Comparison of the Price Level of the Water and Sewerage Charge Rates and Macroeconomic Indicators in the Czech Republic

[email p o ec ed].cz Recei ed: 08.04.2022 Accep ed: 27.04.2022 Scien i ic Re iew Enginee ing and En i onmen al Sciences (2022), 31 (2), 113–123 Sci. Re . Eng. En . Sci. (2022), 31 (2) h ps://s ees.sggw.edu.pl ISSN 1732-9353 (suspended) eISSN 2543-7496 DOI 10.22630/s ees.2958 Key wo ds: wa e and sewe age, cha ge a es, wa e supply and sewe age, g oss domes ic p oduc , ne household income In oduc ion Wa e supply and sewe age sys em ope a ion is a public se ice ha is supplied o he ci izens o he s a e bo h in he Czech Republic and many o he coun ies. As his is a public se ice, i s p ice le el should be accep able o all ci izens, in o he wo ds, he ci izens should be able o pay o his public se ice. This a icle is ocused on compa ing he de elopmen o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es in he egions o he Czech Republic o he de elopmen o mac oeconomic indica o s exp essing he pe o mance o he indi idual egion. The abo e aised o he esea ch hypo hesis o whe he egions wi h lowe pe o mance also ha e a lowe p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es om he poin o iew o he pu chasing powe o he inhabi an s o his egion. Tsu ocused in his a icle on op imal wa e p icing, whe e he s a es ha “A p icing-based mechanism ha implemen s he op imal wa e policy while accoun ing o en i onmen al ex e nali ies is de eloped” (2020, p. 1). Wai and Pe ie (2017) conduc ed esea ch in o he compa ison o wa e p ices o public and p i a e wa e companies in he Uni ed S a es. The ela ion be ween wa e u ili y owne ship s uc u e and wa e p ice was E a VÍTKOVÁ h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-2028-953X Lucie VAŇKOVÁ h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-9440-8936 Ane a OBLOUKOVÁ h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-0630-3374 B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Czech Republic CompaRiSon o hE pRiCE lE El o hE wa ER and SEwERagE ChaRgE Ra ES and maCRoEConomiC indiCa oRS in hE CzECh REpubliC 114 Ví ko á, E., Vaňko á, L., Oblouko á, A. (2022). Compa ison o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s in he Czech Republic. Sci. Re . Eng. En . Sci., 31 (2), 113–123. DOI 10.22630/s ees.2958 esea ched in his s udy, along wi h o he ac o s such as wa e sou ce, popula ion size, popula ion densi y, popula ion g ow h ends, se ice a ea size, and d ough condi ion. In hei a icle, Ashoo i, Dzombak and Small (2017) deal wi h he iden i ica ion o wa e p ice and popula ion c i e ia o mee u u e u ban wa e demand a ge s. The esea ch concluded ha wa e demand in Los Angeles should inc ease by 36% be ween 2014 and 2050 and ha u u e household wa e demand will be la gely d i en by he p ice and popula ion a he han clima e change and en i onmen p o ec ion. The same app oach applies o he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es which ep esen he supply o public se ice in he sense o he wa e supply and sewe age sys em ope a ion. Bo han, Ridzuan, Sub amaniam, Amin and Saad (2021) add essed he ela ionship be ween pollu ed wa e and economic g ow h by using he en i onmen al Kuzne s cu e analysis o he si ua ion in Malaysia. In hei s udy, hey p oposed how o ocus on suppo ing in es men in he app op ia e echnologies, especially sewe age sys ems and o he s. The Czech Republic is no a e y la ge coun y, i has abou 10.5 million inhabi an s. The s a e is di ided in o 14 egions and hei pe o mance a ies. This pe o mance is mainly ela ed o he mac oeconomic indica o s, i.e. g oss domes ic p oduc (GDP), unemploymen a e and o he s. A numbe o au ho s ha e examined he di e ences in a ious mac oeconomic aspec s in he indi idual egions o he Czech Republic. Fo example, he ela ionship be ween ou ism en i ies and economic pe o mance exp essed in e ms o GDP was add essed by he esea ch o Tucko a and S e ak (2016). The websi e www.czso.cz o he Czech S a is ical O ice (Český s a is ický úřad) publishes he alues o mac oeconomic indica o s o he Czech Republic, which a e used o compa ison wi h o he coun ies, as well as mac oeconomic indica o s o indi idual egions, which can be used o egional compa ison wi hin he coun y. In hei pape , Behun, Ga u o a, Tkaco a and Ko asko a (2018) wo ked wi h ime se ies o selec ed mac oeconomic indica o s and moni o ed he dependence be ween he manu ac u ing indus y and GDP, which ep esen s he economic cycle in he Eu opean Union. Zhuko a and Sobolie a-Te eshchenko (2021) deal wi h he me hod o analysing he dynamics o mac oeconomic indica o s in selec ed Eu opean coun ies in hei a icle. The ool o p edic ing he indica o s o he GDP ype in 44 coun ies and h ee coun y agg ega es is desc ibed sepa a ely in he a icle by Ga ni z, Lehmann and Wohl abe (2019). The websi e www.eag i.cz o he Minis y o Ag icul u e o he Czech Republic (Minis e s o zeměděls í) lis s he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es na ionwide and also o indi idual egions. Since he 1990s, he wa e supply and sewe age ope a o s ans o med om s a e-owned en e p ises in o mos ly join - s ock companies, i.e. capi al companies ha aim o sa is y hei sha eholde s on di idends paid, so i is no always he case ha he egion wi h high pe o mance has he highes wa e and sewe age cha ge a es. The e o e, he eam o esea che s ocused bo h on he pe o mance o he egions and he wa e managemen companies, which a e wa e supply and sewe age sys em ope a o s. Liu, Wu, Xu and Pan (2018) moni o ed he link be ween was ewa e discha ge, i e wa e quali y in he Pea l i e del a and GDP pe capi a be ween 1999 and 2015. They used he loga i hmic mean 115 Ví ko á, E., Vaňko á, L., Oblouko á, A. (2022). Compa ison o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s in he Czech Republic. Sci. Re . Eng. En . Sci., 31 (2), 113–123. DOI 10.22630/s ees.2958 di ision index decomposi ion model as well as he en i onmen al Kuzne s cu e model o hei esea ch. Changes in he p o i , p oduc i i y and p ice pe o mance in he wa e and sewe age managemen indus y wi hin he empi ical applica ion o England and Wales we e add essed by Mazio is, Saal, Thanassoulis and Molinos-Senan e (2014). Thei s udy analyses he impac o he egula ion on he inancial pe o mance o wa e and sewe age companies in England and Wales in he pe iod 1991–2008. In ano he s udy, Molinos-Senan e, Mazio is and Xue (2021) examined p oduc i i y g ow h, sa ing esul ing om he scope and ex en o he wa e and sewe age indus y: he case s udy o Chile. In his a icle, hey ocused on pe o mance e alua ion and cos ac o analysis o wa e companies, whe e hey used quad a ic cos unc ions o examine he exis ence o sa ings in he Chilean wa e and sewe age indus y in he pe iod 2010–2017. In hei a icle, F one and F one (2014) deal wi h he co ela ion be ween wa e supply and sewe age in as uc u e and he economic de elopmen indica o GDP pe capi a a he egional coun y le el. The a icle by Somlyódy and Pa zige (2012) ou lines he de elopmen o he echnical in as uc u e (wa e supply, sewe age and was ewa e ea men ) since 1990 in six coun ies, including he Czech Republic as well as in luencing ac o s such as GDP, wa e cha ge a es, e c. The ela ionship be ween he indus ial was ewa e discha ge and g oss domes ic p oduc (GDP) pe capi a and u ban domes ic sewe age and GDP pe capi a is esea ched in his a icle by Liu (2019). The p esen ed a icle ocuses on a pa o he esea ch, namely on p esen ing a com- pa ison o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewage cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s, which ep esen he pe o mance o indi idual egions o he Czech Republic. Ma e ial and me hods The Czech Republic consis s o 14 e- gions: he Capi al Ci y o P ague, Sou h Bohemian Region, Sou h Mo a ian Region, Ka lo y Va y Region, Vysočina Region, H adec K álo é Region, Libe ec Region, Mo a ian-Silesian Region, Olomouc Region, Pa dubice Region, Plzeň Region, Cen al Bohemia Region, Ús í nad Labem Region and Zlín Region (Fig. 1). FIGURE 1. Regions o he Czech Republic (Kos in & Halouno á, 2019) The de elopmen , cons uc ion and ope a ion o wa e supply and sewe age sys ems, which se e public needs, is add essed by he Wa e Supply and Sewe age Ac o 2001 (274/2001 Coll.). Sec ion 2 s a es ha wa e supply and sewe age sys ems o public use a e se up and ope a ed in he public in e es . Fo his eason, he ollowing esea ch hypo hesis whe he he e is ela ion be ween egions and he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es a ose, i.e. ha 116 Ví ko á, E., Vaňko á, L., Oblouko á, A. (2022). Compa ison o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s in he Czech Republic. Sci. Re . Eng. En . Sci., 31 (2), 113–123. DOI 10.22630/s ees.2958 “Do he egions wi h lowe mac oeconomic pe o mance ha e lowe p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es han he egions wi h highe mac oeconomic pe o mance?”. Table 1 shows he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es in indi idual egions o he Czech Republic o he las i e yea s ( he esea ch is based on a 14-yea pe iod, 2007–2020). Many au ho s deal wi h he in luence o a ious ac o s on he e iciency in wa e managemen , espec i ely, in wa e and sewage companies. Fo example, Molinos- -Senan e, Sala-Ga ido and La uen e (2015) add essed he impac s o en i onmen al a iables on he e iciency o wa e and sewe age companies: in a case s udy om Chile. The same au ho s also assessed he ela i e e iciency o wa e companies: a c oss-bo de app oach in he English and Welsh wa e indus ies, poin ing o di e en se ices p o ided by wa e and sewe age companies as he e a e companies p o iding only wa e supply and he wa e and sewe age companies (Molinos-Senan e, Mazio is & Sala-Ga ido, 2015). The case s udy, which deals wi h he de elopmen o he le el o wa e and sewe age cha ges and he de elopmen o mac oeconomic indica o s ocuses on he egions in he Czech Republic. The case s udy examined 14 egions in he 2007–2020 pe iod. One hund ed nine y-six i ems o da a we e compa ed o he pu poses o compa ing he p ice le el o wa e and sewage cha ge a es. One housand one hund ed se en y- -six i ems o da a we e compa ed wi hin mac oeconomic indica o s and he ollowing ac o s we e moni o ed: popula ion, g oss domes ic p oduc a cu en p ices, g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a, ne disposable income o households, ne disposable income pe capi a and a e age g oss mon hly wage pe capi a. The compa ison o he de elopmen o he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s was c ea ed using a ma ix exp ession. TABLE 1. De elopmen o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es in CZK·m–3 in he egions o he Czech Republic in 2016–2020 (own p ocessing based on da a om eAGRI po al) I em 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Capi al Ci y o P ague 72.40 74.40 76.00 78.00 84.00 Cen al Bohemia Region 70.30 72.70 74.00 76.10 81.70 Sou h Bohemia Region 64.00 65.00 66.40 67.50 70.10 Plzeň egion 64.20 65.10 67.00 71.30 75.40 Ka lo y Va y Region 70.40 71.20 73.80 76.90 79.70 Ús í nad Labem Region 84.40 84.80 85.10 86.00 89.00 Libe ec Region 84.10 84.90 86.70 87.70 90.00 H adec K álo é Region 67.30 67.80 69.10 71.70 74.60 Pa dubice Region 66.60 68.00 70.30 73.20 76.00 Vysočina Region 61.70 63.90 65.40 67.30 70.30 Sou h Mo a ian Region 66.70 67.10 69.00 72.30 76.60 Olomouc Region 63.10 63.80 65.20 68.00 71.30 Zlín Region 65.20 65.60 66.60 69.20 71.70 Mo a ian-Silesian Region 63.80 65.00 65.90 69.10 72.60 No e: 1 EUR = 25.50 CZK. 117 Ví ko á, E., Vaňko á, L., Oblouko á, A. (2022). Compa ison o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s in he Czech Republic. Sci. Re . Eng. En . Sci., 31 (2), 113–123. DOI 10.22630/s ees.2958 The pa ial ma ix exp ession, sepa a ely o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewage cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s, is wo-dimensional, whe e 14 ows and single column we e speci ied, A = (aij). also assessed he ela i e e iciency o wa e companies: a c oss-bo de app oach in he English and Welsh wa e indus ies, poin ing o di e en se ices p o ided by wa e and sewe age companies as he e a e companies p o iding only wa e supply and he wa e and sewe age companies (Molinos-Senan e, Mazio is  Sala-Ga ido, 2015). The case s udy, which deals wi h he de elopmen o he le el o wa e and sewe age cha ges and he de elopmen o mac oeconomic indica o s ocuses on he egions in he Czech Republic. The case s udy examined 14 egions in he 2007–2020 pe iod. One hund ed nine y-six i ems o da a we e compa ed o he pu poses o compa ing he p ice le el o wa e and sewage cha ge a es. One housand one hund ed se en y-six i ems o da a we e compa ed wi hin mac oeconomic indica o s and he ollowing ac o s we e moni o ed: popula ion, g oss domes ic p oduc a cu en p ices, g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a, ne disposable income o households, ne disposable income pe capi a and a e age g oss mon hly wage pe capi a. The compa ison o he de elopmen o he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s was c ea ed using a ma ix exp ession. The pa ial ma ix exp ession, sepa a ely o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewage cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s, is wo-dimensional, whe e 14 ows and single column we e speci ied, A = (aij). 11 21 1 , m a a a A (1) whe e: m = 14. Fou een wo-dimensional ma ices we e c ea ed o he p ice le el o wa e and sewage cha ge a es, i.e. ma ices A–N, om which he AA ma ix was subsequen ly c ea ed. 11 12 1 12 22 2 1 2 ,AA n n m m mn a a a a a a a a a  (2) whe e: m = 14, n = 14. Se en y wo-dimensional ma ices we e c ea ed o he mac oeconomic indica o s, i.e. he A'–SSS' ma ix, om which he BB ma ix was c ea ed. 11 12 1 12 22 2 1 2 ,BB n n m m mn b b b b b b b b b  (3) whe e: m = 14, n = 14. The inal AAA ma ix o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es is based on he sum o he ma ices A–N. AAA = A + B + C + D + … + N, (4) AAAij = Aij + Bij + Cij + Dij + … + Nij. (5) (1) whe e: m = 14. Fou een wo-dimensional ma ices we e c ea ed o he p ice le el o wa e and sewage cha ge a es, i.e. ma ices A–N, om which he AA ma ix was subsequen ly c ea ed. also assessed he ela i e e iciency o wa e companies: a c oss-bo de app oach in he English and Welsh wa e indus ies, poin ing o di e en se ices p o ided by wa e and sewe age companies as he e a e companies p o iding only wa e supply and he wa e and sewe age companies (Molinos-Senan e, Mazio is  Sala-Ga ido, 2015). The case s udy, which deals wi h he de elopmen o he le el o wa e and sewe age cha ges and he de elopmen o mac oeconomic indica o s ocuses on he egions in he Czech Republic. The case s udy examined 14 egions in he 2007–2020 pe iod. One hund ed nine y-six i ems o da a we e compa ed o he pu poses o compa ing he p ice le el o wa e and sewage cha ge a es. One housand one hund ed se en y-six i ems o da a we e compa ed wi hin mac oeconomic indica o s and he ollowing ac o s we e moni o ed: popula ion, g oss domes ic p oduc a cu en p ices, g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a, ne disposable income o households, ne disposable income pe capi a and a e age g oss mon hly wage pe capi a. The compa ison o he de elopmen o he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s was c ea ed using a ma ix exp ession. The pa ial ma ix exp ession, sepa a ely o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewage cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s, is wo-dimensional, whe e 14 ows and single column we e speci ied, A = (aij). 11 21 1 , m a a a A (1) whe e: m = 14. Fou een wo-dimensional ma ices we e c ea ed o he p ice le el o wa e and sewage cha ge a es, i.e. ma ices A–N, om which he AA ma ix was subsequen ly c ea ed. 11 12 1 12 22 2 1 2 ,AA n n m m mn a a a a a a a a a  (2) whe e: m = 14, n = 14. Se en y wo-dimensional ma ices we e c ea ed o he mac oeconomic indica o s, i.e. he A'–SSS' ma ix, om which he BB ma ix was c ea ed. 11 12 1 12 22 2 1 2 ,BB n n m m mn b b b b b b b b b  (3) whe e: m = 14, n = 14. The inal AAA ma ix o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es is based on he sum o he ma ices A–N. AAA = A + B + C + D + … + N, (4) AAAij = Aij + Bij + Cij + Dij + … + Nij. (5) (2)(2) whe e: m = 14, n = 14. Se en y wo-dimensional ma ices we e c ea ed o he mac oeconomic indica o s, i.e. he A’–SSS’ ma ix, om which he BB ma ix was c ea ed. also assessed he ela i e e iciency o wa e companies: a c oss-bo de app oach in he English and Welsh wa e indus ies, poin ing o di e en se ices p o ided by wa e and sewe age companies as he e a e companies p o iding only wa e supply and he wa e and sewe age companies (Molinos-Senan e, Mazio is  Sala-Ga ido, 2015). The case s udy, which deals wi h he de elopmen o he le el o wa e and sewe age cha ges and he de elopmen o mac oeconomic indica o s ocuses on he egions in he Czech Republic. The case s udy examined 14 egions in he 2007–2020 pe iod. One hund ed nine y-six i ems o da a we e compa ed o he pu poses o compa ing he p ice le el o wa e and sewage cha ge a es. One housand one hund ed se en y-six i ems o da a we e compa ed wi hin mac oeconomic indica o s and he ollowing ac o s we e moni o ed: popula ion, g oss domes ic p oduc a cu en p ices, g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a, ne disposable income o households, ne disposable income pe capi a and a e age g oss mon hly wage pe capi a. The compa ison o he de elopmen o he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s was c ea ed using a ma ix exp ession. The pa ial ma ix exp ession, sepa a ely o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewage cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s, is wo-dimensional, whe e 14 ows and single column we e speci ied, A = (aij). 11 21 1 , m a a a A (1) whe e: m = 14. Fou een wo-dimensional ma ices we e c ea ed o he p ice le el o wa e and sewage cha ge a es, i.e. ma ices A–N, om which he AA ma ix was subsequen ly c ea ed. 11 12 1 12 22 2 1 2 ,AA n n m m mn a a a a a a a a a  (2) whe e: m = 14, n = 14. Se en y wo-dimensional ma ices we e c ea ed o he mac oeconomic indica o s, i.e. he A'–SSS' ma ix, om which he BB ma ix was c ea ed. 11 12 1 12 22 2 1 2 ,BB n n m m mn b b b b b b b b b  (3) whe e: m = 14, n = 14. The inal AAA ma ix o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es is based on he sum o he ma ices A–N. AAA = A + B + C + D + … + N, (4) AAAij = Aij + Bij + Cij + Dij + … + Nij. (5) (3) whe e: m = 14, n = 14. The inal AAA ma ix o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es is based on he sum o he ma ices A–N. AAA = A + B + C + D + … + N, (4) AAAij = Aij + Bij + Cij + Dij + … ++ Nij. (5) The inal BBB ma ix o he mac o- economic indica o s is based on he sum o ma ices A’–SSS’. BBB = A’ + B’ + C’ + D’ + … + SSS’, (6) BBBij = A’ij + B’ij + C’ij + D’ij + … ++ + SSS’ij. (7) The ou pu ma ix, which combines he ou pu s o he ma ix exp essions o he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es (a) and he ma ix exp essions o mac oeconomic indica o s (b), has he ollowing o m: The inal BBB ma ix o he mac oeconomic indica o s is based on he sum o ma ices A'–SSS'. BBB = A' + B' + C' + D' + … + SSS', (6) BBBij = A'ij + B'ij + C'ij + D'ij + … + SSS'ij. (7) The ou pu ma ix, which combines he ou pu s o he ma ix exp essions o he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es (a) and he ma ix exp essions o mac oeconomic indica o s (b), has he ollowing o m: 11 12 1 12 22 2 1 2 ,AB n n m m mn a b b a b b a b b  (8) whe e: m = 14, n = 7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As al eady men ioned in he in oduc ion o his a icle, wa e supply and sewe age managemen in he Czech Republic is egula ed by he Wa e Supply and Sewe age Ac o 2001. This law clea ly de ines ha wa e supply and sewe age sys ems o public use a e es ablished and ope a ed in he public in e es . This s a emen can be unde s ood as a public se ice. The Czech Republic has abou 10.5 million inhabi an s, o whom i is necessa y o supply wa e and discha ge sewe age. The Czech Republic is di ided in o 14 egions, which a e di e se in e ms o bo h pe o mance and economic e iciency. The Capi al Ci y o P ague is one o he egions wi h he highes pe o mance which always in luences all na ional s a is ics by i s abo e-s anda d alues. Based on he collec ion o da a on he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es in indi idual egions o he Czech Republic, hei analysis in he moni o ed yea s 2007–2020 whe e he o de was de e mined o each yea (1– he lowes p ice, 14 – he highes p ice) and he ma ix exp ession c ea ed, a wo-dimensional Table 2 was compiled. TABLE 2. The inal o de o he moni o ed yea s 2007–2020 o he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es in he egions o he Czech Republic (own p ocessing) Desc ip ion Poin e alua ion Final o de Vysočina Region 31 1 Olomouc Region 41 2 Plzeň Region 47 3 Mo a ian-Silesian Region 47 4 Sou h Bohemian Region 81 5 Sou h Mo a ian Region 96 6 Zlín Region 98 7 H adec K álo é Region 102 8 Pa dubice Region 111 9 Cen al Bohemian Region 144 10 Capi al Ci y o P ague 147 11 Ka lo y Va y Region 147 12 Libe ec Region 187 13 Ús í nad Labem Region 190 14 Based on he da a collec ion on he ollowing mac oeconomic indica o s: - g oss domes ic p oduc (GDP), (8) whe e: m = 14, n = 7. Resul s and discussion As al eady men ioned in he in oduc ion o his a icle, wa e supply and sewe age managemen in he Czech Republic is egula ed by he Wa e Supply and Sewe age Ac o 2001. This law clea ly de ines ha wa e supply and sewe age sys ems o public use a e es ablished and ope a ed in he public in e es . This s a emen can be unde s ood as a public se ice. The Czech Republic has abou 10.5 million inhabi an s, o whom i is necessa y o supply wa e and discha ge sewe age. The Czech Republic is di ided in o 14 egions, which a e di e se in e ms o bo h pe o mance and economic e iciency. The Capi al Ci y o P ague is one o he egions wi h he highes pe o mance which always in luences all na ional s a is ics by i s abo e-s anda d alues. 118 Ví ko á, E., Vaňko á, L., Oblouko á, A. (2022). Compa ison o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s in he Czech Republic. Sci. Re . Eng. En . Sci., 31 (2), 113–123. DOI 10.22630/s ees.2958 Based on he collec ion o da a on he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es in indi idual egions o he Czech Republic, hei analysis in he moni o ed yea s 2007– –2020 whe e he o de was de e mined o each yea (1– he lowes p ice, 14 – he highes p ice) and he ma ix exp ession c ea ed, a wo-dimensional Table 2 was compiled. TABLE 2. The inal o de o he moni o ed yea s 2007–2020 o he p ice le el o wa e and sewe - age cha ge a es in he egions o he Czech Re- public (own p ocessing) Desc ip ion Poin e alua ion Final o de Vysočina Region 31 1 Olomouc Region 41 2 Plzeň Region 47 3 Mo a ian-Silesian Region 47 4 Sou h Bohemian Region 81 5 Sou h Mo a ian Region 96 6 Zlín Region 98 7 H adec K álo é Region 102 8 Pa dubice Region 111 9 Cen al Bohemian Region 144 10 Capi al Ci y o P ague 147 11 Ka lo y Va y Region 147 12 Libe ec Region 187 13 Ús í nad Labem Region 190 14 Based on he da a collec ion on he ollowing mac oeconomic indica o s: – g oss domes ic p oduc (GDP), – g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a (GDP pe capi a), – ne disposable income o households (NDI), – ne disposable income o households pe capi a (NDI pe capi a), – a e age g oss wage, in indi idual egions o he Czech Republic, hei analysis in he moni o ed yea s 2007–2020, whe e he ollowing o de was de e mined o each yea : – g oss domes ic p oduc : 1 – he highes alue, 14 – he lowes alue, – g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a: 1 – he highes alue, 14 – he lowes alue, – ne disposable income o households: 1 – he highes alue, 14 – he lowes alue, – ne disposable income o households pe capi a: 1 – he highes alue, 14 – he lowes alue, – a e age g oss wage: 1 – he highes alue, 14 – he lowes alue, a ma ix exp ession was pe o med om he ollowing ou pu s (Table 3). Table 4 combines ou pu da a ela ed o he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ges and indi idual mac oeconomic indica o s in he egions o he Czech Republic. This ou pu able con ains da a ha answe s he basic esea ch ques ion s a ed in he in oduc o y pa o his a icle: whe he egions wi h lowe pe o mance ha e a lowe p ice le el o wa e and sewage cha ge a es i his se ice o he popula ion is conside ed o be a public se ice by law. The Plzeň Region is no one o he egions wi h he lowes pe o mance in e ms o mac oeconomic indica o s. On he o he hand, he Plzeň Region is one o he mos e icien egions in e ms o g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a, ne disposable income o households pe capi a and ne disposable income o household pe o mances. An o e iew o he o de o he le el o wa e and sewe age cha ges and indi idual mac oeconomic indica o s is shown in Table 5, which shows he sum o indi idual ma ix exp essions wi hin mac oeconomic indica o s and shows wo dimensions: namely he o de o he le el o he wa e 119 Ví ko á, E., Vaňko á, L., Oblouko á, A. (2022). Compa ison o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s in he Czech Republic. Sci. Re . Eng. En . Sci., 31 (2), 113–123. DOI 10.22630/s ees.2958 TABLE 3. The inal o de o he moni o ed yea s 2007–2020 wi hin indi idual mac oeconomic indica- o s in he egions o he Czech Republic (own p ocessing) Desc ip ion GDP GDP pe capi a NDI NDI pe capi a A e age g oss wage Capi al Ci y o P ague 1 1 1 1 1 Cen al Bohemia Region 2 4 2 2 2 Sou h Bohemia Region 6 7 6 7 7 Plzeň Region 7 3 8 3 3 Ka lo y Va y Region 14 14 14 13 13 Ús í nad Labem Region 5 12 5 14 14 Libe ec Region 13 11 13 10 10 H adec K álo é Region 10 5 10 5 5 Pa dubice Region 12 10 12 8 8 Vysočina Region 11 9 11 6 6 Sou h Mo a ian Region 3 2 3 4 4 Olomouc Region 9 13 7 12 12 Zlín Region 8 6 9 9 9 Mo a ian-Silesian Region 4 8 4 11 11 TABLE 4. The inal o de o he moni o ed yea s 2007–2020 o he p ice le el o he wa e and sew- age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s in he egions o he Czech Republic (own p ocessing) Desc ip ion W/S GDP GDP pe capi a NDI NDI pe capi a A e age g oss wage Capi al Ci y o P ague 11 1 1 1 1 1 Cen al Bohemia Region 10 2 4 2 2 2 Sou h Bohemia Region 5 6 7 6 7 7 Plzeň Region 3 7 3 8 3 3 Ka lo y Va y Region 12 14 14 14 13 13 Ús í nad Labem Region 14 5 12 5 14 14 Libe ec Region 13 13 11 13 10 10 H adec K álo é Region 8 10 5 10 5 5 Pa dubice Region 9 12 10 12 8 8 Vysočina Region 1 11 9 11 6 6 Sou h Mo a ian Region 6 3 2 3 4 4 Olomouc Region 2 9 13 7 12 12 Zlín Region 7 8 6 9 9 9 Mo a ian-Silesian Region 4 4 8 4 11 11 120 Ví ko á, E., Vaňko á, L., Oblouko á, A. (2022). Compa ison o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s in he Czech Republic. Sci. Re . Eng. En . Sci., 31 (2), 113–123. DOI 10.22630/s ees.2958 and sewe age cha ges and he sum o he o de o mac oeconomic indica o s. They a e always so ed om he lowes o he highes alues. Conclusions The esea ch ocused on he basic esea ch ques ion “Do he egions wi h lowe mac oeconomic pe o mance ha e a lowe p ice le el o wa e and sewage cha ge a es han he egions wi h highe mac oeconomic pe o mance?”. Values om he imeline we e aken o he esea ch, namely om he yea s 2007–2020. Thus, he esea che s wo ked wi h 1,176 i ems o da a on mac oeconomic indica o s and 196 i ems o da a on he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es. Mac oeconomic indica o s ocused on he pe o mance o he egion, which was ep esen ed by g oss domes ic p oduc , g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a, ne disposable income o households, ne disposable income o households pe capi a and a e age g oss wage. The esea ch shows ha he lowes p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es was in he Vysočina, Olomouc, Plzeň and Mo a ian-Silesian Regions (Table 2). On he con a y, he highes le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ges was in he Ka lo y Va y, Libe ec and Ús í nad Labem Regions. Fu he om he esea ch shows ha he Ka lo y Va y, Libe ec and Olomouc Regions a e among he egions wi h he lowes pe o mance, while he Capi al Ci y o P ague, Cen al Bohemia and Sou h Mo a ia Regions ange among hose wi h he highes pe o mance (Table 5). I is clea om he abo e-s a ed ac s ha he esea ch ques ion TABLE 5. The o de o he p ice le el o wa e and sewage cha ge a es and he sum o mac oeconomic indica o s in he egions o he Czech Republic (own p ocessing) O de o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es in he egions O de o he sum o he mac oeconomic indica o s in he egions Vysočina Region Ka lo y Va y Region Olomouc Region Libe ec Region Plzeň Region Olomouc Region Mo a ian-Silesian Region Ús í nad Labem Sou h Bohemian Region Pa dubice Region Sou h Mo a ian Region Vysočina Region Zlín Region Zlín Region H adec K álo é Region Mo a ian-Silesian Region Pa dubice Region H adec K álo é Region Cen al Bohemia Region Sou h Bohemia Region Capi al Ci y o P ague Plzeň Region Ka lo y Va y Region Sou h Mo a ian Region Libe ec Region Cen al Bohemian Region Ús í nad Labem Region Capi al Ci y o P ague 121 Ví ko á, E., Vaňko á, L., Oblouko á, A. (2022). Compa ison o he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s in he Czech Republic. Sci. Re . Eng. En . Sci., 31 (2), 113–123. DOI 10.22630/s ees.2958 has no been con i med as only one egion ou o 14 mee s his condi ion, namely he Olomouc Region. The esea ch ound ha he di e ence in he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es wi h he lowes le el in he Vysočina Region and he highes le el in he Ús í nad Labem Region is on a e age 31.94% o he obse ed yea s 2007– –2020. Simila ly, he a e age pe cen age di e ences in mac oeconomic indica o s be ween he Capi al Ci y o P ague and he Ka lo y Va y Regions we e de e mined, namely: - g oss domes ic p oduc di e s on a e age by 1,291.6%, - g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a di e s on a e age by 230.5%, - ne disposable income o households di e s on a e age by 534.4%, - ne disposable income o households pe capi a di e s on a e age by 50.5%, - he a e age g oss wage di e s on a e age by 48.8%. I is clea om he abo e-lis ed in o ma ion ha he equali y be ween he p ice le el o wa e and sewe age cha ge a es and mac oeconomic indica o s in he egions o he Czech Republic is no appa en . Fu he esea ch will ocus on de e mining he co ela ions be ween he p ice le el o he wa e and sewe age cha ge a es, indi idual mac oeconomic indica o s and o he echnical indica o s ela ed o he wa e supply and sewe age sys ems ope a ion, such as he leng h o he connec ions o he numbe o cus ome s. Acknowledgemen s This pape has been wo ked ou unde he p ojec o he junio speci ic esea ch a he B no Uni e si y o Technology FAST- -J-22-8030 “De elopmen o he p ice o wa e and sewage in he Czech Republic and indi idual egions, including mac oeconomic indica o s”. Re e ences Ashoo i, N., Dzombak, D. A. & Small, M. J. (2017). Iden i ying wa e p ice and popula ion c i e ia o mee ing u u e u ban wa e demand a ge s. 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