Cu en -Mode One-Cycle Con ol Applied
o Linea –Assis ed DC/DC Con e e s
He minio Ma ínez-Ga cía, Membe , IEEE, An oni G au-Saldes, Membe , IEEE
Yolanda Bolea-Mon e, Membe , IEEE, and Juan Gámiz-Ca o
Abs ac
This a icle shows he p oposal o an cu en -mode one-cycle con ol o linea -assis ed DC/DC con e e s. Linea -assis ed DC/DC
con e e s a e s uc u es ha allow o ake ad an ages o he wo classic al e na i es in he design o powe supply sys ems: ol age linea
egula o s (classic NPN opology o LDO –low d opou –) and swi ching DC/DC con e e s. The cu en -mode one-cycle con ol echnique
is p oposed in o de o ob ain he du y cycle o he linea -assis ed con e e swi ch. The p oposed s uc u e can p o ide an ou pu wi h
sui able load and line egula ions. The pape shows he design and simula ion esul s o he p oposed cu en -mode one-cycle linea -
assis ed con e e .
I. INTRODUCTION
Linea -assis ed DC/DC con e e s (also known as linea -swi ching hyb id con e e s) a e ci cui al s uc u es ha p esen
an inc easing in e es o he implemen a ion o powe supply sys ems ha equi e wo demanding design speci ica ions: (1)
high slew- a e o he ou pu cu en and (2) high cu en consump ion by he ou pu load. This i is he case o he sys ems
based on he mode n mic op ocesso s and DSPs, whe e bo h equi emen s con e ge [1], [2].
These linea -swi ching hyb id con e e s a e able o combine he well-known ad an ages o he wo exis ing ypical
al e na i es o he implemen a ion o DC/DC ol age egula o s o con e e s, diminishing as well hei disad an ages.
These wo al e na i es a e known la gely: (1) he use o ol age se ies linea egula o s (classic s anda d NPN –o nMOS–
opologies and LDO) ha e been widely used o some decades [3]-[5], and (2) he DC/DC swi ching con e e s, hanks o
which high cu en powe supply sys ems can be ob ained [6]-[8]. Linea -assis ed DC/DC con e e s can be implemen ed on
p in ed ci cui s using disc e e componen s. Ne e heless, hey a e also an a ac i e al e na i e suscep ible o be in eg a ed in
on-chip powe supply sys ems as a pa o powe managemen sys ems.
An impo an pa o hese con e e s is hei con olle . Some al e na i es a e p esen [9]-[12]. Howe e , he nonlinea
con ol echnique known as one-cycle con ol ([13], [14]) is p oposed in cu en a icle. One-cycle con ol akes ad an age o
he pulsed and nonlinea na u e o swi ching con e e s and achie es ins an aneous dynamic con ol o he a e age alue o a
swi ched a iable; mo e speci ically, i akes only one swi ching cycle o he a e age alue o he swi ched a iable o each
a new s eady s a e a e a ansien . The e is no s eady-s a e e o o dynamic e o be ween he con ol e e ence and he
a e age alue o he swi ched a iable. This echnique p o ides as dynamic esponse, excellen powe sou ce dis u bance
ejec ion, obus pe o mance, and au oma ic swi ching e o co ec ion.
Though one-cycle con ol has so many ad an ages, i is in i mness o load dis u bance. Howe e , he inclusion in he linea -
assis ed con e e o a ol age linea egula o p o ides he sui able load egula ion hank o a second loop included in he
linea egula o block.
II. BASIC TOPOLOGY OF A LINEAR-ASSISTED DC/DC CONVERTER
The basic scheme o a single ou pu linea -assis ed con e e is shown in igu e 1 [11], [12]. This s uc u e consis s,
mainly, o a ol age linea egula o in pa allel wi h a s ep-down swi ching DC/DC con e e . In his ype o con e e s, he
alue o he ou pu ol age, supposed cons an , is ixed wi h good p ecision by he ol age linea egula o . The cu en
lowing h ough his linea egula o is cons an ly sensed by he cu en sense elemen Rm. Based on i s alue, he con olle
ac i a es o no he ou pu o compa a o CMP1 ha , as well, leads o he swi ch elemen o he DC/DC swi ching con e e .
The e o e, no ice ha he cu en h ough he linea egula o cons i u es a measu emen o he e o o he powe supply
sys em.
The powe s age ( ha is, he swi ching con e e ) injec s in he ou pu he necessa y cu en o o ce o a minimum alue
(no necessa ily ze o) he cu en lowing h ough he linea egula o . As a consequence, i is ob ained, al oge he , a powe
supply sys em whe e he swi ching equency comes ixed, among o he pa ame e s (such as he possible hys e esis o he
analog compa a o ), by he alue o he cu en h ough he linea egula o . On he o he hand, he ou pu ol age alue is
ixed by he ol age linea egula o .
Manusc ip ecei ed June 1s
, 2011. This wo k was suppo ed in pa by he p ojec TEC2010-15765 (subp og ama MIC) om he Spanish MCYT and
EU FEDER unds.
He minio Ma ínez-Ga cía is wi h he College o Indus ial Enginee ing o Ba celona (EUETIB), Depa men o Elec onics Enginee ing, Technical
Uni e si y o Ca alonia (UPC). C/ Com e d’U gell, nº 187. 08036 - Ba celona. SPAIN (co esponding au ho o p o ide phone: 34-93-413-7290; ax: 34-
93-4137400; e-mail: he minio.m[email p o ec ed]).
An oni G au-Saldes is wi h he Depa men o Au oma ic Con ol (ESAII), Technical Uni e si y o Ca alonia (UPC). C/ Pau Ga gallo, nº 5. 08028 -
Ba celona. SPAIN (e-mail: [email p o ec ed]du).
Yolanda Bolea-Mon e is wi h he Depa men o Au oma ic Con ol (ESAII), Technical Uni e si y o Ca alonia (UPC). C/ Pau Ga gallo, nº 5. 08028 -
Ba celona. SPAIN (e-mail: y[email p o ec ed]).
Juan Gámiz-Ca o is wi h he College o Indus ial Enginee ing o Ba celona (EUETIB), Depa men o Au oma ic Con ol (ESAII), Technical
Uni e si y o Ca alonia (UPC). C/ Com e d’U gell, nº 187. 08036 - Ba celona. SPAIN (e-mail: juan.ga[email p o ec ed]).
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48
IV Semina o Ad anced Indus ial Con ol Applica ions
In he linea -assis ed con e e in igu e 2, in which he swi ching con e e is a s ep-down ype [11], [12], he linea
egula o consis s o a push-pull ou pu s age ( ansis o s Q2a and Q2b). In his s a egy, he main objec i e o he DC/DC
swi ching con e e is o p o ide almos all he load cu en in s eady-s a e condi ions ( o ob ain a good e iciency o he
whole sys em). Thus, in s eady s a e, he linea egula o p o ides a li le pa o he load cu en , main aining he ou pu
ol age o an accep able cons an alue.
Vou
Vin
I eg Iou
IL
VC
CMP1
L1
IQ
Rm
RL
Vol age Linea
Regula o
V e
+
–
+
–
D i e
DC-DC Swi ching
Con e e
Cu en
Sensing
Vou
Vin
Iou
IL
VC
L1
D1
Q1
Vin
CMP1
Q2a
Q2b
I eg
Vin
VZ OA1
Rm
R
L
V e
+
–
+
–
R3
R1
R2
Vol age Linea Regula o
+
–
Cu en
Sensing
Fig. 1. Block diag am o he p oposed linea -assis ed con e e . Fig. 2. Basic s uc u e o he p oposed linea -assis ed DC/DC con e e .
As a ma e o ac , i he cu en demanded by he load Iou is in e io o a maximum alue o cu en , which we will
denomina e swi ching h eshold cu en , Iγ, he ou pu o compa a o CMP1 will be a low le el, disabling he DC/DC
swi ching con e e and, hus, he cu en lowing h ough induc o L1 will be ze o ( igu e 3). The e o e, he ol age linea
egula o supplies he load RL, p o iding all he ou pu cu en (I eg=Iou ).
Howe e , when he cu en demanded by he load o e passes his cu en limi Iγ, au oma ically he ou pu o he
compa a o will pass o high le el, causing ha he cu en h ough he induc ance L1 g ows linea ly app oxima ely acco ding
o:
1
1
() ( )
in ou
LL
VV
i I
L



(1)
In his exp ession, he conduc ion collec o -emi e ol age o ansis o Q1 is igno ed. IL(τ1) is he ini ial alue o he
cu en h ough induc o L1 a he ime ins an in which L1 s a s conduc ion (TON). Conside ing ha he ou pu cu en
Iou =I eg+IL, and is assumed o be cons an (equal o Vou /RL), he linea egula o cu en I eg will dec ease linea ly, un il
becoming sligh ly smalle han Iγ. A his momen , he compa a o will change i s ou pu o low le el, cu ing he ansis o Q1
and causing ha he cu en ough he induc o dec eases acco ding o equa ion (2)
2
1
() ( )
ou
LL
V
i I
L

  (2)
In his exp ession i is conside ed ha he diode D1 is ideal (wi h ze o di ec ol age). IL(τ2) is he maximum alue eached
by he cu en lowing h ough he induc o (jus a he beginning o he in e al TOFF). When he induc o cu en dec eases
o a alue in which I eg>Iγ, he compa a o changes i s s a e o high le el, epea ing he cycle again.
Wi hou hys e esis in he compa a o , he swi ching poin o he DC/DC swi ching con e e is gi en by he swi ching
h eshold cu en , Iγ, o he linea egula o . This one can be adjus ed o a alue hanks o he gain o he cu en sensing
elemen , Rm, and he e e ence ol age V e , acco ding o he exp ession:
e
m
V
IR

 (3)
In case o a compa a o wi hou hys e esis, in insic delays o he elec onic ci cui s de e mine a small hys e esis ha limi s
he maximum alue o he linea -assis ed con e e swi ching equency. Howe e , wi h he objec i e o ixing his swi ching
equency o a p ac ical alue (in o de no o inc ease signi ican ly losses by he swi ching p ocess), i is impo an o add he
a o emen ioned hys e esis o he compa a o CMP1 ( igu e 2). Deno ing VH and VL as he supe io and in e io le els
swi ching o his compa a o ( igu e 3), he alue o his equency can be de e mined as:
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!
IV Semina o Ad anced Indus ial Con ol Applica ions
49
lim
1
1
ou ou
HL in
VV
R
LV V V




(4)
I is impo an o emphasize ha , educing he alue o he powe dissipa ed in he pass ansis o o he linea egula o
inc eases he e iciency o he se , e en wi h signi ican ou pu cu en s. The e o e, i is impo an o ix he cu en limi Iγ o
a commi men alue be ween he minimum necessa y o ope a e he linea -assis ed con e e p ope ly bu wi hou penalizing
i s good cha ac e is ics o egula ion. Thus, conside ing comme cial model o ol age linea egula o s, his alue is a ound
ew mA. Wha is mo e, wi h he pu pose o ob aining a good egula ion o he ou pu , wi hou signi ican ipple, i is
manda o y ha he cu en p o ided by he linea egula o does no each ze o. In ac , in igu e 4 we can app ecia e he
ou pu cu en and he cu en lowing h ough he induc o and he linea egula o when he swi ching h eshold cu en Iγ is
adjus ed o 50 mA. In his simula ion he e e ence ol age VZ=5 V. T ansien esponse o he con e e can be obse ed wi h
Vin=10 V. I is also shown he ci cui esponse o a s ep o he con e e inpu ol age om 10 V o 13 V a =20 µs, as well as
he ansien om a educ ion o he load esis ance o he 100%, om 5 Ω o 2.5 Ω a =40 µs. No ice ha he egula ion o
he ou pu ol age is excellen . The e o e, he swi ching cu en h eshold mus be a alue such ha :
 I signi ican ly does no inc ease he powe dissipa ion o he pass ansis o in he linea egula o and does no diminish
excessi ely he e iciency o he egula o .
 I does no signi ican ly de e io a e he egula ion o he ou pu ol age.
iL( )
i eg( )
I
TON TOFF
Linea block enabled
Swi ching block disabled Bo h linea and swi ching
blocks enabled
0
IH
IL
I (A)
Iou
IL
Iou
I eg
Vin
Vou
Time
0s 10us 20us 30us 40us 50us 60us
I(L1) I(RL1) IC(Q1)
0A
1.0A
2.0A
S
EL>>
V(VCC) V(VOUT)
0V
5V
10V
1
4V
Fig. 3. P inciple o ope a ion o he p oposed linea -assis ed DC/DC
con e e .
Fig. 4. Response o he con e e shown in igu e 2 wi h Vin=10 V. In addi ion,
i can be seen he ci cui esponse o a s ep o he inpu ol age om 10 V o
13 V a he ime ins an =20 µs, and a a ia ion in he load esis ance om 5
Ω o 2.5 Ω a =40 µs. The swi ching h eshold cu en Iγ has been adjus ed o
50 mA.
Thus, we can denomina e his ype o con ol as a s a egy con ol wi h nonnull a e age linea egula o cu en . A e
some simula ions i can be concluded ha , o load cu en s lowe han 10 A, he sui able alue o Iγ ha ul ills he wo
p e ious condi ions is ound o be be ween 10 mA and 50 mA, app oxima ely.
III. ONE-CYCLE CONTROL CONCEPT
One cycle con ol was p oposed by Keyue M. Smedley in 1991 and ealized ini ially in buck PWM con e e [13]-[15].
DC/DC swi ching con e e s wi h one-cycle con ol ejec inpu pe u ba ions in only one swi ching cycle and ollow he
con ol e e ence ins an ly. I is said ha one-cycle con ol is uni e sal and can be applied di ec ly o swi ching con e e s in
ei he PWM o quasi esonan modes [15], [16]. F om hen on, wi h one-cycle con ol, boos con e e , Cûk con e e , h ee-
phase PFC con e e and h ee-phase boos ec i ie ha e been p esen ed. Du ing his pe iod, a gene al-pu pose eed odwa d
one cycle con olle was also ad anced. One-cycle con ol heo y is shown in igu e 5, and i s ope a ing wa e o ms a e
shown in igu e 6.
The swi ch unc ion d( ), a bina y unc ion, can be desc ibed by:
1 o 0
() 0 o
ON
ON S
T
d T T





 (6)
In each cycle, he swi ch is on o a ime du a ion TON and is o o a ime du a ion TOFF, whe e TON+TOFF=TS is he
swi ching pe iod. The du y- a io, equal o he a e age alue o d( ), ha is

()d , is gi en by:

() ()/
ON S
d T T (7)
F om igu e 5 and equa ion (6), we know:
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50
IV Semina o Ad anced Indus ial Con ol Applica ions
() () ()
y
d x  (8)
The a e age o he swi ched a iable is [14]:


1()
() () () ()
ON ON
TT
oo
SS
x
y
x d d x d
TT

 (9)
OA1
y( )
CMP1
x( )
–
+
Ci
Ri
in ( )
ese
–
+
One-cycle con olled
cons an equency swi ch
Con olle
REF( )
Clock
cmp( )
x( )
y( )
in ( )
REF( )
clock
cmp( )
Fig. 5. Basic scheme o one-cycle con ol. Fig. 6. Typical wa e o ms o one-cycle con ol.
I he du y- a io o swi ch is modula ed such ha he in eg a ion o he swi ched a iable a he swi ch ou pu is exac ly
equal o he in eg a ion o he con ol e e ence in each cycle, ha is:
() ()
ON S
TT
REF
oo
x
d d 
 (10)
Then:

11
() () () ()
ON S
TT
REF REF
oo
SS
y
x d d
TT
 
 (11)
Wi h one-cycle con ol, he e ec i e ou pu signal o he swi ch (i.e., he a e age alue o he swi ched a iable) is:

() ()
REF
y
 (12)
The key componen o one-cycle con ol echnique is he in eg a o and he ese e . The in eg a ion s a s he momen
when he swi ch is u ned on by he ix equency clock pulse. The in eg a ion alue is gi en by:
in () () is cons an
o
kx d k (13)
When he in eg a ion alue eaches he con ol e e ence, he con olle sends a command o he swi ch o change i om
he on s a e o he o s a e. The du y- a io o he p esen cycle is de e mined by he ollowing equa ion:
() ()
S
dT
REF
o
kx d 
 (14)
The a e age alue o he swi ched a iable a he swi ch ou pu is gua an eed o be:

11
() () ()
S
dT
REF
o
SS
y
x d
TkT

 (15)
in each cycle. Figu e 6 shows he ope a ing wa e o ms o he ci cui when REF( ) is cons an . Acco ding o he one-cycle
con ol he adjus ing is comple ed in one swi ching cycle o ejec he powe sou ce dis u bance. So i is excellen o powe
sou ce dis u bance ejec ion. Howe e , al hough one-cycle con ol is excellen o ejec ion he powe sou ce dis u bance, i
is in i mness o load dis u bance. The pape p oposes a new con ol echnique, imp o ed one-cycle con ol echnique ha
can o e come his sho coming.
IV. TOPOLOGY OF THE CURRENT-MODE ONE-CYCLE LINEAR-ASSISTED DC/DC CONVERTER
Based on he linea -assis ed DC/DC con e e , he s uc u e o he p oposed linea -assis ed DC/DC con e e wi h cu en -
mode one-cycle con ol s a egy is shown in igu e 7. In his igu e we can obse e he linea egula o , he swi ching DC/DC
con e e and he con ol loop ha ixes he du y cycle o he swi ch elemen Q1.
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!
IV Semina o Ad anced Indus ial Con ol Applica ions
51
Compa ing igu es 7 and 5, he basic idea o he p oposed con ol is o achie e an a e age induc o cu en du ing he ime
in e al TON equal o he ou pu cu en . Thus, ha ing in o accoun ha :
() ()
L
eg ou
i i I

 (16)
he a e age alue p o ided by he linea egula o block will end o be ze o. In addi ion, no ice ha he main di e ence wi h
one-cycle con ol is ha he linea egula o ixes he ou pu ol age. In ac , he ou pu ol age is gi en (and ixed) by he
linea egula o . The e o e, acco ding o be o e de ailed, he new p oposed echnique can ejec no only powe dis u bances,
bu load dis u bances oo.
Vou
Vin
Iou
iL( )
VC
D1
Q1
CMP1
L1
i eg( )
Q2a
Q2b
VZ OA1
OA1
VC
Rm=–1
Rm=–1
MUL1
RL
+
– D i e
RS
Flip–Flop
R
S
Q
VCLK
/Q


()d
Vol age Linea Regula o
+
–
–
+
Ci
Ri
in ( )
Low Pass
Fil e
ese
Cu en
Sensing
Cu en
Sensing
mul ( )
Swi ching DC/DC Con e e
cmp( )
i( )
y( )
in ( )
REF( )=

() ()
mul ou
d I
clock
cmp( )
Fig. 7.- Basic s uc u e o a cu en -mode one-cycle linea -assis ed DC/DC
con e e .
Fig. 8. Typical wa e o ms o he p oposed linea -assis ed con e e wi h
cu en -mode one-cycle con ol.
The main idea o he p oposed con ol is o achie e ha he a e age alue o he cu en lowing ac oss he induc o du ing
he ime in e al TON (=

() S
d T) equals o he a e age alue o he cu en h ough he load du ing his in e al. The e o e,
conside ing ha he ou pu cu en is gi en by Iou =I eg+IL, he a e age cu en lowing h ough he linea egula o will end
o ze o. On he one hand, he low-pass il e ex ac he a e age alue o he du y cycle,

()d , ha mul iplied by he ou pu
cu en Iou (conside ed cons an ), p o ides a measu e o he a e age alue o he cu en lowing h ough he load du ing he
in e al TON. Thus, conside ing he gain ac o o he cu en sensing elemen Rm=1, we ha e:

() ()
mul ou
d I (17)
On he o he hand, he analog in eg a o p o ides he measu e o he a e age alue o he cu en lowing ac oss he
induc o du ing he ime in e al TON, conside ing ha he ime cons an is gi en by:
ii S
RC T

(18)
The e o e:
in
11
() () ()
LL
oo
ii S
i d i d
RC T


(19)
whe e he gain ac o o he cu en sensing elemen Rm=–1 ( he nega i e sign compensa es he addi ional in e sion p o ided
by he in eg a o ).
The a e age alue o he swi ched a iable a he swi ch ou pu is gua an eed o be:

1() ()
S
dT
L
ou
o
S
i d d I
T
 (20)
in each cycle. Figu e 8 shows he ope a ing wa e o ms o he ci cui when REF( ) is cons an .
V. SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE CURRENT-MODE ONE-CYCLE LINEAR-ASSISTED DC/DC CONVERTER
In o de o alida e he p esen ed s uc u e o he cu en -mode one-cycle linea -assis ed DC-DC con e e in igu e 7,
simula ion esul s ha e been ob ained om a sys em ha p o ides 5.0 V a he ou pu Vou . The alue o he induc o is L=100
H. Figu e 9 shows he ci cui he s a -up ansien wa e o ms when he cu en -mode one-cycle linea -assis ed DC/DC
con e e p o ides 2 A a he ou pu Vou . No ice ha he one-cycle con ol loop assu es a alue o he a e age cu en lowing
h ough he linea s age nea ze o.
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!
52
IV Semina o Ad anced Indus ial Con ol Applica ions

Figu e 10 shows he ansien esponse o he linea -assis ed DC/DC con e e o a s ep when he e e ence ol age
inc eases om 5 V o 8 V a 500 µs.
Time
0s 50us 100us 150us 200us 250us 300us 350us 400us
I(Rsens) I(RL1) I(L1)
-1.0A
0A
1.0A
2.0A
3.0A
Time
0s 50us 100us 150us 200us 250us 300us 350us 400us
V(Vou )
0V
2.0V
4.0V
6.0V
Iou
IL( )
I eg( )
Vou
Time
0s 100us 200us 300us 400us 500us 600us 700us 800us
V(Vou )
0V
5.0V
10.0V
Time
0s 100us 200us 300us 400us 500us 600us 700us 800us
I(Rsens) I(RL1) I(L1)
0A
2.0A
4.0A
-1.0A
Iou
IL( )
I eg( )
Vou
Fig. 9. S a -up ansien wa e o ms when he cu en -mode one-cycle linea -
assis ed DC/DC con e e p o ides 2 A a he ou pu Vou . No ice ha he one-
cycle con ol loop assu es a alue o he a e age cu en lowing h ough he
linea s age nea ze o.
Fig. 10. T ansien esponse o he linea -assis ed DC/DC con e e o a
s ep when he e e ence ol age inc eases om 5 V o 8 V a 500 µs.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In he p esen ed pape , he design and simula ion o a cu en -mode one-cycle con ol linea -assis ed DC/DC con e e has
been ca ied ou . The a icle has shown ha linea -assis ed DC/DC con e e s a e sui able s uc u es ha allow o ake
ad an ages o he wo classic al e na i es in he design o powe supply sys ems ( ol age linea egula o s and swi ching
DC/DC con e e s). In addi ion, s a ing om his linea -assis ed opology, and hanks o he gene al idea o one-cycle
con ol, a cu en -mode one cycle linea -assis ed DC/DC con e e has been p oposed. As a whole, he p oposed DC/DC
con e e p o ides a good line egula ion, hanks o he excellen powe sou ce dis u bance ejec ion shown by he one-cycle
con ol loop, a sui able load egula ion hanks o he excellen load dis u bance shown by he linea egula o and, inally,
high e iciency shown by he swi ching con e e .
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This wo k has been pa ially unded by p ojec TEC2010-15765 (subp og ama MIC) om he Spanish MCYT and EU
FEDER unds.
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IV Semina o Ad anced Indus ial Con ol Applica ions
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