Tuning S uggle S a egy in Gene ic Algo i hms
o Scheduling in Compu a ional G ids
Fa os Xha a∗
, Be na Du an∗, Aji h Ab aham†
, Kesha Dahal‡
Abs ac :
Job Scheduling in Compu a ional G ids is gaining impo ance due o he need
o e icien la ge-scale G id-enabled applica ions. Among di e en op imiza ion
echniques add essed o he p oblem, Gene ic Algo i hm (GA) is a popula class
o solu ion me hods. As GAs a e high le el algo i hms, speci ic algo i hms can be
designed by choosing he gene ic ope a o s as well as he e olu iona y s a egies
such as S eady S a e GAs and S uggle GAs. In his pape we ocus on S uggle
GAs and hei uning o scheduling o independen jobs in compu a ional g ids.
Ou esul s showed ha a ca e ul hash implemen a ion o compu ing he simila i y
o solu ions was able o alle ia e he compu a ional bu den o S uggle GA and
pe o m be e han s anda d simila i y measu es. This is pa icula ly in e es ing
o he scheduling p oblem in G id sys ems, which due o changeabili y o e ime,
has demanding ime es ic ions on he compu a ion o he planning o jobs o
esou ces.
Key wo ds: Gene ic Algo i hms, Scheduling, G id Compu ing, S uggle S a egy,
Simila i y Measu e, Tuning.
Recei ed: ??
Re ised and accep ed: ??
1. In oduc ion
Wi h he eme ging pa adigm o G id Compu ing and he de elopmen o G id in-
as uc u es, G id-based applica ions a e becoming a common app oach o sol ing
many complex p oblems. A key issue in his kind o applica ions is scheduling jobs
in o G id esou ces e icien ly, which is known o be compu a ionally ha d and
much mo e di icul han i s s anda d e sion o sequen ial o LAN compu a ion
en i onmen s.
∗Depa men o Languages and In o ma ics Sys ems, Technical Uni e si y o Ca alonia, Cam-
pus No d, Ed. Omega, C/Jo di Gi ona 1-3, 08034 Ba celona, Spain. E-mail: [email p o ec ed],
[email p o ec ed]
†Cen e o Excellence o Quan i iable Quali y o Se ice, No wegian Uni e si y o Science and
Technology, T ondheim, No way [email p o ec ed]
‡School o In o ma ics, Uni e si y o B ad o d, B ad o d BD7 1DP, UK
[email p o ec ed]
c
°ICS AS CR 2006 1
Neu al Ne wo k Wo ld 2/06, ??
Job Scheduling in Compu a ional G ids is gaining impo ance due o he need
o e icien la ge-scale G id-enabled applica ions, e.g. in Op imiza ion (Casano a
e al. [8], Goux e al. [13] and W igh [30]), Linde o h e al. [19]), Collabo a-
i e/eScience Compu ing (e.g. Newman e al. [22], Paniagua e al. [24]), Da a-
In ensi e Compu ing (e.g. Beynon al. [3]) and many applica ions a ising om con-
c e e ypes o G ids such as Science G ids, Access G ids, Knowledge G ids, e c.
Scheduling is a challenging p oblem in a G id en i onmen due i s dynamic na u e
and he la ge numbe o esou ces o be managed and jobs o be scheduled. Fu -
he mo e, esou ces can ha e hei own local policies ( ega ding access, cos e c.) o
be aken in o accoun . The p oblem is mul i-objec i e in i s gene al de ini ion, as
he e a e se e al op imiza ion c i e ia o be ma ched, such as makespan, low ime,
and esou ce u iliza ion.
Se e al app oaches a e being add essed in he li e a u e o he p oblem aiming
o ob ain schedule s capable o deli e ing as planning o jobs o compu a ional
esou ces o he g id sys em. On he one hand he e many ad hoc me hods such as
immedia e and ba ch mode me hods [37, 36]. Such me hods dis inguish o hei
simplici y and e iciency. Howe e , hese me hods ail o p oduce high quali y plan-
ning o jobs o G id esou ces; o ins ance he immedia e me hod o Oppo unis ic
Load balancing assigns a job o he machine ha e he smalles wo kload, which in a
e y he e ogenous G id en i onmen could pe o m poo ly. Mo eo e , such me h-
ods can handle only one objec i e a a ime (usually he makespan, wo kload, e c.)
and in G id sys ems usually he e a e mo e equi emen s on scheduling. Gi en he
la ge scale o he G id sys ems as well as pe iodic submissions o la ge quan i y o
jobs, esea che s a e seeking o ways o design mo e e icien G id schedule s. In
pa icula , Gene ic Algo i hms (GA) [16] ha e p o ed o be a good al e na i e o
sol ing a wide a ie y o ha d combina o ial op imiza ion p oblems and a e he e-
o e app op ia e o job scheduling in G ids. GAs a e a popula ion-based app oach
whe e indi iduals ep esen possible solu ions, which a e successi ely e alua ed,
selec ed, c ossed, mu a ed and eplaced by simula ing he Da winian e olu ion
ound in na u e. Gene ic Algo i hms o G id scheduling p oblems ha e been ad-
d essed by Ab aham e al. [1], B aun e al. [5], Zomaya and Teh [41], Ma ino and
Mililo i [9], Page and Naugh on [23], Ca e e o and Xha a [7], Gao e al. [12],
Xha a e al. [35, 34].
The esea ch wo k on GAs has shown ha a key issue in GAs is he con e gence
o he algo i hm: a as con e gence o he popula ion would s agna e he sea ch o
local op ima whe eas slowe con e gence would equi e a conside ably longe ime
owa ds sub-op imal solu ions. The con e gence o GAs is achie ed by means o
selec ion and eplacemen s a egies and i is, he e o e, e y impo an o ca e-
ully une hese s a egies. In pa icula , he selec i e p essu e di ec ly a ec s he
adeo be ween he explo a ion and exploi a ion o he sea ch space. Indeed, i
he popula ion con e ges apidly GA would gi e mo e p io i y o he exploi a ion
and, ice- e sa, when he popula ion is kep di e se, o he egions o he sea ch
space would be explo ed aspi ing hus o ind be e solu ions. GAs ep esen hus
an in e es ing amily o algo i hms o G id scheduling since in many p ac ical
G id-enabled applica ions we a e in e es ed o compu e a easonably good plan-
ning o jobs in a e y sho ime a he han an op imal planning. In such case,
GAs a e use ul since we can “bu s up” he con e gence o he algo i hm. Ye , we
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Xha a e al.: Tuning S uggle S a egy in GAs o Scheduling in G ids
a e in e es ed o a oid a e y p ema u e con e gence o he algo i hm.
In his wo k we ocus on he impo ance o uning he eplacemen mechanism
o GA o scheduling in compu a ional g ids. The in e es in in es iga ing his
aspec is mo i a ed by he need o design e icien schedule s ha will be able o
deli e as and quali y planning o jobs o esou ces a he op imal solu ions in a
dynamic en i onmen . Mo e p ecisely, we s udy he uning o he S uggle s a -
egy (G ueninge [14]; see also [28]). Acco ding o his s a egy, a new indi idual
eplaces he indi idual ha is mos simila o i only in case he new indi idual
ob ains a be e i ness alue han he one o be eplaced. The aim is o p ese e
he op imiza ion eloci y bu delaying i s endency o con e ge in o de o each
a be e con e gence poin . This s a egy is known o i s e ec i eness bu su e s
om a high compu a ional cos . Mo e p ecisely, gi en a new indi idual, inding
a simila indi idual o i equi es compa ing agains all indi iduals o he cu en
gene a ion. E icien compu a ion o he simila i y would he e o e alle ia e he
compu a ional bu den o he S uggle GA.
The es o he pape is o ganized as ollows. Some ela ed wo k o he schedul-
ing p oblem as well as GA-based wo k ha , as in he case o S uggle GA, use
simila i y measu es o main ain he di e si y o he popula ion du ing he e olu-
ion p ocess a e gi en in Sec ion 2. The p oblem o scheduling o independen jobs
conside ed in his wo k is p esen ed in Sec ion 3. The S uggle s a egy oge he
wi h simila i y measu es a e in oduced in Sec ion 4. The expe imen al s udy and
some compu a ional esul s a e gi en in Sec ion 5. We conclude in his wo k wi h
some ema ks and indica ions o u u e wo k in Sec ion 6.
2. Rela ed wo k
In his sec ion we b ie ly e iew some ela ed wo k in compu a ional in elligence
echniques applied o he scheduling p oblem. Also, o he GA-based wo k ha , as
in he case o S uggle GA use simila i y measu es o main ain he di e si y o he
popula ion du ing he e olu ion p ocess, a e also indica ed.
Gene ic Algo i hms o G id scheduling p oblems ha e been add essed by Ab a-
ham e al. [1], B aun e al. [5], Zomaya and Teh [41], Ma ino and Mililo i [9], Page
and Naugh on [23], Ca e e o and Xha a [7], Gao e al. [12], Xha a e al. [35, 34].
Finding a good ade-o be ween he explo a ion and exploi a ion, which is
closely ela ed o he di e si y o popula ion, has been explo ed in he GA li -
e a u e [4, 6, 10, 38]. An in e es ing ecen app oach o he adeo be ween
explo a ion and exploi a ion in e olu iona y algo i hms is based on he en opy
concep [20].
Mul i-objec i e GAs (such as NSGA, SPEA) use some simila i y measu es o
main ain he di e si y o he popula ion du ing he e olu ion p ocess. Thus, Sa o
e al. [26], p oposed a me hod o NSGA II (Non-domina ed So ing Gene ic Al-
go i hm II) in which simila indi iduals a e elimina ed in he p ocess o e olu-
ion by using he dis ance be ween indi iduals in objec i e space. Ishibuchi and
Na ukawa [17] examined he ela ion be ween he pe o mance o he NSGA-II al-
go i hm and he simila i y o ecombined pa en solu ions o lowshop scheduling
p oblems. The au ho s examined he e ec o inc easing he selec ion p essu e on
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Neu al Ne wo k Wo ld 2/06, ??
he simila i y o ecombined pa en solu ions. Wildman and Pa ks [29] p esen ed a
compa a i e s udy o selec i e s a egies in Mul i-objec i e GAs h ough di e en
pai ing s a egies o combining pa en s. Ishibuchi and Shiba a [18] p oposed a new
ma ing scheme in which simila i y-based ou namen selec ion is used o choosing
a pai o pa en s among he candida e solu ions aiming o main ain he di e si y
o solu ions.
Recen ly, Meme ic Algo i hms (MAs) [21] –a ela i ely new class o popula ion-
based me hods– which combine he concep s o e olu iona y sea ch and local sea ch
ha e been p oposed o G id scheduling p oblem. Xha a [32] applied uns uc u ed
MAs and Xha a e al. [33] p oposed Cellula MAs (s uc u ed MAs) o he inde-
penden scheduling p oblem unde ETC model.
O he app oaches include Rein o ced Lea ning, Neu al Ne wo ks, Fuzzy Logic,
e c. Some au ho s ha e used ein o ced lea ning echniques o scheduling in G id
sys ems. Pe ez e al. [25], p oposed o implemen a Rein o cemen Lea ning based
scheduling app oach o la ge G id compu ing sys ems. Venge o [27] p esen ed
a u ili y-based amewo k o making epea ed scheduling decisions dynamically;
he obse ed in o ma ion abou unscheduled jobs and sys em’s esou ces is used
o his pu pose. Yu e al. [39] used Fuzzy Neu al Ne wo ks o de elop a high
pe o mance scheduling algo i hm. The algo i hms uses Fuzzy Logic echniques
o e alua e he G id sys em load in o ma ion, and adop he Neu al Ne wo ks
o au oma ically une he membe ship unc ions. Hao e al. [15] p esen ed a G id
esou ce selec ion based on Neu al Ne wo ks aiming a o e ing QoS on dis ibu ed,
he e ogeneous esou ces. To his end, he au ho s p opose o selec G id esou ces
cons ained by QoS c i e ia. The esou ce selec ion p oblem is sol ed using a no el
neu al ne wo ks. Zhou e al. [40] used Fuzzy Logic echniques o design an adap i e
Fuzzy Logic schedule , which u ilizes he Fuzzy Logic con ol echnology o selec
he mos sui able compu ing node in he G id en i onmen .
3. P oblem de ini ion
The job scheduling p oblem in G ids has many cha ac e is ics in common wi h
he adi ional scheduling p oblems. The objec i e is o e icien ly map jobs o
esou ces; howe e , in a global, he e ogenous and dynamic en i onmen , such as
G id en i onmen , we a e in e es ed o ind a p ac ically good planning o jobs e y
as .
In his wo k we deal wi h he scheduling independen jobs o esou ces. We
desc ibe his e sion nex and hen gi e a o mal de ini ion o an ins ance o he
p oblem. Jobs ha e he ollowing cha ac e is ics: a e o igina ed om di e en
use s/applica ions, ha e o be comple ed in unique esou ce (non-p eemp i e), a e
independen and could also ha e hei equi emen s o e esou ces. This las cha -
ac e is ic is impo an i we would like o classi y jobs o igina ed om da a in ensi e
o compu ing in ensi e applica ions. On he o he hand, esou ces could dynam-
ically be added/d opped om he G id, can p ocess one job a a ime and ha e
hei compu ing cha ac e is ics.
This e sion a ises in many G id-based applica ions, such as in simula ions,
massi e da a p ocessing, which can be di ided in o independen pa s, which a e
mapped o di e en G id esou ces.
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Xha a e al.: Tuning S uggle S a egy in GAs o Scheduling in G ids
Expec ed Time o Compu e simula ion model In o de o o malize he
ins ance de ini ion o he p oblem, we use he ETC (Expec ed Time To Compu e)
ma ix model, see e.g. [5]. This model is used o cap u ing mos impo an cha -
ac e is ics o job and esou ces in dis ibu ed he e ogeneous en i onmen s. In a
ce ain sense, a good planning jobs o esou ces will ha e o ake in o accoun he
cha ac e is ics o jobs and esou ces. Mo e p ecisely, he Expec ed Time o Com-
pu e ma ix, ET C, has size nb jobs ×nb machines and i s componen s ET C[i][j]
a e de ined as he expec ed execu ion ime o job iin machine j. ETC ma ices a e
hen classi ied in o consis en , inconsis en and semi-consis en acco ding o he
consis ency o compu ing o esou ces: (a) consis ency means ha i a machine mi
execu es a job as e han machine mj, hen miexecu es all he jobs as e han
mj. I his holds o all machines pa icipa ing in he planning, he ETC ma ix is
conside ed consis en ; (b) inconsis ency means ha a machine is as e o some
jobs and slowe o some o he s; and, (c) semi-consis ency is used o exp ess he
ac ha an ETC ma ix can ha e a consis en sub-ma ix. In his case he ETC
ma ix is conside ed semi-consis en . No ice ha he a iabili y in cha ac e is-
ics o jobs and esou ces yields o di e en ETC con igu a ions allowing hus o
simula e di e en scena ios om eal li e dis ibu ed applica ions.
P oblem de ini ion Unde he ETC simula ion model, an ins ance o he p ob-
lem consis s o :
– A numbe o independen (use /applica ion) jobs o be scheduled.
– A numbe o he e ogeneous machines candida es o pa icipa e in he planning.
– The wo kload o each job (exp essed in millions o ins uc ions).
– The compu ing capaci y o each machine (exp essed in mips –millions o ins uc-
ions pe second).
– Ready ime eady[m] –when machine mwill ha e inished he p e iously as-
signed jobs.
– The Expec ed Time o Compu e ma ix, ET C.
Op imiza ion c i e ia. Se e al objec i e c i e ia can be es ablished o a gi en
schedule. We conside he minimiza ion o makespan, ha is, inishing ime o
la es job (Sdeno es a possible schedule):
min
Smax{Fj:j∈Jobs}.
whe e Fjis he inishing ime o job j.
Makespan can be exp essed in e ms o he comple ion ime o a machine, as
ollows:
makespan = max{comple ion[i]|i∈Machines}
whe e o a machine m:
comple ion[m] = eady[m] + X
{j∈Jobs |schedule[j]=m}
ET C[j][m].
5

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4. S uggle s a egy in GAs and simila i y mea-
su es
In S uggle GAs [14, 28] (he ea e , SGA), a new gene a ion o indi iduals is c ea ed
by eplacing only a po ion o he popula ion wi h he new indi iduals. The s uggle
gene ic algo i hm wo ks simila ly as he s eady-s a e GAs. Howe e , is ead o
eplacing he wo s indi idual, in SGA a new indi idual eplaces he indi idual
ha is mos simila o i only in case he new indi idual ob ains a be e i ness
alue han he one o be eplaced. This is done in o de o adap i ely main ain
ce ain di e si y among he popula ion. The aim is o p ese e he op imiza ion
eloci y bu delaying i s endency o con e ge in o de o each a be e con e gence
poin .
The design o he s uggle eplacemen ope a o equi es he de ini ion o ap-
p op ia e simila i y measu es. A simila i y measu e indica es how simila a e wo
indi iduals (solu ions o he p oblem). The de ini ion o a simila i y measu e could
be done in di e en ways, o ins ance by using he s uc u e o he solu ion (com-
bina o ics p ope ies)
I has been shown in GA li e a u e ha in he long un S uggle GA and
S eady S a e GA con e ge o a single solu ion. The in e es in using S uggle GA,
as opposed o S eady S a e-like GAs is ha in S uggle GAs popula ion e ol es by
main aining di e en solu ions long a e a basic o s eady-s a e algo i hm would
ha e con e ged. This is a desi ed p ope y o he case o he scheduling p oblem in
Compu a ional G ids gi en ha we can ine une he schedule o “con e ge” o a
good solu ion depending on a ailable ime ( o ins ance, schedule ’s ime ac i a ion
in e al). Fu he , S uggle GAs a e simple o implemen and equi e no addi ional
pa ame e s o ine une bu he s uggle ope a o . I should be no ed howe e
ha he pe o mance o S uggle GA, despi e o good di e si y o he popula ion,
depends also on he es o gene ic ope a o s; hus, c oss-o e ope a o s eeding he
popula ion wi h good indi iduals and low mu a ion a e would yield a e y good
pe o mance o he S uggle GA.
4.1 Compu a ional complexi y o s uggle ope a o
This s a egy has shown o be e y e ec i e o se e al p oblems [14, 2]; ye , he e
is an e iciency issue he e: he compu a ional cos o his eplacemen s a egy is
e y high. Indeed, in o de o ind which indi iduals should lea e he popula ion,
any new indi idual o he in e media e popula ion has o be compa ed and i s
simila i y measu ed agains all he indi iduals o he cu en popula ion. Ob iously,
his leads o a quad a ic o de compu a ional ime, which could be e y la ge, i
la ge size popula ions we e o be conside ed. In ac , his is p ecisely he case o
scheduling independen jobs in compu a ional g ids; hei la ge scale and scalabili y
a e c i ical ac o s since no only he numbe o esou ces and jobs submi ed o
he G id sys em a e expec ed o be la ge o e y la ge bu also hey could inc ease
o e ime. I is clea ha simila i y measu es which a e no e icien could consume
much o he GA unning ime in de imen o he p ope sea ch ime.
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Xha a e al.: Tuning S uggle S a egy in GAs o Scheduling in G ids
4.2 S anda d simila i y measu es
In o de o compa e he simila i y be ween solu ions, a measu e o simila i y o
dis ance unc ion has o be de ined and used. S anda d simila i y measu es include:
•Hamming dis ance: gi en wo indi iduals S1and S2encoding wo schedulings
o Njobs, le g[i] = 1, i S1[i] = S2[i] and g[0] = 0, o he wise. Simila i y is
hen calcula ed as:
Simh(S1, S2) = PN
i=1 g[i]
N.
•Euclidian dis ance: This simila i y is based on he Euclidean dis ance. Gi en
wo ec o solu ions S1and S2, by conside ing hem as wo poin s in N-
dimensional space, he simila i y is hen compu ed as he Euclidean dis ance
be ween hem:
Sime(S1, S2) =
u
u
N
X
i=1
(S1[i]−S2[i])2.
•Cosine dis ance: In his case, he simila i y is measu ed using he angle o
he wo ec o solu ions S1and S2o he N-dimensional space. Cosine alues
close o 1 would mean mo e simila i y.
Simc(S1, S2) = PN
i=1 S1[i]·S2[i]
qPN
i=1 S2
1[i]·qPN
i=1 S2
2[i]
.
4.3 Hash-based simila i y measu e
The s anda d simila i y measu es gi en abo e has linea ime compu a ional cos in
numbe o jobs. The e o e o a popula ion o pop size he s anda d s uggle s a e-
gies would ake O(in e media e pop size ×pop size)×N, whe e Nis he numbe
o jobs. Reducing he quad a ic ac o o O(in e media e pop size ×pop size) o
a linea ime ac o would be e y desi able in his case since in each eplacemen
s ep i would ake a conside able ime in de imen o he p ope sea ch ime o
he GA. In o de o achie e his, we p opose he use o hash echniques so ha
gi en a new indi idual o he in e media e popula ion we can ind in cons an ime
he indi idual mos simila o i .
In o de o design he hash able, we ha e o i s de ine he key o iden i y
he indi iduals o he popula ion. The key in o ma ion is he basis o compu ing
he deg ee o simila i y o he s uggle gene ic ope a o : he mo e accu a e i s
de ini ion he be e he pe o mance o he ope a o . In ac , a poo de ini ion o
he key would simply educe he s uggle ope a o o a andom eplacemen . In
ou de ini ion o he key he con ex is c ucial: he key alue should esume as
much as possible he gene ic in o ma ion encoded in an indi idual; hence, i wo
key alues a e simila hen hei espec i e indi iduals a e gene ically simila . The
ollowing a e h ee possible de ini ions:
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Neu al Ne wo k Wo ld 2/06, ??
a) Fi ness-based key: consis s in using he i ness alue, which is ans o med,
using a hash unc ion, in o he key alue. Ce ainly his is a e y simplis ic
app oach by simply looking a makespan and low ime alues and clea ly no
gene ic in o ma ion is aken in o accoun (we e e o his as ’a’ key).
b) Posi ion-based key: ha ing he pe mu a ion ec o o ask- esou ce alloca ion,
in which asks a e so ed acco ding o he esou ce hey a e assigned o, he
key is de ined as he sum o numbe o cells a componen o he ec o would
mo e o he igh as indica ed by i s alue, when he ec o is ead in a
ci cula way (we e e o his as ’b’ key). Fo ins ance, o he ec o o 7
asks in Fig. 1 below, key = 2 + 4 + 1 + 0 + 2 + 5 + 0 = 14.

5





1
2
3
4
5 6 7







Fig. 1 Example posi ion-based key calcula ion.
No e ha his de ini ion uses he gene ic cha ac e is ics o he solu ion; how-
e e , he ela ion ask- esou ce is no explici ly aken in o accoun , i.e., o
which esou ce is assigned a ask.
c) Task- esou ce alloca ion key: In his case bo h in o ma ion on asks and e-
sou ces is used. The key alue is now he sum o he absolu e alues o he
sub ac ion o each posi ion and i s p eceden in he ec o o ask- esou ce
alloca ion ( eading he ec o in a ci cula way); we e e o his as ’c’ key.
We gi e in Fig. 2 he g aphical ep esen a ion o he hash able design as well
as he o mulae de ini ion o he hash unc ion. No e ha he co esponding
posi ion is ob ained om a solu ion om he key alue k;kmin and kmax
co espond espec i ely o he key wi h smalles and la ges alue in he
popula ion.
The hash able has he same size as he popula ion in o de o ob ain cons an
ime access (in a e age). I an access ails, a ew indi iduals in he popula ion
a e andomly chosen and he mos simila o he new one is conside ed o
he eplacemen . Hence, he cons an access is always ensu ed e en i a ailed
access occu s. The e o e, he compu a ional cos o he hash-based s uggle
ope a o is O(pop size +in e media e pop size).
8
Xha a e al.: Tuning S uggle S a egy in GAs o Scheduling in G ids
0 i k < kmin
hash (k) = 















−
−
minmax
min
kk
kk
N i kmin ≤ k < kmax
N-1 i k ≥ kmax
0
1
2
i+1
N
N-1
i
s
y
s
z
s
x
Ø
s
q
s
s
u
s
s
s
Fig. 2 Rep esen a ion o he hash able and he hash unc ion de ini ion.
5. Expe imen al s udy
In his sec ion we p esen he expe imen al s udy o he p oposed hash-based S ug-
gle GA. Ini ially, we gene a ed a se o ins ances acco ding o ETC ma ix model
in o de o s udy he pe o mance o he h ee key de ini ions and also o ine une
he es o he pa ame e s o S uggle GA. The bes esul ing con igu a ion was
hen used o s udying he pe o mance o he SGA on a se o known ins ances
om B aun e al. [5].
5.1 Pe o mance compa ison o s uggle hash ope a o s
The pe o mance o he h ee s uggle ope a o s esul ing om a key,b key and
c key de ini ions we e measu ed o makespan alue o he schedule. Fo each o
hem, he same con igu a ion o pa ame e s (see Table I) was used; epo ed alues
a e a e aged o e 10 independen s uns.
In Table I, MCT (Minimum Comple ion ime) and LJFR-SJFR (Longes Job
o Fas es Resou ce - Sho es Job o Fas es Resou ce) a e wo me hods used in
ini ializing he popula ion; ebalance-bo h is a mu a ion ope a o based on load
balancing o esou ces. MCT me hod [11] assigns a job o he machine yielding he
ea lies comple ion ime ( he eady imes o he machines a e used). When a job
a i es in he sys em, all a ailable esou ces a e examined o de e mine he esou ce
ha yields he smalles comple ion ime o he job. On he o he hand, LJFR-
SJFR [1] ies o simul aneously minimize bo h makespan and low ime alues:
LJFR (Longes Job o Fas es Resou ce) ies o minimize makespan and SJFR
(Sho es Job o Fas es Resou ce) ies o minimize low ime.
We show in Fig 3, he makespan alue compu ed by he SGA algo i hm wi h
9
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