Oppo uni ies and Risks o he In o ma ion and
Communica ion Technologies o Use s wi h
Special Needs
Julio Abascal' and An 6n Ci i '
'In o ma ika Fakul a ea. Euskal He iko Unibe si a ea
Manuel La dizabal
1,
620018
Donos ia. Spain
[email p o ec ed]
'E.
T.
S.
de Ingenie ia In o mk ica. Uni e sidad de Se illa
Reina Me cedes s/n,
41012
Se ilia. Spain
[email p o ec ed]
Abs md-
The as de eloping o in o ma ion and
communica ion echnologies has a oused he hope o
P
new socie y in which all people would kwe he same
oppo uni ies o access - h ough di e se ese ices-
o
knowledge,
wo k,
leisu e, e c. In o ma ion socie y
has
also o e ed a p omising oppo uni y o social inclusion
o people wi h disabili ies. The combina ion o
echnological ad ance (such as wi eless pe sonal
a ea
ne wo ks, wea able compu ing, e c.) wi h social ad ances
(such as new inclusi e legisla ion and social awa eness)
would make he social inclusion o people wi h special
needs possible. Ne e heless, his will no au oma ically
happen. I is necessa y o apply inclusi e design me hods
and o iden i y and a oid echnological, e hicnl and social
isk.
This pape analyses he oppo uni ies ha
in o ma ion echnology can o e o disabled people and
he main
isks
ha mus be a oided.
As
a
conclusion some
guidelines
o a oid
hese
isks
a e
ou lined.
Ida
mms-Digi al di ide o use s wi h special needs,
Accessibili y o
ICT.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The cu en end owa ds a knowledge based socie y
whe e In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies
(ICT)
play an impo an ole in he ela ionships among
indi iduals, companies and public se ices p esen s an
oppo uni y o he social in eg a ion o people wi h
disabili ies and elde ly people ha should no be los .
The so-called eSe ices ha e an impo an po en ial
o inc easing pe sonal au onomy and he e o e hey
allow independen li ing in si ua ions whe e
adi ionally his has no been possible
[I].
This oppo uni y is no ee
o
po en ial isks. I
disabled and elde ly
use s
a e no conside ed when
ICT
se ices
and
p oduc s
a e
designed, hey could be
comple ely useless o hese use g oups. The e o e he
capabili y gap be ween hese use s and he "s anda d
use " would inc ease. This isk bas led o ano he
o m
o "digi al di ide" whe e he possibili y o accessing
ICT
se ices, based on knowledge, abili ies, economic
si ua ion, e c., di ides he socie y in o wo sepa a ed
g oups.
This pape analyses a se o echnologies ha , i
p ope ly used. can help in he ull in eg a ion o
disabled and elde ly people. In p ac ice, many o he
echnologies men ioned in he pape
will
in e ac o
p o ide in eg a ed communica ion en i onmen s.
As
we p og ess owa ds sys ems suppo ing he "ambien
in elligence" concep
[Z],
he
ICT
based sys ems will
be mo e anspa en o he use and he dis inc ion
be ween he echnologies will became less meaning ul.
In
any
case,
as
al eady men ioned, i
is
impo an ha
he needs o disabled and olde use s a e conside ed
om
he
i s s eps
o
he
design s age. This
is
he basis
o he "Design
o
All"
concep whe e se ices and
p oduc s a e designed
so
ha hey can be used by a
wide a ie y o use s. Un o una ely, he design o all
p oduc s and se ices do no ully co e he wide
spec um
o
special needs. Fo hose use s ha can no
use hese p oduc s
as
hey a e, some adap a ions mus
be p o ided. Mo eo e , o hose use s who a e no
able o access s anda d p oduc s and se ices h ough
adap a ion, specialised se ices should be p o ided.
In
many cases, accessibili y o s anda d de ices is
pe o med h ough
echnical aids'.
The e o e, i is
essen ial ha all se ices and de ices use a widely
accep ed communica ion s anda d, in o de o allow he
media ion done by Assis i e Technology de ices.
The
links be ween assis i e echnology and design o all
a e discussed in
[4].
.~
'
Technicalaids
a ede icesspccklly
hmed opa icula use sneds,
&don Assis i c
o
Rchabili a ion
Technology
[3]
11.
HOW
CAN
TECHNOLOGY
HELP
SOCIAL
LNCLUSION?
Many new echnologies a e cu en ly being de eloped.
Some o hem can ha e a e y posi i e in luence o e
he social in eg a ion
d
people wi h disabili ies and
elde ly people. All o hem ha e a di ec o indi ec
ela ionships wi h compu e o land elecommunica ions
echnology.
In
he nex sec ions, some o hese
echnologies a e e iewed.
A.
Web
Access
Al hough b he In o ma ion and Communica ion
Technologies a e
s ill
in much wide use, he Wo ld
Wide Web
is
p obably he as es
g owing
echnology
in he las yea s. O cou se he Web
is
a means o
en e ainmen and a sou ce o a wide ange o
in o ma ion bu , in he
long
un,
i s
use
o educa ion
(e-Lea ning).
access o public se ices
(e-Go e nmen )
and
o
p o essional ac i i ies
(Tele-wo king)
a e
some
o
he mos in e es ing se ices o
all
he use s and
speci ically o he disabled and elde ly people.
The impo ance o Web access o all has been
ecognised
in
mos coun ies and he e
is
a s ong end
o make accessibili y compulso y a leas o public
web si es'. I is clea ha his ype o ini ia i e
ep esen s
an
impo an
s ep
in
he in eg a ion
o
disabled and elde ly people
in
he so-called Knowledge
Based Socie y. Bu
i
should also be clea ha g an ing
access o he Web should
only
be
a
pa o a mo e
gene al app oach o accessibili y whe e o he aspec s o
elec onic and physical accessibili y a e also aken
in o
accoun .
C i e ia o web accessibili y should be
as
global
as
possible as he nahm o he Web
is
also global. In his
aspec he Eu opean al e na i e
o
di ec ly adop ing he
W3CiWAI WCAG' seems a e y con enien app oach.
The
US
app oach has he clea ad an age
o
ha ing he
o ce o
eal
legisla ion4 e en i i is no ully based
on
he WAI guidelines, he global
de ac a
s anda d.
Ne e heless, he p o ision o Web accessibili y o
access educa ion, p o essional and public se ices
should no
be
used
as
an a gumen agains p o iding
physical accessibili y.
-
B.
Compu e Access
Al hough s ongly ela ed o he Web accessibili y
p oblem, he compu e access p oblem is clea ly
di e en . Web accessibili y usually e e s o he
exis ence o se ices and con en s ha ca -be accessed
independen ly
o
he use 's capabili ies. Howe e , a
e minal in he clien side
is
e iden ly necessa y o
access hese con en s. E en i a e y wide ange o
de ices can be used o access he web, pe sonal
compu e s a e s ill he mos widely used ype
o
e minal. Tha means ha he compu e in e ace has o
be sui ed o he capabili ies o he use .
In
mos cases
in e ace design me hodologies ha ake in o accoun
he needs o disabled and elde ly use s a e enough, bu
adap a ions and speci ic designs
a e
s ill
equi ed o
allow access by se e ely disableduse s.
I
is
impo an o men ion ha , al hough cu en
Legisla ion in he
US
has
b ough accessibili y ea u es
in o he main ope a ing sys ems, hese seem o be
p o ided
as
an "add-m" han as a ully in eg a ed
capabili y.
C.
Access
lo
oice communica ion
E en i da a communica ion has expe imen ed a huge
inc ease in he las decade, oice based communica ion
is
s ill
he mos widely used mean o pe son o pe son
con ac s. The eason
is
ha oice communica ion is he
mos
na u al
way
o
con ac o he people
and
o ask o
help in case o need o eme gency. This ac
is
impo an ,
as
some e-Access policies end o o ge
oice communica ion and concen a e mo e
on
ancy
da a se ices.
On
he o he hand, many people end o hink ha oice
communica ion has
no
access p oblems excep o dea
and ha d o hea ing
use s.
The ac ual si ua ion
is
much
mo e complica ed as, o example, blind and isually
impai ed use s can ha e p oblems loca ing and using
public access e minals and e en handling pe sonal
communica ion de ices such as mobile e minals. Also
use s wi h mobili y o dex e i y p oblems ha e
di icul ies
in
using oice e minals in gene al.
Al hough some elde
16m
(especially unde
80)
in
de eloped coun ies ha e become used o mobile
elephony mos o hem ha e mo e p oblems and eel
less com o able wi h mobile e minals han wi h
adi ional ixed equipmen .
An impo an pa o he p oblem is ha use s
i h
special needs we e no adequa ely aken in o accoun
when he equipmen was designed. Ne e heless,
i
is
clea ha e minals based
on
"design o all" c i e ia
will p obably no sa is y he equi emen s o se e al
use g oups. As an example, a e minal ha is ully
con ollable by oice migh ul ill he equi emen s o
many use s wi h mobili y es ic ions bu will p obably
no wo k
in
he case o hose use s whose oice is
a ec ed by hei disabili y. Fo hese use s
.i
is
necessa y o be able o in e ace he e minal
equipmen wi h use adap ed Assis i e Technology
de ices. The eme gence o open wi eless
communica ion s anda ds (e.g. Blue oo h) could, in
p inciple simpli y hese ypes o in e aces.
In some cases, adap a ions a e no a possible
al e na i e. In he case o dea use s
he
only me hod
o using oice communica ion is h ough oice o ex
elay se ices. In he u u e, his ype o ansla ion will
p obably be au oma ic bu , cu en ly in e p e e based
elay cen es a e
s ill
he only possible al e na i e.
Rega ding oice communica ion
an
impo an and
o en neglec ed issue
is
he igh o use s wi h
disabili ies in ob aining access o hese se ices a an
equi alen cos o ha paid by ully able use s. The e
a e cases ( elay se ices is he mos e iden ) in which
he cos o he se ice p o ided o a disabled use is
much highe han he cos o he s anda d se ice. In
some o he cases he communica ion akes longe due
o he disabili y o he use . As elecommunica ions in
gene al -and oice communica ion in pa icula - is a
e y s ongly compe i i e ma ke , i
is
di icul ha
hese di e ences a e conside ed wi hou speci ic
legisla ion. In he Eu opean Union, he Open Ne wo k
P o ision (ONP)’ akes his ac in o accoun and
es ablishes a amewo k o compensa e o he
addi ional cos s. Cu en ly only access o he ixed
elephony ne wo k
is
conside ed o his ype
o
compensa ion. This
is
clea ly
no su icien
in
a
si ua ion whe e he numbe
o
mobile e minals
is
g ea e han he numbe o ixed e minals and he use
o bo h ne wo ks is simila .
D.
Tex Communica ion
Some yea s ago phone based ex communica ion was
only
known
o he dea communi y. Wi h he ad en o
2G
digi al mobile phones and speci ically o he
SMS
ex message sys em, cu en ly phone based ex
communica ion
is
a ully mains eam, e y widely used
echnology.
’
Di ec i e95I62ECa he
Eu opsan
Pa liamsn ando cheCouncll
o
13
Lkcsnbc
1995
on
he applica ion
o
opcn
ne wo k p o ision
(ONP) o oice elephony and
on
uni enal
se h
a
cleem mica ia ions
in
a
conpsi i e
en i onmen .
OJ
L
101,
I
.4.1998.
pp.24.
Al hough o iginally he
SMS
sys em does no ully
co e he needs ha ex elephones co e ed i has he
emendous ad an age ha
i
le s a dea use
communica e jus in he same way as e e ybody else
in
he mobile phone ne wo k wi hou any need o elay
se ices and in e p e a ion. Cu en ly many dea use s
a e making a wide use
o
he
SMS
messaging sys em o
communica e wi h hei iends, ela i es, e c.
Mos use s would ind use ul he possibili y o being
able o use
SMS
o con ac eme gency se ice o o
make appoin men o doc o s, e c. These ypes o
se ices a e cu en ly
no
a ailable
in
mos coun ies.
An impo an , and al eady men ioned ac , is ha ex
messaging does no p o ide he immedia e eedback
ha adi ional ex elephones could p o ide
as
i does
no suppo wo way in e ac i e communica ions
comple ely. Ano he ac is ha h ough SMS, a dea
use can only ge
in
con ac wi h use s in he mobile
ne wo k. These easons jus i y he need o keeping
oice o ex elay se ices e en i hei use dec eases
due o he use o s anda d ex messaging.
In
[SI
he use o mobile ex and oice communica ions
is u he analyzed.
E.
Video
elephony
Video elephony has been one o he g ea es
missp edic ions o he elecom indus y in he
las
decades. In 1980 mos people would ha e hough ha
in he yea
2000
almos all pe son o pe son emo e
communica ions would be done using ideo
elephones. The eali y is e y di e en and he use
o
ideo elephony
has
no inc eased e y much in he las
yea s.
Video elephony is imponan speci ically
o
sign
language use s. In his case, ideo elephony can be
used o communica e wi h o he sign language use s
o ,
h ough an in e p e e o a s anda d speech use .
As
sign language in e p e e s a e sca ce, emo e
in e p e a ion, whe e ideo elephony is used o con ac
an in e p e e when a
sign
language use needs o keep
a con eia ion wi h a speech use , is a e y a ac i e
possibili y. Requi emen s o sign language ideo
elephony a e highe han hose used o o dina y ideo
elephony and a e conside ed
in
de ail in
[6].
Ano he si ua ion in which ideo elephony can be e y
use ul is in he ela ionships among elde ly people wi h
ela i es and e en wi h ca e s o doc o s. Good quali y
ideo elephony b ings
a
eeling
o
p esence ha oice
elephony is no able o o e . Requi emen s o his use
a e no as s ic as o sign language communica ions.
Se e al expe imen s ha e s udied his use and
demons a ed i s po en ial u ili y
[7].
F.
B oadcas ing
Toge he wi h oice elephony, b oadcas ing ( adio,
TV)
is
s ill he mos widely used
ICT.
Access o
mains eam b oadcas ing is conside ed
as
a
igh by
mos use s, including people wi h disabili ies. In he
case o public b oadcas ing his igh is e en clea e
as
i
is
suppo ed by all axpaye s' money wi hou
conside ing he abili ies o age
o
he axpaye .
The main echniques o ha e " ele ision o all" a e
based on sub i ling and audio desc ip ion o he
con en s.
In
mos de eloped coun ies he numbe
o
sub i led -o audio desc ibed- b oadcas hou s has
g ound s eadily in he las yea s bu hey a e s ill a
small pe cen age o he o al b oadcas ime. These
echniques equi e human in e p e a ion and a e, hus,
ela i ely expensi e. P i a e b oadcas ing will
p obably no conside p o iding access o all i
i
is
no equi ed o do
so
by speci ic legisla ion.
An
in e es ing ela ed issue is webcas ing, in which he
In e ne is used as a means o ansmi audio and ideo
eal ime in o. Apa om he gene ic in e es ,
webcas ing could ha e in e es ing legal consequences.
As
an example, cu en ly in he Eu opean Union
ins i u ional web si es should be accessible acco ding
o
WAI
WCAGl.0
guidelines. New e sions o he
guidelines should be adop ed when hey a e a ailable.
As
newe e sions o he guidelines will p obably
include accessibili y equi emen s o webcas ed
con en , his would mean ha public webcas s should
be accessible. Conside ing he pe cen age o public
b oadcas ing in he Eu opean Union and he inc easing
pe cen age o simul aneous webcas ing his could ha e
impo an consequences.
G.
Ala m and Heal h
suppon
sys ems
The de elopmen
o
social ala m se ices is an
impo an g ow h a ea in he las yea s.
As
he age
o
he popula ion inc eases and mo e and mo e elde ly
people li e alone, i is essen ial o p o ide he suppo
o make sa e independen li ing a eali y. Al hough
ICTs
by hemsel es canno sol e his p oblem hei
po en ial o be an impo an pa
o
he solu ions is
clea .
Cu en ly, indoo ac i e ala m sys ems in which he
usen
can
p ess a bu on i hey equi e assis ance a e,
by a , he mos widesp ead sys em. In ac and
al hough he capabili ies o di e en implemen a ions
a y widely, his echnology
is
ully deployed in
de eloped coun ies.
Indoo ala m sys ems a e impo an ools ha help
in
keeping disabled and elde ly use
s
in hei homes. The
ac ha hese ype o sys ems a e no ope a i e
ou doo s is a e y impo an limi a ion.
Cu en ly, wi h he deploymen o
2.5
and
3G
mobile
ne wo ks, he echnical means o build ou doo ala m
sys ems a e clea ly in place. Localisa ion is s ill a
possible limi a ion bu , in many cases he da a ha can
be ob ained di ec ly om he ne wo k6 is su icien . In
hose cases whe e ne wo k loca ion does no p o ide
enough accu acy, sa elli e posi ioning can be used o
complemen his da a. These sys ems will p obably
become widesp ead in he nex decade.
An
imponan limi a ion o mos ala m sys ems
is
hei
passi e na u e. The sys em depends on he use
capabili y o pushing he eme gency bu on. Ac i e
ala m sys ems, whe e he sys em can au om ically
igge an ala m when he use
is
no able
o
do
so,
ha e been an impo an esea ch a ea o many yea s.
Cu en ly he e a e s ill many impo an echnical
challenges in de eloping ac i e ala m sys ems bu ,
clea ly, he main opic o be sol ed is ela ed use
accep ance and. especially o e hical issues ela ed
o
he capabili y o he sys em
o
igge ing ala ms
wi hou he use consen .
H.
Sma Homes
The use o In o ma ion and elecommunica ion
echnologies o con ol o exchange in o ma ion
be ween di e en home de ices (e.g. doo s, hea ing
and ai condi ioning, ala m sys ems, phones,
en e ainmen sys ems e c)
can
be use ul in keeping
disabled and olde use s in hei homes.
T adi ionally he sma home in as uc u e has been
sepa a ed in o con ol and elecommunica ion
unc ions. Mos esea ch in he use o sma home
echnologies o disabled and olde use s concen a e
exclusi ely on con ol unc ions. Al hough he esul s
om many ials show he bene i s o his echnology
ma ke up ake is e y small. The easons o his
include he exis ence
o
se e al s anda d ne wo ks
(e.g.
EHS,
EIB) and he lack
o
ained s a in ins alla ion
and main enance companies.
The
accu acy
dependso he
)pe
o
nelwo k
and
he
loca ian
bu ,
in naycases.i i a!mu
IOM.
Cu en ly, a clea ma ke o home ne wo king is
clea ly appea ing, Mos o
i
is
ela ed o applica ions
such as in e ne access, mul iple PCs o game console
in e connec ion and o he “in o ainmen ” applica ions.
P obably when he ne wo k in as uc u e
is
a ailable,
de ice con ol applica ions will ollow. This scena io is
no ee
o
dange s
as,
mos p obably, he needs-o
disabled and olde use s ha e no been conside ed in
he design s ages and accessibili y and usabili y
p oblems may easily appea .
A Su ey o sma home echnology o all can be
ound in
[8].
111.
POTENTLALRlSKS
When accessibili y o c-se ices
is
analyzed many isks
can be iden i ied. We ha e classi ied po en ial isks
in o h ee main ca ego ies: echnological, social and
e hical isks.
A.
Technological isks
The use o an inadequa e me hodology o he igno ance
o
he use ’s ac ual needs can lead o an inaccessible
design. Fo ins ance,
in
some cases de ices can no be
manipula ed e en by some people ha usually do no
equi e adap ed equipmen . This isk can be a oided i
he designe s use ele an guidelines owa ds a design
o all app oaches and i ep esen a i e samples o he
use s ake pa in all he s ages o he design p ocess
om he beginning.
On he o he hand, ese ices can be inaccessible i
hey
canno
be used by people wi h special needs, e en
i
hey ha e adequa ely adap ed
equipmen .
To
a oid
his isk i is con enien
o
use s anda d p ocedu es in
he design p ocess and o ollow well known
ecommenda ions and guidelines. Se s o guidelines
ele an o his ield ha e been issued by di e se
ins i u ions. See o ins ance, he ones om
COSTZl9bis’ and W3CM A . On he o he hand, he
use o inclusi e guidelines
is
widely discussed in [9]
B.
Social isk
Some se ices enhance use access bu can ha e a side
e ec in use socializa ion. In o he wo ds, hese
se ices can a o social isola ion. This is he case o e-
se ices ha subs i u e o he adi ional se ices
’
h~Jlwwws &e.. hxs 2
19icasb235.hm
*
hQ://www.w3.o gA’ AV
usually deli e ed by humans and he e o e lead o a
si ua ion wi h lowe human con ac . Fo ins ance, he
p o ision o e-se ices -such
as
emo e In e ne access
o s udies o disabled people, eleca e se ices, e c.-
can lead o he cancella ion o equi alen se ices
deli e ed di ec ly by humans, pu ing disabled use s in
he si ua ion in which hey can only access he
elec onic se ice.
In hese cases,
i
is
c ucial ha social au ho i ies
p o ide compensa o y measu emen s o enhance use
social pa icipa ion. In addi ion, he e is a need o laws
agains disc imina ion and ins i u ions de o ed o he
su eillance o disabled use igh s.
An analysis o some social implica ions o elema ics
can be ound in [IO]
C.
E hical isks
The e a e some isks ha can be ela ed o e hical
issues
[I
I].
Fo ins ance, when pe sonal in o ma ion
is
s o ed andlo ansmi ed wi hou he au ho iza ion o
he use , he e
is
a dange ous los
o
p i acy ha mus
be a oided by means o p i acy p o ec ion laws and
enhancing he use awa eness o pe sonal in o ma ion
use and cession.
In some cases, decisions conce ning he use can be
aken
bj
machines o pe sons no au ho ized by he
use , hus leading o a los o au onomy.
In
his case,
laws o p o ec he au onomy o disabled people a e
equi ed oo. Howe e , i
is
also e y impo an o
enhance he use ’s awa eness o decisions abou hem
ha can be aken by o he people o by “in elligen ”
sys ems.
Mos o he e hical isks mus be aced om he legal
p o ec ion o he use igh s. E en hen, he designe s
mus be awa e o he e hical implica ions o hei
p oduc s
o
a oid unnecessa y in asions o use igh s
[W.
N.
FINALREMARKS
In o ma ion echnologies o e a challenging
oppo uni y o social inclusion o people
wi h
special
needs. Ne e heless. many ac o s can uin his
oppo uni y. Among hem, economical es ic ions, bad
design and social and e hical
isks
ha e been de ec ed.
I is no c edible ha he na u al e olu ion o he
ma ke will d i e he indus y o p oduce mo e
accessible de ices and se ices. These p oblems can
only be o e come h ough in e na ional collabo a ion,

s andxdiza ion and
legal
p o ec ion.
Table
I
o e s
a
summa y o basic guidelines
o
ace he men ioned
echnical.
social
and e hical
isks.
Design
o
inaccessible
The au ho s a e g a e ul
o
hei colleagues in
COSTZl9bis Eu opean ac ion,
whe e
many
o
hese
ideas
we e
discussed. The esea ch associa ed
o
his
pape
is
pa ly suppo ed by he Spanish Minis y
o
Science and Technology unde p ojec s
DomosiNa
[G an
No.
TIC2000-0087-P4] and
He e o ed
[G an
No.
TIC2001-1868-C03].
De ices ha canno be manipula ed by
people ha usually do no equi e adap ed ??Use
o
guidelines owa ds a design o all
app oach
IO
design
REFERENCES
de ices
Design
o
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equipmem
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Se ices ha canno used by people wi h
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o
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app oach o design
special
needs, e en
i
hey ha e
??Use
panicipa ion
in
he
design
adequa ely adap ed equipmen
I hey subs i u e se ices
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?Wl.
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[6]
[I
[9]
'
[IO]
[I I]
1121
a o social
isola ion
Cancella ion
o
equi alen
se ices
Los
o
p i acy
Technolo
gical isks
Social
isks
E hical
isks
deli e ed by humans and lead o
a
enhancesociaiiw ion
'
Sillla ion wi h
lowe
human con ac
I
he
access o he egula equi alen
?!Laws
and
au ho i ies
agains
sewice is discon inued due o he discnminaiion
exis ence o
he
new
e-se ice
When
pe sand
in o ma ion is s o ed ??Law
o
p o ec p i acy
andio ansmi ed wi hou he
??Use
awa eness o De sonal in om ion
??su eillance
o
use
igh s
au onomy by o he s han he use
o
he pe son(s)
au hon cd by hc
use
??Use
awa eness
o
&cisions abou
hem
ha can be au oma ically
o
manually
aken b o he people
1
au ho iza ion
o
!he
use
I
use
and cession
Los
o
1
When
decisions abou he
use
a e aken
I
??LawsioD o ec au onomy