Sprint performance determinants in high level young swimmers

1875-399X/22 Send O de s o Rep in s o [email p o ec ed] 1 DOI: 10.2174/1875399X- 15-e220325-2021-30, 2022, 15, e1875399X2211240 The Open Spo s Sciences Jou nal Con en lis a ailable a : h ps://openspo ssciencesjou nal.com RESEARCH ARTICLE Sp in Pe o mance De e minan s in High-le el Young Swimme s Ca olina L. Ma os1, Ana T. Conceição1,2,3,*, Hugo G. Lou o1,2, Hen ique P. Nei a2,4, Ped o N. Sob ei o1,3, Bá ba a L. Viana4 and Daniel A. Ma inho2,4 1Spo Sciences School o Rio Maio , Rio Maio , Po ugal 2Resea ch Cen e in Spo s Sciences, Heal h and Human De elopmen , CIDESD, Po ugal 3CIEQV: The Li e Quali y Resea ch Cen e, San a ém, Po ugal 4Depa men o Spo s Sciences, Uni e si y o Bei a In e io , Co ilha, Po ugal Abs ac : Backg ound: Iden i ying and e alua ing he a iables ha in luence pe o mance a e essen ial o ob aining excellence in spo . Objec i e: This s udy aimed o iden i y which pa ame e s ha e he mos in luence on he 50 me e s ees yle ime in young compe i i e swimme s. Me hods: One hund ed and eigh y- ou high-le el swimme s (males, n=92: 14.60±0.56 yea s; emales, n=92: 13.53 ± 0.54 yea s) wi h 468±66 FINA poin s in he 50 me e s ees yle sho cou se pa icipa ed in his s udy. Age, heigh , body mass, wingspan, s oke a e, s oke leng h, s oke index, u ning ime (5 m + 10 m), ho izon al jumping, and medicine ball h owing we e assessed. The swimming pe o mance was assessed in a 50 me e s ees yle ime ial a maximum speed in a 25 me e s swimming pool. Mul iple eg ession was pe o med o assess he ela ionship be ween one dependen a iable (50 me e s ees yle ime) and independen a iables. Resul s: The esul s showed signi ican di e ences be ween bo h he gende s. In male swimme s, only he u ning ime and he ho izon al jump we e signi ican ( 2=0.8819; p<0.001), while emales, besides he same a iables, p esen ed signi ican esul s in e ms o heigh , body mass, s oke leng h, and s oke index ( 2=0.9013; p<0.01). Conclusion: In conclusion, in young male swimme s, he u ning ime and he ho izon al jump con ibu ed signi ican ly o he 50 me e s ees yle swimming pe o mance, and in young emale swimme s, he main con ibu o s we e he u ning ime, ho izon al jump, heigh , body mass, s oke leng h, and s oke index. Keywo ds: Swimming, Young swimme s, Pe o mance ac o s, F ees yle, S oke, Tu ning. A icle His o y Recei ed: Sep embe 28, 2021 Re ised: Oc obe 21, 2021 Accep ed: Decembe 29, 2021 1. INTRODUCTION The iden i ica ion and e alua ion o he a iables ha in luence pe o mance a e essen ial o ob aining excellence in spo [1]. In he 1970s, a s udy [2] epo ed ha he o m and body unc ions a e closely ela ed o each o he and decisi e in achie ing high-le el spo s pe o mance. Fo ins ance, in * Add ess co espondence o his au ho a he Spo s Sciences School o Rio Maio , Poly echnic Ins i u e o San a ém, A . D . Má io Soa es, 2040-413 Rio Maio , Po ugal; E-mail: [email p o ec ed] swimming, Pe syn e al. [3] pos ula ed ha he shape and dimensions o he swimme 's body and uppe limbs in luence he amoun o p opulsi e and hyd odynamic d ag o ces exe ed in a swimme a a gi en swimming speed. Mo e ecen ly, Fe nandes e al. [4] ound a high a io be ween he biac omial and bic ys al diame e s o eli e swimme s, a decisi e ac o in p omo ing a lowe d ag coe icien . The same s udy e i ied he leng h and su ace o he swimme s' limbs o be high and, he e o e, posi i ely a ec ing hei p opulsi e 2 The Open Spo s Sciences Jou nal, 2022, Volume 15 Ma os e al. capaci y. These mo phological cha ac e is ics play a majo ole in he young swimme s’ pe o mance because he p opo ions o he swimme 's body in luence hyd odynamic d ag and make a di e ence be ween he eli e and he es [5]. Compe i i e swimming is a cyclic spo ha occu s in a highly cons ained en i onmen (as wa e densi y is app oxima ely 800 dense han ai ), causing highe ac i e d ag han o he aqua ic ac i i ies [6]. I means ha swimme s mus s a egically manage hei s oke leng h and s oke a e o gua an ee high swimming speed wi h ew luc ua ions [7, 8]. To be e unde s and he biomechanical ac o s ha in luence compe i ion, esea che s ha e been ca ying ou analyses o p o ide c ucial in o ma ion on he managemen o he s oking pa ame e s (i.e., s oke leng h, s oke a e, and swimming speed) [7, 9, 10]. In a swimming ace, he a ia ion o he s oke a e is usually associa ed wi h he a ia ion o he s oke leng h, as swimming speed is he p oduc o s oke a e and s oke leng h. Thus, swimme s manage hei swimming speed o minimize he ace ime by adjus ing hei s oke a e, s oke leng h, o bo h [11]. Besides he biomechanical ac o s, s eng h pa ame e s ha e been ecen ly p oposed as being pa o he mul i- ac o ial phenomena ha enhance swimming pe o mance [7, 12]. The assessmen o speci ic muscle powe ou pu o bo h a ms and legs seems o be essen ial in swimming [13], bu i is di icul o assess i in he aqua ic en i onmen [14]. I has been sugges ed ha he sho e he ace, he highe he ole o s eng h when compa ed o echnical a iables [14 - 16]. Fo sho swimming aces, he powe p oduc ion capaci y is conside ed a key a iable, and physical cha ac e is ics, such as body heigh , a m span, body composi ion, and soma o ype, can also con ibu e o he le el o pe o mance [17]. The mo phological cha ac e is ics la gely depend on gene ic ac o s bu migh ha e a decisi e impac on swimming pe o mance [18]. Ba bosa e al. [19] epo ed as es swimme s in he 11 o 13 yea s age g oup o be alle , hea ie and wi h longe limbs han he o he s. Those swimme s showed highe s oke a e, s oke leng h, speed, s oke index, and p opelling e iciency, bu lowe speed luc ua ions. Ano he s udy showed [20] he bes p edic o o he 50 me e s ees yle as he s oke a e in bo h gende s. In male swimme s, Sil a e al. [21] ound ha only sho dis ances wi h high in ensi y could be p edic ed h ough he s oke index, shoulde lexibili y and in acycle eloci y. Using an allome ic app oach, Dos San os e al. [22] e i ied he pe cen age o body a and a m p opulsi e o ce o be signi ican p edic o s in he young swimme s’ 50 me e s ees yle swimming pe o mance. Since each indi idual is on ogenically endowed wi h a sui gene is pe sonali y, wi h a ce ain s uc u e and which, o a g ea e o lesse deg ee, helps in he ealiza ion o his alen in a ce ain a ea o spec um o ac i i ies, he be e he condi ions (s uc u al and en i onmen al) o i s de elopmen , he g ea e he esul ing exp ession, ega dless o he scope o he chosen ac i i y [23]. Knowing igh a he beginning o he long- e m p epa a ion and de elopmen plan as o which a e he necessa y cha ac e is ics ha enhance he possibili y o becoming a high-le el a hle e and mee he demands o a spo o spo ing special y, such as swimming, p omo es an ini ial ad an age in he model o p epa a ion as long as i is ca ied ou p ope ly h oughou he p epa a ion p ocess [23]. P e ious s udies indica e ha heigh , body mass, wingspan, s oke a e, s oke leng h, and s oke index can p edic he pe o mance o swimme s, bu a ew include o he a iables, such as he u ning ime and he s eng h o he uppe and lowe limbs. The e o e, he aim o his s udy is o iden i y which pa ame e s ha e he mos in luence on he 50 me e s ees yle pe o mance o young swimme s. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Pa icipan s’ Cha ac e is ics The s udy included 184 young swimme s, 92 male swimme s (14.60 ± 0.56 yea s old, 1.75 ± 0.07 m and 64.06 ± 6.49 kg) and 92 emale swimme s (13.53 ± 0.54 yea s old, 1.63 ± 0.06 m and 53.37 ± 4.98 kg), whose bes 50 me e s ees yle pe o mance was classi ied wi h 468 ± 66 FINA poin s (sho cou se). These we e high-le el swimme s, selec ed o be pa o he Po uguese Na ional Swimming Team in he ou spo s seasons (Table 1). Table 1. Summa y o he dis ibu ion o swimme s by season and age. Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 To al 15 yea s emale 11 15 10 10 46 92 14 yea s emale 17 13 6 10 46 15 yea s male 18 14 14 7 53 92 16 yea s male 13 15 2 11 41 To al 59 57 32 38 184 2.2. Expe imen al Design 2.2.1. Measu es and P ocedu es Da a collec ion was conduc ed du ing he Na ional aining camp ha is ca ied ou once pe season o wo days. Du ing hese days, ou e alua ion sessions we e implemen ed o assess an h opome ic a iables ( i s session), d yland s eng h (second and hi d sessions) and swimming pe o mance ( ou h session). 2.3. Da a Collec ion 2.3.1. An h opome ic E alua ion A e he swimme s a i ed a he pool, hey es ed o 5 minu es, and hen hei body mass, heigh and wingspan we e e alua ed. To measu e he heigh (in me e s), a digi al s adiome e wi h a scale o 0.001m was used (SECA, 242, Hambu g, Ge many). The body mass was measu ed wi h a digi al scale (TANITA, BC-730, Ams e dam, Ne he lands). Fo he measu emen o he wingspan, a p ecision measu ing ape wi h a scale o 0.001m was used on he wall in he ho izon al posi ion, and hen he swimme s posi ioned hemsel es wi h hei backs o he wall and hei heels agains i and, wi h he a ms ex ended ho izon ally, he measu emen was ca ied ou om he end o he middle inge o he o he middle inge [24]. Sp in Pe o mance De e minan s in High-le el Young Swimme s The Open Spo s Sciences Jou nal, 2022, Volume 15 3 2.3.2. D yland S eng h E alua ion To e alua e he d yland s eng h o he lowe limbs, h ee ho izon al jumps we e pe o med, wi h h ee minu es o es in e al. The swimme s we e ins uc ed o place he ee a shoulde wid h on he ma k, being allowed o mo e he uppe limbs be o e he impulse. The dis ance om he ini ial posi ion o whe e he ee landed was measu ed [25]. The a e age alue and he maximum alue ob ained in he h ee jumps we e used o u he analysis. In a di e en session, he e alua ion o he uppe limbs’ s eng h was pe o med by h owing a 3kg medicine ball. To pe o m he e alua ion, each subjec sa on he loo wi h his/he back agains he wall and held he ball in on o him/he wi h bo h hands (close o he ches ) o achie e he wides ampli ude, speed and dis ance as possible and wi hou o a ing he o so and hip du ing he execu ion o he mo emen s. The e alua o checked he h owing posi ion as well as he ob ained ange. Th ee a emp s we e made wi h a es pe iod o one minu e be ween each one, and he dis ance om he ini ial posi ion o whe e he ball ouched he g ound was measu ed [25]. The a e age and maximum alues in he h ee h ows we e eco ded o u he analysis. 2.3.3. Swimming E alua ion In he ollowing session, he swimme s’ swimming pe o mance e alua ion was conduc ed a e a ypical wa m-up [26]. Each swimme pe o med a 50 me e s ees yle simula ion a maximum speed in a 25 me e s indoo pool. All he ime measu emen s we e eco ded using a ch onome e (FINIS, 3x100, Cali o nia, USA). The o al ime and u ning ime (5 me e s + 10 me e s) we e eco ded. The ime and s oke a e we e measu ed be ween 5 me e s and 20 me e s, and hen he s oke leng h and he s oke index we e calcula ed. The swimming speed (in m/s) was calcula ed by he ime aken be ween 5 and 20 me e s. The s oke leng h, in me e s, was calcula ed by equa ion 1. Equa ion 1: No. o s okes di ided by he leng h o he pool. The s oke index was calcula ed by he mul iplica ion o he swimming speed by he s oke leng h [27], and he highe he alue o his a iable, he be e he a hle e’s e iciency [28]. 2.4. S a is ical Analysis The da a we e ea ed by gende . All he assump ions we e gua an eed, using global alida ion o linea model assump ions, es ing skewness, ku osis, link unc ion and he e oscedas ici y [29] be o e he mul iple eg ession was pe o med o assess he ela ionship be ween one dependen a iable and se e al independen a iables [30] (Table 2). The dependen a iable was he ime in he 50 me e s ees yle. The independen a iables used o p edic he ime we e he age in yea s on es day; he heigh in me e s measu ed by a digi al s adiome e (SECA, 242, Hambu g, Ge many); he body mass in kilog ams measu ed by a digi al scale (TANITA, BC-730, Ams e dam, Ne he lands); he wingspan in me e s measu ed wi h a p ecision measu ing ape; s oke a e in cycles pe minu e measu ed wi h a ch onome e , h ee s okes cycles; s oke leng h in me e s calcula ed by equa ion 1; s oke index gi en by mul iplying he swimming speed by he s oke leng h; he u ning ime in seconds measu ed 5 me e s be o e u ning, plus 10 me e s a e wa ds; he ho izon al jump, lowe limbs in me e s, gi en by he middle dis ance be ween he h ee execu ions; medicine ball h ow, in me e s, gi en by he middle dis ance be ween he h ee execu ions. All analyses we e de eloped in R e sion 4.0.3, using he package g lma30 e sion 1.0 o es ing he Linea Model Assump ions, S a s [31] o he linea model, and dply [32] e sion 1.0.3 o da a manipula ion. Based on hese a iables, he esea che s in ended o p edic he ime o pe o me s in 50 me e s ees yle using equa ions desc ibed below in he pape . 3. RESULTS Table 2 p o ides he desc ip i e da a (mean (SD) o all a iables analysed in bo h he gende s. Table 2. Va iables analyzed o each subjec o he sample and desc ip i e s a is ics. Va iable Desc ip ion Min. Max. Mean (SD*) Age Age o he pa icipan s in yea s 12 16 14.08 (0.76) Heigh Heigh in me e s 1.49 1.90 1.69 (0.08) Weigh Weigh in kilog ams 42.70 82.60 58.86(77.85) Wingspan Wingspan in me e s 1.47 1.98 1.73 (0.10) 50m ees yle Time 25.91 36.35 29.43 (2) 50m F ees yle SR 50m ees yle S oke a e (cycles/min) in he dis ance 5-20m 37.14 65.50 51.15 (4.73) 50m F ees yle SL 50m ees yle S oke leng h (me e es) 1.35 2.96 1.97(0.22) 50m F ees yle SI 50m ees yle S oke index 1.99 7.52 3.31(0.58) Tu ning Time Tu ning ime om 5m o 10m (s) 6.45 11.28 8.81 (0.65) No e: * SD-s anda d de ia ion. A e pe o ming mul iple eg ession, he esea che s obse ed ha in he male gende , he model ha bes explains he ime in he 50 me e s ees yle is composed o he a iables: u ning ime and ho izon al jump in d yland ( 2=0.8819, esidual s anda d e o : 0.6936). These wo a iables explain 88% o he ime in he 50 me e s ees yle (Table 3). Table 3. Summa y o he es ima ed pa ame e s ob ained om he s epwise eg ession analysis p edic ing he 50 me e s F ees yle o male swimme s. Coe icien s (Male) Es ima ed Pa ame e s S d. E o P- alue Cons an 12.59 1.75 <0.001 Tu ning Time 5m+10m (s) 2.28 0.15 <0.001 Ho izon al Jump (m) -1.36 0.26 <0.001 Fo emale swimme s, he in es iga o s ound a model ha explains 90% o he ime in he 50 me e s ees yle ( 2=0,9013, esidual s anda d e o : 0.3954). This model includes he 4 The Open Spo s Sciences Jou nal, 2022, Volume 15 Ma os e al. heigh , body mass, s oke leng h, s oke index, u ning ime and he ho izon al jump in d yland (Table 4). Table 4. Summa y o he es ima ed pa ame e s ob ained om he s epwise eg ession analysis p edic ing he 50 me e s F ees yle o male swimme s. Coe icien s (Female) Es ima ed Pa ame e s S d. E o P- alue Cons an 6.23 6.51 0.341 Heigh (m) 3.74 1.12 0.001 Body mass (kg) -0.03 0.02 0.01 S oke leng h (m) 11.27 3.04 <0.001 S oke Index (m2/s) -6.04 1.06 <0.001 Tu ning Time 5m+10m (s) 1.64 0.15 <0.001 Ho izon al Jump (m) -0.63 0.26 0.01 The e o e, he equa ion es ablished o males is ep esen ed as ollows: 50 m ees yle ime (s) = 12.60+(2.29× u ning ime) - (1.37×ho izon al jump) + 0.69 Whe e, he u ning ime is measu ed in seconds and he ho izon al jump in me e s. The equa ion de e mined o emales is ep esen ed as ollows: 50 m ees yle ime (s) = 6.22 + (3.74×heigh ) - (0.03×body mass) + (11.27×s oke leng h) - (6.04×s oke index) + (1.63× u ning ime) - (0.63×ho izon al jump) + 0.40 Whe e, he heigh is measu ed in me e s, he body mass in kilog ams, he s oke leng h in me e s, he s oke index in m2/s, he u ning ime in seconds, and he ho izon al jump in me e s. 4. DISCUSSION The aim o his s udy was o iden i y which pa ame e s ha e he mos in luence on he 50 me e s ees yle pe o mance in young swimme s. The main ou comes e ealed u ning ime and he ho izon al jump as he bes p edic o s o he 50 me e s ime in male swimme s, and he u ning ime, ho izon al jump, heigh , body mass, s oke leng h and s oke index as he bes p edic o s o he 50 me e s ime in emale swimme s. The esul s ob ained ela ed o male swimme s pa ially ag ee wi h p e ious indings. Geladas e al. [33] e e , in males, he uppe limbs leng h, he ho izon al jump, and he g ip s eng h ( 2= 0.59, p < 0.01) as signi ican p edic o s o he 100 me e s ees yle pe o mance. Mo eo e , Ba bosa e al. [19] sugges ed heigh , body mass, wingspan, s oke a e, s oke leng h and s oke index o be ac o s ha in luence he pe o mance. In he cu en s udy, he wingspan and he s oke a e did no e eal o be ele an in he sp in swimming pe o mance. These esul s a e in e es ing, conside ing ha p e ious esea ch sugges ed ha a iables, such as heigh and a m span, posi i ely co ela e wi h 50 me e s o 100 me e s ees yle pe o mance [33, 34]. An h opome ic a iables a e usually associa ed wi h he pe o mance o swimme s; howe e , hey could also ha e a concu en e ec on o he domains ela ed o swimming echniques and comp omise esul s [35]. Fo ins ance, a la ge unk ans e se su ace and body su ace a ea could esul in highe d ag [36]. Mo eo e , body changes caused by g ow h can ake some ime o bene i pe o mance [37]. The cu en esul s could also be explained by he pa icipan s’ cha ac e is ics. Fo example, he male swimme s we e p obably homogeneous in body size, body composi ion, uppe limb muscle powe , biomechanical a iables (s oke leng h, s oke index, s oke a e) and pe o mance. These ac o s oge he migh ha e in luenced he esul s, and hus, in swimme s wi h simila body size, body composi ion, uppe limb muscle powe , s oke leng h, and s oke index, he lowe limb muscle powe can be he di e en ial ac o in he 50m ees yle swimming. Fu he mo e, in he cu en s udy, ho izon al jump was ound o be a de e minan a iable o bo h male and emale swimme s. This could highligh he in luence o s eng h on swimming pe o mance, ega dless o gende . Indeed, a p e ious s udy indica ed he s eng h and he powe cha ac e is ics o he lowe limbs as p edic o s o swimming pe o mance ha allow o dis inguish swimme s wi h di e en le els o pe o mance [38]. Rega dless o he di e ences in he explana o y a iables o males and emales, bo h highligh ed he in luence o lowe limbs powe and u ning pe o mance on sp in swimming pe o mance. Coaches, swimme s and esea che s can he e o e unde s and he impo ance o s eng h aining p og ams ocused on he de elopmen o lowe limbs powe , con ibu ing o he imp o emen o swimme s’ pe o mance [39, 40]. Mo eo e , some speci ic ac ions, such as u ns, assume a high ele ance in he swimming sp in pe o mance and should be pa o he aining p og ams. Conside ing ha he u ning phase is a g ea pa o he 50 m swimming [40], i is expec ed ha he u ning ime would in luence sp in pe o mance. Howe e , hese esul s highligh ha he a iance in 50 m pe o mance could be explained by he a iance in u ning pe o mance. Thus, u ning ac ions should be emphasised du ing swimming aining in hese ages. In he cu en s udy, some an h opome ic a iables, such as heigh and body mass, and biomechanical a iables, such as s oke leng h and s oke index, we e obse ed o be impo an o emale swimme s’ pe o mance. This implies ha pe o mance wi hin hese pa icipan s migh be p ima ily dependen on mechanical ac o s also. I has been sugges ed ha some mo phological cha ac e is ics, such as he a io be ween he biac omial and bic ys al diame e s, leng h and su ace o he swimme s' limbs, play a majo ole in he pe o mance o young swimme s [5]. The swimme 's body can posi i ely change he h us bu , a he same ime, inc ease he hyd odynamic d ag [5]. Changes in an an h opome ic p o ile a ec he echnique, which could in luence swimming pe o mance [41]. In he cu en s udy, a ia ions in an h opome ic a iables and kinema ics we e obse ed o be de e minan s o pe o mance. Among he a iables conside ed o analysis, i.e., heigh , body mass, wingspan, ho izon al jump, medicine ball h owing, s oke leng h, s oke index, and s oke a e, he a iance in sp in pe o mance o he male pa icipan s was explained by lowe limbs muscle powe and u ning ime. This does no mean ha he o he a iables a e no ele an . In ac , i was Sp in Pe o mance De e minan s in High-le el Young Swimme s The Open Spo s Sciences Jou nal, 2022, Volume 15 5 p e iously ecognized ha swimming pe o mance is no exclusi ely dependen on a small se o de e mining a iables bu depends on he in e ac ion o se e al ac o s [37]. Mo eo e , in emale swimme s, he di e ence in pe o mance was in luenced by he a ia ion in an h opome ic a iables (i.e., heigh and body mass), s oke echnique (s oke index and leng h), u ning ime and lowe limbs muscle powe . These di e ences would allow he coaches and swimme s o ecognize he impo ance o lowe limbs powe ( ha can also in luence u ning ime) o sp in pe o mance. Fu he mo e, an h opome ics and he swimming echnique could di e en ia e emale swimme s o his age. The ac ha some o hese a iables we e no signi ican should be con ex ualized o ou sample and cha ac e is ics. I should be no ed ha o he ac o s no assessed in he p esen s udy, such as ae obic and anae obic capaci y, and some an h opome ic measu es, migh also ha e in luenced he 50 me e s pe o mance. In addi ion, we should no dis ega d he impo ance o uppe limbs powe and/o swimming echnique p e iously sugges ed o in luence swimming pe o mance [42]. Due o he limi a ions o he s udy (absence o gold s anda d assessmen s o uppe and lowe limbs muscle powe , body composi ion, and biological ma u a ion), he esul s should be in e p e ed wi h cau ion. CONCLUSION I may be s a ed ha he ime in 50 me e s ees yle can be p edic ed by he u ning ime and he ho izon al jump in male young swimme s, and by he heigh , body mass, s oke leng h, s oke index, u ning ime and ho izon al jump in emale young swimme s. Thus, he s udy’s esea che s conclude ha some an h opome ic cha ac e is ics, s oking pa ame e s and s eng h, can se e as de e minan s o he young swimme s’ pe o mance. ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE All he p ocedu es we e app o ed by he ins i u ional e hics commi ee om he cou se wi h he s udy no.160522051. HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS No animals we e used ha a e he basis o his s udy. All he epo ed expe imen s on humans we e conduc ed in acco dance wi h he e hical s anda ds o he commi ee esponsible o human expe imen a ion (ins i u ional and na ional), and wi h he Helsinki Decla a ion o 1975, as e ised in 2008 (h p://www.wma.ne /en/20ac i i ies/10e hics/10hels inki/). CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION All subjec s we e in o med o he isks and bene i s o he s udy, and a signed in o med consen was ob ained om hem. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS The da a and ma e ials ha suppo he indings o his esea ch a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho [A.T.C] upon easonable eques . FUNDING This wo k was suppo ed by he Po uguese Founda ion o Science and Technology, I.P., unde G an UID04045/2021. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The au ho s con i m ha his a icle's con en has no con lic o in e es . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Decla ed none. REFERENCES Cos a MJ, San os CC, Ma inho DA, Sil a AJ, Ba bosa TM. Modelling[1] he 200 m on -c awl pe o mance p edic o s a he win e season peak. In J En i on Res Public Heal h 2020; 17: 2126. [h p://dx.doi.o g/10.3390/ije ph17062126] Hebbelinck M, Ca e L, Dega ay A. Bodybuild and soma o ype o [2] olympic swimme s, di e s and wa e polo playe s.Swimming II. Bal imo e: Uni e si y Pa k P ess 1975; pp. 285-305. Pe syn U, Daly D, an Tilbo gh L, Dessein M, Ve he sel D,[3] Ve aecke N. E alua ion o eli e swimme s Ins i u oo Lichamelijke Opleiding Audio isuel Diens . Leu en: K. U. Leu en 1984. Fe nandes RJ, Ba bosa TM, Vilas-Boas JP. De e minan [4] kinan opome ic ac o s in swimming. B az J Kina h op Hum Pe o m 2002; 4: 67-79. 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