Two datasets on objective descriptive and substantive representation with a particular focus on gender equality, climate change and migration

Deliverable D4.1 – Two datasets on objective descriptive and substantive representation with a particular focus on gender equality, climate change and migration PROJECT Project number: 101094190 Project acronym: ActEU Project name: Towards a new era of representative democracy - Activating European citizens’ trust in times of crises and polarization Call: HORIZON-CL2-2022-DEMOCRACY-01 Topic: HORIZON-CL2-2022-DEMOCRACY-01-08 Type of action: HORIZON-RIA Responsible service: REA Project starting date: 01 / 03 / 2023 Project duration: 36 months DELIVERABLE Deliverable No 14 Deliverable related No 4.1 Work package No WP4 Description Two datasets on objective descriptive and substantive representation with a particular focus on gender equality, climate change and migration Lead beneficiary 13. Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Type DATA Dissemination level PU - Public Due to date M19 – 30.09.2024 Main author(s):1 Laura Morales, Carles Pamies, Nayla Escribano (CSIC) Contributor(s):2 Alexandros Gkotinakos (AUTH), Matilde Ceron (PLUS), Ermela Gianna (PLUS), Eftychia Teperoglou (AUTH), Zoe Lefkofridi (PLUS), Nadine Zwiener-Collins (PLUS) Approved by Project Coordinator Prof. Dr. Michael Kaeding (UDE) 1 The authors have written the report, designed data collection and coordinated data collection efforts by all teams contributing to the work described in this deliverable. 2 The contributors have contributed with feedback to data collection design proposals by the leading team, quality checks of data collection instruments (such as the translation of keyword dictionaries) and contributed data that is described with their respective data citations in this document. 1 Two Datasets on Objective Descriptive and Substantive Representation Executive Summary and Key Recommendations Summary of context The ActEU project examines the decline of trust and of democratic political legitimacy in Europe through a conceptual triangle that proposes that fully understanding the magnitude and nature of this decline requires examining closely interconnected factors linked to citizens' political orientations, citizens' political participation and how representative institutions and actors operate. The role of WP4 in the context of the ActEU project is to assess how political representation dynamics shape the manifestations of the crisis of trust and legitimacy. In order to do this, several tasks and deliverables focus on descriptive and substantive political representation as dimensions that reflect how the political system and elected representatives “objectively” represent citizens. The goal of this deliverable is to provide datasets on descriptive and substantive political representation that allow gauging (i) how do the current political and social developments affect the representation of citizens’ preferences, and (ii) for which social groups of society do the current political and social developments have tangible implications in terms of the representation of their preferences. Moreover, following the dedicated focus of the ActEU project on three policy and public areas of debate around climate change, gender equality and immigration, the datasets allow to capture both the political and social groups particularly interested in these policy fields as well as the representation outputs of parliaments and parties in relation to these three fields. Added value As the report will outline, although social scientists are increasingly paying attention to issues around democratic political representation, there is limited comparative data available on descriptive and substantive representation across Europe that is also rich in information about both dimensions of political representation. This report adds value to the existing state of knowledge with three contributions. First, it takes stock of the data that exists and their limitations. Second, it provides two novel datasets for a selection of the countries on which the ActEU project focuses, for a comprehensive set of indicators on both descriptive and substantive representation aggregated at the country/legislature/party level with special attention to climate change, gender equality and immigration. Summary of Deliverable D4.1 This report is structured in five main sections. The first section provides an overall introduction to conceptual and theoretical aspects relevant to the study of democratic political representation. Section two takes stock of the existing research and datasets on descriptive and substantive representation, pointing out their limitations. The third section describes the methodology 2 followed for the creation of the dataset on descriptive representation, whereas section four outlines the methodology followed for the creation of the dataset on substantive representation. The final section offers some policy-relevant recommendations that we also briefly summarise here. Key conclusions and policy recommendations The main goal of this deliverable and the tasks associated to it was not to produce findings and recommendations, but data. However, in the process of reviewing the existing data we are able to make some policy-relevant recommendations. Despite the key importance of both descriptive and substantive representation for our understanding of political dynamics in contemporary democracies, the existing data is too fragmentary and of uneven quality. We have detected numerous limitations of the existing datasets on legislators' biographies regarding the coverage of a variety of socio-demographic, socio-economic and socio-political groups/categories. Moreover, the absence of standardised approaches regarding how national parliaments (and other sub-national elected assemblies) provide open data on (i) the elected representatives and their characteristics/attributes, (ii) their parliamentary roles, positions and activities, and (iii) the numerous speeches, documents and agreements produced in these parliaments make EU-wide comparisons difficult. The main recommendations we make are: (1) DG Research could foster a set of task forces or initiatives that would contribute to more standardised approaches to Open Data from legislative assemblies, perhaps with the collaboration of Eurostat, where the expertise of political scientists, data scientists and computational linguists can be combined to provide with harmonised guidelines or good practice recommendations as well as ear-marked funding to improve adaptation to new standards; (2) Existing infrastructures such as CLARIN, CESSDA and LIBER could support the technical work required; (3) Collaborations with the Inter-Parliamentary Union could be highly productive to scale up these initiatives beyond the EU. 3 Content Figures/Tables 4 1 Introduction 5 2 Studying descriptive and substantive representation: Taking stock of existing data 7 2.1 Existing research and datasets on descriptive representation in Europe 7 2.1.1 List of publications and datasets on descriptive representation in Europe mapped for the ActEU project 8 2.1.2 Summary of key attributes of the main comparative datasets on descriptive representation in Europe mapped for the ActEU project 10 2.2 Existing research and datasets on substantive representation in Europe 15 2.2.1 List of publications and datasets on substantive representation in Europe mapped for the ActEU project 15 2.2.2 Summary of key attributes of the main comparative datasets on substantive representation in Europe mapped for the ActEU project 19 3 The ActEU datasets on descriptive political representation 22 3.1 Data collected, methodology and variables 23 3.2 Descriptive statistics of the datasets collected 26 4 The ActEU dataset on substantive political representation 27 4.1 Data collected, methodology and variables 27 4.2 Descriptive statistics of the datasets collected 31 5 Conclusions and policy-relevant recommendations 32 Bibliography/List of References 33 Appendix – Links to codebooks, templates and other technical documentation of the datasets 35 A.1 Codebooks and templates used for the descriptive representation datasets 35 A.2 Codebooks and templates used for the substantive representation datasets 35 A.3 List of keywords in English used for the substantive representation datasets 36 4 Figures/Tables Table 1 Summary of the main comparative datasets on descriptive representation found through the systematic search. (Carles Pamies & Laura Morales, CSIC) 11 Table 2 Summary of the variables included in the main comparative datasets on descriptive representation useful for ActEU found through the systematic search. (Carles Pamies & Laura Morales, CSIC) 13 Table 3 Summary of datasets on substantive representation found through the systematic search. (Carles Pamies & Laura Morales, CSIC) 20 Table 4 Summary of the variables included in the main comparative datasets on substantive representation useful for ActEU found through the systematic search. (Carles Pamies & Laura Morales, CSIC) 21 Table 5 Description of the data collected (Laura Morales and Carles Pamies, CSIC) 23 Table 6 Description of the variables included in the descriptive representation dataset (Laura Morales and Carles Pamies, CSIC) 24 Table 7 Descriptive statistics of the key variables included in the descriptive representation datasets (Laura Morales and Carles Pamies, CSIC) 26 Table 8 Description of the data collected on substantive representation (Laura Morales and Nayla Escribano, CSIC) 28 Table 9 Description of the variables included in the substantive representation datasets (Laura Morales and Nayla Escribano, CSIC) 29 Table 10 Descriptive statistics of the variables included in the substantive representation datasets (Laura Morales and Nayla Escribano, CSIC) 31 Table 11 Description of the variables included in the descriptive representation dataset (Laura Morales and Nayla Escribano, CSIC) 36 5 1 Introduction Representative democracies across Europe are experiencing a period of crisis. A considerable proportion of European citizens show a lack of trust in the core institutions and actors that make representative democracy work at various levels of government (cf. e.g., Van der Meer & Van Erkel 2024; Valgarðsson et al. 2024; Carstens 2023; Norris 2023; Torcal & Christmann 2021). Although the downward trend in political trust is not universal across countries (see Christensen et al. 2024), it is undeniable that in many EU Member States political trust in all actors and institutions is in decline. This crisis in political trust, unavoidably, is associated to feelings of bad or misrepresentation: when citizens do not trust politicians, parties, the legislative or the executive – to name but a few – they tend not to feel represented by these actors and institutions, and the other way around (Bedock & Panel 2017; Jacobs, Close & Pilet 2024; Palacios 2016). Other reports and outputs of the ActEU project focus on these connections between political trust and feelings of representation. Here we focus on cross-national variations and dynamics of political representation as an object of analysis. Indeed, the ActEU project focuses on several facets of the process of democratic political representation: on the one hand, a more ‘objective’ facet consisting of (i) the descriptive representation achieved by European parliaments and the parties represented therein by virtue of the selection of legislators with a range of socio-economic and demographic attributes, and (ii) the substantive representation achieved by parliaments and parties through their parliamentary activities; and, on the other hand, a more ‘subjective’ facet that pertains to the perceptions that citizens express of how well or badly parliaments and parties represent them and their demands. In this report, we present several datasets that allow us to assess the first more ‘objective’ or ‘objectifiable’ facet. In essence, we focus on what Hanna Pitkin (1967) defined as descriptive and substantive representation. Elected representatives can be said to ‘descriptively’ represent citizens when their shared attributes with the latter allow them to ‘stand for’ on their behalf. By mirroring (some of) their characteristics (e.g., sex, age, ethnicity, class, various identities, etc.) to a greater or less extent, the elected representatives and the aggregation of all of them (i.e., elected assemblies) will be providing a more or less accurate reflection of the citizenry they are expected to represent. In this sense, some parliaments and political parties will better represent descriptively the societies that elected them, others will do so more imperfectly. Of course, how well any given representative body descriptively represents society as a whole can be judged according to a wide range of characteristics and attributes. In this report, we limit this assessment to a few attributes: apparent sex, age, minority background, gender identity and sexual orientation. Substantive representation, by contrast, is said to happen when elected representatives act in a manner that they ‘act for’ those who elected them. This form of representation requires representatives to reasonably voice the concerns and demands that those who elected them care for. Assessing substantive representation is not always as easy as it sounds, as it requires first establishing what citizens want and prefer (and citizens’ demands and preferences are heterogeneous, by and large) and then examining how much these preferences and demands are present in parliamentary activities (and parliamentary activities are also heterogeneous and leading to multiple types of outputs). In this report, we limit this assessment to the three main areas of policy-making on which the ActEU project focuses particularly (climate change, gender 6 equality and LGBTIQ+ rights, and immigration) and add youth-related issues and minorityrelated issues to match the social categories examined in the descriptive representation datasets. The main goal of this deliverable is, thus, to take stock of existing data on both descriptive and substantive representation, and to describe the contents and methodology employed to generate two novel aggregate datasets on descriptive and substantive representation that can be used within the ActEU project to link (in subsequent reports and publications) citizens’ perceptions and feelings (as measured, for example, by the main ActEU survey) with these more ‘objectifiable’ outputs of democratic representation regarding the descriptive and substantive facets of representation. Nevertheless, our work on pursuing this main goal also allows us to provide some policy-relevant recommendations, especially regarding future Open Data availability and production by European parliaments and joint research capacity in the study of parliamentary data and corpora. The report is structured as follows. The next section takes stock of the existing data on descriptive and substantive representation across Europe, focusing particularly on cross-national datasets and studies. Section three outlines the methodology followed to generate the datasets on descriptive representation and explains their exact contents. Section four follows in the same manner presenting the methodology and contents of the datasets on substantive representation. The final section concludes with a summary of the work undertaken and submitted with the datasets, its advantages and limitations, and with policy-relevant recommendations. 7 2 Studying descriptive and substantive representation: Taking stock of existing data Before generating novel data, the Sciences Po and CSIC teams 3 undertook an extensive review of the state of the art on data collection regarding both descriptive and substantive representation. While research on these topics has been mainly undertaken by political scientists and political sociologists, computational linguistics interested in parliamentary corpora have also contributed notable datasets to this subfield of research on legislative politics. The scoping exercise was organised as follows. First, we searched for and considered any and all datasets on either descriptive representation (biographical information on legislators) and substantive representation (activities of the legislators) for three levels of democratic representation since the early 2000s: the European Parliament, national parliaments and subnational legislative assemblies (states in federal systems and regions in quasi-federal or decentralised systems). To this end, we undertook a systematic search on Google Scholar, scientific publications databases as well as data repositories (such as Harvard Dataverse and the archives in CESSDA) using keywords relating to “parliament”, “descriptive representation”, “substantive representation” and “legislators”. We also used snowball techniques following citations in work that referred to other publications or datasets. Second, we inspected each of those articles or dataset reports to examine what they contained in terms of the variables included (attributes or activities of the legislators) and recorded their contents. In particular, we assessed whether the datasets contained information at the individual-level of the legislators or they only provided aggregates (whether for the parliament/assembly as a whole or aggregated by political party or other similar political unit). This allowed us to assess the utility of the datasets for our purposes, as individual-level data provided us with greater flexibility for re-analysis and restructuring. Finally, we assessed which of the datasets were available as Open Data for reuse and which remained private data that was not shared or sufficiently documented for reuse. Section 2.1 presents the results of this stock-taking of existing data for descriptive representation, while section 2.2 presents the same exercise for substantive representation. 2.1 Existing research and datasets on descriptive representation in Europe Through the aforementioned systematic search process, we uncovered a wide range of publications and/or datasets that include biographical information on legislators that is potentially of use for the ActEU project. We first present the list of publications and datasets and then summarise their main attributes for a selection of those available for public use. 3 Work on this deliverable and the associated tasks started when the team now based at CSIC was based in Sciences Po, hence the reference to both consortium partners throughout the document. 8 2.1.1 List of publications and datasets on descriptive representation in Europe mapped for the ActEU project • Auer, Daniel, Portmann, Lea, & Tichelbaecker, Tichelbaecker (2023). Electoral Discrimination, Party Rationale, and the Underrepresentation of Immigrant‐Origin Politicians. American Journal of Political Science (Online First). https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12817 • Azavea (2018). Cicero . Available from https://www.cicerodata.com • Bailer, Stefanie, Manow, Philip, & Hug, Simon (2019). Parliamentary Careers in Comparison: Research Project . Basel, Bremen, Geneva: Retrieved from http://parliamentarycareersincomparison.org/ ● Best, Heinrich & Cotta, Maurizio (2000). Parliamentary representatives in Europe 18482000 . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ● Best, Heinrich & Edinger, Michael (2005). Converging representative elites in Europe? An introduction to the EurElite project. Czech Sociological Review, 41 (3), 499-510. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41132162 • Costa, Monica(2016). Gender-Focused Institutions in International Parliamentary Bodies: The Case of the Women's Caucus of the Parliamentary Assembly of the PortugueseSpeaking Countries. Parliamentary Affairs , 69 (4), 748-762. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsw002 ● Elsässer, Lea & Schäffer, Armin (2022). Unequal Democracies: Who does (not) have a seat in parliament? Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdffiles/bueros/wien/19349-20220926.pdf ● Gerring, John, Oncel, Erzen, Morrison, Kevin, and Pemstein, Daniel (2019). Who Rules the World? A Portrait of the Global Leadership Class, Perspectives on Politics, 17 (4), 10791097. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592719000744. Dataset available here: http://glp.la.utexas.edu/ ● Göbel, Sascha & Munzert, Simon (2022). The comparative legislators database. British Journal of Political Science, 52 (3), 1398-1408. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123420000897. Also available here: https://complegdatabase.com/ ● Gorecki, Maciej A., & Pierzgalski, Michał. (2022). Legislated candidate quotas and women's descriptive representation in preferential voting systems. European Journal of Political Research , 61 (1), 154-174. https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/14756765.12443?campaign=woletoc ● Gouglas, Athanassios, Bart Maddens and Marleen Brans (2018). “Determinants of legislative turnover in Western Europe, 1945–2015.” European Journal of Political Research, 57 (3):637–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12246 15 2.2 Existing research and datasets on substantive representation in Europe A systematic search of studies and databases on substantive representation in Europe also returned a considerable number of datasets of uneven content in terms of the nature of the substantive parliamentary representation activities as well as the metadata (variables) on the individual legislators undertaking such parliamentary activities. We first provide a comprehensive list of the main publications and datasets we considered and then present the key summarising tables of their main attributes. 2.2.1 List of publications and datasets on substantive representation in Europe mapped for the ActEU project ● Baumgartner, Frank R., Christian Breunig & Emiliano Grossman (2019). Comparative policy agendas: Theory, tools, data . Oxford University Press. [Note: Comparative Agendas Project]. ● Béchara, Hannah, Herzog, Alexander, Jankin, Slava, & John, Peter (2021). Transfer learning for topic labeling: Analysis of the UK House of Commons speeches 1935–2014. Research & Politics , 8 (2), 20531680211022206. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20531680211022206 ● Blätte, Andreas (2020). GermaParl. Download and Augment the Corpus of Plenary Protocols of the German Bundestag . R package version 1.4.1. https://polmine.github.io/GermaParl/ ● Blätte, Andreas (2020). GermaParl. Linguistically Annotated and Indexed Corpus of Plenary Protocols of the German Bundestag . CWB corpus version 1.0.6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3735141 ● Blätte, Andreas (2018). Zum Verwechseln ähnlich? Eine Klassifikationsanalyse parlamentarischen Diskursverhaltens auf Basis des PolMine-Plenarprotokollkorpus", in: Computational Social Science . Die Analyse von Big Data, Nomos 139-162. ● Blätte, Andreas & Leonhardt, Christoph (2020). MigParl. A Corpus of Speeches on Migration and Integration in Germany’s Regional Parliaments . https://polmine.github.io/MigParl/ ● Braby, Daniel; Stewart, Fraser (2021). parlScot: a dataset of 1.8 million spoken contributions from the Scottish Parliament 1999-2021 . https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EQ9WBE, Harvard Dataverse, V1 16 ● Celis, Karen, Childs, Sarah, & Curtin, Jennifer (2016). Specialised parliamentary bodies and the quality of women's substantive representation: a comparative analysis of Belgium, United Kingdom and New Zealand. Parliamentary Affairs, 69 (4), 812-829. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsw007 ● Curini, Luigi, Decadri, Silvia, Ferrara, Alfio, Montanelli, Stefano, Negri, Fefra, & Periti, Francesco (2024). The Gender Gap in Issue Attention and Language Use within a Legislative Setting: An Application to the Italian Parliament (1948–2020). Politics & Gender, 20 (1), 182-211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X2300051X ● Eggers, Andrew C. & Spirling, Arthur (2014). Electoral security as a determinant of legislator activity, 1832–1918: New data and methods for analyzing British political development. Legislative Studies Quarterly 39 (4): 593-620. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12059 ● Erjavec, Tomaž., Kopp, Matyáš, Ljubešić, Nikola, Kuzman, Taja, Rayson, Paul, Osenova, Petya, ... & Fišer, Darja (2024). ParlaMint II: Advancing Comparable Parliamentary Corpora Across Europe . https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4176128/v1 ● Erjavec, Tomaž, Ogrodniczuk, Maciej, Osenova, Petya, Ljubešić, Nikola, Simov, Kiril, Pančur, Andrej, ... & Fišer, Darja (2023). The ParlaMint corpora of parliamentary proceedings. Language resources and evaluation, 57 (1), 415-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-021-09574-0 [Note: original ParlaMint] ● Grace, Joan (2016). Presence and Purpose in the Canadian House of Commons: The Standing Committee on the Status of Women. Parliamentary Affairs, 69 (4), 830-844. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsw008 ● Grace, Joan, & Sawer, Marian (2016). Representing gender equality: specialised parliamentary bodies. Parliamentary Affairs, 69 (4), 745-747. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsw004 ● Haman, Michael & Školník, Milan (2021). Politicians on Social Media. The online database of members of national parliaments on Twitter. Profesional de la información, 30 (2), e300217. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.mar.17 ● Harder, Mette Marie Stæhr (2017). Assessing the impact of parliamentary design: The case of the Danish Committee on Gender Equality. Scandinavian Political Studies , 40 (4), 434-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12102 ● Harder, Mette Marie Stæhr (2023). Parting with ‘interests of women’: how feminist scholarship on substantive representation could replace ‘women’s interests’ with ‘gender equality interests’. European Journal of Politics and Gender, 6 (3), 377-394. https://doi.org/10.1332/251510821X16742321076420 17 ● Herzog, Alexander & Mikhaylov, Slava (2017). Database of Parliamentary Speeches in Ireland, 1919-2013 . https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6MZN76, Harvard Dataverse, V2 ● Holli, Anne Maria, & Harder, Mette Marie Stæhr (2016). Towards a dual approach: comparing the effects of parliamentary committees on gender equality in Denmark and Finland. Parliamentary Affairs , 69 (4), 794-811. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsw006 ● Johnson, N., & Josefsson, C. (2016). A new way of doing politics? Cross-party women's caucuses as critical actors in Uganda and Uruguay. Parliamentary Affairs, 69 (4), 845-859. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsw011 ● Kiss, Rebeka & Sebők, Miklós (2022). Creating an enhanced infrastructure of parliamentary archives for better democratic transparency and legislative research: Report on the OPTED forum in the European Parliament (Brussels, Belgium, 15 June 2022). International Journal of Parliamentary Studies, 2 (2), 278-284. https://brill.com/view/journals/parl/2/2/article-p278_010.xml?language=en ● Koehn, Philipp (2005). Europarl: A Parallel Corpus for Statistical Machine Translation. In J. Hutchins (Ed.), The Tenth Machine Translation Summit Proceedings of Conference (pp. 79-86). International Association for Machine Translation. https://aclanthology.org/2005.mtsummit-papers.11 ● Leonhardt, Christoph, & Blätte, Andreas (2020). AustroParl Corpus of Parliamentary Debates (v.0.1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3819505 ● Leonhardt, Christoph & Blätte, Andreas (2020). ParisParl Corpus of Parliamentary Debates (v0.1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3819374 ● Licht, Hauke & Lind, Fabienne (2023). Going cross-lingual: A guide to multilingual text analysis. Computational Communication Research , 5 (2), 1. https://doi.org/10.5117/CCR2023.2.2.LICH ● Mochtak, Michal, Peter Rupnik, and Nikola Ljubešić (2023). The ParlaSent multilingual training dataset for sentiment identification in parliamentary proceedings. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.09783 . https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.09783 ● PolMine (2022). Registry of Research Data Repositories . http://doi.org/10.17616/R3Z36S ● Raiber, Klara & Spierings, Niels (2022). An agnostic approach to gender patterns in parliamentary speech: a question of representation by topic and style. European Journal of Politics and Gender , 5 (3), 361-381. https://t.co/UeHxxnOGtd 18 ● Rangoni, Sacha, Bedock, Camille, & Talukder, David (2023). More competent thus more legitimate? MPs’ discourses on deliberative mini-publics. Acta Politica , 58 (3), 531-551. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41269-021-00209-4 ● Rauh, Christian & Schwalbach, Jan (2020). The ParlSpeech V2 data set: Full-text corpora of 6.3 million parliamentary speeches in the key legislative chambers of nine representative democracies . https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/L4OAKN, Harvard Dataverse, V1 ● Sawer, Marian (2020). Gender mainstreaming and the substantive representation of women: Where do parliamentary bodies fit? Politics, Groups, and Identities, 8 (3), 648660. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2020.1752444 ● Sawer, Marian & Turner, Alicia (2016). Specialised parliamentary bodies: their role and relevance to women's movement repertoire. Parliamentary Affairs, 69 (4), 763-777. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsw003 ● Schwemmer, Carsten (2021). The Pathways Corpus - data of work package 2 on substantive political representation . https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/JMD0KM, Harvard Dataverse, V1. ● Sebők, Miklós, Proksch, Sven-Oliver, Rauh, Christian, Visnovitz, Péter, Balázs, Gergö & Schwalbach, Jan (2023). Comparative European legislative research in the age of largescale computational text analysis: A review article. International Political Science Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/01925121231199904 [Note: output linked to the OPTED project] ● Sebők, Miklós, Proksch, Sven-Oliver & Rauh, Christian (2021). OPTED. Review of Available Parliamentary Corpora . https://opted.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/k_opted/OPTED_Deliverable_D5.1.pdf ● Talukder, David (2023). Challenging assumptions: investigating measurement sensitivity in substantive representation and its effects on policy satisfaction. European Journal of Politics and Gender , 6 (3), 414-432. https://doi.org/10.1332/251510821X16889871242153 ● van Aggelen, Astrid, Laura Hollink, Max Kemman, Martijn Kleppe, and Henri Beunders (2017). The debates of the European Parliament as linked open data. Semantic Web, 8 , no. 2: 271-281. [LinkedEP output regarding the project, data models and data creation methods] https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-160227 ● Wäckerle, Jens (2023). A Bill of their Own: Collaboration of Women in European Parliaments. European Journal of Politics and Gender, 6 (3), https://doi.org/10.1332/251510821X16782058189028 19 ● Wäckerle, Jens & Castanho Silva, Bruno. 2023. Distinctive Voices: Speech and Women’s Representation in Five European Parliaments. Legislative Studies Quarterly, Early View . Available here (chapter 4): https://kups.ub.unikoeln.de/61756/1/PhD_Dissertation_Waeckerle.pdf ● Wängnerud, Lena (2009). Women in parliaments: Descriptive and substantive representation. Annual Review of Political Science, 12( 1), 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.123839 2.2.2 Summary of key attributes of the main comparative datasets on substantive representation in Europe mapped for the ActEU project After this mapping exercise, we have selected the main datasets that provided comparative corpora on parliamentary activities and texts across several countries in Europe and which could be of use for the ActEU project as sources for substantive representation by legislators, political parties and legislative assemblies as a whole. Unlike the OPTED project (funded by Horizon 2020), our aim is not to produce a comprehensive inventory, but to focus on the availability of processed datasets that could be useful for the ActEU project. Hence, we have focused on datasets providing access to parliamentary corpora that are already processed and contain at least some minimal metadata / variables about the individual legislators who were generating the text / speech (see Table 3). At this initial stage, we have been inclusive and recorded the main databases regardless of the type of parliamentary initiative or type of intervention it focuses on. Nevertheless, as Table 4 shows, the majority of the selected datasets present corpora that are generated from plenary debates or speeches, or written questions submitted to the executive. The Comparative Agendas Project is the only one providing a wider range of corpora. When assessing the metadata / variables that these corpora provide at the legislator level, the main conclusion is that the majority of the available corpora provide very limited leverage to analyse the connection between descriptive and substantive representation, as only very few attributes of the individual legislators generating the speech / text are typically provided: gender, age and political party for the most part. Given these results of our stock-taking and mapping exercise, the teams working on Tasks 4.1 and 4.2 of WP4 and involved in this deliverable 4.1 (CSIC, PLUS, AUTH), decided to take as the starting point for the datasets that would be shared within the ActEU team the structure and methodological decisions taken in the datasets produced by the InclusiveParl project led by Laura Morales (CSIC, previously Sciences Po). This provided the baseline for robust indicators at the legislator individual-level that would already cover four countries considered in ActEU: France, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. This choice facilitated the extension of data for a reasonable amount of legislator-level variables to two cases more: Austria and Greece. The resulting datasets are described in sections three and four of this report. 20 Table 3 Summary of datasets on substantive representation found through the systematic search. (Carles Pamies & Laura Morales, CSIC) Database Period covered CZ ES FR IT PL DE FI DK AT GR European LinkedEP 1999-2017 19992017 1999-2017 1999-2017 1999-2017 1999-2017 1999-2017 1999-2017 1999-2017 1999-2017 1999-2017 National Comparative Agendas Project 1953-2018 . 1977-2018 (No Qs, but legislation) 1996-2014 . 1976-2005 . . . . Curini et al. (2024) 1948-2020 . . . 1948-2020 . . . . . . OPTED inventory 1267-2021 19202021 1977-2021 1979-2021 1983-2021 1919-2021 1949-2021 1734-2019 1665-2021 1753-2021 2010-2019 ParlaMint I/II (CLARIN) 1977-2023 19932023 1996-2023 2017-2022 2013-2022 2015-2022 . . 1997-2022 1996-2022 . ParlSpeech v2 1977 - 2023 19932023 1996-2023 2017-2022 2013-2022 2015-2022 1991-2018 . 1997-2018 1996-2018 . Pathways 1 legislative term in the mid -2010s 2011-2015 2007-2012 2008-2013 2009-2013 2015 PolMine 1996-2019 . . 1996-2019 . . 1996-2016 . . 1996-2019 . Regional ParlaMint II 2015-2022 20152022 2015-2022 2015-2022 2015-2022 2015-2022 . 2015-2022 2015-2022 2015-2022 2015-2022 MigParl (part of PolMine) 2000-2018 . . . . . 2000-2018 . . . . 21 Table 4 Summary of the variables included in the main comparative datasets on substantive representation useful for ActEU found through the systematic search. (Carles Pamies & Laura Morales, CSIC) Database Variables of interest for the ActEU project Description Citation / URL European LinkedEP Type of data: Plenary debates of the European Parliament van Aggelen, Astrid, Laura Hollink, Max Kemman, Martijn Kleppe, and Henri Beunders (2017). The debates of the European Parliament as linked open data. Semantic Web, 8 , no. 2: 271-281. [LinkedEP output regarding the project, data models and data creation methods] https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-160227 National Comparativ e Agendas Project Many, depending on the specific study Type of data: bills, oral and written questions, legislation, debates, manifestos… Baumgartner, Frank R., Christian Breunig & Emiliano Grossman (2019). Comparative policy agendas: Theory, tools, data . Oxford University Press. Curini et al.(2024) Gender + committee, seniority, party ideology, topics Type of data: parliamentary speeches Curini, Luigi, Decadri, Silvia, Ferrara, Alfio, Montanelli, Stefano, Negri, Fefra, & Periti, Francesco (2024). The Gender Gap in Issue Attention and Language Use within a Legislative Setting: An Application to the Italian Parliament (1948–2020). Politics & Gender, 20 (1), 182-211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X230 0051X OPTED Gender.av (gender) + party.av (party) OPTED provides an inventory and access to political texts that have been produced by other projects/researchers/sources. Type of data: Legislative speeches, questions and legislative documents Kiss, Rebeka, & Sebők, Miklós (2022). Creating an enhanced infrastructure of parliamentary archives for better democratic transparency and legislative research: Report on the OPTED forum in the European Parliament (Brussels, Belgium, 15 June 2022). International Journal of Parliamentary Studies, 2 (2), 278-284. https://brill.com/view/journals/parl/2/ 2/article-p278_010.xml?language=en ParlaMint I/II (CLARIN) Gender (gender) + Birth (year of birth) Type of data: Plenary speeches in national parliaments Erjavec, Tomaž, Ogrodniczuk, Maciej, Osenova, Petya, Ljubešić, Nikola, Simov, Kiril, Pančur, Andrej, ... & Fišer, Darja (2023). The ParlaMint corpora of parliamentary proceedings. Language resources and evaluation, 57 (1), 415448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579021-09574-0 Erjavec, Tomaž., Kopp, Matyáš, Ljubešić, Nikola, Kuzman, Taja, Rayson, Paul, Osenova, Petya, ... & Fišer, Darja (2024). ParlaMint II: Advancing Comparable Parliamentary Corpora Across Europe . https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs4176128/v1 ParlSpeech v2 Type of data: Parliamentary speeches Rauh, Christian & Schwalbach, Jan (2020). The ParlSpeech V2 data set: Full-text corpora of 6.3 million parliamentary speeches in the key 22 legislative chambers of nine representative democracies . https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/L4OAKN , Harvard Dataverse, V1 Pathways All in descriptive representation dataset can be merged Type of data: written questions to the Executive Schwemmer, Carsten (2021). The Pathways Corpus - data of work package 2 on substantive political representation . https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/JMD0K , Harvard Dataverse, V1. PolMine Speaker, party affiliation, parliamentary group affiliation, role, legislative period, session, date, interjections, year and agenda item Type of data: plenary debates, speeches in parliament PolMine (2022). Registry of Research Data Repositories . http://doi.org/10.17616/R3Z36S. [Note: The PolMine project includes corpora from the AustroParl, GermaParl, ParisParl, MigParl and United Nations General Debate Corpus projects] Regional Parlamint II Gender (gender) + Birth (year of birth) Type of data: Plenary speeches in regional parliaments Erjavec, Tomaž., Kopp, Matyáš, Ljubešić, Nikola, Kuzman, Taja, Rayson, Paul, Osenova, Petya, ... & Fišer, Darja (2024). ParlaMint II: Advancing Comparable Parliamentary Corpora Across Europe . https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs4176128/v1 MigParl Session, agenda, date, speaker, role of speaker, party, regional state where debate held, sum probability for migration and integration relevance Type of data: speeches on migration and integration affairs in Germany’s regional parliaments Blätte, Andreas and Leonhardt, Christoph (2020). MigParl. A Corpus of Speeches on Migration and Integration in Germany’s Regional Parliaments . https://polmine.github.io/MigParl/ 3 The ActEU datasets on descriptive political representation The ActEU project members and tasks require information about descriptive political representation (presence, who ‘stands for’ citizens) that can be used as external sources of indicators on the degree to which the parliaments (and the parties with seats in these parliamentary chambers) of the ten countries studied resemble or mirror the diversity of the populations of their respective countries. To this end, we have generated databases that aggregate at the party and country-level information on the number of legislators with a range of socio-demographic characteristics that allow gauging the diversity of descriptive representation. Providing the datasets for the 10 countries studied in ActEU was not feasible, given the personmonth resources and timing of this deliverable when considered jointly with the timing of other deliverables where the partner teams are involved, but we provide at this stage datasets for 6 European countries (Austria, France, Greece, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) and new datasets will be provided for the remaining countries (Czechia, Denmark, Finland, Germany and 23 Poland) at a later stage. The key difference between the datasets from the 6 countries that constitute the current delivery and the other 5 will be the data sources and mode of data collection. Whereas the data collected for the former are all based on the InclusiveParl methodology and codebooks, the data that will be shared for the latter will be compiled from a range of public data sources presented in Tables 1 and 2 in this report. The reason for this is that the teams involved in these tasks of WP4 lack the linguistic skills and country expertise to collect primary data about legislators for Czechia, Denmark, Finland, Germany and Poland. 3.1 Data collected, methodology and variables The datasets generated by the three partner teams involved in Tasks 4.1 and 4.2 and contributing to Deliverable 4.1 include information for 12 legislative terms across 6 European countries for nearly 5,900 legislators (see Table 5). The datasets that are shared in the ActEU Sciebo internal cloud and the ActEU community Zenodo repository include 26 variables aggregated at the country/legislative term/party level (see Table 6). The main aim was to cover, for all the countries for which this was feasible, the information on sex and gender identity, age, education level, country of birth, nationality at birth, family ancestry, identifiable minority status, known LGBTI+ identity and whether they were newly elected for all legislators who took up a seat in the lower chambers or unicameral assemblies for the legislative terms identified in Table 5. Data collection was undertaken through manual coding, triangulating multiple publicly available biographical sources about the respective legislators by each of the respective teams who took responsibility for the datasets they would generate (see the full description of the methodological approach in Morales et al. 2017 and Vincent-Mory and Morales 2024). Table 5 Description of the data collected (Laura Morales and Carles Pamies, CSIC) Country Legislative term Number of legislators Team that collected the data Austria 27 (2019-2024) & 26 (2017-2019) 213 210 PLUS France 15 (2017-2022) 656 Sciences Po, CSIC Greece 18 (2019-2023) 309 AUTH Italy 18 (2018-2022) & 17 (2013-2018) 660 672 Sciences Po, CSIC Spain 14 (2019-2023), 13 (2019-2019) & 12 (2016-2019) 407 355 393 Sciences Po, CSIC United Kingdom 58 (2019-2024), 57 (2017-2019) & 56 (2015-2017) 673 656 660 Sciences Po, CSIC 24 Table 6 Description of the variables included in the descriptive representation dataset (Laura Morales and Carles Pamies, CSIC) VARIABLE CONTENT VALUES country_id_NUTS NUTS code for the country Only standard NUTS codes for the country LegislatNum Number of the legislature (as given by Parliament) in Arabic numbers (do not use Roman numbers) E.g. 12, 13, 14, etc LegislatBegin Date in which the legislature begins: YYYY-MM-DD E.g., 2019-11-03 (for 3rd Nov 2019) LegislatEnd Date in which the legislature ends: YYYY-MM-DD E.g., 2023-06-20 (for 20th June 2023) PartyName Full name of party or list for the aggregate values in each row In original language but Western European alphabets (no Greek characters, please) PartyAcronym Acronym of party or list for the aggregate values in each row The acronym used by the party or assigned in Appendix 2 PartyCodeCMP Party code according to the CMP dataset Use exactly the CMP code party_id Pathways/ActEU identifier for party Pathways identifier for party in Appendix 2 (for countries covered by Pathways) or new unique code by party for new ActEU countries N_total_MPs Number of MPs that took up a seat with this party during this term A numerical value (if not known, assign -99) N_Women Number of women MPs that took up a seat with this party during this term A numerical value (if not known, assign -99) N_Men Number of men MPs that took up a seat with this party during this term A numerical value (if not known, assign -99) N_NonBinary Number of 'out' non-binary MPs that took up a seat with this party during this term A numerical value (if not known, assign -99) N_Trans Number of 'out' trans MPs that took up a seat with this party during this term A numerical value (if not known, assign -99) N_Youth_up29 Number of MPs who were 29 yrs-old or younger at the time of taking up a seat with this party during this term A numerical value (if not known, assign -99) N_Edu=UnivDegree Number of MPs who had a university degree at the time of taking up a seat with this party during this term A numerical value (if not known, assign -99) 31 4.2 Descriptive statistics of the datasets collected Table 10 shows the descriptive statistics of the resulting variables that capture the salience of each (sub)issue topic based on the dictionaries generated. For the Spanish dataset, they are based on the headings and not on the full texts of the written questions submitted by the legislators. A test undertaken with the Austrian written questions, for which we have both a heading and the full text processed, suggest that using the headings only can considerably underestimate the counts. Although the headings provided in the Austrian open data are considerably shorter than those provided in the Spanish datasets with written questions, these tests suggest that the descriptive statistics in the table below should not be used yet to compare salience across the six countries for this first version of the datasets. The descriptive statistics are provided to illustrate the nature of the data collected. Table 10 Descriptive statistics of the variables included in the substantive representation datasets (Laura Morales and Nayla Escribano, CSIC) Variable Austria France Italy Spain* United Kingdom N_total_Qs [240 - 7507]; 3254 [13 - 17762]; 1903 [2 - 6660]; 1463 [8 - 52281]; 3859 [231 - 71244]; 13439 N_Qs_WomenDict [6 - 431]; 105 [1 - 1464]; 149 [1 - 437]; 107 [0 -1777 ]; 122 [3 - 2988]; 518 N_Qs_MenDict [3 - 167]; 46 [0 - 903]; 88 [0 - 747]; 158 [0 - 746]; 35 [0 - 351]; 61 N_Qs_NonBinaryDict [0 - 0]; 0 [0 - 1]; 0 [0 - 70]; 13 [0 - 1]; 0 [0 - 10]; 1 N_Qs_TransDict [0 - 1]; 0 [0 - 16]; 2 [0 - 13]; 2 [0 - 50]; 2 [0 - 67]; 13 N_Qs_LGBTIDict [0 - 45]; 8 [0 - 96]; 8 [0 - 58]; 17 [0 - 167]; 7 [1 - 218]; 36 N_Qs_YouthDict [9 - 438]; 109 [1 - 3232]; 340 [0 - 1021]; 246 [0 - 1882]; 108 [0 - 4417]; 760 N_Qs_ImmigrDict [0 - 187]; 42 [1 - 1066]; 111 [0 - 487]; 126 [0 - 1241]; 61 [1 - 2425]; 426 N_Qs_MinoritiesDict [0 - 45]; 16 [0 - 63]; 8 [0 - 60]; 12 [0 - 12]; 2 [0 - 112]; 18 N_Qs_ClimateDict [10 - 473]; 96 [1 - 2574]; 249 [0 - 2440]; 421 [0 - 1793]; 113 [3 - 4029]; 853 Note: For each country we show the descriptive statistics as [minimum value - maximum value]; mean value. These statistics are calculated at the party level for each country for the given legislative term and have been rounded down or up to the closest integer value. Source: Escribano and Morales (2024). * The statistics calculated for the Spanish written questions for this version reflect the counts based exclusively on the heading/title of the question. Although interpretation of the findings is not the purpose of this report and these will be examined at length in Deliverable 4.2, we can already detect that some issues elicit very little attention despite the very large number of questions submitted by legislators to their respective executives. This is particularly the case of issues relating to LGBTI+ people and concerns. If one focuses on the within-country average salience of each of the (sub)issues and compares them across the country, we can also already detect relevant differences. The findings suggest a greater attention to youth, women and climate change issues in Austria, France, Spain and the United Kingdom, but an apparent greater focus on men's issues in Italy. Nevertheless, the full analysis of the data will be developed in a future report (D4.2). 32 5 Conclusions and policy-relevant recommendations This report aimed at presenting and describing in detail the approach, sources, methodology, challenges and contents of the datasets on descriptive and substantive representation produced within WP4 of the ActEU project. We have outlined the scoping and mapping exercises undertaken by the leading team (Sciences Po / CSIC), the data collected and the main attributes of the contents of the datasets. The appendix includes the data citation and references for the datasets generated, as well as for the codebooks and other documentation employed in data production. This report and deliverable was not designed to produce policy-relevant recommendations but, when assessing the nature and quality of the available datasets, we can share some general recommendations for those in positions to shape policies regarding parliamentary data. First, it is clear that there is a need for better data from official parliamentary sources that can be augmented and improved by social scientists and computational linguists. Although some parliaments keep good Open Data tools that allow for relatively easy and smooth data access, it is more often the case that national parliaments do not provide Open Data tools that are in line with best practices and standards. There is considerable room for improvement in this area. Second, the data provided by parliaments on parliamentary activities in Open Data access is often very fragmentary and sometimes incomplete compared to information that can be retrieved through other means (sometimes their ordinary websites). There is a need to set up data maintenance and curation processes that are robust and ensure quality checks. This requires properly funding Open Data teams within the IT services of the national parliaments and integrating the needs of Open Data sharing in parliamentary procedures. For example, the way that legislators submit documentation and initiatives should be fully electronic, such that complete texts are available and processed with limited post-processing by Open Data services. Third, reliable, complete high-quality data on key socio-demographic characteristics and identities of European Parliament, national and regional legislators is lacking. It would be useful for both transparency and better representation of citizens' expectations to provide more comprehensive biographical data on parliamentary websites. This can be done while respecting the rights to privacy of legislators. For example, more comprehensive biographical forms could be designed where legislators can choose which pieces of information they do not want to share, which ones they wish to share only for research purposes under strict confidentiality protocols, which ones they wish to share publicly only in anonymised form for aggregate analyses and which ones they are happy to share publicly with no restrictions. In this regard, it would be useful for DG Research, the European Parliament, Eurostat and other relevant bodies at EU level to foster a working group bringing together the main ERICs that could contribute to improve parliamentary data on both legislators' biographical data and their representative activities (CLARIN, CESSDA and DARIAH), a range of academic experts as well as national and (where relevant) regional assemblies. Such a working group could provide good practice standards on the sharing of Open Data about both legislators biographical details as well as parliamentary activities and the many texts and outputs that parliaments generate. 33 Bibliography/List of References Bedock, Camille, and Sophie Panel. "Conceptions of democracy, political representation and socio-economic well-being: explaining how French citizens assess the degree of democracy of their regime." French Politics 15, no. 4 (2017): 389-417. Carstens, Jens. "Unpacking political trust: a review of conceptualisations, determinants, and consequences." French Politics 21, no. 3 (2023): 295-314. Christensen, Henrik Serup, Janette Huttunen, Wit Hubert, Mikołaj Cześnik, AlexandrosChristos Gkotinakos, Eftichia Teperoglou, Jens Carstens, Laura Morales, Carles Pamies, and Chiao Li. ‘Report on the General Dynamics of Trust Based on Secondary Data Analysis’. Zenodo, 25 September 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13836873 De Vet, Benjamin, and Robin Devroe. "Party Control, Intraparty Competition, and the Substantive Focus of Women's Parliamentary Questions: Evidence from Belgium." Politics & Gender 19, no. 1 (2023): 247-271. Escribano, Nayla, and Laura Morales. ‘Aggregate Dataset on Substantive Representation in the Austrian, British, French, Italian and Spanish Parliaments (2013-2024)’. CSIC, 30 September 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13862300 Gianna, Ermela, Matilde Ceron, and Zoe Lefkofridi. ‘Aggregate Dataset on Descriptive Representation in the Austrian Parliament (2017-2024)’. PLUS, 30 September 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13861846 Gotinakos, Alexandros-Christos, and Eftichia Teperoglou. ‘Aggregate Dataset on Descriptive Representation in the Hellenic Parliament (2019-2023)’. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 30 September 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13861613. Höhmann, Daniel, and Ulrich Sieberer. "Parliamentary questions as a control mechanism in coalition governments." West European Politics 43, no. 1 (2020): 225-249. Jacobs, Laura, Caroline Close, and Jean-Benoit Pilet. "The angry voter? The role of emotions in voting for the radical left and right at the 2019 Belgian elections." International Political Science Review (2024): 01925121231224524. Martin, Shane, and Olivier Rozenberg, eds. The roles and function of parliamentary questions . Routledge, 2014. Morales, Laura, Nayla Escribano, Alexandros-Christos Gotinakos, Matilde Ceron, Zoe Lefkofridi, Eftichia Teperoglou, and Nadine Zwiener-Collins. ‘Data Structure, Codebook and Dictionaries of the Substantive Representation Datasets for WP4 of the Acteu Project’. Zenodo, 30 September 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13850648. Morales, Laura, and Carles Pamies. ‘Aggregate Dataset on Descriptive Representation in the French Parliament (2012-2017)’. CSIC, 30 September 2024a. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13862044 Morales, Laura, and Carles Pamies. ‘Aggregate Dataset on Descriptive Representation in the Italian Parliament (2013-2018)’. CSIC, 30 September 2024b. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13862115 34 Morales, Laura, and Carles Pamies. ‘Aggregate Dataset on Descriptive Representation in the Spanish Parliament (2016-2023)’. CSIC, 30 September 2024c. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13862160 Morales, Laura, and Carles Pamies. ‘Aggregate Dataset on Descriptive Representation in the British Parliament (2015-2019)’. Zenodo, 30 September 2024d. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13862214 Norris, Pippa. "Literature review and research paper on measuring trust." TrueDem project, (2023). Palacios Brihuega, Irene. Los españoles y la calidad de la democracia . Vol. 74. CIS-Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 2016. Pitkin, Hanna F. The concept of representation . Univ of California Press, 1967. Randour, Francois, Olivier Rozenberg, Jérémy Dodeigne, and Ferdinand Teuber. "Understanding MEPs (varying) use of written parliamentary questions: domestic political culture and MEPs career patterns." (2022). Rozenberg, Olivier, and Shane Martin. "Questioning parliamentary questions." In The Impact of Legislatures , pp. 446-456. Routledge, 2020. Torcal, Mariano, and Pablo Christmann. "Responsiveness, performance and corruption: Reasons for the decline of political trust." Frontiers in Political Science 3 (2021): 676672. Valgarðsson, Viktor, Will Jennings, Gerry Stoker, Hannah Bunting, Daniel Devine, Lawrence McKay, and Andrew Klassen. "A crisis of political trust? Global trends in institutional trust from 1958 to 2019." British Journal of Political Science (2024). Van der Meer, Tom. W. G., and Patrick F. A. Van Erkel. "Moving beyond the political trust crisis debate: Residual analyses to understand trends in political trust." European Journal of Political Research 63, no. 3 (2024): 1240-1257. 35 Appendix – Links to codebooks, templates and other technical documentation of the datasets This section provides the data citations and links for all the relevant documents used to generate the datasets on descriptive and substantive representation for WP4 of the ActEU project. A.1 Codebooks and templates used for the descriptive representation datasets Codebook of the Pathways project: Morales, Laura; Vintila, Daniela; Geese, Lucas; Mügge, Liza; van der Pas, Daphne; van de Wardt, Marc, 2017, "Codebook and data collection guidelines of work package 1 on descriptive political representation in national parliaments of the project Pathways to Power", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/MRKJJF, Harvard Dataverse, V1. Codebook of the InclusiveParl project for LGBTI+ variables: Vincent-Mory, Claire; Morales, Laura, 2024, "Codebook and Data Collection Guidelines of the Project InclusiveParl on the Descriptive Representation of LGBTI+ Individuals", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/HBKBMO, Harvard Dataverse, V1. Vintila, Daniela, Laura Morales, and Claire Vincent-Mory. ‘Excel Data Collection Template on Descriptive Political Representation in National Parliaments of the Projects Pathways to Power and Inclusiveparl Adapted for the Acteu Project’. Sciences Po, 30 September 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13859869 Morales, Laura. ‘Excel Template for the Aggregate Database on Descriptive Representation of the Acteu Project’. CSIC, 30 September 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13861463 A.2 Codebooks and templates used for the substantive representation datasets Morales, Laura, Nayla Escribano, Alexandros-Christos Gotinakos, Matilde Ceron, Zoe Lefkofridi, Eftichia Teperoglou, and Nadine Zwiener-Collins. ‘Data Structure, Codebook and Dictionaries of the Substantive Representation Datasets for WP4 of the ActEU Project’. CSIC, 30 September 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13850648 Escribano, Nayla, and Laura Morales. ‘Aggregate Dataset on Substantive Representation in the Austrian, British, French, Italian and Spanish Parliaments (2013-2024)’. CSIC, 30 September 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13862300 36 A.3 List of keywords in English used for the substantive representation datasets Table 11 Description of the variables included in the descriptive representation dataset (Laura Morales and Nayla Escribano, CSIC) WOMEN'S ISSUES DICTIONARY MEN'S ISSUES DICTIONAR Y TRANS ISSUES DICTIONARY NON BINARY ISSUES DICTIONARY LGBTI+ ISSUES DICTIONARY YOUTH ISSUES DICTIONAR Y IMMIGRATION ISSUES DICTIONARY MINORITY ISSUES DICTIONARY CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES DICTIONARY English English English English English English English English English Woman Man Trans person Non-binary LGB / LGBT / LGBTI / LGBTQ / LGBTQ+ / LGBTQIA+ / ... Youth Immigration Ethnic minority IPCC Girl Boy Trans woman Androgyny Come out Young Immigrant Islamophobia greenhouse gas Feminine Masculine Trans man Androgynous Outing Minor Migration Islamophobic anthropogenic emissions Femininity Masculinity Transgender Two-spirit Rainbow flag Adolescent Migrant Antisemitism gas emission Childcare Manhood Transsexual Gender-fluid Pride month Adolescence Refugee Antisemitic emit gases Parenting Father Gender transition Fluid sexuality Pride parade Teenager Asylum Racism weather Mother Paternity Gender recognition Bigender Marginalized orientation Girl Xenophobia Racist climate Maternity Paternal Gender selfidentification Gender nonconforming Gender identity Boy Xenophobic Multiculturalis m climatic 37 Maternal Parental leave Gender expression Gender questioning Sexual identity Child Family reunification Multicultural ecosystem Parental leave Violence against men Sex reassignment Sexual orientation Kid Reunite families Diaspora environment Abortion Discriminatio n against men Gender reassignment Sexual preference Childhood Settlement environmental Abort Single father Hormone replacement same-sex Infancy Settle down biodiversity Pregnancy Misandry Transphobia Homosexual Infantile Remittances temperature Pregnant Transphobic Homosexuality Age of consent warming Violence against women Transmisogy ny Heterosexual Gen-Z heatwave Male violence Transmisogy nist Heterosexuality Juvenile drought Sexual harassment TERF Lesbian New generation wildfire Gender violence Misgendering Lesbianism flood Gender-based violence Misgender Bisexual glacier Domestic violence Genderaffirming Bisexuality glacial Family violence Genderneutral Pansexual food security 38 Domestic abuse Gender neutrality Pansexuality food insecurity Spousal abuse Inclusive language Omnisexual water security Rape Omnisexuality water insecurity Sexual abuse Asexual water availability Stalking Asexuality available water Stalk Heteroflexible ocean acidification Street harassment Heteroflexibility coastal damage Femicide Homoflexible afforestation Female genital mutilation Homoflexibility deforestation Feminism Queer acidic rain Feminist Genderqueer CO2 Sexism Homophobic carbon dioxide Sexist Homophobia habitat destruction 39 Misogyny Lesbophobic emission target Misogynist Lesbophobia carbon neutral Patriarchy Biphobic carbon neutrality Patriarchal Biphobia water scarcity Gender equality Queerphobic water stress Gender balance Queerphobia carbon footprint Gender parity renewable energy Gender pay gap natural disaster Gender gap sustainability Gender disparity sustainable Gender inequality ocean level Gender imbalance sea level Gender discrimination ice melting 40 Sex discrimination Glass ceiling Reproductive rights Reproductive health Menstrual Menstruation Postpartum Childbirth Give birth Contraception Contraceptive Birth control