Análisis de las etapas críticas en la implantación de sistemas E.R.P.
Abstract
Los sistemas E.R.P. (Enterprise Resource Planning) sistematizan el desarrollo de actividades básicas para la empresa industrial, tales como la fabricación, las finanzas, la dirección de los recursos humanos y la gestión de la cadena de su
Full text
$1È/,6,6'(/$6(7$3$6&5Ë7,&$6(1/$,03/$17$&,Ï1'( 6,67(0$6(53 )XHQWHV/RPEDUGR*XDGDOXSH&DxDV/R]DQR/XFDV$PH]FXD2Ji\DU-XDQ0DQXHO (VFXHOD3ROLWpFQLFD6XSHULRU±8QLYHUVLGDGGH-DpQ &9LUJHQGHOD&DEH]DQ'HS&± -$e1 (PDLO JIXHQWHV#XMDHQHV OOR]DQR#XMDHQHV MDPH]FXD#XMDHQHV 5(680(1 /RV VLVWHPDV (53 (QWHUSULVH 5HVRXUFH 3ODQQLQJ VLVWHPDWL]DQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH DFWLYLGDGHV EiVLFDV SDUDODHPSUHVDLQGXVWULDO WDOHV FRPR ODIDEULFDFLyQODV ILQDQ]DVODGLUHFFLyQGHORV UHFXUVRVKXPDQRV\ODJHVWLyQGHODFDGHQDGHVXPLQLVWURVDOLQFRUSRUDUEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVTXH IDFLOLWDQODDJLOLGDGHQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVUHGXFFLRQHVHQFRVWHV\XQPD\RUJUDGRGHFRQWURO JHUHQFLDO(VWDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVFRQYLHUWHQODLPSODQWDFLyQGHORVVLVWHPDV(53HQXQDODERUGH H[WUDRUGLQDULD FRPSOHMLGDG GHELGR D TXH VH UHTXLHUH OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FRQVHQVXDGD GH WRGD OD HPSUHVD SDUD UHGLVHxDU ORV SURFHVRV EiVLFRV GH QHJRFLR \ REWHQHU HO Pi[LPR UHQGLPLHQWR GHO QXHYRVLVWHPD(OSURFHVRGHLPSODQWDFLyQSXHGHJHQHUDUHQRUPHVEHQHILFLRVSDUDODVFRPSDxtDV TXHORGHVDUUROOHQFRQp[LWR\JUDQGHVULHVJRVSDUDODVHPSUHVDVTXHQRORJUHQKDFHUOR$VtSXHV SDUHFHFODURHOSDSHOGHWHUPLQDQWHTXHHOGHVDUUROORGHOSURFHVRGHLPSODQWDFLyQWLHQHVREUHOD HIHFWLYLGDGSRVWHULRUGHOVLVWHPD9DORUDUODPHGLGDHQTXHHVWDDILUPDFLyQHVFLHUWDFRQVWLWX\HHO REMHWLYRIXQGDPHQWDOGHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMR&RQHVWHILQWUDVUHSDVDUEUHYHPHQWHODVDSRUWDFLRQHV TXHXQVLVWHPDGHHVWHWLSRSXHGHUHDOL]DUDODHPSUHVDDQDOL]DUHPRVODVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHUHYLVWHQ XQ FDUiFWHU PiV FUtWLFR GH HQWUH ODV TXH HV QHFHVDULR UHDOL]DU SDUD VX LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ )LQDOPHQWHUHFXUULPRVDOHVWXGLRGHXQFDVRSDUDDSR\DUQXHVWUDVFRQFOXVLRQHV ,1752'8&&,Ï1 +R\ HQ GtD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ FRQVWLWX\H XQR GH ORV UHFXUVRV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV GH ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV GHELGR IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH D OD HQRUPH LPSRUWDQFLD TXH VXSRQH VX HPSOHR FRPRVRSRUWHDODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHV/DDFHSWDFLyQGHODLGHDGHTXHODLQIRUPDFLyQHVXQ UHFXUVRHVWUDWpJLFRSDUDODHPSUHVDOOHYDDSODQWHDUODQHFHVLGDGGHLPSODQWDUWHFQRORJtDVGH ODLQIRUPDFLyQSXHVWRTXHpVWDKDGHVHJXLUDOJ~QSURFHVRGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQHQHOVHQRGHOD HPSUHVDDOREMHWRGHUHVXOWDU~WLOSDUDODPLVPD$VtSDUD/ySH]+HUPRVR\ RWURV >@HO 6LVWHPD GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ HPSUHVDULDO FRQVWLWX\H HO FRQMXQWR GH UHFXUVRV FRPSRQHQWHV \ PHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQGHODHPSUHVDTXHVLUYHQFRPRVRSRUWHSDUDHOSURFHVREiVLFRGH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ$VXYH] GLFKRVVLVWHPDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQHPSUHVDULDOHV GHEHQ VHU HILFDFHV HQ WDQWR TXH IDFLOLWHQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ UHTXHULGD SDUD OD HPSUHVD \ HILFLHQWHVVLORUHDOL]DQHQHOPRPHQWRRSRUWXQR\FRQHOFRQVXPRGHORVPtQLPRVUHFXUVRV VREUHWRGRGHWLSRHFRQyPLFRSRVLEOHV (QHVWHHQWRUQRORVVLVWHPDV(QWHUSULVH5HVRXUFH3ODQQLQJ HQDGHODQWH(53RGH 3ODQLILFDFLyQ GH ORV 5HFXUVRV (PSUHVDULDOHV FRQVWLWX\HQ XQD GH ODV ~OWLPDV LQQRYDFLRQHV GHQWURGHODVDSOLFDFLRQHVGHODVWHFQRORJtDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQDODHPSUHVD8Q(53HVXQ WLSR GH VRIWZDUH GH JHVWLyQ TXH VH FDUDFWHUL]D IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH SRU VX VHQWLGR JOREDO WUDWDQGRGHKDFHUIUHQWHDWRGDVODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQGHQWURGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQ(V GHFLUFRQVWLWX\HXQDXWpQWLFRVLVWHPDLQWHJUDGRGHJHVWLyQHQWHQGLHQGRSRUWDOHOKHFKRGH TXH OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GHO FLFOR ORJtVWLFR HV WRWDOSURGXFFLyQ LQJHQLHUtD DOPDFHQHV FRPSUDV FRPHUFLDOFRQWDELOLGDG\ILQDQ]DV2WUDGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVTXHGHILQHQDXQ(53HVVX FDSDFLGDG SDUD SURSRUFLRQDU LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ WLHPSR UHDO SRU OR TXH FRQVWLWX\H XQ DUPD SRGHURVDSDUDDIURQWDUODLQFHUWLGXPEUHDODKRUDGHODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHV
9(17$-$6 ( ,1&219(1,(17(6 '(5,9$'26 '( /$ ,03/$17$&,Ï1 '( 6,67(0$67,32(53 /RV PRWLYRV GH OD DSDULFLyQ GH HVWH WLSR GH VLVWHPDV SRGHPRV HQFRQWUDUORV HQ HO FRQVWDQWH FUHFLPLHQWR GH ODV QHFHVLGDGHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ OD HPSUHVD TXH GD FRPR UHVXOWDGRODDSDULFLyQGHXQDVHULHGHGHPDQGDVHQODPLVPDWDOHVFRPRFRQWUROHVGHFRVWHV H[KDXVWLYRV QHFHVLGDG GH OOHYDU D FDER DQiOLVLV FRVWHEHQHILFLR GH XQ SURGXFWR R FOLHQWH IOH[LELOLGDG RSHUDWLYD SDUD UHVSRQGHU D ORV FRQVWDQWHV FDPELRV HQ ODV QHFHVLGDGHV HPSUHVDULDOHV WRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVFRQPD\RUUHVSDOGRLQIRUPDWLYRHWF/DUD]yQTXHH[SOLFD TXHFDGDYH]PiVHPSUHVDVVHGHFDQWHQSRUHVWHWLSRGHVLVWHPDVDODKRUDGHJHVWLRQDUVXV IOXMRVGHLQIRUPDFLyQHVODLPSRUWDQWHFRQWULEXFLyQTXHSXHGHQUHDOL]DUSDUDIDFLOLWDU ODFDGD YH]PiVFRPSOHMDWDUHDGHGLULJLUXQDHPSUHVD(QHVWHVHQWLGRORVSULQFLSDOHVEHQHILFLRVTXH VHGHULYDQGHODLPSODQWDFLyQGHXQVLVWHPD(53VRQORVVLJXLHQWHV 3URSRUFLRQDQLQIRUPDFLyQHQWLHPSRUHDOSRUORTXHFRQVWLWX\HQXQLPSRUWDQWHDSR\RHQ ODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHV 3HUPLWHQXQVHJXLPLHQWRSRUPHQRUL]DGRGHOFRQWUROGHFRVWHV\VXVGHVYLDFLRQHVUHVSHFWR DORVHVWiQGDUHV &RQFHGHQ XQD PD\RU IOH[LELOLGDG RSHUDWLYD D OD HPSUHVD DXPHQWDQGR VX YHORFLGDG GH UHVSXHVWD\GHDGDSWDFLyQDOHQWRUQR 'DQ DFFHVR DO GLVSRQHU GH LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ WLHPSR UHDO DO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ODV GHVYLDFLRQHVHQFXDOTXLHUPRPHQWR(OORUHGXQGDUiHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHUHDOL]DURIHUWDV SHUVRQDOL]DGDV HQ IXQFLyQ GHO FOLHQWH \ GHO PRPHQWR SRU OR TXH FRODWHUDOPHQWH VH PHMRUDUi HOVHUYLFLRDFOLHQWHV\SRUHQGHODSURSLDLPDJHQGHODHPSUHVD 6RQ FDSDFHV GH IDFLOLWDU OD JHVWLyQ FRQMXQWD GH ODV RIHUWDV \ GHPDQGDV GH OD HPSUHVD PHGLDQWHODLQWHJUDFLyQGHORVPyGXORVGHSURGXFFLyQ\FRPHUFLDOVHXQHQORVSHGLGRVGH ORVFOLHQWHV FRQODJHVWLyQGHORVVWRFNV\ODSODQLILFDFLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQ 3HUPLWHQHODFFHVRDQXHYDVYtDVGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQEDVDGDVHQODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDVGH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ FRPR WUDQVDFFLRQHV HOHFWUyQLFDV \ FRPHUFLR HOHFWUyQLFR SHUPLWLHQGR HODERUDUXQFRPSURPLVRGHSOD]RGHHQWUHJD\SUHFLRHQWLHPSRUHDO (Q GHILQLWLYD D\XGDQ D OD FRQVHFXFLyQ GH XQD YHQWDMD FRPSHWLWLYD YtD PHMRUD GH ORV SURFHVRVGHQHJRFLRHQJHQHUDO /DHQRUPHLQYHUVLyQTXHUHTXHULUtDHOGLVHxRGHXQDDSOLFDFLyQFRQHVWDVSUHVWDFLRQHV DODPHGLGDGHXQDHPSUHVDKDFRQGXFLGRDTXHH[LVWDXQDFODUDWHQGHQFLDDODH[SDQVLyQGH ORV VLVWHPDV GH XVR JHQHUDO TXH SXHGHQ VHU DGDSWDGRV \ FRQILJXUDGRV SDUD DMXVWDUVH D ORV UDVJRVFRQFUHWRVGHXQDILUPD>@ $OUHIHULUQRVDODVSULQFLSDOHVYHQWDMDV TXHVHGHULYDQGHODSXHVWDHQPDUFKDGHHVWH WLSRGHVLVWHPDVGLVWLQJXLUHPRVHQWUHDTXHOODVTXHWLHQHQXQFDUiFWHUHVWUDWpJLFRGHODVPiV RSHUDWLYDV(QHOSULPHUJUXSRFLWDUHPRV x1R VyOR WUDWD ODV QHFHVLGDGHV SUHVHQWHV GH OD FRPSDxtD VLQR TXH WDPELpQ RIUHFH OD SRVLELOLGDGGHGHSXUDU\PHMRUDUFRQWLQXDPHQWHORVSURFHVRVGHQHJRFLR x3HUPLWH XQD DGDSWDFLyQ PiVUiSLGD D FDPELRV HQ ODVRSHUDFLRQHVGHO QHJRFLR RHQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO PHUFDGR \D TXH DXPHQWD OD YHORFLGDG GH UHVSXHVWD \ PHMRUD HO VHJXLPLHQWRDORVFOLHQWHV
x&RQXQVLVWHPDGHLQIRUPDFLyQWLSR(53VHFRQVLJXHHOWUDWDPLHQWRJOREDOGHORVIOXMRV GHLQIRUPDFLyQGHPDQGDGRVSRUODHPSUHVDGHELGRDTXHODLQIRUPDFLyQVHGLVWULEX\HDOR ODUJR GH WRGD OD FRPSDxtD 6H REWLHQH GH HVWH PRGR XQD FRPSOHWD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH ORV 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ QR VyOR D OR ODUJR GH ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH XQD XQLGDG GH QHJRFLRVLQRWDPELpQDORODUJRGHWRGDVODVXQLGDGHVEDMRXQD~QLFDDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGH ODVPLVPDV x3URSRUFLRQD LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ WLHPSR UHDO TXH D~QD ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH ILDELOLGDG \ DFWXDOLGDGGHODVTXHFDUHFHQRWURVVRSRUWHV x3HUPLWHODLQWHJUDFLyQDXWRPiWLFDGHODV~OWLPDVWHFQRORJtDVWDOHVFRPRODWUDQVIHUHQFLD HOHFWUyQLFD GH IRQGRV HO LQWHUFDPELR HOHFWUyQLFR GH GDWRV ,QWHUQHW ,QWUDQHW YLGHRFRQIHUHQFLDVFRPHUFLRHOHFWUyQLFRHWF 3RUORTXHVHUHILHUHDODVYHQWDMDVGHFDUiFWHURSHUDWLYRHQWUHHOODVFDEUtDFLWDUODVTXH VLJXHQ x&RQHVWDKHUUDPLHQWDVHFRQVLJXHPHMRUDUHOFRQWUROGHODVSULQFLSDOHVDFWLYLGDGHVGHOD FRPSDxtD x$\XGDDHOLPLQDUSUREOHPDVWDOHVFRPRODHVFDVH]GHPDWHULDOHVPHMRUDQGRHOVHUYLFLRDO FOLHQWHODJHVWLyQGHWHVRUHUtDJHVWLyQGHLQYHQWDULRVHWF x3HUPLWHTXHODHPSUHVDOOHYHXQH[KDXVWLYRFRQWUROGHFRVWHVWHQLHQGRDFFHVRHQWLHPSR UHDODORVTXHVHHVWpQSURGXFLHQGR\DODVGHVYLDFLRQHVTXHVREUHORVPLVPRVVHJHQHUHQ x(VWDPHMRUDGHOFRQWUROXQLGDDODXPHQWRGHODYHORFLGDGGHUHVSXHVWDSHUPLWHDWHQGHUGH PRGR PiV iJLO ORV SHGLGRV TXH VH JHQHUHQ WDQWR LQWHUQD FRPR H[WHUQDPHQWH HQ OD HPSUHVD x&RQHVWHWLSRGHKHUUDPLHQWDVHFRQVLJXHXQDPHMRUDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHOIOXMRGHGDWRVGH IDEULFDFLyQPHMRUDQGRODFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHGHSDUWDPHQWRV\HPSOHDQGRORVUHFXUVRVGH PDQHUDPiVDGHFXDGDORFXDOUHGXQGDHQJUDQGHVPHMRUDVHQODFDOLGDGGHOSURGXFWR\HQ ODHILFLHQFLDGHODDFWLYLGDGSURGXFWLYD 6LQHPEDUJRODSXHVWDHQPDUFKD GHHVWHWLSRGHVLVWHPDVHQODVHPSUHVDVQRHVWi H[HQWDGHLQFRQYHQLHQWHVHQWUHORVTXHFDEHGHVWDFDUORVVLJXLHQWHV x(VWH WLSR GH VLVWHPD UHTXLHUH FLHUWD DGDSWDFLyQ SHULyGLFD DQWH ORV FDPELRV GH ODV H[LJHQFLDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH VH SURGXFHQ HQ OD HPSUHVD FRPR UHVSXHVWD DO HQWRUQR HPSUHVDULDO FDGD YH] PiV GLQiPLFR \ FRPSOHMR HQWRUQR FDUDFWHUL]DGR HQWUH RWURV IDFWRUHVSRUODUHGXFFLyQGHOFLFORGHYLGDGHORVSURGXFWRVTXHOLPLWDOD FDSDFLGDGSDUD EHQHILFLDUVHGHODDFXPXODFLyQGHH[SHULHQFLD\GHODVHFRQRPtDVGHHVFDODHOFUHFLHQWH QLYHOGHH[LJHQFLDGHORVFOLHQWHVTXHREOLJDDLQFUHPHQWDUODFDOLGDG\ ODYDULHGDGGH SURGXFWRVRIHUWDGRV\ODFDGDYH]PiVLQWHQVDFRPSHWHQFLD x(O DYDQFHGHHVWHWLSRGHVLVWHPDVKDVLGRPiVOHQWRTXHHOGHOUHVWRGHODVWHFQRORJtDVGH DXWRPDWL]DFLyQ 6HJXUDPHQWH IDFWRUHV WDOHVFRPR OD GLILFXOWDG GHLQWHJUDUHQ XQ ~QLFR VLVWHPD HOHPHQWRV GH QDWXUDOH]D WDQ GLYHUVD XQLGDG D OD FUHFLHQWH FRPSOHMLGDG GH ODV UHODFLRQHVHQWUHORVGLVWLQWRVGHSDUWDPHQWRVIXQFLRQDOHVGHODHPSUHVD\ODVXERUGLQDFLyQ GHORVDYDQFHVHQLQWHJUDFLyQDORVTXHVHYDQSURGXFLHQGRHQODVRWUDVWHFQRORJtDVKDQ SURYRFDGRHVWHKHFKR>@ x(OSURFHVRGHLPSODQWDFLyQGHHVWHWLSRGHVLVWHPDVUHVXOWDFUtWLFRSDUDVXp[LWR>@6XHOH DEDUFDUGLVWLQWRVSHULRGRVGHWLHPSR/RVHVWXGLRVVHxDODQTXHVXGXUDFLyQVHH[WLHQGHQ HQWUHFXDWURPHVHV\SRFRPiVGHXQDxRHQFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHV>@6LQHPEDUJROD SURORQJDFLyQ GHO PLVPR SXHGH VXSRQHU LPSRUWDQWHV SpUGLGDV GH HILFDFLD GHO VLVWHPD
RFDVLRQDGDV IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH SRU ORV UiSLGRV FDPELRV TXH SXHGDQ SURGXFLUVH HQ HO HQWRUQR x(Q OD PD\RUtD GH ODV RFDVLRQHV OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH ORV SURFHVRV HQ OD HPSUHVD VH KD UHDOL]DGR FRQDQWHULRULGDGD OD DSDULFLyQGH HVWH WLSRGH WHFQRORJtDVHVWRKDFHTXHODV FDSDFLGDGHVTXHRIUHFHQODVPLVPDVSXHGDQYHUVHOLPLWDGDV (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD GHEHPRV YDORUDU OD DSDULFLyQ GH ORV VLVWHPDV (53 FRPR XQ HOHPHQWR SRVLWLYR HQ HOPDUFRGH OD JHVWLyQ HPSUHVDULDO 1R REVWDQWH DOJXQRVDXWRUHV >@ VHxDODQ TXH ODV LQYHUVLRQHV HQ WHFQRORJtDV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ QR VLHPSUH KDQ RIUHFLGR ORV UHVXOWDGRV HVSHUDGRV UHVSHFWR DO UHQGLPLHQWR /D HYLGHQFLD HPStULFD SDUHFH VXJHULU TXH HO GHVDUUROORGHOSURFHVRGHLPSODQWDFLyQWLHQHXQDUHSHUFXVLyQGLUHFWDVREUHHOp[LWRRHOIUDFDVR GHOVLVWHPD\HQ~OWLPDLQVWDQFLDGHODSURSLDRUJDQL]DFLyQTXHORDGRSWD>@ (7$3$6&5Ë7,&$6(1/$,03/$17$&,Ï1'(6,67(0$67,32(53 (Q HO DSDUWDGR DQWHULRU KHPRV SXHVWR GH PDQLILHVWR ORV EHQHILFLRV TXH SXHGHQ GHULYDUVHSDUDODVHPSUHVDVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODSXHVWDHQPDUFKDGHVLVWHPDV(531R REVWDQWHODFDSDFLGDGGHOSUR\HFWRSDUDDOFDQ]DUORVORJURVSURSXHVWRVYDDGHSHQGHUHQXQ JUDGRPX\HOHYDGRGHOPRGRHQTXHVHGHVDUUROOHHOSURSLRSURFHVRGHLPSODQWDFLyQ6HJ~Q &DVDGHV~V'H&DVWUR\*LPpQH]>@IDFWRUHVFRPRODDFWLWXGGHODVSHUVRQDVLPSOLFDGDVHQ HOGHVDUUROORGHOSURFHVRODUHVLVWHQFLDDOFDPELRHQODHPSUHVDODIDOWDGHFRQILDQ]DHQOD IXQFLRQDOLGDGGHOVLVWHPD\ODRSRVLFLyQDQWHODLPSRVLFLyQGHPHFDQLVPRVGHFRQWUROPiV ULJXURVRVVRQDOJXQRVGHORVREVWiFXORVTXHSXHGHQSURYRFDUHOIUDFDVRGHOSUR\HFWR /DLPSODQWDFLyQGHXQVLVWHPDWLSR(53KDGHSODQWHDUVHGHXQPRGRDQiORJRDOD JHVWLyQGHFXDOTXLHURWURWLSRGHSUR\HFWR3DUWLHQGRGHHVWDLGHDLQLFLDOSRGHPRVDQDOL]DUORV DVSHFWRVFUtWLFRVHQHOSURFHVRGHLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHXQVLVWHPD(53 GHVGHHOSXQWRGH YLVWD GH FXDOTXLHUD GH ORV PRGHORV GH DQiOLVLV SODQWHDGRV WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH HQ OD OLWHUDWXUD VREUH DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ GH SUR\HFWRV PRGLILFiQGRORV FRQYHQLHQWHPHQWH SDUD DGDSWDUORV D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHVSHFtILFDVTXHUHYLVWHODFODVHGHSURFHVRTXHYHQLPRVDQDOL]DQGR )LJXUD)DFWRUHVFUtWLFRVHQHOSURFHVRGHLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHOVLVWHPD(53 (QHVWHVHQWLGRHOPRGHORIRUPXODGRSRU3LQWR\ 6OHYLQHQ>@UHSUHVHQWDXQ PDUFRGHDQiOLVLVYiOLGRSDUDHOSURFHVRGHLPSODQWDFLyQGHORVVLVWHPDV(53(VWHPRGHOR GLVWLQJXH GRV WLSRV GH IDFWRUHV FUtWLFRV SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH ORV SUR\HFWRV HVWUDWpJLFRV \ WiFWLFRV 'HQWUR GH ORV SULPHURV LQFOX\H D VX YH] OD YLVLyQ GH QHJRFLR HO DSR\R GH OD GLUHFFLyQ\ODSODQLILFDFLyQ\SURJUDPDFLyQGHOSUR\HFWR(QODVHJXQGDFDWHJRUtDVHDQDOL]DQ x6LVWHPDVKHUHGDGRV x9LVLyQGHQHJRFLR x(VWUDWHJLDGHLPSODQWDFLyQ x$SR\RGHODDOWDGLUHFFLyQ x3ODQLILFDFLyQ\SURJUDPDFLyQ GHOSUR\HFWR )DFWRUHV7iFWLFRV x&RQVXOWRUtDDOFOLHQWH x3HUVRQDO x%3&\FRQILJXUDFLyQGHOVRIWZDUH x$SUREDFLyQGHOFOLHQWH x&RQWURO\UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ x&RPXQLFDFLyQ 5HVROXFLyQ GHSUREOHPDV )DFWRUHV(VWUDWpJLFRV
IDFWRUHV WDOHV FRPR HO DVHVRUDPLHQWR DO FOLHQWH HO SHUVRQDO LPSOLFDGR OD DSUREDFLyQ GHO FOLHQWH HO FRQWURO \ OD UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ GHO SURFHVR OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ \ OD UHVROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDVSXQWXDOHV(VWHPRGHORIXHDGDSWDGRHQSRU+ROODQG\/LJKWSDUDDSOLFDUORD OD JHVWLyQ GH OD LPSODQWDFLyQ GH VLVWHPDV (53 >@ PHGLDQWH OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH FLHUWRV IDFWRUHVDGLFLRQDOHVHQFRQFUHWRORVVLVWHPDVKHUHGDGRV\ODHVWUDWHJLDGHLPSODQWDFLyQHQOD FDWHJRUtDGHORVHVWUDWpJLFRV\HOFDPELRHQORVSURFHVRVGHQHJRFLR\ODFRQILJXUDFLyQGHO VRIWZDUHHQHOJUXSRGHORVWiFWLFRV)LJXUD6HUiQHVWRV~OWLPRVORVDVSHFWRVHQORVTXH FHQWUHPRVQXHVWUDDWHQFLyQSULRULWDULDPHQWHGHELGRDOFDUiFWHUHVSHFtILFRTXHWLHQHQUHVSHFWR DODSXHVWDHQPDUFKDGHVLVWHPDV(53 )DFWRUHVHVWUDWpJLFRV 'HQWURGHHOORVHQWHQGHUHPRVORVVLVWHPDVKHUHGDGRVFRPRXQFRQFHSWRTXHHQJORED ORVSURFHVRVGHQHJRFLRDFWXDOHVODHVWUXFWXUDGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQVXFXOWXUD\VXVWHFQRORJtDV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ 6H UHODFLRQD HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD FRQ XQFRQMXQWR GH DVSHFWRV SRFR FRQWURODEOHV GH OD HPSUHVD SHUR IXQGDPHQWDOHV \D TXH YDQ D HVWDEOHFHU WDQWR HO SXQWR GH DUUDQTXHGHOSURFHVRGHLPSODQWDFLyQFRPRODLQWHQVLGDGGHOFDPELRUHTXHULGRSDUDSRGHUOR OOHYDUDFDERFRQp[LWR/DHYDOXDFLyQGHODFRPSOHMLGDGGHORVVLVWHPDVKHUHGDGRVHVXQSDVR QHFHVDULRSDUDHOHJLUODHVWUDWHJLDPiVRSRUWXQDHQODLPSODQWDFLyQGHOVLVWHPD(53 3RU OR TXH VH UHILHUH DHVWH VHJXQGR IDFWRU OD HOHFFLyQ GH XQD DOWHUQDWLYD X RWUD GHSHQGHUiGHOJUDGRGHSURSHQVLyQRDYHUVLyQDOFDPELRGHODHPSUHVDFRQVLGHUDGD$VtSRU HMHPSOR HQ RFDVLRQHV UHVXOWD SRVLEOH LPSODQWDU LQLFLDOPHQWH XQD YHUVLyQ HOHPHQWDO GHO VLVWHPDSDUDDxDGLUOHGHVSXpVGHPDQHUDJUDGXDOIXQFLRQHVDGLFLRQDOHVXQDYH]TXHORPiV EiVLFRGHOVLVWHPD\DVHKDSUREDGR\ORVXVXDULRVVHKDQIDPLOLDUL]DGRFRQpO/DSULQFLSDO YHQWDMDGHHVWDRSFLyQHVVXUDSLGH]\VLPSOLFLGDGUHODWLYDDGHPiVGHUHGXFLUODSRVLELOLGDG GHTXHORVXVXDULRVUHSOLTXHQDOJXQRVDVSHFWRVQRGHVHDGRVGHORVVLVWHPDVKHUHGDGRVHQHO QXHYRVLVWHPD(VDGHPiVODDOWHUQDWLYDPiVUHFRPHQGDEOHHQHOFDVRGHTXHODSODWDIRUPD (53GHEDVHUSXHVWDHQPDUFKDHQYDULDVLQVWDODFLRQHVVLPXOWiQHDPHQWH 8QD HVWUDWHJLD PiV DPELFLRVD SDVDUtD SRU SRQHU HQ PDUFKD HO VLVWHPD HQ WRGD VX IXQFLRQDOLGDGHQXQVyORHVIXHU]R(QHVWHFDVRHVSRVLEOHSODQWHDUHQIRTXHVGLVWLQWRVTXH LUtDQGHVGHODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHPyGXORVDLVODGRVTXHVHYLQFXODUtDQJUDGXDOPHQWHFRQORV VLVWHPDVKHUHGDGRVDODLPSODQWDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDFRPSOHWR(VSUHFLVRSODQWHDUWDPELpQOD SRVLELOLGDGGHLQFRUSRUDUDODSODWDIRUPDGHVDUUROORVHVSHFtILFRVDGDSWDGRVDODVQHFHVLGDGHV FRQFUHWDVGHODHPSUHVD(OVHQWLGRHQTXHVHDGRSWHHVWDGHFLVLyQGHSHQGHUiGHODGLVSRVLFLyQ GH OD HPSUHVD SDUD DGDSWDU VXV SURFHVRV D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO VRIWZDUH R VX GHVHR GH GLVSRQHUGHXQVLVWHPDPiVDItQDVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSURSLDV 8QDYH]HOHJLGDODHVWUDWHJLDGHLPSODQWDFLyQHVSUHFLVRSODQWHDUHOPRGRHQTXHYDD GHVDUUROODUVHHOSURFHVRGHLPSODQWDFLyQSURSLDPHQWHGLFKR(QPXFKDVRFDVLRQHVHOKHFKR GH QR FRQWDU FRQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ORV VLVWHPDV KHUHGDGRV HV GHFLU QR DQDOL]DU FRUUHFWDPHQWHODVLWXDFLyQGHSDUWLGDDODKRUDGHSODQLILFDUHVWHSURFHVRHVHOPRWLYRTXH H[SOLFD OD H[FHVLYD SURORQJDFLyQ HQ HO WLHPSR GH PXFKRV SUR\HFWRV \ TXH D YHFHV QR VH DOFDQFHQFRQHOORVORVORJURVSUHYLVWRVHQODPHGLGDHQTXHVHUtDGHVHDEOH )DFWRUHVWiFWLFRV
$GHPiVGHORVIDFWRUHVDSXQWDGRVSRU6OHYLQ\3LQWR>@+ROODQG\/LJKW>@GHVWDFDQ ODUHOHYDQFLDGHODFRQILJXUDFLyQGHOVRIWZDUH\GHORVFDPELRVHQORVSURFHVRVGH QHJRFLR FRPRIDFWRUFUtWLFRSDUDHOp[LWRHQODLPSODQWDFLyQGHORVVLVWHPDV(535HVXOWDYLWDOTXH ODVHPSUHVDVDOFDQFHQHOQHFHVDULRJUDGRGHFRPSUHQVLyQGHVXHVWUXFWXUD\GHORVSURFHVRVGH QHJRFLR UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ ODV WHFQRORJtDV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ H[LVWHQWHV SDUD SRGHUORV UHODFLRQDUFRQORVSURFHVRVGHQHJRFLRFRQWHQLGRVHQHOVLVWHPD(53TXHLQFRUSRUDQORTXH SRGUtDPRVFRQVLGHUDUEXHQDVSUiFWLFDV SDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHORVGLYHUVRVWLSRVGHDFWLYLGDGHV HPSUHVDULDOHV (V DGHPiV SUHFLVR TXH VH FRQILJXUH HO VLVWHPD GH DFXHUGR FRQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSDUWLFXODUHVGHODHPSUHVD2WUDGHODVYHQWDMDVTXHRIUHFHQORVVLVWHPDV(53 HVTXHHOHVIXHU]RTXHUHTXLHUHHODQiOLVLVGHVLVWHPDVSUHFLVRSDUDJHQHUDUHOVRIZDUH\DKD VLGRUHDOL]DGRSRUODHPSUHVDTXHORGLVHxy\ORVUHFXUVRVGHODHPSUHVDSXHGHQFRQFHQWUDUVH HQHO DQiOLVLVGHVXV SURSLRVSURFHVRV\ HQ H[WUDHU GHOVLVWHPD(53WRGRHOUHQGLPLHQWR SRVLEOH 8QD YH] DQDOL]DGRV ORV IDFWRUHV FUtWLFRV GLIHUHQFLDOHV HQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH SUR\HFWRV GH LPSODQWDFLyQ GH VLVWHPDV WLSR (53 WUDWDUHPRV GH DQDOL]DU ORV UDVJRV HVSHFtILFRV TXH SUHVHQWyHQHOFDVRFRQFUHWRGHXQD3<0(LQGXVWULDO (/ 352&(62 '( ,03/$17$&,Ï1 '( 6,67(0$6 (53 (1 /$ 3<0( ,1'8675,$/(/&$62'('250$',6(f26/ /D HPSUHVD 'RUPD'LVHxR 6/ XELFDGD HQ OD ORFDOLGDG JLHQQHQVH GH 7RUUHV IXH IXQGDGDHQFRQHOSURSyVLWRLQLFLDOGHDEULUVHXQKXHFRGHQWURGHODLQGXVWULDGHOPXHEOH GHODFRPDUFDGH6LHUUD0iJLQD(QXQSULQFLSLRIXHIXQGDGDSRUFXDWURVRFLRVTXHWHQtDQ H[SHULHQFLDSUHYLDHQHOVHFWRUFRQHOILQGHGHGLFDUVHDOGLVHxR\IDEULFDFLyQGHGRUPLWRULRV (QHVWDSULPHUDHWDSDODWHFQRORJtDFRQODTXHFRQWDEDHUDODSURSLDGHXQDSHTXHxD HPSUHVDGHOVHFWRUTXHHVWDEDHQVXVLQLFLRV\TXHDQWHWRGRVHEDVDEDHQHOEDJDMHGHOD H[SHULHQFLDGHVXVIXQGDGRUHV1RREVWDQWH\DDPHGLDGRVGHORVQRYHQWDFRQHOSURSyVLWRGH FRQVHJXLU XQD PD\RU FRPSHWLWLYLGDG D OD YH] TXH LQFUHPHQWDU VX UHQWDELOLGDG OD HPSUHVD DERUGD OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH QXHYD WHFQRORJtD DXWRPDWL]DGD GH SURGXFFLyQ EDVDGD HQ FRQWURO QXPpULFR /DUHYROXFLyQTXHVXSXVRSDUD'RUPD'LVHxR6/ODDGTXLVLFLyQGHHVWDQXHYD WHFQRORJtD VH SODVPy HQ XQ QRWDEOH LQFUHPHQWR GH VX FDSDFLGDG SURGXFWLYD VLQ TXH HOOR DFDUUHDVHXQDXPHQWRVLPLODUHQHOHPSOHRGHPDQRGHREUD\SHUPLWLyDERUGDUODIDEULFDFLyQ GHQXHYRVGLVHxRVPiVFRPSOHMRV\UHVSRQGHUFRQPD\RUDJLOLGDGDODFDPELDQWHGHPDQGDGH ORV FRQVXPLGRUHV $Vt 'RUPD'LVHxR 6/ FRPLHQ]D D WHQHU p[LWR HQ PHUFDGRV FDGD YH] PD\RUHVPiVFRPSHWLWLYRV\DELHUWRV 1R REVWDQWH ORV UHVXOWDGRV TXH VH DOFDQ]DURQ FRQ OD LPSODQWDFLyQ GH OD QXHYD WHFQRORJtD GH SURGXFFLyQ QR IXHURQ WDQ SRVLWLYRV FRPR VH HVSHUDED $XQTXH VH ORJUDURQ DOJXQDVGHODVPHWDVSHUVHJXLGDVLQFUHPHQWDQGRODFLIUDGHYHQWDVDPSOLiQGRVHORVPHUFDGRV DORVTXHVHGLULJtD\DXPHQWDQGRODJDPDGHSURGXFWRVRIHUWDGRVHOORQRVHWUDGXMRHQXQ FUHFLPLHQWRGHORVPiUJHQHVSRUSURGXFWRQLHQODPHMRUDGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODHPSUHVD 7UDVOOHYDUDFDERXQDQiOLVLVGHWHQLGRGHODVLWXDFLyQGHpVWDVHOOHJyDODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXH DOPHQRVHQXQD EXHQD SDUWHODH[SOLFDFLyQGHOUHODWLYR IUDFDVRHQODLPSODQWDFLyQGHODV QXHYDVWHFQRORJtDVUHVLGtDHQODGLILFXOWDGSDUDJHVWLRQDUHOFUHFLHQWHYROXPHQGHLQIRUPDFLyQ TXH JHQHUDED OD FDGD YH] PiV FRPSOHMD RUJDQL]DFLyQ $Vt SXHV VH WRPR OD GHFLVLyQ GH PRGLILFDUHOVLVWHPDGHJHVWLyQGHODLQIRUPDFLyQGHODHPSUHVDSDUDDGDSWDUORDORVQXHYRV UHWRVSODQWHDGRVWDQWRSRUHOHQWRUQRFRPRSRUODQXHYDFRQILJXUDFLyQRUJDQL]DWLYD
/RVREMHWLYRVTXHVHSUHWHQGtDDOFDQ]DUPHGLDQWHODLPSODQWDFLyQGHOQXHYRVLVWHPDGH LQIRUPDFLyQHUDQORVVLJXLHQWHV x'LVPLQXFLyQGHORVSOD]RVGHHQWUHJD x*HQHUDFLyQGHGRVOtQHDVGHRIHUWDODJHQpULFDTXHSUHWHQGtDDWHQGHUODVQHFHVLGDGHVGH FOLHQWHV TXH H[LJLHUDQ XQ JUDGR PHQRU GH HVSHFLILFLGDG UHVSHFWR D ORV SURGXFWRV TXH DGTXLHUHQ\ODHVSHFtILFDSDUDFOLHQWHVTXHGHPDQGDVHQGLVHxRVH[FOXVLYRV x(VWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHXQVLVWHPDGHDVHJXUDPLHQWRGHODFDOLGDGQRVyORGXUDQWHHOSURFHVR GHIDEULFDFLyQVLQRDWUDYpVGHWRGDVODVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHGHVHPSHxDODHPSUHVD x&RQWURO\RSWLPL]DFLyQGHORVSURFHVRVLQGXVWULDOHVDVtFRPRILMDFLyQGHORVSDUiPHWURV\ UHFXUVRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDREWHQHUORVSURGXFWRVDPHQRUFRVWHFRQODFDOLGDGHVWLSXODGD\ HQHOSOD]RDFRUGDGRWRGRHOORHQWLHPSRUHDO x(YLWDUHOHIHFWRDUFKLSLpODJRRORTXHHVORPLVPRODHVFDVDHILFDFLDGHODVLQQRYDFLRQHV WHFQROyJLFDVTXHVHGHULYDGHDSOLFDUODVGHIRUPDDLVODGD x7HQHU FRQRFLPLHQWR HQ FDGD PRPHQWR GH ORV FRVWHV GH IDEULFDFLyQ LQFOXVR FRQ DQWHULRULGDGDOGHVDUUROORGHODDFWLYLGDGSURGXFWLYDDOREMHWRGHSRGHUHODERUDUODVRIHUWDV DFOLHQWHVROLVWDVGHSUHFLRV$VLPLVPRSDUDSRGHUSURSRQHUDOWHUQDWLYDVGHSUHFLRVDORV FOLHQWHVVLYDUtDQSDUiPHWURVWDOHVFRPRFDQWLGDGSURFHVRPDWHULDOHVSOD]RGHHQWUHJD HWF x(VWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH XQ VLVWHPD GH HYDOXDFLyQ FRQWLQXD D WUDYpV GH XQD FRPSUHQVLyQ GLQiPLFD \ HQWLHPSR UHDO GH OR TXH HVWi RFXUULHQGRHQ ORVSURFHVRVGH QHJRFLR GH OD HPSUHVD 3DUDODFRQVHFXFLyQGHHVWDVPHWDVODJHUHQFLDGH'RUPD'LVHxR6/VHHQIUHQWyDO UHWR GH DERUGDU OD LPSODQWDFLyQ GH XQ VLVWHPD LQWHJUDGR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ XQD SRWHQWH KHUUDPLHQWDGHJHVWLyQSRUPHGLRGHODFXDODOFDQ]DUORVREMHWLYRVSURSXHVWRV7UDVXQSULPHU LQWHQWR RULHQWDGR DO GHVDUUROOR GH XQD DSOLFDFLyQ LQIRUPiWLFD GLVHxDGD D OD PHGLGD GH ODV QHFHVLGDGHVGHODHPSUHVDTXHWHUPLQyUHYHOiQGRVHLQIUXFWXRVRVHSODQWHyODSRVLELOLGDGGH DGTXLULU XQ VRIWZDUH GH XVR JHQHUDO SDUD DGDSWDUOR SRVWHULRUPHQWH D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVSHFtILFDVGHODHPSUHVD7UDVYDORUDUDOJXQDVGHODVDOWHUQDWLYDVGLVSRQLEOHVVHVHOHFFLRQy DTXHOODTXHVHFRQVLGHUyGHPD\RULQWHUpV/DRSFLyQHOHJLGDIXHHOVRIWZDUH,1)253 $Vt'RUPD'LVHxR6/DFRPHWLyODLQYHUVLyQHQXQSDTXHWHLQWHJUDGRGHJHVWLyQWLSR (53TXHSHUPLWHQRVyORFRQWURODUORVFRVWHVODVGHVYLDFLRQHVHLQWHJUDUWRGDODJHVWLyQ LQGXVWULDOHQXQVRORSURJUDPDVLQRTXHDxDGHODSURJUDPDFLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQDFDSDFLGDG ILQLWD SDUD JDUDQWL]DU HQWUH RWUDV OD PHMRU RSFLyQ SRVLEOH GH SURGXFFLyQ \ HO ySWLPR FXPSOLPLHQWRGHORVSOD]RVGHHQWUHJD (O SURFHVR GH LPSODQWDFLyQ GHO VRIWZDUH VH H[WHQGLy D OR ODUJR GH XQ SHUtRGR GH WLHPSRVXSHULRUDODxR$FWXDOPHQWHHOVLVWHPDVHHQFXHQWUDRSHUDWLYRFDVLHQVXWRWDOLGDG\ ODHPSUHVDVHFRQVLGHUDVDWLVIHFKDFRQHOUHVXOWDGRREWHQLGR (QWUH ODV YHQWDMDV TXH UHSRUWD HO VLVWHPD LQWHJUDGR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ DGRSWDGR SRU 'RUPD'LVHxR6/SRGHPRVGHVWDFDU x*HVWLRQDWRGDODLQIRUPDFLyQGHODHPSUHVDDWUDYpVGHXQDVRODEDVHGHGDWRV x/D LQWHJUDFLyQ GHO FLFOR ORJtVWLFR HV WRWDO SURGXFFLyQ LQJHQLHUtD GLVHxR DOPDFHQHV FRPSUDVFRPHUFLDOFRQWDELOLGDG\ILQDQ]DV x$OLQWHJUDUHOGLVHxRTXHVHUHDOL]DDSOLFDQGRWpFQLFDVGHGLVHxRDVLVWLGRSRUFRPSXWDGRU &$'VHPHMRUDODSURGXFWLYLGDGGHOSURSLRSURFHVRGHGLVHxRGHQXHYRVSURGXFWRVVX
FDOLGDG H LQFOXVR GHVDSDUHFH OD QHFHVLGDG GH UHDOL]DU SURWRWLSRV UHDOL]DQGR FDWiORJRV YLUWXDOHV x$OLQWHJUDUODLQJHQLHUtDDWUDYpVGHOFRQWUROQXPpULFRFRPSXWHUL]DGR&1&FRQVLJXH PHMRUDUODSURGXFWLYLGDGSDUDXQSURFHVRGDGRGLVPLQXLUORVWLHPSRVGHSXHVWDDSXQWRGH ODVPiTXLQDVSDUDGLVWLQWDVJDPDVGHSURGXFWR\DXPHQWDUODFDOLGDG x$OLQWHJUDUODSURGXFFLyQDWUDYpVGHPpWRGRVGHSODQLILFDFLyQ\ JHVWLyQGHODPLVPD SHUPLWHUHDOL]DUXQDySWLPDJHVWLyQGHVWRFNVDVtFRPRJDUDQWL]DUORVSOD]RVGHHQWUHJD x3HUPLWHFRQRFHU\JHVWLRQDUWRGRVORVHVWiQGDUHVGHSURGXFFLyQGHODHPSUHVD x3HUPLWH UHDOL]DU RIHUWDV D ORV FOLHQWHV FRQ OD VHJXULGDG GH GLVSRQHU SUHYLDPHQWH GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDFRQRFHUORVFRVWHVGHSURGXFFLyQ x/D SURGXFFLyQ SXHGH SURJUDPDUVH GH XQD PDQHUD ySWLPD WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ODV OLPLWDFLRQHVTXHLPSRQHODFDSDFLGDGSURGXFWLYDLQVWDODGD x3XHGHQ FRQRFHUVH ODV GHVYLDFLRQHV \ FRVWHV JUDFLDV D OD HIHFWLYLGDG HQ OD PHMRUD \ SODQLILFDFLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQ 1RREVWDQWH\DSHVDUGHORVORJURVDOFDQ]DGRVVHSRQHGHPDQLILHVWRTXHODVPD\RUHV GLILFXOWDGHV VH GHULYDQ GHO SURFHVR GH SXHVWD HQ PDUFKD GHO VLVWHPD $QWHV GH SRGHUOR LPSODQWDUIXHQHFHVDULROOHYDUDFDERXQDODERUGHHVSHFLILFDFLyQ\UHGLVHxRGHORVSURFHVRV HQODHPSUHVDDOREMHWRGHUHFDEDUODLQIRUPDFLyQQHFHVDULDSDUDDGDSWDUHOVRIWZDUHDODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV GH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ 3RVWHULRUPHQWH IXH QHFHVDULR DERUGDU ODV ODERUHV GH DGDSWDFLyQ \ VRPHWHU DO VLVWHPD D XQ SHUtRGR GH URGDMH HQ SUXHED DQWHV GH HPSOHDUOR HQ OD JHVWLyQ GLDULD /R SURORQJDGR GHO SURFHVR GH LPSODQWDFLyQ XQLGR D OD HVWUDWHJLDHOHJLGDSDUDODSXHVWDHQPDUFKDVHWUDGXMRHQODDSDULFLyQGHIRUWtVLPRVFRVWHVGH RSRUWXQLGDG SDUD OD HPSUHVD TXH VH YLR IRU]DGD D UHGXFLU GUiVWLFDPHQWH VX YROXPHQ GH SURGXFFLyQGXUDQWHHVWHSHUtRGR$HVWRKD\TXHDxDGLUORVFRVWHVGHULYDGRVGHODHODERUDFLyQ GH VHULHV FRUWDV HQ FRQFHSWR GH SUXHED \ HO WLHPSR HPSOHDGR HQ UHVROYHU ORV SUREOHPDV VXUJLGRV(OQLYHOGHFRPSOHMLGDGGHORVVLVWHPDVKHUHGDGRVGH ODHPSUHVDQRHUDGHPDVLDGR HOHYDGR FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHODHVFDOD D ODTXHYHQtDGHVDUUROODQGRVXVDFWLYLGDGHV\ HO HVFDVRWLHPSRTXHKDEtDWUDQVFXUULGRGHVGHVXIXQGDFLyQDSHQDVDxRVGHPRGRTXHWDO FRPR UHIOHMDQ ORV FRPHQWDULRV SUHYLDPHQWH DSXQWDGRV OD DWHQFLyQ GH OD HPSUHVD SXGR FRQFHQWUDUVHHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHVXVSURFHVRVGHQHJRFLR\HQODE~VTXHGDGHXQDVROXFLyQ GH FRPSURPLVR HQWUH OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GHO VRIWZDUH SDUD DGDSWDUOR D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVSHFtILFDVGHODHPSUHVD\ODPRGLILFDFLyQGHORVSURFHVRVGHQHJRFLRGHpVWDSDUDGRWDUORV GHOULJRU\ODVLVWHPiWLFDTXHRIUHFHHOVLVWHPD(53 $Vt OD HPSUHVD FRQVLGHUD TXH DOJXQD GH VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV OD KDQ IDYRUHFLGRDODKRUDGHSRQHUHQPDUFKDHOVLVWHPD(QWUHHVWRVUDVJRVVHLGHQWLILFDODHGDGGH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ TXH OLPLWy OD H[LVWHQFLD GH SDXWDV GH DFWXDFLyQ FRQVROLGDGDV VLVWHPDV KHUHGDGRV \ IDFLOLWD OD PRGLILFDFLyQ GH pVWDV SDUD DMXVWDUODV D ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH OD VLWXDFLyQ$GHPiVHOSURSLRWDPDxRGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQOHSHUPLWLyGLVSRQHUGHODIOH[LELOLGDG VXILFLHQWHSDUDDIURQWDUFRQDJLOLGDGORVFDPELRVQHFHVDULRV3RU~OWLPRHVQHFHVDULRDSXQWDU TXHODHPSUHVDGLVSRQHGHSHUVRQDOFXDOLILFDGRFDSD]GHFRPSUHQGHUHOVLVWHPD\VDFDUOHHO Pi[LPRUHQGLPLHQWR &21&/86,21(6 (O VLVWHPD LQWHJUDGRGH LQIRUPDFLyQ(53 GD FXPSOLGD FXHQWD GH ODVH[SHFWDWLYDV FRQWHQLGDVHQORVREMHWLYRVHVWDEOHFLGRVSRUODHPSUHVD/RVFOLHQWHVSLGHQXQDPD\RUFDOLGDG PHMRUWLHPSRGHUHVSXHVWDHQJHQHUDOXQDYDULHGDGPiVDPSOLDGHSURGXFWRVHQWUHORVTXH
HOHJLUHWF(VWDVH[LJHQFLDVUHTXLHUHQUHVSXHVWD\ODVHPSUHVDVTXHQRSXHGDQSURSRUFLRQDUOD DGHFXDGDPHQWH HVWiQ FRQGHQDGDV D XQD GHVDSDULFLyQ PiVR PHQRV OHMDQD (Q HVWHDVSHFWR UHVLGH SUHFLVDPHQWH OD YHQWDMD FRPSHWLWLYD DOFDQ]DGD SRU 'RUPD'LVHxR 6/ FRQ OD LPSODQWDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDLQWHJUDGRGHLQIRUPDFLyQODIOH[LELOLGDGRSHUDWLYD (QHOFDPSRGHODJHVWLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQSDUDVROXFLRQDUHVWDVH[LJHQFLDVGHORV FOLHQWHV VH GLVSRQtD KDVWD DKRUD GH ORV WUDGLFLRQDOHV VLVWHPDV GH SODQLILFDFLyQ GH OD SURGXFFLyQ QRUPDOPHQWH LQWHJUDGRV FRQ RWURV VLVWHPDV WDOHV FRPR JHVWLyQ FRPHUFLDO R FRQWDELOLGDG(VWRVVLVWHPDVKR\GtDVHPDQLILHVWDQSRUVtPLVPRVFRPRLQVXILFLHQWHV\DTXH QRWLHQHQHQFXHQWDXQDSDUWHIXQGDPHQWDO\FRPSOHMDGHODJHVWLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQFRPRHV ODSURJUDPDFLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQ /DVQXHYDVFRQGLFLRQHVGHOPHUFDGRH[LJHQSURFHVDUXQPD\RUQ~PHURGHyUGHQHVGH WUDEDMR HQ IiEULFD ORV UHFXUVRV D PDQHMDU VRQ PiV QXPHURVRV \ ORV FDPELRV VREUH OD SURJUDPDFLyQVRQOD~QLFDFRQVWDQWHTXHVHPDQWLHQH$GHPiVODFRUUHFWDWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHV HQODHPSUHVDUHTXLHUHGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHVXHVWDGRFDVLHQWLHPSRUHDODVSHFWRTXHHQHO SDVDGR QR HUD WDQ QHFHVDULR UHVXOWDED DGHPiV XQ REMHWLYR LQDERUGDEOH HQ OD SUiFWLFD 3RU WDQWRHOKHFKR GH GRWDU DOVLVWHPD GH JHVWLyQGH ODVKHUUDPLHQWDVDGHFXDGDVHQIRUPD GH VLVWHPDLQWHJUDGRGHLQIRUPDFLyQWLHQHLQGXGDEOHVHIHFWRVSRVLWLYRVVREUHWRGDODSURGXFFLyQ ORVFOLHQWHV\ILQDOPHQWHVREUHORVREMHWLYRVTXHWHQJDPDUFDGRVODHPSUHVD (Op[LWR HQ OD SXHVWDHQ PDUFKD GH XQ VLVWHPD (53 GHSHQGH HQJUDQ PHGLGDGHO PRGRHQTXHVHGHVDUUROOHHOSURFHVRGHLPSODQWDFLyQ(VWHSURFHVROOHYDLPSOtFLWRWDQWROD PRGLILFDFLyQGHODVSDXWDVGHFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQFRPRODDGDSWDFLyQGHOD DSOLFDFLyQ LQIRUPiWLFD D ODV QHFHVLGDGHV GH OD HPSUHVD (Q HVWH SURFHVR ODV 3<0(6 FRQ HVWUXFWXUDVPiVVLPSOHVSODQDV\IOH[LEOHVGLVSRQHQGHYHQWDMDVSRUODPHQRUFRPSOHMLGDGGH ORV VLVWHPDV KHUHGDGRV DVt FRPR SRU VX PD\RU FDSDFLGDG GH DGDSWDFLyQ 1R REVWDQWH OD GLVSRQLELOLGDGGHUHFXUVRVOLPLWDGRVWDQWRHQHOWHUUHQRHFRQyPLFRFRPRGHSHUVRQDOSXHGH VHUXQREVWiFXORHQODLPSODQWDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDWLSR(53$GHPiVODSXHVWDHQPDUFKDGHO VLVWHPDUHTXLHUHGHXQJUDGRHOHYDGRGHULJRUHQODJHVWLyQTXHQRVLHPSUHFDUDFWHUL]DDODV 3<0(6 )LQDOPHQWHSRGHPRVVHxDODUTXHODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHHVWHWLSRGHWHFQRORJtDVGHQWUR GHODRUJDQL]DFLyQQRVXSRQHHQVLPLVPDXQDYHQWDMDFRPSHWLWLYDSDUDODHPSUHVDGLFKD YHQWDMDVyORVHREWHQGUiHQHOFDVRGHTXHVHOHGpXQEXHQXVR8QVLVWHPD(53QRHVXQD PHUDKHUUDPLHQWDLQIRUPiWLFDVLQRTXHOOHYDLPSOtFLWDXQDILORVRItDGHJHVWLyQLQWHJUDOTXHHV QHFHVDULRDVXPLUSDUDSRGHUREWHQHUGHOVLVWHPDHOPi[LPRUHQGLPLHQWR 5()(5(1&,$6 >@ /ySH]+HUPRVR $JLXV - - 0RQWHUR 1DYDUUR $ 0DUWtQ5RPR 5RPHUR 6 'H 3DEORV +HUHGHUR & ,]TXLHUGR /R\ROD 9 0 < 1iMHUD 6iQFKH] - - ³,QIRUPiWLFD DSOLFDGD D OD JHVWLyQ GH HPSUHVDV´ 6HUYLFLR GH SXEOLFDFLRQHV GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG5H\-XDQ&DUORV\(GLWRULDO(VLF0DGULG >@ +ROODQG&KULVWRSKHU3/LJKW%HQ³$FULWLFDOVXFFHVVIDFWRUVPRGHOIRU(53 LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ´,(((6RIWZDUH0D\-XQHSS >@ $PH]FXD2Ji\DU-0&DxDV/R]DQR/)XHQWHV/RPEDUGR*\*DUFtD9LFR- ³9HQWDMDVHLQFRQYHQLHQWHVGHODLPSODQWDFLyQGHVLVWHPDV(53HQ3<0(6