Jou nal o Indus ial Enginee ing and Managemen
JIEM, 2015 – 8(3): 615-635 – Online ISSN: 2013-0953 – P in ISSN: 2013-8423
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.3926/jiem.1283
Resea ch on In o ma ion Models o he Cons uc ion Schedule
Managemen Based on he IFC S anda d
Wei ui Xue, Yaowu Wang, Qingpeng Man
School o Managemen , Ha bin Ins i u e o Technology (China)
xuewei u[email p o ec ed], ywwanghi @ ip.163.com, [email p o ec ed]
Recei ed: Oc obe 2014
Accep ed: Ap il 2015
Abs ac :
Pu pose:
The pu pose o his a icle is o s udy he desc ip ion and ex ension o he Indus y
Founda ion Classes (IFC) s anda d in he cons uc ion schedule managemen , which achie es
he in o ma ion exchange and sha ing among he di e en in o ma ion sys ems and
s akeholde s, and acili a es he collabo a i e cons uc ion in cons uc ion p ojec s.
Design/me hodology/app oach:
The schedule in o ma ion p ocessing and coo dina ion a e
di icul in complex cons uc ion p ojec s. Howe e , Building In o ma ion Modeling (BIM)
p o ides a pla o m o exchanging and sha ing in o ma ion among in o ma ion sys ems and
s akeholde s based on he IFC s anda d.
Th ough analyzing he plan, implemen ing, check and con ol, he in o ma ion low in he
schedule managemen is e lec ed based on he IDEF0. Acco ding o he IFC4, he in o ma ion
models o he schedule managemen a e es ablished, which no only includes he each aspec
o he schedule managemen , bu also includes he cos managemen , he esou ce
managemen , he quali y managemen , he isk managemen and so on.
Findings:
The in o ma ion equi emen o he cons uc ion schedule managemen can be
summa ized in o h ee aspec s: he schedule plan in o ma ion, he implemen ing in o ma ion
and he check and con ol in o ma ion, and h ee aspec s can be desc ibed h ough he exis ing
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and ex ended en i ies o he IFC4, and di e en in o ma ion models a e es ablished
espec i ely.
O iginali y/ alue:
The main con ibu ion o he a icle is o es ablish cons uc ion schedule
managemen in o ma ion models, which achie e he in o ma ion exchange and sha ing in he
cons uc ion p ojec , and acili a e he de elopmen o he applica ion so wa e o mee
equi emen s o he cons uc ion p ojec .
Keywo ds:
cons uc ion schedule managemen , collabo a i e cons uc ion, BIM, IFC s anda d,
in o ma ion model
1. In oduc ion
As an impo an managemen a ge , he schedule managemen has been a esea ch ho spo
in he AEC (A chi ec u e, Enginee ing and Cons uc ion) indus y in he pas 50 yea s
(Lo e apong & Ussa adilok i , 2012). The implemen a ion o he schedule managemen no
only imp o es he e ec i e use o a ious esou ces in he cons uc ion p ojec , bu also
achie es an op imiza ion h ough coo dina ing he cos managemen , he quali y managemen ,
he isk managemen and so on. Wi h he mo e complexi y, huge o cons uc ion p ojec s, he
schedule managemen a ge o en is ou o con ol (He, Luo & Ren, 2012). On he o he hand,
he in o ma ion p ocessing and coo dina ion among in o ma ion sys ems and s akeholde s a e
di icul in complex cons uc ion p ojec s.
The cons uc ion is a p ocess o he collabo a i e cons uc ion (Nikas, Poulymenakou & K ia is,
2007; Soibelman, Sacks, Akinc, Dikmen, Bi gonul & Eybpoosh, 2010), which needs he mul i-
disciplines’ coope a ion, and mo e a en ions ha e been a ac ed by he collabo a i e
cons uc ion, o example, he collabo a ion knowledge managemen (Da e & Koskela, 2009;
El-Di aby, Lima & Feis, 2005), he collabo a i e wo king suppo ed by IT (Hammad, Wang &
Mudu , 2009; Isikdag & Unde wood, 2010) and so on. Wi h he de elopmen and applica ion o
IT in he AEC indus y, i p o ides a collabo a i e en i onmen (E dogan, Anumba,
Bouchlaghem & Nielsen, 2008). Especially Building In o ma ion Modeling (BIM), i p o ides he
pla o m o he collabo a ion among he mul i-disciplines and mul i-s akeholde s h ough
exchanging and sha ing he da a (Singh, Gu & Wang, 2011).
As he sha ing pla o m, BIM has been used in he cons uc ion schedule managemen o ack
he cons uc ion in o ma ion, o a oid he schedule delays caused by componen con lic , and
o managemen he schedule in o ma ion, so BIM p o ides an inno a i e way o he
in o ma ion managemen in he cons uc ion p ojec . In o de o inc easing he adop ion o
BIM, he Indus y Founda ion Classes (IFC), he one o majo enable s is a esea ch ho spo in
he AEC indus y (Tse, Wong & Wong, 2005).
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This pape s udies he desc ip ion and ex ension o he IFC s anda d in he cons uc ion
schedule. Based on he heo y o he cons uc ion p ojec managemen , he in o ma ion low
model is es ablished o desc ibe he each s age o cons uc ion schedule, and he IFC en i ies
including he exis ing and ex ended a e es ablished ela ionships o desc ibe he p ocess in
di e en s ages. Th ough es ablishing he IFC s anda d o cons uc ion schedule, he dynamic
and complex p ocess o he cons uc ion schedule can be analyzed collabo a i ely, and
BIM-based applica ion so wa e can be de eloped.
2. Li e a u e Re iew
The IFC s anda d is de eloped by buildingSMART, which is an in e na ional o ganiza ion o
openBIM, and hei mission is “ o enable in e ope abili y among indus y p ocesses o all
di e en p o essional domains in ci il enginee ing p ojec s by allowing he compu e
applica ions used by all p ojec pa icipan s o sha e and exchange p ojec in o ma ion”. The
i s ision o he IFC s anda d was eleased in 1997, and he new ision is he IFC4 eleased in
Ma ch, 2013. In he IFC s anda d, he e a e 4 laye s (Resou ce laye , Co e laye ,
In e ope abili y laye and Domain laye ), and lo s o ypes, en i ies, ules and unc ions a e
de ined in EXPRESS da a speci ica ion language o desc ibe he ac o s, p ocess, con ol,
esou ce, p oduc and so on (BuildingSMART, 2014).
As he s anda d o BIM, lo s o esea che s paid a en ion o he IFC s anda d. Fu, Aouad, Lee,
Mashall-Pon ing and Wu (2006) de eloped an IFC iewe , which was de ined as he holis ic
in e ace o he nD modelling ool o in eg a e he decision-making in o ma ion. Based on BIM,
Vanlande, Nicolle and C uz (2008) esea ched he in o ma ion managemen in he ull li ecycle
o he AEC indus y, and used IFC iles o acili a e he sha ing p ocess. Based on he IFC
s anda d, Nepal, Zhang, Webs e , S aub-F ench, Po inge and Law ence (2009) esea ched
he exp ession o he geome y and opology o he componen s in BIM. Man and Sun
esea ched he s uc u e and exp ession o he cons uc ion in o ma ion based on he IFC
s anda d (Man & Sun, 2011). Taking he cos es ima ion o ende ing o building p ojec s as
he example, Ma, Wei and Zhang (2013) discussed he key issues o semi-au oma ic and
speci ica ion-complian cos es ima ion based on he IFC s anda d. Göekce, Göekce and
Ka anuschko (2013) p esen ed a new p oduc ca alog s uc u e based on he IFC s anda d,
which could achie e he in eg a ion o he p oduc and cos in o ma ion.
As one o he mos impo an a ge s o a cons uc ion p ojec , he schedule managemen was
s udied based on he IFC s anda d. F oese and Yu de eloped he models which we e he
p ojec -managemen - ela ed po ions (including he es ima es and schedule) o IFC, and he
a ious modelling issues we e discussed, o example, cos s, cons uc ion p ocesses,
esou ces, p oduc s, and p ojec documen s o wo k plans and cos es ima es (F oese & Yu,
1999). Fa aj, Alshawi, Aouad, Child and Unde wood (2000) de eloped he WISPER (Web-based
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IFC Sha ed P ojec En iRonmen ), which p o ided a collabo a i e wo king en i onmen o
cons uc ion. Based on IFC and he web, he main p ojec da abase was de eloped, which
could be used by he cons uc ion applica ions, such as he design, isualiza ion, es ima ing,
planning, speci ica ions and so on. Tanye and Aouad de eloped a web-based 4D planning ool,
which was a pa o an IFC-based single p ojec da abase (Tanye & Aouad, 2005). When
comple ing he g aphical use in e ace (GUI) o building elemen s, he use s could c ea e he
cons uc ion planning, and building elemen s could link wi h he ime in o ma ion o see he 4D
simula ion. Based on IFC, Ma, Wei, Song and Lou (2011) es ablished he in o ma ion model o
cons uc ion cos es ima ing o ende ing in China. The e we e se en pa s included in he
in o ma ion equi emen model, and each pa was es ablished he IFC-based in o ma ion
model. In he schedule in o ma ion model, he objec s, he ela ionships, and he a ibu es o
he IFC 2×3 inal we e used o desc ibe he p ojec schedule. Zhang, Yu, Li and Hu (2014)
p esen ed he IFC-GIM o Vi ual Cons uc ion (VC). Based on he model, a 4D cons uc ion
analysis and managemen sys em was de eloped, and desc ip ions and ela ionships o he
quan i y, he schedule, he esou ce consump ion, and he cos based IFC we e s udied o
achie e he da a exchange in he sys em.
In hese cases, he da a based on IFC we e exchanged and sha ed commendably, which
p omo ed he applica ions o he a ious cons uc ion managemen sys ems. Howe e , he IFC
en i ies a e no su icien o suppo he use cases, and he u he de elopmen is equi ed o
he mo e use cases in he AEC/FM indus y (Weise, Liebich & Wix, 2009). Such as he schedule
managemen , he in o ma ion model was based on he exis ing objec s, ela ionships, and
a ibu es o he IFC s anda d. Bu he schedule is a dynamic and complex p ocess, which
equi es he mo e de ailed in o ma ion model.
3. Me hodology
The new e sion o he IFC s anda d is he IFC4. Compa ing he IFC2×3 inal e sion, he IFC4
co e s eigh domains: building con ols, plumbing i e p o ec ion, s uc u al elemen s,
s uc u e analysis, HVAC, elec ical, a chi ec u e and cons uc ion managemen . In he
cons uc ion managemen , he majo imp o emen s o he IFC4 include ewo k o he
scheduling de ini ions, adding calenda suppo , simpli ica ion o ask ela ions, ewo k o cos
i ems and cons uc ion esou ces which linked o he schedule and BIM. In his pape , he
s udy o he IFC en i ies o he cons uc ion schedule will base on he IFC4.
In he IFC4, he e a e 1609 en i ies which include objec s, a ibu es and ela ionships, and
ela ionship en i ies a e 48, and p ope y se s a e 408. Th ough he ela ionship en i y, he
objec en i y can associa e wi h ano he objec (s) o a ibu e(s). As esea ched in o he
pape s, he EXPRESS-G is used o exp ess in o ma ion models. On he o he hand, he IFC
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s anda d is no su icien o he schedule managemen , so i is necessa y o ex end he IFC
s anda d o mee he equi emen o he pape .
I is h ee mechanisms ha a e used o ex end he IFC s anda d, I cP oxy, ex ending new
en i ies and p ope y se s (o ypes) (Weise e al., 2009). Abou he I cP oxy, he unde ined
en i y can be exp essed by he I cP oxy. The en i y I cP oxy can be exp essed by using an
ins ance, and he de ined en i y can be desc ibed by using he P oxyType and he Tag
a ibu e. Abou ex ending new en i ies, i is he easible way o upg ade he e sion o he IFC
s anda d om he IFC1 o IFC4. The new en i ies which be ex ended should be con ac wi h
exis ing en i ies, o example, he de i a i e ela ionship, he associa ed ela ionship. Abou
ex ending he p ope y se s o ypes, new a ibu es can be ex ended o desc ibe he
in o ma ion. Ex ending new en i ies and p ope y se s (o ypes) a e app op ia e mechanisms
o imp o e he IFC s anda d, so hey will be used in his pape .
4. In o ma ion Requi emen s o he Schedule Managemen
The schedule managemen is one o he " h ee mos impo an goals" o he cons uc ion
p ojec managemen . I p esen s cons uc ion ac i i ies o he cons uc ion si e in he space-
ime. The quali y o he cons uc ion schedule is di ec ly ela ed o he bene i o cons uc ion
en e p ises, he du a ion, he cos and he quali y o he p ojec , and he expec ed bene i s,
cos s, plans can be e lec ed h ough he cons uc ion schedule.
The cons uc ion du a ion is he objec o he schedule managemen . In he schedule
managemen , he ollowing wo ks can be in ol ed: (1) acco ding o he a ge du a ion,
di e en plans a e made; (2) implemen ing plans, and moni o ing he ac ual schedule in he
cons uc ion p ocess con inuously; (3) analyzing easons o he schedule a iance; (4)
con olling he cons uc ion p ocess h ough making he app op ia e adjus men s and
modi ica ions. Th ough con olling he ac o s, coo dina ing he ela ionships, and
implemen ing a a ie y o possible ways, he ac ual du a ion can be ollowed wi h plans. On he
o he hand, sho ening he cons uc ion du a ion which is associa ed wi h he cos
managemen , he quali y managemen , and he isk managemen is he o he goal o he
schedule managemen .
4.1. Making he Schedule Plan
Unde he o al du a ion and cons uc ion condi ions, he easonable cons uc ion du a ions o
di e en s ages and cons uc ion p ocedu es should be de e mined o coo dina e all
cons uc ion aspec s in space- ime. The schedule managemen includes di e en plans, o
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ins ance, he gene al plan, he uni p ojec plan and so on. In he plans, maximizing he
a ional use o unds, labo s, equipmen and supplies should be conside ed.
4.2. Implemen ing he Schedule Plan
Acco ding o he plan, he app op ia e cons uc ion echnologies a e chose. The low
cons uc ion is he sound echnology, and he cons uc ion p ocess is di ided in o di e en
cons uc ion sec ions and cons uc ion laye s o connec he di e en cons uc ion p ocedu es,
which educes he obs uc ions in he cons uc ion p ocess, and imp o es he p oduc i i y. A
he same ime, he ac ual in luences o he cos managemen , he quali y managemen , he
isk managemen a e conside ed.
4.3. Examining he Schedule Plan
In he examining s age, he ollowing wo ks ha e o be done: (1) collec ing he da a o he
cons uc ion p ocess; (2) analyzing he de ia ion (compa ing he ac ual schedule o he
schedule plan); (3) analyzing he end o he cons uc ion schedule and o ecas ing he
subsequen cons uc ion schedule. Examining he schedule plan and o ecas ing he schedule
p o ide he eliable basis o he subsequen schedule adjus men , and imp o e he sensi i i y
and accu acy o he schedule con ol.
4.4. Con olling he Cons uc ion Schedule
Because o he in luencing ac o s in he cons uc ion schedule, he de ia ion is easonable,
and he con ol is mo e impo an . In he con ol s age, he ollowing wo ks ha e o be done:
(1) analyzing he easons o he de ia ion; (2) adjus ing he schedule dynamically; (3)
op imizing he adjus men . De ia ion analysis, dynamic adjus men and op imiza ion a e he
mos di icul and he mos c i ical pa s in he schedule managemen .
In o de o e eal he ela ionships be ween making he schedule plan, implemen ing he
schedule plan, examining he schedule plan and con olling he cons uc ion schedule om he
sys em pe spec i e, he IDEF0 is used o desc ibe he ela ionship o he inpu and ou pu
in o ma ion among he modules, and ealize he in o ma ion equi emen s be ween he
modules, as showed in he Figu e 1.
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Figu e 1. The in o ma ion low o he schedule managemen by IDEF0
5. Exp ession o he Schedule Managemen In o ma ion by Using he IFC S anda d
5.1. The Schedule Plan
A cons uc ion p ojec can be exp essed by he en i y I cP ojec (an abs ac en i y). In he
plan s age, he en i y I cP ojec includes di e en kinds o plans which can be desc ibed by he
en i y I cWo kPlan, and he en i y I cRelDecla es can be used o desc ibe he ela ionship
be ween he cons uc ion p ojec and he schedule plan. The ela ionship I cRelDecla es is used
o handle he decla a ion o he objec s o p ope ies o a p ojec in he IFC4. The new en i y
I cCons uc ionGene alSchedule- Plan is he sub ype o I cWo kPlan, which exp esses he
gene al plan o he cons uc ion p ojec . The gene al plan can be decomposed o many uni
p ojec plans, which a e desc ibed by he new en i y I cUni P ojec SchedulePlan. In he uni
p ojec , he e a e many cons uc ion sec ions, which a e cons uc ed in sequence, and he
cons uc ion p ojec can be inished s ep by s ep. The new en i y I cCons uc ionSec ion is
used o desc ibe he cons uc ion sec ion, and i can es ablish ela ionship wi h he en i y
I cUni P ojec SchedulePlan by he en i y I cRelNes s. On he o he hand, some en i ies also can
exp esse he decomposi ion applied o he non-physical objec . In he IFC s anda d, he en i y
I cTask exp esses an iden i iable uni o wo k o be ca ied ou in a cons uc ion p ojec . In his
pape , he en i y I cTask exp esses he explici wo k in he plan(s). The en i y I cRelSequence
desc ibes he sequence o hese asks, o example s a o s a , s a o inish, inish o inish
o inish o s a . The en i y I cWo kSchedule exp esses he con ol o hese asks, which
es ablishes he ela ionship wi h I cTask by he en i y I cRelAssignsToCon ol. Figu e 2 shows
he schedule plan in o ma ion model.
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Figu e 2. The schedule plan in o ma ion model
5.2. The Schedule Implemen ing
The abs ac en i y I cP ocess exp esses he cons uc ion p ocess. In he p ocess, he schedule
is a ec ed by he cos , he quali y, he esou ce, he p oduc , he isk and so on. The new
en i y I cCons uc ion is used o desc ibe he implemen ing o he cons uc ion schedule plan,
he en i y I cCos I em is used o desc ibe he cos which happened in he cons uc ion p ocess.
The new abs ac en i y I cQuali yManagemen desc ibes he quali y managemen in he
cons uc ion p ocess, he new abs ac en i y I cRiskManagemen desc ibes he isk
managemen in he cons uc ion p ocess, and he en i y I cResou ce is used o desc ibe he
esou ce which used in he cons uc ion p ocess. The en i y I cP oduc is used o desc ibe he
in-pu p oduc s and he ou -pu p oduc s in he cons uc ion p ocess.
The en i ies o I cCons uc ion, I cCos I em, I cQuali yManagemen , I cRiskManagemen and
I cResou ce can be es ablished he ela ionship wi h I cP ocess by he ela ionship en i y
I cRelAssignsToP ocess. The in-pu p oduc s can be con ac ed wi h I cP ocess by he en i y
I cRelAssignsToP ocess, and he ou -pu p oduc s can be con ac ed wi h I cP ocess by he
en i y I cRelAssignsToP oduc . Figu e 3 shows he schedule implemen ing in o ma ion model.
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Figu e 3. The schedule implemen ing in o ma ion model
5.2.1. Exp ession o he Implemen ing o he Cons uc ion In o ma ion
The e a e h ee cons uc ion o ganiza ion o ms in he cons uc ion p ocess: he sequen ial
cons uc ion, he low cons uc ion, and he pa allel cons uc ion. Because o he ad an ages o
he low cons uc ion, i will be esea ched in his pape . The new en i ies
I cSequen ialCons uc ion, I cFlowCons uc ion and I cPa alellCons uc ion a e he sub ypes o
he I cCons uc ion, which showed in he Figu e 4.
Gi en he di e en o ganiza ion o ms, he low cons uc ion includes he hy hmed and
specialized low p oduc ion, and non- hy hmed and specialized low p oduc ion.
I cRhy hmedAndSpecializedFlowP oduc ion is used o desc ibe he cons uc ion which has he
equal hy hm in he cons uc ion sec ion, and i is he ideal way o cons uc . The new en i y
I cNonRhy hmedAndSpecializedFlowP oduc ion desc ibes he cons uc ion which has he
unequal hy hm in he cons uc ion sec ion, and i is he common way in he cons uc ion
p ocess. In he ans e se sec ion, he low cons uc ion can be decomposed o many
cons uc ion sec ions, and he low cons uc ion can be decomposed o many laye s in he
e ical sec ion, which is desc ibed by he new en i y I cCons uc ionLaye . In o de o
es ablish he ela ionship be ween he I cFlowCons uc ion I cCons uc ionSec ion, and
I cCons uc ionLaye , he ela ionship en i y I cRelAssigns oFlowCons uc ion is used in he
low cons uc ion in o ma ion model, which desc ibes assignmen o he objec s o a low
cons uc ion. Di e en cons uc ion sec ions and laye s ha e he di e en cons uc ion eams,
and he new en i y I cCons uc ionTeam is used o desc ibe he p o essional eam in he low
cons uc ion, and i can es ablish he ela ionship wi h I cFlowCons uc ion by he en i y
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esou ce, he quali y managemen and he isk managemen a e showed in he Table 2.
Acco ding o he in o ma ion o Basemen A and he in o ma ion model desc ibed in he pape ,
he schedule managemen in o ma ion model o Basemen A can be es ablished (as showed in
he Figu e 11). An in o ma ion sys em can be de eloped based on he IFC s anda d o ul ill
he in o ma ion sha ing and p ocessing o Basemen A.
No. En i y Name o he ask
1I cTask1 Suppo Enginee ing
2I cTask2 Ea h Exca a ion
3I cTask3 Ancho Cable Cons uc ion
4I cTask4 Basemen Cons uc ion
Table 1. The ask lis o Basemen A
En i y Name
I cLabe Resou ce1 Rein o cing S eel Wo ke
I cLabe Resou ce2 Conc e e
I cLabe Resou ce 3 Towe C ane D i e
I cCons uc ionMa e ialResou ce1 Rein o cing S eel I
I cCons uc ionMa e ialResou ce2 Rein o cing S eel II
I cCons uc ionMa e ialResou ce3 Rein o cing S eel III
I cCons uc ionMa e ialResou ce4 Conc e e
I cCons uc ionEquipmen Resou ce1 Towe C ane
I cCons uc ionEquipmen Resou ce2 Conc e e Pump
I cCons uc ionEquipmen Resou ce3 T uck
I cCons uc ionEquipmen Resou ce4 Sca old
I cCos I em1 T anspo Cha ges o he Rein o cing S eel
I cCos I em2 T anspo Cha ges o he Conc e e
I cCos I em3 Labo cos s
I cCos I em4 Ma e ial cos s
I cCos I em5 Equipmen cos s
I cQuali yManagemen 1 The quali y o he Rein o cing S eel P ocessing
I cQuali yManagemen 2 The Ins alla ion o he Rein o cing S eel
I cQuali yManagemen 3 Conc e e Pou ing
I cRiskManagemen 1 Gua d Rail
I cRiskManagemen 2 Sa e y Ne
Table 2. The in o ma ion lis o he cos , he esou ce, he quali y managemen
and he isk managemen o Basemen A
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Figu e 11. The schedule managemen in o ma ion model o Basemen A
7. Conclusion
The schedule managemen is an essen ial p ocess in he cons uc ion p ojec . Based on he
cons uc ion p ojec managemen heo y and IDEF0, he in o ma ion low has been showed
be ween he schedule plan, implemen ing, examina ion and con ol ac i i ies om he sys em
pe spec i e. In o de o mee he in o ma ion equi emen s o he schedule managemen , he
new en i ies was ex ended and discussed based on he IFC4, and di e en in o ma ion models
o he schedule managemen a e es ablished espec i ely. In he in eg a ed schedule
managemen in o ma ion model, he logical ela ionships among he schedule plan,
implemen ing, examina ion and con ol a e ealized. Th ough se ing he p ope ies, he
ac i i ies can be desc ibed be e by he IFC s anda d.
The in eg a ed schedule managemen in o ma ion model is es ablished, bu he deepe
esea ch should be done in he u u e: (1) i is necessa y o imp o e he IFC s anda d o he
cos , he esou ce, he quali y managemen and he isk managemen ; (2) he ele ancies
among he cos , he esou ce, he quali y managemen , he isk managemen and he
schedule should be esea ched deepe o desc ibe he dynamic and complex cons uc ion
p ocess as a whole; (3) he mo e de ailed in o ma ion model can be es ablished; (4) based on
he in o ma ion models, he applica ion so wa e should be de eloped o mee he
equi emen s o he cons uc ion p ojec and imp o e he p oduc i i y.
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Jou nal o Indus ial Enginee ing and Managemen – h p://dx.doi.o g/10.3926/jiem.1283
Acknowledgemen
This s udy is suppo ed by he Na ional Na u al Science Founda ion o China (NSFC) (G an No.
51378160 and 71201038).
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Appendix A
No. Name o he P ope y Se
1 The cons uc ion con ac
2 The cons uc ion budge
3 Enginee ing quan i y
4 The amoun o labo
5 The schedule epo
6 The amoun o machine y one-shi
7 S a emen o he cons uc ion
8 Comple ion epo o cons uc ion wo k
9 Quali y objec i e
10 The quali y check o ma e ial app oach
11 The ejec managemen
12 P ecau ion
13 Quali y assessmen o he uni p ojec
14 Quali y assessmen o wo king p ocedu e o he ein o cemen
15 Quali y assessmen o wo king p ocedu e o conc e e pou ing
16 The cos plan o he sa e cons uc ion
17 Eme gency p epa edness and esponse
18 Con ac managemen
19 Ma e ials managemen
20 Mechanical cos managemen
21 Labo cos managemen
22 O he cos s
23 Cos accoun ing
24 Reco ds o he echnological explana ion
25 Risk ac o
P ope y se s equi ed in he examina ion and con ol in o ma ion model
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