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E alua ion o au och honous ee
-
loa ing mac ophy es o
use in he phy o emedia ion o indus ial was ewa e
con amina ed wi h hea y me als.
Jou nal:
Desalina ion and Wa e T ea men
Manusc ip ID
D a
Manusc ip Type:
O iginal Pape
Da e Submi ed by he Au ho :
n/a
Comple e Lis o Au ho s:
Tello Ze allos, Wil edo; Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ca olica A gen ina, Fac. de
Qca. e Ing. del Rosa io, Dp o. de IN es igación Ins i ucional
Sal a ie a, Lucas; Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ca olica A gen ina, Fac. de Qca. e
Ing. del Rosa io, Dp o. de IN es igación Ins i ucional; CONICET
Lou ei o, Dana; Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ca olica A gen ina, Fac. de Qca. e
Ing. del Rosa io, Dp o. de IN es igación Ins i ucional; CONICET
Mo a o, Jo di; Uni e si a Poli ecnica de Ca alunya; Cá ed a UNESCO de
Sos enibilidad-UPC
Pe ez, Leona do; Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ca olica A gen ina, Fac. de Qca. e
Ing. del Rosa io, Dp o. de In es igación Ins i ucional; Uni e sidad Nacional
de Rosa io, Qca. Analí ica; CONICET
Keywo ds:
indus ial was ewa e , hea y me als, lead, phy o emedia ion, <i>Sal inia
biloba</i> Radii
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E alua ion o au och honous ee- loa ing mac ophy es o
use in he phy o emedia ion o indus ial was ewa e
con amina ed wi h hea y me als
Wil edo Tello Ze allos
1
, Lucas Ma ías Sal a ie a
1,2
, Dana Belén Lou ei o
1
,
Jo di Mo a ó
3
, Leona do Ma ín Pé ez
1,3,4*
1
Facul ad de Química e Ingenie ía del Rosa io, Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ca ólica
A gen ina (UCA-campus Rosa io), A . Pelleg ini 3314 (2000) Rosa io, A gen ina.
2
Ins i u o de Fisicoquímica Teó ica y Aplicada (INIFTA, Uni e sidad Nacional de La
Pla a-Consejo Nacional de In es igaciones Cien í icas y Técnicas), Diag. 113 y 64
(1900) La Pla a, A gen ina.
3
Cá ed a UNESCO de Sos enibilidad, Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Ca alunya,
ESEIAAT- Campus Te assa, C/Colom 1 (08222) Te assa (Ba celona), España.
4
Facul ad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Fa macéu icas, Uni e sidad Nacional de Rosa io
(UNR) & Ins i u o de Química Rosa io (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 570
(2000) Rosa io, A gen ina.
*
Co esponding au ho : L. M. Pé ez (A . Pelleg ini 3314, leo[email p o ec ed]du.a ,
+54-341-4350214/in .135).
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ABSTRACT
Plan -based sys ems o ea men o con amina ed en i onmen s (phy o emedia ion)
ha e been p o ed o be highly e icien in emo ing pollu an s, especially hea y me als.
The ange o plan s used in phy o emedia ion p ocesses is gene ally low and mainly
es ic ed o eme ging ones. Howe e , in s ic ly aqua ic and high- low ea men
sys ems, he use o ee loa ing plan s could be mo e adequa e. Fo a ea men sys em
based on phy o emedia ion s a egies be p opi ious and sus ainable, i is essen ial ha
plan s used we e no only e icien in pollu an s emo al, bu also abundan a egion,
easily accessible, and do no equi e special cul u e condi ions. In his wo k, we
e alua e he capaci y o ou di e en au och honous aqua ic mac ophy es ob ained
om he Pa aná i e (A gen ina) o adap and ep oduce a «indoo » condi ions. F om
di e en p e-selec ed species, only Sal inia biloba Raddi showed a wide capaci y o
adap a ion and ep oduc ion a g eenhouse condi ions. Mo eo e , S. biloba lead (Pb
2+
)
emo al abili y was e alua ed in wa e samples con amina ed wi h h ee me al
concen a ions (4.8±0.3, 9.1±0.4 and 19.6±0.5 mg/L) a di e en exposu e imes (0-24
h), showing a high e iciency in he pollu an elimina ion. A compa men aliza ion
analysis indica es ha su ace adso p ion was ound o be he p edominan mechanism
o Pb
2+
emo al a he i s 24 h. Finally, he bioconcen a ion ac o (BCF) was
calcula ed a he end o he exposu e ime e lec ing bo h hype accumula ion capaci y
and high me al ole ance by his plan . Ou esul s sugges ha inco po a ion o
S. biloba in was ewa e ea men sys ems could be a success ul s a egy o e icien ly
emo e hea y me als by bio emedia ion p ocesses.
Keywo ds: indus ial was ewa e ; hea y me als; lead; phy o emedia ion; Sal inia biloba
Radii.
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1. In oduc ion
In he las decades, na u al wa e s con amina ion by he elease o la ge olumes o
aqueous e luen s con aining hea y me als has been inc eased acco ding o
an h opogenic ac i i y and indus ializa ion. Hea y me als a e a se ious h ea o he
en i onmen and o human heal h because mos o hese ions a e ine o chemical o
biological deg ada ion, highly oxic a e y low concen a ions, and can be ans e ed
h ough he ophic chain assuming a se ious isk o li ing beings [1].
Lead (Pb) is omnip esen and one o he oldes me als disco e ed by he human ace. I s
unique p ope ies (high malleabili y, low mel ing poin , esis ance o co osion, among
o he s) ha e led o i s widesp ead use o di e en indus ial applica ions, igge ing he
un o una e consequence o ee lead occu ence a he en i onmen [2]. Lead is p esen
in he was ewa e s o pe ochemical, pain ing and coa ing, ounding, me al
elec opla ing, mining, plumbing and ba e y indus ies. In mo e cases, lead is
discha ged in o he en i onmen wi hou adequa e ea men [3]. Lead poisoning has
been ecognized as a majo public heal h isk, pa icula ly a de eloping coun ies.
Exposu e o lead p oduces se e al dele e ious e ec s on he hema opoie ic, enal,
ep oduc i e, and cen al ne ous sys em, inducing neu o oxic e ec s a blood
concen a ions as low as 20 µg/dL [4]. Al hough lead oxici y is a highly-explo ed opic,
comple e con ol and p e en ion o e lead exposu e is s ill a om being achie ed.
While a ious occupa ional and public heal h measu es ha e been unde aken in o de
o con ol lead exposu e, cases o lead poisoning a e s ill epo ed [2].
Con en ional echnologies o he ea men o indus ial esidual wa e s con aining
hea y me als a e usually expensi e and ine icien because cu en legisla ion demands
e y low me als concen a ions as maximum pe missible le els [5]. The use o aqua ic
phy o emedia ion o he emo al o pollu an s om was ewa e and indus ial e luen s
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is a sus ainable and p omising al e na i e a he han classical physicochemical
p ocedu es [6]. This eco- iendly echnology is based on plan abili y o adso b,
accumula e, and ole a e high concen a ions o pollu an s, including hea y me als
[5, 7]. Phy o emedia ion-based echnologies ha e been shown o be compe i i e
compa ed o mo e con en ional me hods, especially o he emo al o low me al
concen a ions whe ein oxic e ec s o plan s a e minimal o absen . One o i s majo
ad an ages is ha plan s can be used as low-cos ex ac pumps o pu i y con amina ed
wa e being an app op ia e solu ion o emedia e la ge a eas o o comple e
decon amina ion in longe pe iods o ime [8]. I s success depends on he
physicochemical p ope ies o he su ace o he u ilized plan s, and some o he s
biological ea u es such as p oduc i i y, geog aphical dis ibu ion and ole ance o oxic
compounds [9].
Aqua ic phy o emedia ion has been ex ensi ely implemen ed using helophy es o
eme gen plan s in cons uc ed we lands [10]. Howe e , a second app oach may u ilize
ascula aqua ic ee- loa ing plan s in lagoons. In such sense, se e al mac ophy es ha e
been used o hea y me al emedia ion om wa e samples wi h he addi ional
ad an age ha plan biomass can be easily ha es ed and ea ed o me als eco e y
be o e i s inal disposal [11]. Vascula loa ing plan s a e widely dis ibu ed in opical
and sub opical egions, hus he implemen a ion and managemen o lagoons o
ea ing me al-con aining e luen a hese egions appea s o be a iable solu ion since
en i onmen al condi ions a o high plan p oduc i i y [12].
In A gen ina, he ecosys em su ounding he Pa aná Ri e is cha ac e ized by an
ex ensi e we land a ea wi h abundan and di e se aqua ic ege a ion. Mac ophy e
species o hese egions ha ha e high e iciency in hea y me al up ake could be used
o he emo al o ions in a i icial sys ems o as bioindica o s. The e o e, he aim o he
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p esen wo k was o assess he po en ial o se e al au och honous ee- loa ing
mac ophy es ob ained om he Pa aná Ri e o be used in he phy o emedia ion o
indus ial was ewa e con amina ed wi h lead.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Collec ion and cha ac e iza ion o mac ophy es
Specimens o Hyd oco yle anunculoides, Eichho nia c assipes, Lemma mino , and
Sal inia sp. we e collec ed om a shallow lake a he middle Pa aná i e (32°52' 37" S
- 60° 40' 36" O), wi h no known pollu ion load. The collec ed plan s we e anspo ed o
he labo a o y a ambien empe a u e in plas ic ecipien s con aining i e wa e . Only
ma u e plan s wi h uni o m size we e selec ed o expe imen al pu poses. Taxonomic
classi ica ion was ca ied ou by he Ins i u o de Bo ánica del No des e (IBONE-
CONICET, Uni e sidad Nacional del No des e, Co ien es, A gen ina) based on
mo phological cha ac e is ics. Sal inia sp. specimens we e classi ied as Sal inia biloba
Raddi (synonym name Sal inia he zogii de la So a) acco ding o he c i e ia es ablish by
[13].
2.2. Plan ma e ial cul i a ion and selec ion
All plan s collec ed we e cul i a ed and main ained in g eenhouse condi ions ecei ing
na u al ligh o allow acclima ion. Tempe a u e anged om 24 o 28 ºC. Glass aqua ia
o 10 L capaci y we e used. F esh plan s and wa e om he sampled na u al
en i onmen we e placed in e e y aqua ium. No u he nu ien s o special
equi emen s we e added o he medium. The specimens ha showed a highe a e o
g ow h in such condi ions we e conside ed o expe imen al pu poses.
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2.3. S ock solu ion o Pb(II)
S ock solu ion o Pb
2+
(1000 mg/L) was p epa ed by dissol ing analy ical g ade
Pb(NO
3
)
2
(Cica elli, San a Fe, A gen ina) in deionized wa e and s o ed a 4 ºC.
S anda d solu ions o Pb
2+
o calib a ion pu poses (1.0, 5.0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mg/L)
we e p epa ed as ecommended o Va ian AA240FS ope a ional manual, by dilu ing
he s ock solu ion wi h he necessa y olume o deionized wa e in glass calib a ed
con aine s. All calib a ion p ocedu es showed ep oducible linea ela ionships
(R
2
=0.995).
2.4. Ba ch kine ic s udies
Plan s selec ed as bes adap ed o g ow h in un-supplemen ed condi ions we e insed
gen ly wi h deionized wa e and placed in glass con aine s wi h di e en ini ial
concen a ions o Pb
2+
(4.8±0.3, 9.1±0.4 and 19.6±0.5 mg/L) in 1.5 L inal olume. The
me al concen a ions selec ed a e in acco dance wi h p e iously epo ed da a [3, 14,
20]. The expe imen s we e accomplished a an a e age oom empe a u e o 23±2 ºC in
he p esence o luo escen ubes ligh in ensi y o a pho ope iod o 12 h. The ba ch
kine ic s udy was conduc ed wi h 20.0 g o esh plan in each ecipien . The esh
weigh o plan biomass was de e mined a e emo ing he excess o liquid o e a il e
pape . Eigh expe imen al uni s we e used as eplica es o each exposu e ime (0.5, 2,
4, 6, 12 and 24 h) and he da a we e epo ed as mean alue ± s anda d de ia ion (S.D.).
Addi ionally, wo con ols we e ca ied ou . One, con aining Pb
2+
a he same ini ial
concen a ion o he ea men wi hou biomass was used o de e mine he possible
adso p ion o he me al on o he su ace o he con aine s. The con en o lead in he
wa e column did no change along he expe imen al ime, indica ing ha no lead
adso p ion occu ed in he sys em. Ano he con ol, con aining biomass in wa e wi hou
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Pb
2+
was used as blank o he expe imen in which no lead was quan i ied ei he in plan
o medium.
In all cases, pH was adjus ed and main ained a 6.0±0.5 wi h 1 N HNO
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(Cica elli,
San a Fe, A gen ina) in o de o a oid Pb(OH)
2
p ecipi a ion. Wa e samples we e
wi hd awn a e he consecu i e hou s o con ac pe iod and esidual concen a ion o
Pb
2+
was measu ed. To al biomass was emo ed and ea ed o compa men aliza ion
analysis a e each exposu e ime.
2.5. Lead adso p ion kine ics and lead adso p ion equilib ium
Fi s and second o de models we e applied o e alua e he kine ics o Pb
2+
elimina ion
om wa e samples. Pseudo- i s o de o Lage g en model [15] (and pseudo-second
o de [16] a e equa ions we e used o e alua ing he kine ics o Pb
2+
adso p ion o S.
biloba biomass. The Langmui and he F eundlich models we e chosen o desc ibe he
adso p ion equilib ium o Pb
2+
[3].
2.6. Compa men aliza ion analysis
To assess he dis ibu ion o Pb
2+
among compa men s ( emainde a wa e column,
adso bed a plan su ace and accumula ed in plan issue), an analysis o
compa men aliza ion was ca ied ou as desc ibed by [14]. Samples om he wa e
column we e collec ed a he end o each exposu e ime in he ba ch kine ic expe imen s
and il e ed using Wha man pape (po e size=11 µm). Biomass was collec ed and
washed wi h deionized wa e o emo e esidues om he medium. A e emo ing he
excess o liquid o e a il e pape , plan biomass was washed wi h 400 mL o 1.7 mM
EDTA solu ion (concen a ion equi alen o a mola a io EDTA/Pb
2+
≥15) o 60 min in
an o bi al shake a 180 pm. Samples om his washing we e aken o quan i y Pb
2+
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BCF=Pb
2+
in o al biomass (mg/Kg d y biomass)
Pb
2+
ini ial concen a ion in solu ion (mg/L)
adso bed on he plan su ace. The EDTA-washed biomass was hen insed wi h
deionized wa e and d ied a 90 °C o cons an weigh . Samples o 0.05 g o his d ied-
biomass we e ea ed o e nigh wi h 10 mL 65% HNO
3
analy ical g ade (Cica elli,
San a Fe, A gen ina). Subsequen ly, samples we e hea ed a 120 ºC in a diges ion
sys em o 2 h. Aliquo s o hose samples we e dilu ed wi h deionized wa e o quan i y
Pb
2+
accumula ed in o he plan issue. All he samples we e analyzed in an a omic
abso p ion spec opho ome e Va ian AA240FS (Va ian Inc., Palo Al o, CA, EEUU) a
207 nm using an ai -ace ylene lame [17].
2.7. Calcula ion o he bioconcen a ion ac o
The bioconcen a ion ac o (BCF) was calcula ed as an indica o o plan lead emo al
e iciency acco ding o [18] as ollows:
2.8. S a is ical analysis
Linea eg ession, non-linea eg ession and a iance analyses (ANOVA) we e ca ied
ou using he SigmaS a 3.5 so wa e (Sys a So wa e Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) a
p=0.05 le el.
3. Resul s and Discussion
3.1. Plan s selec ion o me al emedia ion s udies
Fo an aqua ic sys em based on phy o emedia ion s a egies be p opi ious o
con aminan s elimina ion, i is essen ial ha mac ophy es used a sys em design do no
equi e special cul u e condi ions. P ope ies such as high biomass p oduc i i y and
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3.3. Adso p ion Iso he ms
The e a e se e al iso he m equa ions a ailable o analyzing he beha io o adso ben
ma e ials du ing he emo al o con aminan s in was ewa e being he mos common he
Langmui and F eundlich models. The Langmui iso he m model assumes ha a ini e
numbe o ac i e si es exis a he adso ben uni o mly dis ibu ed o e i s su ace.
These ac i e si es ha e he same a ini y o adso p ion o a mono molecula laye and
he e is no in e ac ion be ween adso bed molecules. In con as , he F eundlich iso he m
model applies o adso p ion on he e ogeneous su aces wi h in e ac ion be ween he
adso bed molecules, and is no es ic ed o he o ma ion o a monolaye . This model
assumes ha as he adso ba e concen a ion inc eases, he concen a ion o adso ba e on
he adso ben su ace also inc eases [31]. The pa ame e s and co ela ion coe icien s
ob ained o he Langmui and F eundlich iso he ms we e calcula ed o Pb
2+
adso p ion
by S. biloba and a e p esen ed in Table 4. Ou esul s show ha lead adso p ion i s well
wi h he F eundlich model sugges ing a he e ogeneous dis ibu ion o ac i e si es on he
su ace o he plan . These esul s a e compa ible wi h he p esence o di e en
unc ional g oups esponsible o me als adso p ion in Sal inia. A success ul me al
phy o emedia ion pa ially depends on he su ace cha ac e is ics o he plan . Sal inia
biomass has a g ea speci ic su ace a ea ha is ich in ca bohyd a es and ca boxyl
g oups, which may explain i s high me al emo al capaci y [3, 14, 19]. The con en o
mac omolecules (ca bohyd a es, p o ein, lipids), acidic g oups (ca boxylic g oups) and
su ace a ea a e key ac o s which de e mine he binding mechanism be ween me al and
biomass.
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Table 4. Equilib ium pa ame e s o Pb
2+
adso p ion by S. biloba acco ding o
F eundlich and Langmui iso he ms.
Langmui iso he m F eundlich iso he m
q
max
(mg/g)
b
(L/mg) R
2
K
F
(mg/g)(L/mg)
1/n
n R
2
21.786 2.623 0.9685 15.020 2.256 0.9921
The F eundlich (K
F
) and he e ogenei y (n) cons an s a e wo pa ame e s associa ed wi h
he adso p ion capaci y and he in ensi y, espec i ely. I n alue is less han one he
adso p ion p ocess is un a ou able, and i i is abo e uni y, adso p ion is a ou able [32,
33]. In he p esen s udy, he alue o n a equilib ium was 2.256 sugges ing a ou able
adso p ion (Table 4). This alue also sugges s he es ablishmen o s ong in e ac ions
be ween he me al and he biomass. Using simila expe imen al se -ups, [3] epo ed K
F
(8.31) and n (1.57) alues o Pb
2+
adso p ion by S. minima om wa e samples lowe
han hose ob ained in he p esen wo k. So, ou esul s sugges ha S. biloba may be a
be e choice han S. minima o he phy o emedia ion o wa e s con amina ed wi h Pb
2+
.
3.4. Analysis o compa men aliza ion
To unde s and he a e o lead wi hin biomass mic ocosm, a compa men aliza ion
analysis was ca ied ou acco ding o he me hodology p oposed by [14]. The majo
quan i y o Pb
2+
emo ed om he wa e column was adso bed on o plan oo s
ega dless o he ini ial me al concen a ion and exposu e ime (Fig. 3), indica ing ha
adso p ion on he su ace o he plan was he main mechanism obse ed unde he
expe imen al condi ions es ed. The second mos impo an mechanism o Pb
2+
emo al
was accumula ion in o cells. Howe e , me al accumula ion was ound in a lowe
p opo ion. A e 24 h, Pb
2+
accumula ed a plan cells ep esen ed nea 25% o he o al
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ini ial concen a ion. Mo eo e , wi hin he ange o concen a ion es ed, he Pb
2+
in acellula accumula ion a es i ed a Michaelis-Men en model (da a no shown) in
acco dance wi h p e ious obse a ions epo ed by [3].
INSERT Fig. 3
The pe cen age o lead emaining in he wa e column was less han 10% o each me al
concen a ion e alua ed. No iceably, [20] epo ed ha a e 30 days he amoun o
me al accumula ed in plan biomass inc eased wi h he concomi an dec ease in he
adso bed me al a oo s. This obse a ion in ol es he me al ansloca ion om oo s
in o he ae ial pa (lea es) sugges ing he p esence o memb ane ca ie p o eins a
plan su ace. In his connec ion, [34] epo ed ha Pb
2+
ions induce he p oduc ion o
phy ochela ins in S. minima and so hese p o eins a e in ol ed in de oxi ica ion
p ocesses as pa o a me al- ole ance mechanism de eloped by he plan .
3.5. E alua ion o BCF
Ambien me al concen a ion in aqua ic media is one o he c i ical ac o s ha
in luences me al up ake e iciency in aqua ic plan s [35]. I has been sugges ed ha BCF
can be used as bluep in o me al up ake e iciency o aqua ic mac ophy es in
phy o emedia ion ials [36, 37]. The BCF alues o Pb
2+
calcula ed a e 24 h o
S. biloba we e 1255, 1235 and 1202 o ini ial Pb
2+
concen a ions o 4.8±0.3 mg/L,
9.1±0.4 mg/L and 19.6±0.5 mg/L, espec i ely. In e es ingly, hese alues did no
signi ican ly change agains inc easing Pb
2+
concen a ions in wa e sample. In gene al,
high BCF alues deno e he accumula i e loads o di e en me als in plan biomass,
which can be used as indica o pa ame e o selec a plan o a ea men se -up o
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designing a phy o emedia ion sys em. Compa a i ely, he alue o BCF o Pb
2+
was
highe han he BCF alues epo ed by se e al au ho s o Cu
2+
, Cd
2+
and C (III)
sugges ing ha S. biloba can emo e Pb
2+
wi h high accumula i e e iciency [21, 38,
39]. The physiological need o me als in plan and up ake kine ics di ec ly o indi ec ly
a ec s he accumula i e p ocess o ce ain species o me als. BCF alues o e 1000
indica e sui abili y o a plan (i.e. hype -accumula i e plan ) o phy o emedia ion.
On he basis o ou esul s, S. biloba can be conside ed as hype -accumula o o Pb
2+
unde he condi ions se a he p esen s udy, sugges ing he app op ia eness o his
wa e e n o be used o hea y me als emo al om was ewa e s.
4. Conclusions
The aim o he p esen s udy was o analyze au och honous aqua ic mac ophy es
ob ained om Pa aná Ri e (A gen ina) in o de o e alua e he me al emo al capaci y
o phy o emedia ion pu poses. Fou di e en aqua ic plan s we e s udied bu only
S. biloba was ound e icien o g ow h a non-supplemen ed ambien condi ions.
Mo eo e , S. biloba showed o be highly e ec i e o lead emo al om wa e samples
sugges ing ha his wa e e n could be used o designing cos -e ec i e plan -based
bio echnologies o hea y me als emo al om he en i onmen . Addi ionally, insigh
in o S. biloba Pb
2+
emo al mechanisms was also discussed using a
compa men aliza ion analysis. Ou esul s demons a ed ha su ace adso p ion was he
main mechanism used by his plan o emo e he me al in he i s 24 h whe eas lead
accumula ion occu s in a lowe p opo ion. Howe e , la ge-scale pe o mance and long-
e m e iciency o S. biloba should be u he analyzed in o de o de elop a
bio emedia ion sys em o indus ial scale was ewa e managemen .
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Fig. 3. Compa men aliza ion analysis in mic ocosms o ba ch-ope a ed sys ems wi h S.
biloba using deionized wa e as expe imen al medium a h ee di e en ini ial Pb
2+
concen a ion: A) 19.6±0.5 mg/L, B) 9.1±0.4 mg/L, and C) 4.8±0.3 mg/L.
A
B
C
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Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s wish o hank o he Facul y o Chemis y and Enginee ing o he Pon i ical
Ca holic Uni e si y o A gen ina (UCA-campus Rosa io) and o he Na ional Scien i ic
and Technical Resea ch Council (CONICET) o he unds p o ided. Mg. Eng. W.
Tello Ze allos hank o he Na ional Schola ship and Educa ional C edi P og am
(PRONABEC) o he Minis y o Educa ion o he Pe u o he inancial suppo .
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