSRQHQWHVGHOPRYLPLHQWR5LRWW*LUUOVVRQPXHVWUDGHOGpELODUUDLJRTXH WXYRHQWRQFHV (V LQGXGDEOH TXH HVWH GLVFXUVR DSDUHFLHUD SRUTXH HO SRVWPRGHUQLVPR SURFXUy LPSXOVDUODXQLYHUVDOLGDGODHVFLVLyQGHIURQWHUDVHQWUHODVDUWHVODFDtGDGHODIDPLOLD QXFOHDUIUHQWHDOFDSLWDOLVPRGRPLQDQWH3HURHQHVWHLQWHQWRSRUTXH³ODLQGLYLGXDOLGDG  ,ELGHPSiJGHOFDStWXORGH3DW[L/DQGHURV³$SXQWHVREUHHOSHQVDPLHQWRGHFRQVWUXFWLYR´ TXHGDUDHQHOSDVDGR´\ODFRQVLGHUDFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDFRPR³VXPDGHLQGLYLGXRV´ OD PXMHU WXYR XQDV HVFDVDV YtDV SDUD SURQXQFLDUVH QHFHVLWDED PRVWUDU XQD LGHQWLGDG GLIHUHQWH SDUD SRGHU LQWHJUDUOD MXQWR D OD GH³ORV XQRV´ \HVWR IXH TXL]iVOR TXH QR FRQVLJXLy/DPXMHUWXYRHVFDVDUHOHYDQFLDHQHOPRYLPLHQWRURFNSRUH[WHQVLyQFRQ WRGRVHVWRVPRWLYRVFRPRWUDVIRQGR  /DVULRW*UUOV  5LRWW *UUUO VXUJLHURQ FRPR XQ PRYLPLHQWR GH ORV SULPHURV DxRV GH ORV  HQ $PpULFD3RUDTXHOHQWRQFHVODVPXMHUHVQRHUDQELHQDFRJLGDVQLWDPSRFRHVFXFKDGDV HQODHVFHQDPXVLFDODVtTXH³HOODVFRPHQ]DURQDFUHDUEDQGDV\FUHDURQIXQFLRQHV\ IRUPDURQ XQD FRPXQLGDG´   /RV JUXSRV PiV UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GH HVWD DVRFLDFLyQ IHPLQLVWDIXHURQ%LNLQL.LOO6OHDWHU.LQQH\\%DEHVLQ7R\ODQGHQHVWD~OWLPDEDQGD IXHHQODTXHHVWXYR&RXUWQH\/RYH  6LVHJXLPRVUDVWUHDQGRSRUOD5HGGHUHGHVHQFRQWUDUHPRVPHQVDMHVGHODV5LRWW *UUUOGH/RQGUHVTXHFODPDQSRULQWHUFDPELDULQIRUPDFLyQ\RWURWLSRGHGDWRVFRQRWUDV EDQGDVGHFKLFDV5HLYLQGLFDQTXHODVUHYLVWDVSDUHQGHLQFOXLUDUWtFXORVEDVDGRVHQXQD FXHVWLyQVLPSOHGHJpQHURRVH[R³QRPRUHLQWHUYLHZVDQGDUWLFOHVEDVHGRQWKHIDFW WKDWVKRFNKRUURQWKHUHDUHJLUOVLQWKHEDQGDQGWKDWVRPHWLPHVWKH\HYHQZHDUJXOS VH[\ FORWKLQJ´   /DV 5LRWW *UUUOV WLHQHQ FRPR VH SXHGH YHU XQD WUDVFHQGHQFLD HQ OD WUDQVPRGHUQLGDG LQLFLDQGR XQD VHULH GH SUR\HFWRV \ IXQFLRQHV TXH DWUDHQ D XQ EXHQ Q~PHURGHIHPLQLVWDV  3HUR VLJDPRV KDEODQGR GH ODV 5LRWW *UUUOV FRPR PRYLPLHQWR /D EDQGD SUHFXUVRUDGHODV5LRWW*UUUOVVHIRUPyDILQDOHVGHORVHQODXQLYHUVLGDG(YHUJUHHQ &ROOHJHGH2O\PSLD:DVKLQJWRQ$OOtXQSDUGHHVWXGLDQWHVVHUHXQLHURQSDUDIXQGDUXQ IDQ]LQHOODPDGR%LNLQL.LOOSXEOLFDFLyQTXHGHVSXpVVHUtDHOQRPEUHGHODOHJHQGDULD EDQGD GH URFN (O PRYLPLHQWR DOFDQ]y VX FOtPD[ HQ  JUDFLDV WDPELpQ DO DSR\R PHGLiWLFR6XVDFWXDFLRQHV\VXVFDQFLRQHVLQFLWDEDQDODVPXMHUHVDGHQXQFLDUPDORV WUDWRV\DEXVRVVH[XDOHVDORVTXHHUDQVRPHWLGDV(UDQPX\UDGLFDOHVHLQFHQGLDULDVHQ FXDQWRDVXVUHLYLQGLFDFLRQHV    *XUOFRP³5LRW*LUOV/RQGRQ´[HQOtQHD]$3LPHGLD&RPSDQ\[FRQVXOWDGLFLHPEUH] /RQGRQKWWSZZZJXUOFRPFRQQHFWEEVEEHSOJXUOY  ,ELGHPSiJ  'DWRV GH LQWHUpV TXHUHFRJHXQUHSRUWDMH ³/DPDODYLGD´5LRW*LUOVODVFKLFDVVRQ JXHUUHUDV[HQ OtQHD] 7HUUD 1HWZRUNV 6$  [FRQVXOWD  GLFLHPEUH ] 0DGULG KWWS ZZZ WHUUDHVRFLRKWPORFLKWP  &RPRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUORVGLVFXUVRVGHHVWDVIHPLQLVWDVD~QHVWDEDQFHQWUDGRV HQODFXHVWLyQGHJpQHUR\GHVH[R(VGHFLUTXHHVWDEDQD~QDQTXLORVDGDVHQHOSUHILMR ³UH´GHUHSURGXFFLyQ³TXHFRORFyDODVPXMHUHV\DWRGDVODVSUiFWLFDVDVRFLDGDVDHOODV HQXQDUHODFLyQRQWROyJLFDPHQWHVHFXQGDULDFRQUHVSHFWRDODSURGXFFLyQSHUVH´  /D SURGXFFLyQGHORVUROHVVH[XDOHVGRPLQDEDODUHSURGXFFLyQVRFLDOGHODPXMHU  3HURODEDQGDTXHPiVGHVWDFyHQVXPRPHQWRIXH%DEHVLQ7R\ODQG.DWK\ %MHOODQGHVWDEDHVWXGLDQGRHQXQLQVWLWXWRGH2UHJRQMXQWRDVXtQWLPDDPLJD&RXUWQH\ /RYH/DVGRVGHFLGLHURQHVFDSDUGHXQDPELHQWHRSUHVLYRHLQVWDODUVHDODFDSLWDOKLSS\ 6DQ)UDFLVFR\IXQGDUXQDEDQGDSXQN/DWHUFHUDFRPSRQHQWHGHHVWDSULPHUDEDQGD VHUtD-HQQLIHU)LQFK$OSULQFLSLRHUDXQDEDQGDTXHGHIHQGtDDODVPXMHUHVSHURQRVH FRQVLGHUDEDIHPLQLVWD6XP~VLFDHUDHOSXQNURFN6HOODPDED6XJDU%DE\'ROO0iV WDUGHYXHOYHQDEDXWL]DUVXJUXSRFRPR6ZDS3XVV\'HVSXpV&RXUWQH\DEDQGRQDHO JUXSR\VHLQDXJXUDVLQHOOD%DEHVLQ7R\ODQG&RPLHQ]DVXp[LWRHQHO\VHODQ]DD ORVHVFHQDULRVHXURSHRVGHODPDQRGH1LUYDQDR6RQLF<RXWK  (OJUXSRPDUFKDSRU$PpULFD\SUHSDUDXQRGHVXVPHMRUHVGLVFRV)RQWDQHOOH FRQODSURGXFFLyQGH/HH5DQDODGRPLHPEURGH6RQLF<RXWK7UDVVHUDFODPDGDVSRUOD FUtWLFDFRPHQ]DURQORVSUREOHPDV\/RULHVODTXHPDQWLHQHODOODPDGHODV5LRW*UUOV    (Op[LWRGH%DEHVLQ7R\ODQGQRTXHGDWDQOHMRV(QHOODEDQGDUHDOL]yXQD JLUDFRQ)DLWKQRPRUH\$OLFHLQFKDLQVWUDGXFLGRVDOHVSDxROUHVSRQGHQDXQWDODQWH UHLYLQGLFDWLYRHQSURGHODPXMHU³-XVWLFLDQRPiV´\³$OLFLDHQFDGHQDGD´'HVSXpV HGLWDURQXQJUDQGLVFR3DLQNLOOHU³'RORUDVHVLQR´FRQHOTXHFRPHQ]DURQXQDJLUDSRU $XVWUDOLD-DSyQ\1XHYD=HODQGD/RVFRQWLQXRVSUREOHPDVFRQODVEDMLVWDVDOWHUDQOD EDQGD(QXQPRPHQWRiOJLGRGHVXFDUUHUDPXVLFDOHQ86$GHFLGLHURQSDUDU  &RXUWQH\ORYH\KROH &RXUWQH\/RYHHVXQDGHODVYLXGDVQHJUDVGHODKLVWRULDGHODP~VLFD2GLDGD SRUVXFDUiFWHUH[FHVLYDPHQWHIXHUWHFRQHOTXHKDFHIUHQWHDWRGRWLSRGHSUREOHPDVIXH PiVFRQRFLGDSRUVXUHODFLyQFRQHOSURIHWDGHOURFNGHORV.XUW&REDLQTXHSRUVX PpULWRDUWtVWLFR)XQGyODEDQGDFRQVXDPLJD.DWK\6XJDU%DE\'ROOSHURGHELGRD VXVFRQIOLFWRVSHUVRQDOHVFRQHOUHVWRGHOJUXSRVHPDUFKyD$ODVNDSDUDHMHUFHUFRPR EDLODULQDGHVWUHHSWHDVH(QYXHOYHD/RVÈQJHOHV\IRUPD+ROHFRQHOJXLWDUULVWD (ULF (UODQGVRQ OD EDMLVWD -LOO (PHU\ \ OD EDWHULVWD &DUROLQH 5XH (Q  FRQ  &2/$,==,2SFLWSiJ  ,GHDURFN%DEHVLQ7R\ODQG[HQOtQHD],QG\URFN,GHDO[FRQVXOWDGLFLHPEUH]KWWSZZZ LGHDOHVLQG\URFNEHEHVLQWR\ODQG LQIOXHQFLDVDOR6RQLF<RXWKSXEOLFDVXSULPHUVLQJOH³5HWDUG*LUO´(QDSDUHFLy HOVHJXQGRVLQJOH³'LFNQDLO´\VHHGLWD3UHWW\RQWKHVLGHXQiOEXPHORJLDGRSRUOD FUtWLFD 7UDV VX PDWULPRQLR \ HO QDFLPLHQWR GH VX KLMD HQ  YXHOYH D OD HVFHQD PXVLFDO FRQ /LYH 7KURXJK WKLV VHJXQGR iOEXP GHO JUXSR +ROH &RXUWQH\ VH YROFy SRVWHULRUPHQWH HQ VX FDUUHUD FRPR DFWUL] FRQ (O HVFiQGDOR GH /DUU\ )O\QW +ROH SDUWLFLSDDGHPiVGHODEDQGDVRQRUDRULJLQDOGHODSHOtFXOD(O&XHUYRFLXGDGGHORV iQJHOHV(QFRPLHQ]DODJUDEDFLyQGHVXQXHYRGLVFR&HOHEULW\6NLQ(VWHiOEXP LQFOX\H FDQFLRQHV SURYRFDGRUDV \ HVFDQGDORVDV HQ HO WRQR GH OD SHUVRQDOLGDG GH VX YRFDOLVWD&RXUWQH\/RYH\TXHVRQORVTXHDTXtFRQYLHQHFRPHQWDU    8QD GH ODV FDQFLRQHV FRQ PiV FRQWHQLGR IHPLQLVWD VH WLWXOD ³$ZIXO´ TXH WUDGXFLGRVLJQLILFD³$VTXHURVR´(VWDFDQFLyQSXHGHHVPX\VLJQLILFDWLYDVREUHWRGRVL QRVEDVDPRVHQODSURSLDYLGDGHHVWDDUWLVWDTXHIXHEDLODULQDGHVWUHHSWHDVH(OWHPD SDUHFHTXHYDGHGLFDGRDWRGDVODVMyYHQHVTXHFRPLHQ]DQSURQWRDYHQGHUVXFXHUSR DOJRTXHHOODFRQVLGHUDDVTXHURVR\TXHUHFULPLQD3DUHFHTXH&RXUWQH\ODVDOLHQWDD VHJXLUDODOX]GH³ODVDOYDFLyQ´\FRQVWUXLUXQPXQGRQXHYRQRHOGHOKRPEUHTXH SDUHFHVHUDVTXHURVR(QHVWHVHQWLGR\OOHJDGRVDHVWHSXQWRHVLQGXGDEOHHOSRGHUGH FRQYRFDWRULDHOSRGHUSROtWLFRGHOGLVFXUVRGHODFDQWDQWH(OODPLVPDFUHHHQHOSRGHU GHODVFDQFLRQHVGHODP~VLFD  $HVWDVMyYHQHVODVKDVXVWLWXLGRFRQXQDPHWRQLPLD³GXOFHVFHUH]DV´(QXQ PRPHQWRGHODFDQFLyQHVWDPHWRQLPLDOHVLUYHSDUDGHFLUTXHFRPRIUXWDVTXLHUHQ PDGXUDUSHURVRQSHTXHxDV\HOPXQGRHVDVTXHURVRORVKRPEUHVVRQDVTXHURVRV(V XQGLVFXUVRPX\IHPLQLVWDKDVWDGLUtDGLGiFWLFR  8VD PXFKR OD HVWUXFWXUD ³/HW´ /HW¶V VWDUW D ILUH D ULRW 7DPELpQ HO WLHPSR LPSHUDWLYR&RQHVWRTXLHUHGDUiQLPRDODVFKLFDVGHDxRVTXHVRQHOSURWRWLSRGH GHVWLQDWDULD D OD TXH YDQ GLULJLGRV ORV VHQWLPLHQWRV GH &RXUWQH\ (V XQ FDQWR FDVL DXWRELRJUiILFRSRUTXHSDUHFHTXHVHDUUHSLHQWHGHVXYLGDDQWHULRU³DQWHVHUDSHUIHFWR DKRUDHVDVTXHURVR´'HQXHYRYXHOYHDSURGXFLUVHHVHSRVWPRGHUQLVPRSRVLWLYRKD\ XQD OX] XQD HVSHUDQ]D KD\ TXH FRUUHU KDFLD OR GLYLQR KD\ XQD VDOYDFLyQ VH SXHGH FRQTXLVWDUHOPXQGRFRQXQDFDQFLyQ(VHDOLHQWRSURYRFDTXHHQUHLWHUDGDVHVWURIDV DSDUH]FDQODVHVWUXFWXUDVLPSHUDWLYDV  $ORVKRPEUHVORVFDOLILFDHQHOFDPSRVHPiQWLFRQHJDWLYRVRQFDVLGHPRQLRV ³UREDQODVDOPDVDODVFKLFDVFRPRW~´³URPSHQDODVFKLFDV´³SDUWHQORVFRUD]RQHV´  ³&RXWQH\/RYHVHTXHGDVROD´[HQOtQHD]7HUUD1HWZRUNV[FRQVXOWDGLFLHPEUH]KWWS ZZZWHUUDHVRFLRDUWLFXORKWPORFLKWPO /RVKRPEUHVVyORTXLHUHQ³OLEUDVGHFDUQHIUHVFD´TXHUHHPSOD]DUUiSLGDPHQWHSRURWUDV OLEUDVPiVQXHYDV(VHOFDPSRGHODSHUYHUVLyQFDVLGHODSHGHUDVWLD(VORVLQLHVWUR  (V XQ FDQWR SRU WDQWR IHPLQLVWD &UHH HQ HO SRGHU GH OD PXMHU )UHQWH D OR DVTXHURVR GH ORV KRPEUHV VH RSRQH OR ERQLWR GH OD PXMHU +D\ XQD GXDOLGDG XQ FRPSRQHQWHELQDULRTXHFDVLVDOWDGHODVOHWUDVGH&RXUWQH\/RELQDULROOHYDLQWUtQVHFD OD FDWHJRUtD GH ORV RSXHVWRV GH ORV FRQWUDULRV ELHQPDO SRVLWLYRQHJDWLYR EODQFRQHJUR FODURRVFXUR HWF (V GHFLU TXH &RXUWQH\ PDQWLHQH XQDV FDWHJRUtDV GHWHUPLQDGDVSDUDODPXMHU\SDUDHOKRPEUHFRQVWLWX\HQGRDVtVXSURSLRLPDJLQDULR  &RQFOXVLyQ (VWH WUDEDMR KD SUHWHQGLGR DSUR[LPDUVH DO WUDWDPLHQWR GH OD PXMHU HQ OD SRVWPRGHUQLGDG EDViQGRVH HQ HO PRYLPLHQWR GH ODV 5LRWW *UUUOV +D VLGR PX\ FRPSOLFDGRUHFRSLODULQIRUPDFLyQDFHUFDGHHVWHPRYLPLHQWRIHPLQLVWD\DFHUFDGHODV EDQGDVTXHVXUJLHURQFRQpO$~QDVt\SDUDWHUPLQDUGLUHPRVTXHQXHVWURSDtVQRHVWi H[HQWRGHHVWRVPDWLFHV  ([LVWH XQ JUXSR GH FKLFDV GH *HW[R 9L]FD\D TXH IRUPDV HO JUXSR (OHFWURELNLQLV  XQDEDQGDSXQNURFN6HJ~QHOODVPLVPDV³SDVDQGHOIHPLQLVPR´SHUR ODLQIOXHQFLDGH%LNLQL.LOOHVLQGXGDEOHKDVWDHQHOSURSLRQRPEUHGHOJUXSR  &XDQGR HO PRYLPLHQWR GH ODV 5LRWW *UUUOV TXHGDED \D OHMDQR HQ (VSDxD VXUJLHURQ JUXSRV TXH SXVLHURQ HQ VX OXJDU DOD PXMHU (VWRVJUXSRV IXHURQ 'HYLRW\ 8QGHUVKDNHUVHQHVWDHVFHQDLUUXPSLHURQ(OHFWURELNLQLVFRQ³6DWDQZHDUVEUD´HVGHFLU ³(O GHPRQLR YLVWH VXMHWDGRU´ $OJR TXH \D UHVXOWD PX\ UHOHYDQWH SDUD QXHVWUD HQFLFORSHGLD FXOWXUDO SRUTXH VL HO GHPRQLR PDVFXOLQR YLVWH XQD SUHQGD FRPR HO VXMHWDGRUIHPHQLQDHVWiLPSRQLpQGRVHXQDQXHYDIRUPDGHPLUDUXQDQXHYDHVWUXFWXUD GHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHQFRQWUDGHODFOiVLFDRFFLGHQWDOL]DFLyQ6HJ~QODEDQGDSDVDGHWRGR HO UROOR IHPLQLVWD SHUR FRQVLGHUD TXHVXELHQGR DO HVFHQDULR\D HVWiQ DSR\DQGRD ODV PXMHUHVHQXQPXQGRTXHHVGHKRPEUHV  48Ë/(=5DID(OHFWURELNLQLV³SDVDPRVGHOIHPLQLVPR´[HQOtQHD],QG\URFN,GHDO[FRQVXOWD GLFLHPEUH],GHDO KWWSZZZLGHDOHVLQG\URFNHOHFWURELNLQLV