Canonical and non-canonical conversion in Baltic

Canonical and non-canonical con e sion in Bal ic
Ju gis Pake ys (Vilnius Uni e si y)
ABSTRACT
Canonical and non-canonical con e sion in La ian and Li huanian (Bal ic, Indo-Eu opean) is dis-
cussed by applying he ollowing c i e ia: (A) iden i y o o m, (B) wo d-class change, and (C) he
absence o dedica ed de i a ional a ixes. The absolu e iden i y o o m and he ealiza ion o (B)
and (C) a e ound in he con e sion o non-in lec ing wo d classes, and de ia ions om ha canon
a e seen in he wo d-class changing and wo d-class e aining con e sion o in lec ing wo ds. They
obliga o ily change hei in lec ion pa e ns and hei base s ems a e op ionally a ec ed by owel,
consonan , and one al e na ions as well as by unca ion. The in lec ion pa e ns a e al e ed in wo
ways: pa adigm assignmen (mos ly eplacemen o he pa adigm o he inpu wi h ha o he ou -
pu ) and pa adigm adjus men (mos ly es ic ion o he pa adigm when he ou pu has ewe pa -
adigm cells han he inpu ). I is ag eed wi h Š ekaue , Vale a and Kö élyessy (2012) ha due o
c i e ion (C), con e sion can be classi ied alongside o he non-conca ena i e wo d- o ma ion p o-
cesses.
KEYWORDS
Canonical ypology, con e sion, pa adigma ic de i a ion, La ian, Li huanian
DOI
h ps://doi.o g/10.14712/18059635.2025.1.2
1 INTRODUCTION
Du ing con e sion, as awo d- o ma ion p ocess, an inpu wo d is ans e ed o
he wo d class o he ou pu wi hou al e na ion o he base o m (Baue , 1983, p.32;
Baue & Vale a, 2005, p.8; Vale a, 2014, p.154; Vale a, 2015, p.322). Fo example,
in(1), he o m o he inpu and ou pu is iden ical (bo le = bo le), and he wo d class
changes om noun o e b:
(1) bo le N → bo le
V English
‘acon aine ypically ‘ o pu in o bo le’1
made o glass o plas ic
wi h ana ow neck’
In his pape , Idiscuss he p oblems encoun e ed when he no ion o con e sion is
applied o in lec ionally- ich languages like Li huanian and La ian, membe s o he
Bal ic genus om he Indo-Eu opean amily. The poin o depa u e o he discus-
sion is o e ed by canonical ypology (Co be , 2005), and ‘canonical con e sion’ is
1 De ini ions adap ed om Me iam-Webs e online dic iona y a ailable a h ps://www.
me iam-webs e .com/, accessed on Janua y 24–25, 2025.
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JURGIS PAKERYS 17
ini ially de ined based on wo majo c i e ia— he iden i y o o m and he change
o wo d class— by ase o possible de ia ions om ha canon (Sec ion 2). I e iew
ele an Bal ic da a beginning wi h cases mani es ing a ull iden i y o o m o non-
in lec ing wo ds (Sec ion 3.1), and hen mo e o examples whe e he inpu and ou pu
di e in hei in lec ion (Sec ion 3.2) and addi ional al e na ions o he base s em oc-
cu (Sec ion 3.3). In Sec ion 4, Iadd ess he ques ion o whe he he wo d- o ma ion
pai s ha o mally esemble con e sion (lacking dedica ed de i a ional a ixes bu
belonging o he same wo d class) can be conside ed as akind o con e sion. In Sec-
ion 5, he main poin s o he discussion a e summa ized.
2 DEFINING CANONICAL CONVERSION
As as a ing poin o he analysis, he app oach o canonical ypology will be used
whe e “[…] we ake de ini ions o hei logical end poin and build heo e ical spaces
o possibili ies. Only hen do we ask how his space is popula ed” (Co be , 2005). Ac-
co ding o awidely-held iew, con e sion is awo d- o ma ion p ocess cha ac e ized
by wo majo ea u es illus a ed in (1) abo e:
(A) Iden i y o o m
(B) Wo d-class change
A e de ining canonical con e sion acco ding o (A) and (B), one may s a explo ing
he heo e ical space o possibili ies summa ized in Table 1, whe e canonical con e -
sion is ma ked as (a) and o he combina ions o he ea u es a e ea ed as non-ca-
nonical due o de ia ions om (a). Fi s , one expec s examples whe e ce ain aspec s
o iden i y o o m a e no main ained (b). Then, he e may be cases whe e bo h o -
mal iden i y and wo d class a e no changed (c). Finally, he se o combina ions ends
wi h he nega i e ealiza ion o bo h ea u es (d).
Canonical
con e sion Non-canonical con e sion
a b c d
Iden i y o o m + – + –
Wo d-class change + + – –
able 1.Canonical and non-canonical con e sion de ined by wo ea u es
The e m ‘canonical’ has al eady been applied o con e sion by Š ekaue , Vale a and
Kö élyessy (2012, p.218) and Vale a (2014; 2015, p.326, 334), among o he s. The
dis inc ions o deg ees o canonici y o con e sion in Table 1 a e e y close o he
ollowing ones o mula ed by Vale a (2015): “con e sion as wo d-class change plus
o mal iden i y”, “con e sion as wo d-class change wi hou o mal iden i y”, “con-
e sion wi hou wo d-class change, bu wi h o mal iden i y”. The a iabili y o
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con e sion can also be add essed in e ms o deg ees o con e sion (Vale a 2014)
and p o o ypicali y (Mano a & D essle , 2005).
Now i is ime o examine he ele an Bal ic da a beginning wi h examples o
canonical con e sion and hen mo ing o non-canonical ones. Fi s , he issue o iden-
i y o o m will be discussed and hen a en ion will be u ned o wo d-class change.
3 IDENTITY OF FORM
In his sec ion, he analysis begins wi h ins ances o con e sion in which ull iden-
i y o o m is main ained (Sec ion 3.1), ollowed by cases in ol ing di e ences in in-
lec ional ma e ial (Sec ion 3.2), and hen cases esul ing om mo phophonological
al e na ions and unca ion o he base s em (Sec ion 3.3).
3.1 FULL IDENTITY OF FORM
Full iden i y o he o m o he inpu and ou pu is possible only when bo h o he
wo ds in ol ed in con e sion ha e no in lec ional ca ego ies ealized by bound
mo phology,2 as bound mo phology in Bal ic c ea es ine i able o mal di e ences
(c .Sec ion3.2). When anon-in lec ing wo d is con e ed o ano he membe o
anon-in lec ing class, he o m may emain exac ly he same, as i is ee om he
in lec ional equi emen s;3 conside (2) and (3), whe e ad e bs a e ans e ed o
heclass o adposi ions (p eposi ions):
(2) šalià Ad → šalià P ep Li huanian
‘close by, in p oximi y’ ‘nex o’
(3) blakus Ad → blakus
P ep La ian
‘close by, in p oximi y’ ‘nex o’
This ype o con e sion is no e y common in Bal ic and is ypically omi ed in wo d-
o ma ion li e a u e, bu one inds equen no es elsewhe e s a ing ha , e.g., some
Bal ic adposi ions a e ad e bial in hei o igin, o ha ad e bs may ake on adposi-
ional unc ions (see Ul ydas, 1971, p.580; Amb azas, 1994, p.438; Amb azas, 1997,
p.405; Amb azas, 2006, p.284, 288–290, 293–294 on Li huanian, and Ahe o e al., 1959,
p.701, 722–723; Nī iņa & G igo je s, 2015, p.627; Kalnača & Lokmane, 2021, p.354 on
La ian).
2 Admi edly, mo phological boundedness has ce ain deg ees. One may begin wi h com-
ple e isola ion o g amma ical ma ke s ha unc ion as ee phonological wo ds and hen
mo e h ough deg ees o conca ena ion mani es ed in cli iciza ion and a ixa ion o he
ma ke s o hei hos s, see, e.g., Bickel and Nichols (2007, p.180) on he deg ee o usion
o in lec ional exponen s.
3 Ido no imply ha in he case o he con e sion o non-in lec ing wo d classes he o m
should always emain he same, which lea es oom o possible di e ences due o unca-
ion and mo phophonological al e na ion o he base.
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A u he limi ed g oup o Bal ic examples includes cases o he ans e o ad-
e bs o pa icles4 and p eposi ions in o he class o conjunc ions, e.g., Li huanian
kaĩp Ad ‘how’ → kaĩp Conj ‘how’, ìk P cl ‘only, jus ’ → ìk Conj ‘bu , howe e ’, ikì P ep ‘un il,
up o’ → ikì Conj ‘un il’; La ian kâ Ad ‘how’ → kâ Ad ‘how’, ik P cl ‘only, jus ’ → ik Conj ‘bu ,
howe e ’, lĩdz P ep ‘un il, up o’ → lĩdz Conj ‘un il’ (Ul ydas, 1971, p.550, 655; Amb azas,
1994, p.455; Amb azas, 1997, p.425; Ahe o e al., 1959, p.777–778; Nī iņa & G igo je s,
2015, p.645–650; Kalnača & Lokmane, 2021, p.376).
Bo h g oups discussed abo e a e non-p oduc i e and esul om he diach onic
de elopmen o ce ain wo d classes o adposi ions (p eposi ions) and conjunc-
ions h ough syn ac ic eanalysis. Fo co espondences o he abo e-men ioned
Bal ic examples in English, conside , e.g., only Ad → only Conj, un il P ep → un il Conj,
behind Ad → behind P ep,5 e c. Such cases, one should no e, can be in e p e ed as “con-
e sion lookalikes” (see Ma sa 2020). They ne e played acen al ole in he s an-
da d unde s anding o con e sion in English, and mos a en ion was paid o he
wo d classes wi h bound in lec ions: nouns, e bs, and adjec i es, which will be
discussed below.
3.2 ALTERNATION OF THE INFLECTION
In he abo e, i has been men ioned ha absolu e iden i y o he o m is possible
only in he case o non-in lec ing inpu s and ou pu s. I a leas one o he wo ds in-
ol ed in con e sion ca ies bound in lec ional mo phology, he ull iden i y o he
o m ac oss in lec ional pa adigms will no be main ained. This is seen in (4), whe e
he ini ial English example (1) is p esen ed no as me e dic iona y headwo ds, bu
as se s o in lec ional o ms. The majo i y o hese o ms a e cha ac e ized by bound
mo phology, and only he i s line con ains ba e s ems.6 Acompa ison be ween (1)
and (4) demons a es ha he ocus should no be only on he ci a ion o ms because
ci a ion o ms a e based on ex alinguis ic con en ions ha a y om one linguis-
ic adi ion o ano he . In he case o English, ci ing dic iona y headwo ds may gi e
he w ong imp ession ha con e sion does no a ec in lec ion because he ci a ion
o ms happen o be acciden ally ba e s ems.
4 The in e p e a ion o some wo ds as ad e bs and pa icles a ies, and Iwill no add ess
his issue he e o he sake o b e i y. In he examples ha ollow, I e lec he in e p e a-
ions a ailable in he li e a u e. One should also no e ha u he s udy o he ull iden i-
y o inpu and ou pu may also include cases o con e sion o ad e bs in o pa icles, see,
e.g., Ul ydas (1971, p.571) on Li huanian.
5 Aclass o in ansi i e p eposi ions ha bea no NP complemen may be dis inguished
ins ead, i.e., in look behind, he wo d behind would be seen as an in ansi i e p eposi-
ion dis inc om he ansi i e one in look behind you. In his case, one is dealing wi h
a ansi ion om one ype o p eposi ion o ano he wi hou he wo d-class change, see
Baue (1983, p.227) o adiscussion o con e sion wi hin he same wo d class. Rema k-
ably, hese cases ha e also been desc ibed as p eposi ional ad e bs (c . Qui k e al., 1985,
p.713–714).
6 In (4), he abb e ia ion “V” is used o bo h ini e and non- ini e e bal o ms.
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20 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2025
(4) bo le N → bo le V English
bo l-es
N bo l-es V
bo l-ed
V
bo l-ing
V
One may no e a his poin ha he mos common unde s anding o con e sion
in English, illus a ed in (4), is one s ep away om he canon de ined in Sec ion
2: c i e ion (B) is ul illed, bu c i e ion (A) is pa ly iola ed; he con e ed s em
emains iden ical, bu he bound in lec ional mo phology changes. I is ue ha ,
in Sec ion 3.1 abo e and in some o he app oaches o con e sion, c i e ion (A) is
aken o he ex eme by equi ing absolu e iden i y o he o m, see Vale a (2014,
p.160) wi h u he e e ences. In one o he ea lies de ini ions, Swee (1891, p.38)
explici ly s a es ha in lec ional changes a e no in ended when equi ing ha
he e should be no modi ica ion o he wo d unde going con e sion no any ad-
di ion o i :
Bu in English, as in many o he languages, we can o en con e awo d, ha is,
make i in o ano he pa o speech wi hou any modi ica ion o addi ion, excep , o
cou se, he necessa y change o in lec ion, e c. [emphasis added]
Fo example, in Sla ic linguis ics, he change o he in lec ional pa adigm in exam-
ples like (4) was seen as acen al ea u e o he wo d- o ma ion p ocess in ques ion
and ga e ise o e ms like ‘pa adigma ic de i a ion’, ‘pa adigma ic wo d- o ma ion’,
and ‘ ans lexion’.7 The schola s who ad oca e his e minology ecognized de i a-
ional pai s o he same wo d class ha di e only by hei in lec ion and iewed
hem as belonging o he same wo d- o ma ion p ocess, see, e.g., Dokulil (1962, p.63).
This mean o e iding he equi emen o wo d-class change, c i e ion (B), and hus
mo ing away om he o iginal de ini ion o con e sion (c . also Sec ion 4.2).8 I is im-
po an o no e ha some schola s iew he assigned pa adigms as ul illing he unc-
ion o de i a ional a ixes, see Š ekaue , Vale a and Kö élyessy (2012, p.219–220)
wi h ele an e e ences. This is unde s andable, bu one mus keep in mind ha
hese pa adigms se e adual unc ion and a e no dedica ed (special) de i a ional
ma ke s: hey bo h exp ess he in lec ional ca ego ies and ma k he de i a ional con-
7 As poin ed ou by one o he anonymous e iewe s, one may p e e using he e m ‘con-
e sion’ o languages ha employ li le o no conca ena i e in lec ional ma ke s, while
‘pa adigma ic wo d- o ma ion’, ‘ ans lexion’, e c. could be ese ed o languages wi h
ich conca ena i e in lec ional sys ems. My posi ion he e is o look o common g ound
(and acommon e m) o he wo d- o ma ion p ocess ound in bo h ypes o languag-
es, he essence o ha p ocess being he o ma ion o anew lexical i em wi hou he ad-
di ion o a(dedica ed) de i a ional ma ke , no ma e how de eloped conca ena i e in-
lec ion in agi en language is, as done by, e.g., Š ekaue , Vale a and Kö élyessy (2012,
p.213–224).
8 No ably, Dokulil (1962, p.63) s ill speaks o con e sion in his case, namely, “con e sion
wi hin he [same] wo d-class” (“kon e ze u ni ř slo ního d uhu”).
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as , c . Dokulil (1962, p.24, 62).9 Fo u he discussion o he c i e ion o o mal
iden i y due o achange o in lec ions in con e sion, see Š ekaue , Vale a and Kö -
élyessy (2012, p.219–222) and Vale a (2014, p.159–160; 2015, p.330–331).
The de elopmen s in Sla ic linguis ics men ioned abo e in luenced he desc ip-
ions o he co esponding phenomena in Bal ic schola ship in he 1960s and 1970s,
and e ms like ‘de i a ion by he means o endings’, ‘(in) lec ional de i a ion’,
‘pa adigma ic de i a ion’, ‘pa adigm(iz)a ion’, and he like sp ang up whe e he
ocus is also on in lec ions and in lec ional pa adigms (see Ul ydas, 1965, p.253–423,
550–578; U bu is, 1978, p.283–286; Soida, 1976; Soida, 1977; Soida, 2009,10 e c.). Ahe o
e al. (1959, p.81, 159) use asomewha speci ic e m, ‘su ixal ending’, whe e ‘su -
ixal’ e e s o he de i a ional unc ion o he in lec ion ha is ypically ul illed
by su ixes.
Now le us go back o he ac ual Bal ic da a. In he cases o con e sion whe e
bound in lec ional mo phology changes, he ansi ion is mos ly om e b o noun,
as in (5) and (6); he con e sion o adjec i es o nouns is also no able, as in (7) and
(8). Li huanian, bu no La ian, also has asigni ican numbe o con e ed de e bal
adjec i es, as in (9), bu denominal adjec i es a e excep ionally a e (no illus a ed
below o he sake o b e i y).
(5) aûg- V → aûg-sN La ian
g ow-in plan (m)-nom.sg
‘ o g ow (i .)’ ‘plan ’
(6) áug- i V → áug-as
N Li huanian
e men -in lea ening(m)-nom.sg
‘ o e men ( .)’ ‘lea ening, (b ead) lea en’
(7) lìksm-sA → lìksm-eN La ian
joy ul-nom.sg.m joy( )-nom.sg
‘joy ul’ ‘joy’
(8) g e -as A → g e -is
N Li huanian
as -nom.sg.m speed(m)-nom.sg
‘ as ’ ‘speed’
(9) kìb- i V → kib-ùs
A Li huanian
s ick-in s icky-nom.sg.m
‘ o s ick (i .)’ ‘s icky, enacious’
9 Dokulil (1962, p.62) de ines con e sion as awo d- o ma ion p ocess whe e no speci ic
de i a ional a ixes a e used (“bez použi í jakýchkoli speci ických slo o o ných a ixů”)
and only he ans e o he base wo d o ano he pa adigm occu s.
10 The manusc ip o his s udy was w i en in he 1970s.
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I should be no ed ha he ypes illus a ed in (5) o (9) a e equen ly cha ac e ized
by a ious mo phophonological al e na ions o he base s em (discussed in Sec ion
3.3), bu examples whe e he o m emains iden ical we e selec ed speci ically o he
pu poses o his sec ion. The e is one accen ual di e ence seen in (9) ha needs o be
explained: he s ess is placed on he oo o he in ini i e, bu i alls on he ending o
he nom. sg. m. o he adjec i e. Li huanian is api ch-accen language wi h amo able
s ess sys em, and he con e ed i ems a e assigned o bo h segmen al (bound) and
sup asegmen al (accen ual) pa adigms, which oge he o m an in lec ional p o ile
(pa adigm) o he wo d. To ecognize he ac ual one al e na ion11 o he base s em,
he s ess mus be on he oo syllable (c . Sec ion 3.3). In (9), he oo is asho syl-
lable, which al eady excludes he possibili y o onal al e na ion in Li huanian, and
his can be e i ied when he s ess alls on he oo , as in acc. sg. m. kìb-ų, whe e he
s essed syllable emains exac ly he same as in he in . kìb- i.
Con e sion om adjec i es and nouns o e bs is men ioned only a ely in he
li e a u e, and Iwill limi mysel o he deadjec i al examples in (10) and (11):12
(10) pig-ùs A (pìg-ų) → pìg- i
V Li huanian
cheap-nom.sg.m cheap-acc.sg.m become.cheape -in
‘cheap’ ‘become cheape ’
(11) slb-sA → slb-
V La ian
weak-nom.sg.m u n.weak-in
‘ i ed, weak’ ‘become weake ’
The ype o con e sion jus discussed and illus a ed in (5) o (9) and in (10) and (11)
may be e e ed o as ‘pa adigm- eplacing con e sion’, and aselec ion o ele an
e e ences o u he s udy will be p o ided in Sec ion 3.3 a e discussing he base
s em al e na ions.
Adi e en ype o in lec ion change occu s when con e sion induces he es ic-
ion o he inpu ’s in lec ional pa adigm, as in (12) and (13): he inpu adjec i es (o
pa iciples) lose one o hei gende pa adigms and a e no longe a ailable o g ada-
ion once hey a e u ned in o nouns, which inhe i masculine and eminine gende ,
espec i ely, om he inpu o ms. The ou pu s may unde go speci ic lexicaliza ion:
in (12) and (13), he espec i e meanings ‘pa en s’ and ‘b ide’ a e achie ed h ough he
in e media e s ages o ‘ he olde ones’ and ‘ he young one’.
(12) ec-âk-iA → ecâk-iN La ian
old-comp-nom.pl.m pa en (m)-nom.pl
‘olde ’ ‘pa en s’ (pl. an .)
11 Iuse ‘ one’ as acon enien ye impe ec label o accen ual con as s ound in hea y syl-
lables in Li huanian and La ian.
12 Acc. sg. m. pìg-ų is ci ed in (10) o demons a e ha he accen ual p ope ies o he oo do
no change du ing con e sion, as explained abo e.
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(13) jaun-óji
A → jaunój-iN Li huanian
young-nom.sg. .de b ide( )-nom.sg
‘( he) young’ ‘b ide’
Compa ed o he pa adigm- eplacing con e sion discussed abo e (examples (5)
h ough (11)), his sub ype can be in e p e ed as essen ially syn ac ic, excep wi h e-
pe cussions on mo phology, which a e mani es ed as a es ic ion o he pa adigm.13
I also di e s om apa adigm- eplacing con e sion by no mani es ing s em base
al e na ions. An endpoin o pa adigm es ic ion would be he ull elimina ion o i ,
which happens in he case o acon e sion o non-in lec ing wo d classes, as in (14)
and (15), whe e he nominal case and e bal non- ini e o ms a e u ned in o non-
in lec ing ad e bs:14
(14) ka -ais
N → ka ais
Ad Li huanian
ime(m)-ins.pl some imes
‘a imes’ ‘some imes’
(15) bèidz-
V → bèidz
Ad La ian
inish-c b inally
‘(while) inishing’ ‘ inally’
These examples e e o a es ic ion o he pa adigm based on he con e sion o ad-
jec i es (o pa iciples) o nouns, illus a ed in (12) and (13), and he ad e bializa ion
o o ms o in lec ing wo d classes, as seen in (14) and (15). In he case o he con e -
sion o pa iciples o adjec i es, one may ac ually obse e an expansion o he o igi-
nal pa adigm when he con e ed i ems become g adable, conside he con e sion o
pa iciple o adjec i e in (16a) and i s g ada ed o ms in (16b):
13 Iag ee wi h one o he anonymous e iewe s who poin s ou ha e en in his case, he
pa adigm change can be seen as akind o pa adigm eplacemen : he la ge pa adigm o
he inpu is eplaced wi h he smalle pa adigm o he ou pu (and one may igno e he ac
ha he smalle pa adigm is inhe i ed om he la ge pa adigm). By cha ac e izing he
p ocess as “essen ially syn ac ic”, Iwish o emphasize ha he syn ac ic p ope ies o he
inpu a e changed, bu he in lec ional mo phology is inhe i ed (copied) om he inpu
as much as he new syn ac ic p ope ies allow i , c . Mano a and D essle (2005, p.71–72)
who in e p e nominalized adjec i es ha keep hei in lec ion as cases o syn ac ic con-
e sion (o e-ca ego iza ion). Iadmi ha Ilea e aside in e es ing cases o con e sion
wi h de ec i e pa adigms and also cases whe e he ou pu no only pa ially p ese es he
o ms o he inpu , bu also supplan s hem wi h some addi ional o ms, see Mano a and
D essle (2005, p.76–77).
14 And in he case o he con e sion o non-in lec ing wo d classes o in lec ing ones, like in
English down P cl → down Vo zap Onom → zap V, one is dealing wi h pa adigm assignmen as
he e is no hing o be eplaced. Jus like in English, his ype is ma ginal in Bal ic and can
be illus a ed by con e ing onoma opoeias o e bs, e.g., Li huanian pp Onom ‘beep (sound
p oduced by abi d, an elec onic de ice, aca , e c.)’ → pp- i V‘ o beep’.
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24 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2025
(16a) žìn-o-m-as
P cp → žìnom-as
A Li huanian
know-p s-pass.p cp-nom.sg.m amous-nom.sg.m
‘known’ ‘well-known, amous’
(16b) žinom-èsn-is žinomi-áusi-as Li huanian
amous-comp-nom.sg.m amous-supe -nom.sg.m
‘mo e amous’ ‘ he mos amous’
The dis inc ion be ween pa iciples and adjec i es is icky, and acco ding o he a -
gumen p esen ed abo e, one needs o assume ha g ada ion is a ailable only o
(some) adjec i es and no o pa iciples. Mo eo e , unde his in e p e a ion, i is
he pa iciple ( a he han he e b o which i belongs) ha is aken as he inpu . Bu
i he e b wi h i s ini e and non- ini e o ms is seen as an inpu , his in ol es bo h
pa adigm es ic ion ( he o ms o he pa iciple a e cu ou om he e bal pa a-
digm) and pa adigm expansion (once he g ada ed o ms a e made a ailable o he
ou pu ). So, o co e bo h he es ic ion and expansion o he pa adigm, one may e-
e o his ype o con e sion as ‘pa adigm-adjus ing’.
A his poin , some e minological ema ks ela ed o he adi ion o Bal ic lin-
guis ics a e in o de . In he li e a u e on La ian, he e m ‘con e sion’ is mos e-
quen ly used in e e ence o pa adigm-adjus ing con e sion (see, e.g., Ahe o e al.,
1959, p.85; Skujiņa, 2007, p.194; Nī iņa & G igo je s, 2015, p.202, 207–209; Kalnača &
Lokmane, 2021, p.73; e c.). In Li huanian linguis ics, howe e , he same phenomena
a e ypically e med ‘X-(ial)iza ion’, whe e X s ands o he wo d class o he ou -
pu : ‘subs an i iza ion’, ‘adjec i iza ion’, ‘ad e bializa ion’, e c., see Ul ydas (1965,
p.529–533), e c. La ian linguis ics also employs hese e ms, bu only o e e o sub-
ypes o con e sion dis inguished by he wo d class o he ou pu .
3.3 ALTERNATION OF THE BASE STEM
The discussion now needs o e u n o he pa adigm- eplacing con e sion ha mo es
one mo e s ep away om he canonical de ini ion when no only he bound in lec ions
change, bu also he base s em is a ec ed by a ious al e na ions. The mos common
ypes o al e na ions a e oo owel and one changes, which some imes co-occu .
In (17) and (18), only one al e na ion a ec s he base s em ma ked by g a is and
ci cum lex in he La ian example, and by acu e and ci cum lex in he Li huanian
case (as explained ea lie , an in lec ional o m whe e he s ess alls on he oo is
needed o e eal i s accen ual p ope ies in Li huanian; in (18), acc. sg. was added o
ha pu pose):
(17) èik- V → ek-aN La ian
ell-in ale( )-nom.sg
‘ o ell’ ‘ ale’
(18) áuk- i V → auk-àN ( ak-ą) Li huanian
pull-in ac ion( )-nom.sg ac ion( )-acc.sg
‘pull, a ac ’ ‘(a ) ac ion’
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JURGIS PAKERYS 31
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Ju gis Pake ys
Depa men o Bal ic S udies, Ins i u e o he Languages and Cul u es o he Bal ic,
Vilnius Uni e si y
Uni e si e o 5, LT-01513 Vilnius (Li huania)
ORCID: 0000-0002-9944-8598
ju gis.pake ys@ l . u.l
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32 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 1/2025
ABBREVIATIONS
1 – i s pe son
3 – hi d pe son
a – adjec i e
acc – accusa i e
ad – ad e b
comp – compa a i e
conj – conjunc ion
c b – con e b
de – de ini e
– eminine
gen – geni i e
ic – in lec ional class ma k (su ix)
in – in ini i e
ins – ins umen al
i – in ansi i e
m – masculine
n – noun
nom – nomina i e
onom – onoma opoeia
pass – passi e
pl – plu al
p ep – p eposi ion
p s – p esen
ps – pas
p cl – pa icle
p cp – pa iciple
sg – singula
su – su ix
supe – supe la i e
an – an um
– ansi i e
 – e b, e bal o m
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