Su ey o chu ches damaged by he May 2012 Emilia-Romagna ea hquake sequence
Paupé io, E.1, Romão, X.2, Ta a es, A.3, Vicen e, R.4, Guedes, J.5, Rod igues, H.6, Va um, H.7, Cos a, A.8
1 Cons uc ion Ins i u e, Facul y o Enginee ing o he Uni e si y o Po o, Po o, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
2 Facul y o Enginee ing o he Uni e si y o Po o, Po o, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
3 Facul y o Enginee ing o he Uni e si y o Po o, Po o, Po ugal; a a [email protected]
4 Uni e si y o A ei o, A ei o, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
5 Facul y o Enginee ing o he Uni e si y o Po o, Po o, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
6 Uni e si y o A ei o, A ei o, Po ugal; h [email p o ec ed]
7 Uni e si y o A ei o, A ei o, Po ugal; h [email p o ec ed]
8 Uni e si y o A ei o, A ei o, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
Ci e as:
Paupé io, E., Romão, X., Ta a es, A., Vicen e, R., Guedes, J., Rod igues, H., Va um, H., Cos a, A. (2012) Su ey o chu ches damaged by he
2012 Emilia-Romagna ea hquake sequence. Facul y o Enginee ing o he Uni e si y o Po o and Uni e si y o A ei o, Po ugal. A ailable a
h ps://dl.d opbox.com/u/8147292/FEUP_UA_Emilia-Romagna_ea hquake_ epo .pd
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Table o Con en s
1. In oduc ion .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
2. B ie e iew o he 2012 Emilia-Romagna ea hquake sequence ........................................................................................................................ 2
3. Con ex o he p esen ed chu ch damages ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
4. Gene al cha ac e iza ion o he chu ches su eyed .............................................................................................................................................. 8
5. Eme gency in e en ions ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Acknowledgemen s ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Re e ences ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Chu ch damage wo kshee s ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
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1. In oduc ion
This epo p esen s an o e iew o he damage ha was obse ed in ou een chu ches ha we e hi by he May 2012
Emilia-Romagna ea hquake sequence. The da a was collec ed o e he cou se o a wo-day econnaissance mission ha
ook place on he 9 h and 10 h o July 2012, and ha in ol ed esea che s om he Ci il enginee ing Depa men o he
Facul y o Enginee ing o he Uni e si y o Po o and o he Uni e si y o A ei o, bo h ins i u ions om Po ugal.
I is no ed ha he cu en epo only ocusses he pos -seismic damage assessmen o chu ches and does no add ess he
cul u al and a is ic losses associa ed o mo able o immo able he i age. Fu he mo e, i is also e e ed ha since he
econnaissance mission ook place a e he majo ea hquakes o he 20 h and he 29 h o May, he sou ce o he epo ed
damages is no assigned o a pa icula e en and mus be seen as he cumula i e e ec o se e al g ound mo ions.
2. B ie e iew o he 2012 Emilia-Romagna ea hquake sequence
On he 20 h o May 2012, a 04:04 (local ime), a magni ude Mw = 5.9 ea hquake hi he Emilia-Romagna egion o no he n I aly. The epicen e
was ound o be app oxima ely 30km no hwes o Fe a a (Fig. 1) and he dep h o he hypocen e was ound o be a ound 6km. The ocal
mechanism indica es ha he ea hquake was a esul o h us aul ing, wi h a no h-sou h di ec ion o comp ession, on a aul plane ending
wes -eas (USGS, 2012). This ea hquake esul ed in 7 dea hs, signi ican damage o his o ical cons uc ions, chu ches and indus ial buildings.
The 20 h o May e en was ollowed by se e al a e shocks, namely wo wi h a magni ude Mw highe han 5.0 on he same day.
On he 29 h o May 2012, a 09:00 (local ime), a magni ude Mw = 5.8 ea hquake hi he same egion. The epicen e o his new e en was
de e mined o be app oxima ely 40km wes o Fe a a, a ound 15km sou hwes o he epicen e o he 20 h May e en (Fig. 1), and he dep h o
he hypocen e was ound o be a ound 10km. This ea hquake had a simila mechanism o ha o he 20 h May e en . This new ea hquake
caused u he damage o he loca ions hi by he 20 h May ea hquake and ex ended he a ec ed a ea o he Eas -side o he p o ince o Modena.
This e en esul ed in ano he 17 dea hs and inc eased he le el o damage o he his o ical cons uc ions, chu ches and indus ial buildings
al eady weakened by he 20 h May e en . The 29 h May e en was ollowed by se e al a e shocks, namely h ee wi h a magni ude Mw highe
han 5.0, wo on he same day and ano he on June 3.
Acco ding o da a om he I alian Is i u o Nazionale di Geo isica e Vulcanologia, peak g ound accele a ions o a ound 0.30g we e eco ded in
he icini y o bo h epicen es (INGV, 2012).
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a) b)
Fig. 1 – Loca ion o he epicen es o he main e en s o he Emilia-Romagna ea hquake sequence: gene al o e iew (a); de ailed iew (b): E1) ea hquake o he 20 h May,
E1a) a e shocks o he 20 h May ea hquake wi h magni ude Mw > 5.0, E2) ea hquake o he 29 h May, E2a) a e shocks o he 29 h May ea hquake wi h magni ude Mw > 5.0.
3. Con ex o he p esen ed chu ch damages
The damage assessmen ha was ca ied ou on ou een chu ches su eyed du ing he econnaissance mission is p esen ed in he ollowing. The
chu ches ha we e su eyed a e p esen ed in Table 1 and hei loca ion ela i e is ep esen ed in Fig. 2.
E1
E2
E2a
E1a
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Table 1 – Chu ches su eyed.
Re e ence
numbe
Name
Loca ion
Undamaged chu ch
Re e ence
numbe
Name
Loca ion
Undamaged chu ch
I1
Ca hed al o San
Paolo
Mi abello
I2
O a o io
Ghisilie i
San Ca lo
I3
Chu ch o San
Ma ino
Buonacomp a
I4
Chu ch o San
Lo enzo
Casuma o
Finalese
I5
Chu ch in
Bondeno
Bondeno
I6
Chu ch o Sac o
Cuo e
Bondeno
I7
Chu ch o San
Geminiano
Vesco o
Massa Finalese
I8
Chu ch o San a
Ma ia Maggio e
Mi andola

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Table 1 (con inued) – Chu ches su eyed.
Re e ence
numbe
Name
Loca ion
Undamaged chu ch
Re e ence
numbe
Name
Loca ion
Undamaged chu ch
I9
Chu ch o San
F ancesco
Mi andola
I10
Chu ch o SS
Apos oli
Giacomo e
Filippo
San
Giacomo
di Roncole
I11
Chu ch o
Mon albano
Mon albano,
Medolla
I12
Chu ch o
Ca ezzo
Ca ezzo
I13
Chu ch o San
Nicola di Ba i
Co ile, Ca pi
I14
Ca hed al o
San a Ma ia
Assun a
Ca pi
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Fig. 2 – Loca ion o he chu ches su eyed wi h espec o he main e en s o he Emilia-Romagna ea hquake sequence.
The su eys a e p esen ed in he o m o isual damage epo wo kshee s ha a e included in he end o his epo . Fo chu ches ha we e mo e
hea ily damaged, he damage epo wo kshee s only p esen he mo e signi ican damages. The damage epo wo kshee s also include
addi ional in o ma ion such as:
 The chu ch iden i ica ion (name, loca ion, GPS coo dina es)
 The pe iod o cons uc ion o he chu ch
 The main dimensions o he chu ch (and o he owe i i exis s)
 The ma e ials o he main cons uc ion elemen s
 The ype o access ha was a ailable o he su ey
 The o e all damage s a e o he chu ch
 The ype o eme gency in e en ions ha we e al eady in place (i any)
Aside om a ew excep ions, he su eys we e gene ally pe o med om he ex e io . The e o e, he p esen ed damage le els should be seen as
mainly quali a i e. The damage g ading was ca ied ou o all he chu ches using he lis o damage ypes p esen ed in Table 2. The I alian pos -
I1
I2
I3
I7
I5
I4
I6
I10
I8
I9
I11
I12
I13
I14
E1
E2
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ea hquake damage su ey o m, e.g. see Lagoma sino (2012), and i s co esponding lis o damage mechanisms, was no conside ed in his
analysis due o di icul ies in iden i ying such mechanisms as he esul o wo aspec s:
 The a ailable access o he su ey was a he limi ed in mos cases.
 The le el o damage exhibi ed by mos chu ches esul s om he cumula i e e ec o mo e han one majo ea hquake e en .
Table 2 – Lis o conside ed damage ypes.
Damage ype
Damage numbe
C acking
D1
Collapse o he acade (pa ial o o al)
D2
Collapse o he oo / aul s (pa ial o o al)
D3
Collapse o walls (pa ial o o al)
D4
Ou -o -plane de achmen o walls
D5
De achmen o he ou e laye o mason y
D6
Mason y c ushing a he ie od ancho age
D7
Mason y c ushing in comp ession
D8
Pounding
D9
Fall o spi e ( acade/ owe )
D10
Collapse o he owe (pa ial o o al)
D11
Collapse o ein o ced conc e e elemen s
D12
Fo each chu ch, only he mo e impo an damage ypes a e epo ed, based on he in si u obse a ions. The in ensi y o each damage ype was
hen g aded as Low, Medium o High. Based on he indi idual g ading o he damage ypes, he global s a e o damage o each chu ch was also
g aded as Low, Medium o High.
4. Gene al cha ac e iza ion o he chu ches su eyed
The chu ches and owe s su eyed a e mos ly made o b ick mason y. The di e en b ick mason y bonds o he mason y walls ha we e
obse ed among he exis ing deb is o some o he chu ches a e p esen ed in Figs. 3 o 8. The bond ype o Fig. 3 ep esen s an example o single
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heade bond mason y along wi h he co esponding ske ch o he bond ype acco ding o Bo i (2006). The block dimensions o his wall a e
28 14 3 5.
cm acco ding o in si u measu emen s.
a) b) c) d)
Fig. 3 – Single heade b ick mason y bond in chu ch I2: gene al iew (a), de ail (b) and ske ch o he bond ype adap ed om Bo i (2006) (c), b ick dimensions in cm.
The bond ype o Figs. 4 and 5 is a double heade bond mason y simila o he Flemish bond and was obse ed in chu ches I1 and I3. Figu e 4
also p esen s a ske ch o he bond ype acco ding o Bo i (2006) and a ske ch o he c oss sec ion iew o he wall. In his case, he b ick
dimensions we e no able o be measu ed. In chu ch I1, i was also obse ed ha he egion o he imbe uss suppo s was ein o ced by
duplica ing he wall, Figs. 5b) and c). Al hough i was no able o be obse ed, i is belie ed ha bo h walls mus be connec ed o he uss by
imbe o me allic elemen s.
28
14
3.5
16
a) b)
c) d)
Fig. 13 – Examples o eed ma alse aul s in chu ches I2 (a) and I10 (b) and (c), and de ail o a eed ma (d).

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Fig. 14 – Example o a aul made o imbe elemen s imbedded in mo a /plas e in chu ch I11.
Wi h espec o he a ches, hose ha we e able o be obse ed we e made o e ically s acked b ick mason y (Fig. 15). The in e io columns ha
we e su eyed we e also seen o be made o b ick mason y (Fig. 16).
Fig. 15 – Examples o a ches made o e ically s acked b ick mason y in chu ch I1.
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Fig. 16 – Example o an in e io column made o b ick mason y in chu ch I1.
Finally, i is also e e ed ha in chu ch I1, he deb is o a collapsed ein o ced conc e e elemen we e ound. The deb is a e belie ed o be pa o
a la ge ein o ced conc e e beam ha exis ed o e he ansep a ea (Fig. 17). As can be seen, he beam ein o cemen was made o smoo h eba s
and he ans e se ein o cemen was almos inexis en . I is also no ed ha he beam appea ed o be suppo ed by he b ick mason y walls.
Fig. 17 – Collapsed ein o ced conc e e beam in chu ch I1.
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Whene e possible, gene al dimensions o he chu ches and owe s we e measu ed (Fig. 18). Howe e , since he su eys we e pe o med om
sa e posi ions, such dimensions should be conside ed o be app oxima e. Addi ional measu es and da a we e also ob ained om Decanini e al.
(2012), Ioannou e al. (2012) and Rosse o e al. (2012).
Fig. 18 – Examples o gene al dimension su eys ca ied ou o he chu ches and owe s.
5. Eme gency in e en ions
Wi h espec o he eme gency in e en ions ha we e obse ed in some o he chu ches, hese we e g ouped acco ding o he ypologies
p esen ed in Table 3. None heless, in o ma ion was also ob ained ega ding some chu ches in which elemen s we e ei he emo ed o demolished
o sa e y easons. Fo example, i was ound ha he owe o chu ch I3 was demolished a e he 20 h May ea hquake while he spi e o he
owe adjacen o chu ch I1 was emo ed om i s loca ion also a e he 20 h May ea hquake.
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Table 3 – Lis o conside ed eme gency in e en ion ypes.
Eme gency in e en ion ype
Eme gency in e en ion numbe
S eel ake sho ing o walls
i1
Wood ake sho ing o walls
i2
Wood sho e a he openings
i3
Con inemen o he acade wi h s eel cables
i4
Con inemen o he owe
i5
Con inemen o he on ispiece wi h polyes e -nylon s ips
i6
Con inemen o he spi e wi h polyes e -nylon s ips
i7
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s would like o hank he inancial suppo o he Po uguese Founda ion o Science and Technology and he Cen o de Es udos da
Cons ução esea ch cen e o he Ci il Enginee ing Depa men o he Facul y o Enginee ing o he Uni e si y o Po o o sponso ing hei
pa icipa ion in his econnaissance mission. The au ho s would also like o hank don Gianca lo Migna di, p ies o he chu ch o San Ca lo, o
he in o ma ion p o ided and Manuel Ca alho o his help in p epa ing he chu ch damage epo wo kshee s.
Re e ences
Bo i, A. (2006) Allega o 3b.1_UR06_2. P oge o di ece ca Nº1, Valu azione e Riduzione della Vulne abili à di Edi ici in Mu a u a,
Rendicon azione Scien i ica 1º anno. Re e dei Labo a o i Uni e si a i di Ingegne ia Sismica (RELUIS).
Decanini L.D., Libe a o e D., Libe a o e L., So en ino L. (2012) P elimina y epo on he 2012, May 20 h, Emilia ea hquake. .1. A ailable a
h p://www.eqclea inghouse.o g/2012-05-20-i aly-i / (Accessed July 2012).
INGV (2012) Is i u o Nazionale di Geo isica e Vulcanologia. A ailable a h p:// e emo i.ing .i /i /ul imi-e en i/842- e emo i-in-pianu a-
padana-emiliana.h ml (Accessed July 2012).
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Ioannou, I., Bo g, R., No elli, V., Melo, J., Alexande , D., Konga , I., Ve ucci, E., Cahill, B., Rosse o, T. (2012) The 29 h May 2012 Emilia
Romagna Ea hquake. EPICen e Field Obse a ion Repo No. EPI-FO-290512. A ailable a h p://www.eqclea inghouse.o g/2012-05-20-i aly-
i / (Accessed July 2012).
Lagoma sino, S. (2012) Damage assessmen o chu ches a e L’Aquila ea hquake (2009). Bulle in o Ea hquake Enginee ing 10(1), 73-92.
Rosse o, T., Alexande , D., Ve ucci, E., Ioannou, I., Bo g, R., Melo, J., Cahill, B., Konga , I. (2012) The 20 h May 2012 Emilia Romagna
Ea hquake. EPICen e Field Obse a ion Repo No. EPI-FO-200512. A ailable a h p://www.eqclea inghouse.o g/2012-05-20-i aly-i /
(Accessed July 2012).
USGS (2012) M 6.0, 5.8, and 5.4 No he n I aly Ea hquakes o May 2012. p://haza ds.c .usgs.go /maps/sigeqs/20120529/20120529.pd
(Acessed July 2012).