CITTA 3 d Annual Con e ence on Planning Resea ch B inging Ci y Fo m Back In o Planning
1
Social inno a ion dynamics: a e i o ial app oach o 3 d
sec o ini ia i es in he no h o Po ugal
Ve a Diogo
1
, Te esa Sá Ma ques
2
, Paula Gue a
3
This ongoing p ojec add esses he ecen ans o ma ions wi hin social policy and p ac ice ha ga e o m o
he concep o social inno a ion. Social inno a ion is unde s ood as a signi ican change in he way a gi en
socie y deals wi h a social p oblem. I s signi icance is measu ed by scale - numbe o people, geog aphical
a ea in ol ed, by scope - i s capaci y o a ec mul iple social dimensions, and by esonance - ha is, he
deg ee o in ensi y o which i a ac s people's imagina ion (Nilsson, 2003).
The ques ion is o know in which ways he spa ial de elopmen and spa ial jus ice (Soja, 2010) is a ec ed by
he social inno a ion ini ia i es ca ied on wi hin he hi d sec o . The li e a u e on social inno a ion e e s o
wo main me hodologies: wo king wi h and no o he people – he con ic ion ha social ac o s' in ol emen
on he p ojec s ha a e designed o hei bene i is a unc ional equi emen ; ne wo k coope a ion – he
unde s anding ha o ganiza ions mus come ou o hei walls in o de o ully engage wi h socie y, o ha is
he only way o p o ide an in eg a ed answe o social needs in a ne wo k socie y.
The esea ch will app oach 3 case s udies: a na ional p ojec on gende equali y un by a Local De elopmen
Associa ion's ne wo k – Anima ; a P i a e Social Ins i u ion ocused on Heal h and Wellness – Espaço T; and, a
Non P o i Associa ion ocused on Housing – Associação Humani á ia Habi a . This hi d case is a
me hodology o housing suppo based on olun ee wo k and e i o ial ne wo k ac i a ion, he e o e o
pa icula in e es o his con e ence.
Keywo ds: social inno a ion, spa ial de elopmen , hi d sec o
The guideline o he p ojec ha gi es g ound o his pape is he ela ion be ween 3
d
sec o social
inno a ion ini ia i es and spa ial de elopmen . The esea ch ques ion we pose is In which ways can 3
d
1
Escola Supe io de Educação – Ins i u o Poli écnico do Po o
Teache in Sociology, in he Educa ion Sciences Depa men
Mas e ’s s uden a he Geog aphy Depa men o Faculdade de Le as do Po o
E-mail: e ad[email p o ec ed]; oi[email p o ec ed]m
2
Faculdade de Le as da Uni e sidade do Po o
Geog aphe and Associa e P o esso in Geog aphy
Resea che o he Depa men o Geog aphy
Tele one: 22 6077189
Fax: 22 6077194
E-mail: ma ques le as.up.p ; e esasama ques gmail.com
3
Faculdade de Le as da Uni e sidade do Po o
Sociologis and Assis an P o esso in Sociology
Resea che o he Ins i u e o Sociology
Tele one: 351226077100/351226077190
Fax: 351226077190
E-mail: pgue [email p o ec ed]; ma iad[email p o ec ed]
Ve a Diogo, Te esa Sá Ma ques, Paula Gue a
Social inno a ion dynamics: a e i o ial app oach o 3 d sec o ini ia i es in he
no h o Po ugal
2
sec o social inno a ion ini ia i es a ec spa ial de elopmen ? This ques ion can be di ided in o wo: Can
3
d
sec o social inno a ion ini ia i es a ec spa ial de elopmen ? I so, in which ways?
The deba e a oused by hese ques ions comes om a wide easoning abou he ole o 3
d
sec o ’s
o ganiza ions, and he ole o he ci il socie y, in gene al, in he cons uc ion o he u u e o communi ies,
egions and na ions, which is in ac , he p ac ice o de elopmen . Such easoning is based on ecognized
li e a u e and esea ch on he iden i y and s uc u e o he 3
d
sec o , on he ascending ield o social
inno a ion and on spa ial de elopmen . These e e ences gi e us easons o belie e he e is a ela ion
be ween he 3
d
sec o and spa ial de elopmen , and ha he i s can a ec he second. Fa om
assuming his ela ion as linea and unidi ec ional, ou posi ion owa ds esea ch is ocused on he ole o
he 3
d
sec o , pa icula ly o he new gene a ion ini ia i es ha ollow he p inciples o social inno a ion, in
shaping he ace o place.
The 3
d
sec o is de ined as a wide g oup o o ganiza ions whose pu pose is no o maximize p o i bu o
ob ain a social ou come, o p o ide a collec i e o public se ice ha answe s he needs and aspi a ions o
a local communi y o a pa icula g oup o people. Thei p i a e na u e is wha dis inguishes hese
o ganiza ions om he public ins i u ions. Al hough hey p o ide collec i e o public se ices mo ioned by a
social goal, hey a e uled by p i a e law and ha e au onomous managemen nondependen om he
go e nmen al o public adminis a i e s uc u es. A he same ime, he 3
d
sec o o ganiza ions a e
di e en om he p i a e ma ke o ganiza ions in wha comes o p o i , he e is no p o i maximiza ion in he
3 d sec o o ganiza ions, once hei ocus is on he social alue o hei ac i i ies. The e o e he e is no
s uggle be ween he use alue and he exchange alue o he se ices p o ided, once i is he alue in
use, he in insic alue o he se ice p o ided ha gi es pu pose o he economic ac i i y. This can in ac
be seen as he compe i i e ad an age o he hi d sec o o e he ma ke , once i is no subjec o he
ma ke laws ha exclude consume s acco ding o he p ice o goods. And in compa ison wi h he s a e, he
3
d
sec o o ganiza ions a e no subjec o he a iabili y o poli ical cycles, which ep esen s a possibili y o
ad an age in e ms o inne cohe ence and con inui y o se ices and p og ams p o ided by he 3
d
sec o
(E e s, 1990). Acco ding o he John Hopkins Uni e si y, CNPP – Compa a i e Non P o i P ojec , applied
in a wide ange o coun ies, including ou coun y, in 2005, a 3
d
sec o o ganiza ion is de ined by i e
common ai s: o ha e a o mal legalized s uc u e; o assume p i a e na u e; he absence o maximiza ion
o dis ibu ion o p o i s; he exis ence o an au onomous managemen suppo ing an ongoing ac i i y un
by a o mally de ined g oup o membe s; o admi only olun a y o ms o membe ship(F anco, 2005).
An analy ical app oach o he 3
d
sec o ini ia i es dis inguishes he ac i i ies o hese o ganiza ions by he
p inciples ha a e implied in such s uc u es, such as he uni e sal alue o human li e, and i s supe io i y
abo e he alue o capi al, he impo ance o eedom, jus ice and human igh s, he necessi y o p omo ing
o ms o coope a ion o achie e a be e commi men o he ul ilmen o human capaci ies. Acco ding o
Sal a o e, he ype o a ionali y ha unde lies hese p inciples is he alue o ien ed a ionali y, as de ined
by Max Webe , o i s p incipal goal is he p o ision o se ices ha will answe o social needs, p oblems
o aspi a ions, di e ing om he ins umen al a ionali y, he alue o ien ed a ionali y is no ocused on he
means o cos s ha an ac i i y migh imply, nei he on i s p obabili y o success. Fo he lei mo i o such
ac i i ies a e he alues and ideas ha inspi e i , hence hese alues gi e g ound o he s uc u al
objec i es o he o ganiza ion. Webe ’s heo y was designed o explain social in e ac ion among indi iduals
bu i can also be use ul o unde s and he o ganiza ional beha iou , mo eo e , he e is an impo an
CITTA 3 d Annual Con e ence on Planning Resea ch B inging Ci y Fo m Back In o Planning
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ela ion be ween indi idual social in e ac ion and he o ming o o ganiza ions, once he o igin o social
o ganiza ions, as a gene al ule, is he eunion and collec i e ac ion o g oups o indi iduals wi h common
alues and common goals (Sal a o e, 2004; Webe , 1922).
The 3
d
sec o a ose om he need o coope a ion and he unde s anding ha in ou wo ld we li e be e
when we wo k oge he , an indi idual canno ob ain by him o he sel necessa y esou ces and se ices o
p o ide o his’/he own li e goals and needs. Th oughou his o y mankind has lea n he powe o
coope a ion and ins i u ionalized o ganiza ion o he ul ilmen o each pe son’s indi idual eedom.
Ins i u ionaliza ion means ob aining a o mal legal s uc u e, de ining o mal goals and ules and a body o
membe s wi h dis inc unc ions connec ed by he hie a chy line ha g an s he sha e o esponsibili y.
Ins i u ionaliza ion is wha dis inguishes he 3
d
sec o o ganiza ions om he g ound based g oups o
collec i i ies wi h no o mal iden i y. So, he 3
d
sec o can be seen as he o ganized and ins i u ionalized
pa o ci il socie y, exis ing he e o e a connec ion be ween he 3
d
sec o and social mo emen s, as well
as wi h he social ac s ha a ise in a socie y in each ime pe iod. Like i occu ed when he Po uguese
e olu ion o 1974 ga e momen um o he explosion o he popula p o es s, al eady unde cou se, o he
igh o p ope housing and he Righ o he Ci y, sp ead in he bigges ci ies whe e he housing need was
mo e se e e, and lack o u ban planning mo e c ucial. This mo emen esul ed in he g adual
ins i u ionaliza ion o he Po uguese Housing Coope a i es, a s ong g oup wi hin he coope a i e sec o ,
un il nowadays(Rod igues, 1999;Fa ia, 2009) Coope a i ism is i sel an impo an piece o he his o y o he
3
d
sec o , de eloped pa icula ly in he XIX cen u y, in ac i i ies o majo impo ance such as ag icul u e,
educa ion and p ima y goods consump ion, and i s legal amewo k was o med in he ea ly XX cen u y,
as well as i s dis inc ion om he o he o ms o social o ganiza ions, associa ions and mu ual
o ganiza ions o socie ies(Quin ão,2004).
The concep o social inno a ion is ela ed o he cu en ans o ma ion in he ield o social wo k, la gely
ca ied on by he 3
d
sec o . This ans o ma ion p oposes an in eg a ed and e ec i e app oach o social
p oblems, since an in eg a ed pe spec i e o human exis ence in he con ex o social exclusion is he only
way o in e he p ocess and open a pa h owa ds social inclusion. This ans o ma ion equi es new ideas
ha can p o ide solu ions o inc easing social p oblems, pa icula ly new ways o posing such p oblems,
new easoning s anda ds, ocusing no only on people’s needs bu on people’s capaci ies. As Eins ein
once said oday’s p oblems can no be sol ed wi h he same easoning s anda ds ha c ea ed hem (in
Meneses, 2009). This is he basis o he idea o social inno a ion as Nilsson de ines i , in his wo ds, a
signi ican , c ea i e and sus ainable shi in he way a gi en socie y deal wi h a p o ound and p e iously
in ac able social p oblem such as po e y, disease, iolence o en i onmen al de e io a ion(Nilsson,
2003). Such a ans o ma ion p ocess in he pa e ns o esponse o accu a e social p oblems will imply a
up u e wi h he es ablished no ms and he p e ious o de o dis ibu ion o powe , capi al and esou ces.
Acco ding o Mulgan, he p ocess o social inno a ion depends upon h ee basic links o he
socioeconomic sys em ha sus ains i : e ec i e demand – he b oad ecogni ion o social p oblems;
e ec i e supply – he gene a ion o new ideas ha can sol e hose p oblems; e ec i e s a egies – he
answe o he ques ion how o make he ideas wo k? – in ol ing he op ions aken, he me hodologies, he
o ms o access o unds, and he ela ionships c ea ed wi h se e al ac o s(Mulgan, 2007b).
This s ep o wa d needs o be aken i s ly inside he o ganiza ions ha unde ake he p ocess o social
inno a ion, o i means he adop ion o a new me hodology o social wo k, which is composed by wo main
Ve a Diogo, Te esa Sá Ma ques, Paula Gue a
Social inno a ion dynamics: a e i o ial app oach o 3 d sec o ini ia i es in he
no h o Po ugal
4
pilla s: he necessi y o wo king wi h and no o he people and he awa eness o he mul iple bene i s o
ne wo k coope a ion – hese wo pilla s, ope a ing a he p ocedu al le el, cons i u e he i s se o
condi ions o social inno a ion o occu .
Wo king wi h he people and no o he people, means ha he essen ial basis o social inno a ion wo k is
ela ional and he e o e mus be ocused no only on people’s immedia e needs bu u he mo e on
people’s capaci ies, goals and esponsibili ies. The e o e he excluded popula ions mus be ea ed as
capable, ee and esponsible indi iduals, who ha e a wo d o say and a cen al ole o play in hei own
p ocess o inclusion and li e s anda ds imp o emen . This idea ollows he heo iza ion on he concep o
empowe men ha we will no explo e in dep h on his a icle, bu whose basic assump ion is ha excluded
g oups and indi iduals mus be he locomo i es o social change. And in ac , as Mulgan s a es, social
inno a ion does no only se e ulne able popula ions, i is se ed by hem, no so a ely, he excluded
g oups hemsel es c ea e o ms o o ganiza ion o s and o hei own igh s(Mulgan, 2007a). Besides,
c ea i i y and he capaci y o adap a ion a e common ai s o human beings, in hese capaci ies lies he
complex o agency which gi es social s uc u es hei balance h oughou he e olu ion line. Agency and
s uc u e a e, indeed, he wo basic o ces ha o m social sys ems; s uc u e is main ained by he
necessa y con inui y ha a socie y elies on o keep i s iden i y, and agency is he mo ing o ce ha allows
hese s uc u es o keep i s esilience. Resilience heo y is based on he assump ion ha change is he
inne o de o eali y, om sys emic change o sys emic change, he ecosys ems ha e a na u al capaci y o
adjus men and eac i i y ha allow hem o a oid disin eg a ion o collapse. Coming om he na u al
sciences his model has been applied o social sciences in a wide ange o disciplines, including sociology
and geog aphy. In his con ex he esilience capaci y o social sys ems depend upon he connec i i y and
balance be ween agency and s uc u e, o agency o be e ec i e, he social capi al mus be ein o ced, so
ha human capi al can be s eng hen and ein es ed in he economy (Wes ley, 2008). Mulgan p o ides a
gene al bu clea dis inc ion be ween he economic pe spec i e o human capi al, he sociological
app oach o social capi al ha ecognizes he alue o social bounds, and he insigh ul cap ion o
ela ional capi al which analyses he dep h, quali y, dynamic and s abili y o he con igu a ion o social
ne wo ks(Mulgan, 2009). Fo Isabel And é i is he s eng h o ela ion capi al, in o he wo ds, he
communica ion and sha ing o knowledge, ideas and in o ma ion, h ough he a chi ec u e o powe
s uc u es ha can make social inno a ion happen(And é, 2006).
The e o e, he second main pilla – ne wo k coope a ion- is a c ucial me hod o he p ocess o social
inno a ion. I implies an e ec i e sha e o powe in he p ocess o inno a ion and a eal dis ibu ion o
c edi s o i s esul s, hus i is only when o ganiza ions come ou o hei walls ha social change a
sys emic le el can occu . The ne wo k coope a ion me hod is no only applied amongs social
o ganiza ions, bu as well be ween 3
d
sec o and go e nmen s, public ins i u ions and ma ke economy
o ganiza ions. The ela ional ne wo k includes ela ionships be ween 3
d
sec o o ganiza ions and p i a e
companies, indi idual p i a e dono s, local, na ional and sup ana ional go e nmen al au ho i ies, as well
as, o pu i b ie ly, he se o ela ionships among all he s akeholde s, like, o example, he ela ionships
be ween olun ee s and s a membe s, o boa d membe s and und aising e en sponso s. The mixed
na u e o he ne wo k – in e ms o economic sec o s in ol ed, is undamen al, once he ul ima e goal o
social inno a ion is much wide han wha can be achie ed wi hin he bounda ies o he 3
d
sec o . Social
inno a ion aims social change, as a condi ion o pu in p ac ice an in eg a ed and accu a e p ocess o
CITTA 3 d Annual Con e ence on Planning Resea ch B inging Ci y Fo m Back In o Planning
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de elopmen . Cu en ly, he model o sus ainable de elopmen is accep ed almos wo ldwide, pa icula ly
in he de eloped coun ies, and i p oposes an in eg a ed iew, implying ha all economic ac o s a e
obliged o he ha mony be ween social, en i onmen al and economical de elopmen .
The pe spec i e o spa ial de elopmen can be e y use ul o s uc u ing an in eg a ed pe spec i e, gi en
he spa ial alloca ion o people, se ices and esou ces. So, i is in place, ha he h ee ec o s o
sus ainable de elopmen can be achie ed, and hey can only be achie ed a ull ex en by implying he
ac i e pa icipa ion o all social and economic ac o s ha shape he ace o place, and will build he u u e
spa ial o ms and social s uc u es. Fu he mo e, i is c ucial o unde s and ha space is place, ha is,
space is socially cons uc ed, as well as socie y is cons uc ed on space in such a way ha , like a mi o
e lec ion, space gains social iden i y, mul iplying he social ai s ha ga e i shape. F om his easoning
comes he idea o spa ial jus ice, de ined as an in eg a ed iew o poli ical, economical and social jus ice
ha people bene i om in a ce ain place. The le el o spa ial jus ice is measu ed in e ms o access o
public decision making p ocesses, and access o goods and se ices ha allow he ealiza ion o human
needs, such as housing, educa ion, p ope jobs and p ope wo king condi ions, clean wa e , hea ing
sys ems and o he impo an esou ces. Wi hin he ci ies and u ban a eas i is clea ha he e a e a eas
wi h qui e di e en le els o spa ial jus ice, in ac , his opic has been pa icula ly de eloped in he ield o
Ci y s udies(Soja, 2009).
The main goal o all de elopmen heo y is he Well-Being o he popula ion which, b ie ly, can be
unde s ood as he imp o emen o people’s li e s anda ds – he base o he main commi men o he S a e
owa ds socie y. In an u ili a ian app oach, Well-Being is de ined as he comple ion o human needs, such
as access o basic goods, and o he consump ion goods, shel e , educa ion, p ope jobs, and o he s.
Ano he undamen al app oach is ocused on he no ion o capaci y, de ined by Ama ya Sen as he e ec
o people’s eedom o choice, ha is, hei ange o possibili ies in hei own li e choices. Acco ding o
Sen, he maximiza ion o indi idual eedom is a condi ion o de elopmen , because de elopmen can only
succeed when people a e able o pa icipa e in i s p ocess, and hey can only do so, by accomplishing hei
own li e goals and aspi a ions. This no ion o Well-Being is connec ed o he p e ious explana ion abou
spa ial jus ice, o he ul ilmen o indi idual eedom canno be accomplished wi hou jus ice c i e ia, as
he p inciple o indi idual eedom implies a social commi men (Ma ques, 2004). In Rawls heo y o jus ice
as ai ness, he basic p inciple o jus ice is he maximiza ion o he minimum s anda ds o Well-Being – he
maximin p inciple – meaning ha , he exis ence o social inequali ies mus esul in he ampli ica ion o he
oppo uni ies o hose who a e in wo s posi ion in he unequal s uc u es o esou ces dis ibu ion. Well,
his p inciple is based on wo impo an c i e ia, one o which is he ecogni ion o di e ence, and he o he
is he igh o indi idual eedom. Accep ing he uni e sal alue o human li e, e e y indi idual has equal
igh o eedom; he e o e, he ex en o eedom o an indi idual is connec ed o he ex en o eedom o
o he indi iduals, no only meaning ha o he s’ eedom limi s ou eedom, bu also ha he comple ion o
ou own eedom depends upon ou ela ionship wi h o he s, and hei eedom oo(Rawls, 2001). This
iew o jus ice and eedom a e necessa y ing edien s o he p ocess o sys emic change ha social
inno a ion is abou .
In o de o unde s and sys emic change, we mus comp ehend socie y as an ecosys em whe e he
en i onmen al si ua ions – he o m o s uc u e in a gi en space- ime social eali y - such as adminis a i e
s uc u es and policies, geog aphy and in as uc u es, economy and ma ke s uc u e, cul u e and social

Ve a Diogo, Te esa Sá Ma ques, Paula Gue a
Social inno a ion dynamics: a e i o ial app oach o 3 d sec o ini ia i es in he
no h o Po ugal
6
pa e ns impose condi ions o he ac o s’ eedom, and he e, we mus pe spec i e all he ac o s and
in e ac o s p esen in he ela ional ne wo k as explained abo e (pa ne s, compe i o s, unde s, sponso s,
olun ee s, suppo e s, opponen s and spec a o s). Again, we encoun e he complex o agency, which can
be unde s ood as he capaci y o ac o s o wo k upon en i onmen al condi ions. Acco ding o Dees, i is he
ela ionship be ween ac o s and en i onmen al condi ions ha can gene a e sys emic change, and he e
a e wo basic ways o p omo ing i : o impose a change in he en i onmen al si ua ions hemsel es o o
c ea e a s able and wide p ocess o inno a ion ha can c ea e new s anda ds o beha iou among ac o s
owa ds he en i onmen (Dees, 2008).
He e we a i e o he le el o he second se o condi ions o social inno a ion o wo k, ha is he esul s
le el, which acco ding o Nilsson ough o be measu ed acco ding o 3 c i e ia: a) scale – he impo ance o
dimension, in e ms o numbe o people in ol ed, dimension o he geog aphical a ea ha is se ed; b)
scope – he impo ance o in eg a ed and mul idisciplina y app oaches in o de o each he se e al
in e dependen dimensions o exclusion, such as Housing and Educa ion, o ins ance; c) esonance – he
p ojec s capaci y o en e ing people’s li es and imagina ion – no only he imagina ion o people in need,
bu he imagina ion and li es o all s akeholde s, such as olun ee s, s a , in es o s and he public in
gene al, in o de o p omo e he necessa y e-in e p e a ion o ideas o make hem g ow and sp ead. Fo
he p ocess o social inno a ion o be e ec i e and design a clea and signi ican shi in he pa e ns o
esponse o social p oblems, scale, scope and esonance mus be isible in i s ou comes.
F om his concep ual amewo k we de eloped a hypo he ical s uc u e ha will guide us on he analysis o
he s udy cases. C ossing he wo social inno a ion me hodological pilla s wi h he c i e ia o signi ica ion o
he ou comes o social inno a ion p ojec s, we ob ained he amewo k pic u ed bellow on able 1:
Table 1. Hypo he ical amewo k
1
s
se o condi ions 2nd se o condi ions hypo hesis
Wo king wi h and no o he
people
scale c i e ion 1. In e ac ion be ween g oups in
di e en socioeconomic
condi ions, di e en sociocul u al
o igins and wi h di e en social
p oblems, can inc ease social
inclusion o a ge popula ions
Wo king wi h and no o he
people
esonance c i e ion 2. Volun ee ing expe iences can
a ec he imagina ion o
olun ee s, a ge popula ions
and gene al public
3. P omo ing social change
wi hin he s uc u es o 3
d
sec o
o ganiza ions is a condi ion o
imp o e he ex ension o ha
CITTA 3 d Annual Con e ence on Planning Resea ch B inging Ci y Fo m Back In o Planning
7
s uggle ou side i s walls
Ne wo k coope a ion scope c i e ion 4. Di e en socioeconomic
agen s in e ac ion can
consolida e spa ial de elopmen
by implying a wide ange o
social ac o s in he p ocess,
p omo ing mo e cohesi e
communi ies
Ne wo k coope a ion scale c i e ion 5. The use o global coope a ion
ools migh inc ease social
inclusion
This combina ion o hypo hesis is g ounded on he explo a o y esea ch unde aken du ing he selec ion
p ocedu e, which was based on he wo se s o condi ions explained abo e 1) he necessa y inne change
wi hin he 3
d
sec o , based in he wo main pilla s – wo king wi h he people and no o he people and
ne wo k coope a ion; 2) he alignmen o he p ojec s ou lines wi h he ul illmen o he c i e ia o esul s
signi icance – scale, scope and esonance(Nilsson, 2003). The e o e, his esea ch will be ocused on he
e alua ion o he e ec i e ul illmen o he esul s signi icance c i e ia and he e ec i e p ac ice o he wo
main me hodological pilla s.
The s udy cases we e selec ed h ough in e iews wi h p i ileged in o me s whose expe ience in he 3
d
sec o and in social inno a ion p ojec s in pa icula , p o ided he guidance we needed. A p io condi ion
was o analyze p ojec s ha ake place in he no he n egion o he coun y, gi en he ime limi s and
limi ed esou ces a ailable o his p ojec , and he impossibili y o compa e di e se single ini ia i es in
comple ely di e en spa ial con ex s.
A e ile analysis o se e al p ojec s and o ganiza ions, ollowing p i ileged in o me s’ guidelines, wi h he
p ecious help o he EQUAL ini ia i e da abase and h ough pa icipa ion in con e ences o he subjec , i s
con ac in e iews we e aken by 5 o ganiza ions, om which 3 s udy cases we e selec ed.
The i s case s udy is a na ional p ojec on gende equali y un by a Local De elopmen Associa ion ha is
cons i u ed as ne wo k – Anima , Associação Po uguesa Pa a o Desen ol imen o Local – c ea ed in 1993
o he pu pose o p omo ing e i o ial coope a ion wo k be ween o ganiza ions, g oups and indi iduals in
o de o suppo and imp o e local de elopmen . Anima is an impo an ne wo k, no only o he Local
De elopmen Associa ions bu also o se e al o he kinds o social ins i u ions ha became hei pa ne s.
Anima has un se e al na ional p ojec s a icula ed by egions in ol ing a wide ange o ins i u ions and
conce ning di e en social dimensions. Mos o hese p ojec s ha e been inanced by Eu opean unding
and some o hem we e included in he abo e s a ed EQUAL ini ia i e. The p ojec unde esea ch has he
pu pose o p omo e gende equali y wi hin he 3
d
sec o o ganiza ions. Fo ha pu pose a diagnosis on he
ma e is being done, o ganized in wo kshops and web pa icipa i e me hodologies and oge he wi h he
Ve a Diogo, Te esa Sá Ma ques, Paula Gue a
Social inno a ion dynamics: a e i o ial app oach o 3 d sec o ini ia i es in he
no h o Po ugal
8
diagnosis, a lis o imp o emen s will be de ined by each ins i u ion and ollow up wo k on hose
commi men s will be unde aken.
The second case s udy is a P i a e Social Ins i u ion ocused on Heal h and Wellness– Espaço T – c ea ed
in 1992 o he pu pose o p o iding a posi i e and in eg a ed app oach o Heal h and Wellness issues in
gene al, he me hodology applied is he o mula o in eg a ion h ough a – based on he he apeu ic
bene i s o c ea i e ac i i ies. This ins i u ion ope a es in Po o ci y, he own o T o a and i is also s a ing
o de elop an a ilia e in Lisboa, al hough ha g owing p ojec won’ be analyzed, once i is ou side he
geog aphical limi s o his esea ch. The a ge popula ion o Espaço is qui e wide, om blind o d ug
addic indi iduals, passing h ough all so s o heal h and wellness dis u bances. These pa icipan s a e
e e ed o as s uden s and he pa icipa ion in di e en wo kshops and he apies is no based on hei
pa icula p oblem bu on hei psychosocial needs as indi iduals. The name Espaço is based on he idea
ha he e is space o e e yone, Espaço is he e o e a place o e e yone – espaço pa a odos – no
ma e wha speci ic needs, no ma e a which le els hey ollow he s anda ds o no mali y.
The hi d case s udy is a Non P o i Associa ion ocused on Housing – Associação Humani á ia Habi a –
he Po uguese a ilia e o Habi a Fo Humani y In e na ional, whose mission is o e adica e po e y
housing om he ace o he ea h. Associação Humani á ia Habi a was ounded in 1996, in he ci y o
B aga, by a g oup o iends who belie ed po e y housing is a c ucial p oblem in ou coun y and ha i is
in ou hands o s op i . Gi en he coincidence be ween his con e ence’s subjec and he na u e o he
social p oblem ocused by his o ganiza ion, his case will be explained in mo e de ail u he on.
The me hodology o his esea ch is o quali a i e ype based on he applica ion o in e iews (a e age o
6 by case s udy) o mul iple ac o s, amongs a ge popula ion, o ganiza ional leade s, s a and olun ee s,
key-pa ne s in he ne wo ks o coope a ion, and communi y membe s. Pa icipan obse a ion will also be
ca ied on du ing a ew o he p ojec s’ wo kdays, a ending wo kshops and pa icipa ing in gene al
ac i i ies. The app oach o he case s udies is, as s a ed abo e, based 1) i s ly, on he ocus o he
esea ch – he in luence o 3
d
sec o social inno a ion ini ia i es on spa ial de elopmen , 2) secondly, on
he hypo he ical s uc u e de eloped om he concep ual amewo k and 3) a las , on he speci ic goals o
his esea ch which a e based on he hypo hesis and will be s a ed bellow.
1. To unde s and how people in need li e he expe ience o in e ac ing wi h he wo king s a o hese
p ojec s, he olun ee s and gene al public. Wha e ec does his in e ac ion cause in hei social
ep esen a ions and in hei pa icipa ion in he communi y?
2. To analyze he ep esen a ions o olun ee ing expe iences by olun ee s, s a membe s and a ge
popula ion, in o de o unde s and hei impo ance in shaping people’s iew o he indi idual’s ole in
socie y.
3. To unde s and he in e ac ions ha gi e o m o he cu en p ocess o change wi hin he 3
d
sec o , o
analyze he ep esen a ions o s a membe s and boa d membe s abou i and o comp ehend he
implica ions o his expe ience in hese membe s’ own alue s anda ds and a i udes owa ds hei wo k
and hei o ganiza ion.
4. To know he e ec s o ne wo k coope a ion be ween agen s wi h di e en socioeconomic oles in
de elopmen , e alua ing bene i s and disad an ages o di e en ne wo k membe s, and hei spa ial
esul s on communi ies.
CITTA 3 d Annual Con e ence on Planning Resea ch B inging Ci y Fo m Back In o Planning
9
5. To unde s and how he global scale in e ac s wi h he local scale di ec ly in such p ojec s, and o
analyze he e ec o he con ac wi h he wide scale o people in need, in e ms o social ep esen a ions.
The in e connec ion be ween his 5 esea ch objec i es, he hypo he ical s uc u e, he esea ch ocus and
he concep ual amewo k ha ga e g ound o i , can be isually analyzed on igu e 1.
Figu e 1. Analysis amewo k
Ve a Diogo, Te esa Sá Ma ques, Paula Gue a
Social inno a ion dynamics: a e i o ial app oach o 3 d sec o ini ia i es in he
no h o Po ugal
16
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