Validation of the interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction questionnaire in adults with a same-sex partner

In e na ional Jou nal o Clinical and Heal h Psychology (2020) 20, 140---150 www.else ie .es/ijchp In e na ional Jou nal o Clinical and Heal h Psychology ORIGINAL ARTICLE Valida ion o he In e pe sonal Exchange Model o Sexual Sa is ac ion Ques ionnai e in adul s wi h a same-sex pa ne 夽 C is óbal Cal illoa, Ma ía del Ma Sánchez-Fuen esb,c, Tesi ón Pa ón-Ca e˜ nod, Juan Ca los Sie aa,∗ aMind, B ain, and Beha io Resea ch Cen e , Uni e sidad de G anada, G anada, Spain bFacul y o Social and Human Sciences, Uni e si y o Za agoza, Te uel, Spain cDepa amen o Social Science, Uni e sidad de La Cos a, Ba anquilla, Colombia dDepa amen o Nu sing, Physio he apy and Medicine, Uni e sidad de Alme ía, Spain Recei ed 10 June 2019; accep ed 24 July 2019 A ailable online 10 No embe 2019 KEYWORDS IEMSSQ; Sexual sa is ac ion; same-sex couples; psychome ic p ope ies; ins umen al s udy Abs ac Backg ound/Objec i e: The In e pe sonal Exchange Model o Sexual Sa is ac ion Ques ionnai e (IEMSSQ) is one o he ew ins umen s ha has been de eloped om a heo e ical model and assess sexual sa is ac ion. In addi ion, i has been success ully alida ed in Spanish he e osex- ual popula ion. The objec i e o his s udy is o adap and examine i s psychome ic p ope ies ( eliabili y, e idence o alidi y, and measu emen in a iance ac oss sexual o ien a ion and sex) in gay people in a ela ionship. Me hod: A sample o 1,820 adul s, o whom 50% a e gay people and 55% men, answe ed he Spanish e sion o he IEMSSQ. In addi ion, subjec s wi h gay o ien- a ion answe ed he Massachuse s Gene al Hospi al-Sexual Func ioning Ques ionnai e and he Dyadic Adjus men Scale. Resul s: When compa ing by sex and sexual o ien a ion, he IEMSSQ has a s ic in a ian s uc u e. I s eliabili y is good, and he e idence o cons uc and concu - en alidi y is adequa e. Howe e , he componen s o equali y a e mode a e. Conclusions: The IEMSSQ makes i possible o compa e he sexual sa is ac ion be ween gay/he e osexual men and women, p esen ing good psychome ic p ope ies in gay people, cons i u ing an use ul ins umen in he clinical and esea ch field. © 2019 Asociaci´ on Espa˜ nola de Psicolog´ ıa Conduc ual. Published by Else ie Espa˜ na, S.L.U. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/ by-nc-nd/4.0/). 夽This esea ch is pa o he Doc o al Thesis o he fi s au ho . Psychology Doc o al P og am (B13 56 1; RD 99/2011). ∗Co esponding au ho a : Facul ad de Psicología, Campus Uni e si a io de Ca uja s/n, 18011 G anada, Espa˜ na. E-mail add ess: jcsie a@ug .es (J.C. Sie a). h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.07.005 1697-2600/© 2019 Asociaci´ on Espa˜ nola de Psicolog´ ıa Conduc ual. Published by Else ie Espa˜ na, S.L.U. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Valida ion o he In e pe sonal Exchange Model o Sexual Sa is ac ion Ques ionnai e in adul s wi h a same-sex pa ne 141 PALABRAS CLAVE IEMSSQ; sa is acción sexual; pa ejas del mismo sexo; p opiedades psicomé icas; es udio ins umen al Validación del In e pe sonal Exchange Model o Sexual Sa is ac ion Ques ionnai e en adul os con pa eja del mismo sexo Resumen An eceden es/Obje i o: El In e pe sonal Exchange Model o Sexual Sa is ac ion Ques ionnai e (IEMSSQ) es uno de los escasos ins umen os que e alúan la sa is acción sexual desde un modelo eó ico y ha sido alidado con éxi o en población espa˜ nola he e osexual. El obje i o de es e es udio es adap a y examina sus p opiedades psicomé icas (fiabilidad, e idencias de alidez e in a ianza según o ien ación sexual y sexo) en adul os gais con una elación de pa eja. Mé odo: Una mues a de 1.820 adul os, de los cuales el 50% son gais/lesbianas y el 55% homb es, con- es ó a la e sión espa˜ nola del IEMSSQ. Además, los suje os con o ien ación gay con es a on el Massachuse s Gene al Hospi al-Sexual Func ioning Ques ionnai e y la Escala de Ajus e Diádico. Resul ados: El IEMSSQ posee una es uc u a in a ian e es ic a, po sexo y o ien ación sexual. Su fiabilidad es buena, y las e idencias de alidez de cons uc o y concu en e adecuadas, aunque mode adas en los componen es de igualdad. Conclusiones: El IEMSSQ pe mi e compa a la sa is acción sexual en e homb es gais y muje es lesbianas y he e osexuales, p esen ando buenas p opiedades psicomé icas en adul os gais, cons i uyendo un ins umen o ú il en el ámbi o clínico y en el de la in es igación. © 2019 Asociaci´ on Espa˜ nola de Psicolog´ ıa Conduc ual. Publicado po Else ie Espa˜ na, S.L.U. Es e es un a ´ ıculo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Sexual sa is ac ion is an essen ial dimension o human sexuali y and is associa ed wi h indi idual, in e pe sonal, social, and cul u al a iables (Cal illo, Sánchez-Fuen es, & Sie a, 2018; Sánchez-Fuen es, San os-Iglesias, & Sie a, 2014). Law ance and Bye s (1995, p. 268) define i as ‘‘an a ec i e esponse a ising om one´ s subjec i e e alua ion o he posi i e and nega i e dimensions associa ed wi h one´ s sexual ela ionship’’. Despi e i s impo ance, ew consol- ida ed heo e ical models a e add essing i s s udy. These include he In e pe sonal Exchange Model o Sexual Sa is ac- ion (IEMSS; Law ance & Bye s, 1995), which explains sexual sa is ac ion based on he exchange o sexual ewa ds and cos s associa ed wi h sexual ela ionships wi hin he couple. Posi i e o pleasan aspec s o sexual ela ions ep esen ewa ds, whe eas nega i e o unpleasan aspec s ep esen cos s. The IEMSS s a es ha sexual sa is ac ion is de e - mined by ou componen s: (a) he balance be ween sexual ewa ds and sexual cos s (REW - CST), (b) he compa a i e le el o balance be ween expec ed sexual ewa ds/cos s and ac ual sexual ewa ds/cos s (CLREW - CLCST), (c) he pe - cei ed equali y o sexual ewa ds and sexual cos s be ween he membe o he couple (EQREW and EQCST), and (d) ela- ionship sa is ac ion (Bye s & Macneil, 2006). The IEMSS has been alida ed in Spain in he e osexual couples (Sánchez- Fuen es & San os-Iglesias, 2016). The In e pe sonal Exchange Model o Sexual Sa is ac ion Ques ionnai e (IEMSSQ; Law ance, Bye s, & Cohen, 2011) is based on he IEMSS, and i has been adap ed and al- ida ed o he e osexual Spanish popula ion wi h excellen psychome ic p ope ies (Sánchez-Fuen es, San os-Iglesias, Bye s, & Sie a, 2015). I includes ou heo e ically ela ed measu es: he Exchange Ques ionnai e (EXQ), he Global Measu e o Sexual Sa is ac ion (GMSEX), he Global Measu e o Rela ionship Sa is ac ion (GMREL), and he Rewa ds/Cos s Checklis (RCC). The EXQ is composed o six i ems, and i measu es he di e en componen s o he IEMSS. These six i ems use nine-poin scales. I em 1 assesses he o e - all le el o sexual ewa ds (REW) anging om No a all ewa ding (1) o Ex emely ewa ding (9). I em 2 assesses he ac ual le el o sexual ewa ds in compa ison wi h he expec ed le el (CLREW) anging om Much less ewa ding in compa ison (1) o Much mo e ewa ding in compa i- son (9). I em 3 assesses he pe cei ed le el o ewa ds in compa ison o pa ne ´ s le el o ewa ds (EQREW) ang- ing om My ewa ds a e much highe (1) and My pa ne ’s ewa ds a e much highe (9). The h ee emaining i ems (4, 5, and 6) a e simila o he fi s h ee, bu hey assess sexual cos s (CST). The componen s o he IEMSS (REW - CST, CLREW - CLCST, EQREW, and EQCST) a e calcula ed as ol- lows. The o al balance be ween ewa ds and cos s (REW - CST) is he esul o he sub ac ion be ween he sco e o i em 4 and he sco e o i em 1. The le el o com- pa ison be ween sexual ewa ds and cos s (CLREW - CLCST) is calcula ed by sub ac ing he sco e o i em 5 om he sco e o i em 2. In bo h cases, possible sco es ange om −8 o +8, and highe sco es ep esen mo e sexual ewa ds. Finally, o calcula e he pe cei ed equali y o sexual ewa ds and cos s (EQREW and EQCST, espec i ely), i ems 3 and 6 a e ecoded in such a way ha he middle poin o he esponse scale (5), which ep esen s pe - ec balance, is assigned a sco e o 4, and he emaining poin s a e assigned dec easing sco es down o 0. The e o e, highe sco es ep esen highe equali y be ween he pa - ne s. The GMSEX assesses o e all sa is ac ion wi h he sexual ela ionship using fi e se en-poin bipola subscales: Ve y bad/Ve y good; Ve y unpleasan /Ve y pleasan ; Ve y neg- a i e/Ve y posi i e; Ve y unsa is ying/Ve y sa is ying; and Wo hless/Ve y aluable. The GMREL is iden ical o he p e- ious measu e o sexual sa is ac ion, bu i assesses o e all sa is ac ion wi h one’s ela ionship. Finally, he RCC consis s o 58 i ems ep esen ing di e en sexual exchanges (e.g., le el o a ec ion you and you pa ne exp ess du ing sexual 142 C. Cal illo e al. ac i i ies), which can be alued as ewa ds, cos s, bo h o nei he . Despi e ha he IEMSSQ has no ye been alida ed o gay people, a ecen sys ema ic e iew on sexual sa is ac- ion in same-sex couples (Cal illo e al., 2018) shows ha one in e e y fi e a icles uses he IEMSSQ o assess sexual sa is ac ion among gay people. The e o e, he aim o he p esen ins umen al s udy (Mon e o & León, 2007) is o assess he psychome ic p ope ies o he Spanish e sion o he IEMSSQ when used wi h adul s wi h a same-sex pa ne . Fi s ly, an i em analysis will be ca ied ou and he in e nal consis ency eliabili y o he GMSEX and GMREL measu es will be ob ained. Secondly, e idence o he alidi y o all measu es o he IEMSSQ (GMSEX, GMREL, REW - CST, CLREW - CLCST, EQREW, EQCST, numbe o sexual ewa ds, and numbe o sexual cos s) will be p o ided, co ela ing hei sco es wi h each o he , and wi h sexual unc ioning and dyadic adjus men . Thi dly, he in a iance o GMSEX and GMREL will be examined by sexual o ien a ion and sex. Finally, GMSEX and GMREL measu es will be compa ed based on sexual o i- en a ion and be ween gay men and lesbians. The p esen s udy p oposes he ollowing hypo heses: (1) The sco es o he componen s will co ela e posi i ely wi h sexual sa is- ac ion, sexual unc ioning, and dyadic adjus men , excep he numbe o sexual cos s, which will co ela e nega i ely (Sánchez-Fuen es e al., 2015; Sánchez-Fuen es, Salinas, & Sie a, 2016); (2) GMSEX and GMREL will be in a ian mea- su es based on sexual o ien a ion and sex (A cos-Rome o & Sie a, 2019); (3) gay and he e osexual people will no di e in e ms o sexual sa is ac ion and ela ionship sa is ac ion (Sánchez-Fuen es & Sie a, 2015); and (4) lesbian women will ha e g ea e sexual sa is ac ion han gay men (Holmbe g & Blai , 2009; Peplau, Coch an, & Mays, 1997). Me hod Pa icipan s A sample o 1,820 adul s di ided in o wo independen sub- samples was used: gay people and he e osexual people. Non-p obabilis ic con enience sampling was used o ob ain a subsample o 910 pa icipan s (505 men and 405 women) who me he ollowing inclusion c i e ia: (a) Spanish lan- guage as hei mo he ongue; (b) be 18 yea s o age o olde ; (c) ha e a gay o ien a ion; (d) be cisgende ; and (e) main ained a ela ionship wi h ano he cisgende and same- sex pe son o a leas h ee mon hs. In addi ion, he e was a second subsample o 910 pa icipan s selec ed by inciden- al sampling (505 men and 405 women), who me he same inclusion c i e ia, excep ha hey we e exclusi ely he e o- sexual and main ained a ela ionship wi h a cisgende pe son o di e en sex o a leas h ee mon hs a he ime o he e alua ion. Table 1 shows he sociodemog aphic in o ma ion o he pa icipan s. Ins umen s Sociodemog aphic and Sexual His o y Ques ionnai e. This ad hoc ques ionnai e collec s in o ma ion on sexual iden- i y, age, na ionali y, ela ionship, pa ne ’s sexual iden i y, pa ne ’s age, du a ion o he ela ionship, exclusi i y o he ela ionship, cohabi a ion wi h he pa ne , sexual ela ions wi h he cu en pa ne , age o fi s sexual ela ion (anal, o al, o aginal) and numbe o sexual pa ne s. Kinsey scale (Kinsey, Pome oy, & Ma in, 1998). Iden ifies sexual o ien a ion using eigh esponse op ions om exclu- si ely he e osexual (1) o exclusi ely homosexual (7). An eigh h op ion was included o accoun o asexuali y. Only subjec s who ma ked he exclusi ely homosexual op ion (gay subsample) o exclusi ely he e osexual (he e osexual sub- sample) we e selec ed. Spanish e sion o he IEMSSQ (Law ance e al., 2011), alida ed by Sánchez-Fuen es e al. (2015) desc ibed abo e. Spanish e sion o he Massachuse s Gene al Hospi al- Sexual Func ioning Ques ionnai e (MGH-SFQ; Fa a, Rankin, Alpe , Nie enbe g, & Wo hing on, 1998), alida ed by Sie a, Vallejo-Medina, San os-Iglesias, and Lamei as Fe nández (2012). I s fi e i ems assess sexual unc ioning du ing he pas mon h: in e es , a ousal, o gasm, e ec ion (only o men), and o e all sexual sa is ac ion (e.g., How has you in e es in sex been o e he pas mon h?). Answe s a e gi en on a fi e-poin scale om Has dec eased comple ely (0) o No mal (4). Gi en ha he possible ange o sco es is di e en o men and women, he mean sco e was used ins ead o he o al sco e. I em 5 (Sexual sa is ac ion) was excluded om he calcula ion o he mean sco e o a oid he o e lapping o he sexual unc ioning and sexual sa is- ac ion measu es; his i em was hen used independen ly as an addi ional measu e o sexual sa is ac ion. Highe sco es indica e be e sexual unc ioning. This e sion has shown good eliabili y and con e gen alidi y (Sie a e al., 2012). In he p esen s udy, a C onbach’s alpha o .84 was ob ained in gay men and .83 in lesbian women. Reduced Spanish e sion o he Dyadic Adjus men Scale (DAS; Spanie , 2017), adap ed by San os-Iglesias, Vallejo- Medina, and Sie a (2009). I s 13 i ems (e.g., How o en do you and you pa ne qua el?) assess dyadic adjus - men in he couple based on h ee dimensions (Sa is ac ion, Consensus, and Cohesion). The scale uses six-poin esponse op ions ( om Always disag ee o Always ag ee) and fi e- poin esponse op ions ( om Ne e o E e yday), depending on he i em. Highe sco es indica e highe adjus men . The scale p esen s adequa e eliabili y and alidi y (San os- Iglesias e al., 2009). A C onbach’s alpha o .79 was ob ained in he p esen s udy, bo h o gay men and lesbian women. P ocedu e Fi s ly, a linguis ic adap a ion o he RCC was ca ied ou so ha i could be answe ed by gay people. Subsequen ly, he d a was sen o h ee expe s in Human Sexuali y o he examina ion o he wo ding o he i ems. Nine i ems ha explici ly allude o he e osexual people we e modified (e.g., Abili y/inabili y o ha e a child was eplaced wi h Abil- i y/inabili y o ha e a child [ei he adop ed o biological]). A e he expe judgmen , a pilo s udy was conduc ed in which he ques ionnai e was adminis e ed o en gay adul s (fi e men and fi e women). A e each i em, hey we e asked whe he he ex was unde s andable, and i hey exp essed doub s, hey we e asked o speci y. Gi en ha all he i ems we e epo ed as unde s ood, no addi ional changes we e made, which esul ed in he final e sion o he RCC o Valida ion o he In e pe sonal Exchange Model o Sexual Sa is ac ion Ques ionnai e in adul s wi h a same-sex pa ne 143 Table 1 Sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics o he pa icipan s. Gay people (n = 910) He e osexual people (n = 910) Men (n = 505) Women (n = 405) Men (n = 505) Women (n = 405) Rank M (SD) Rank M (SD) /2Rank M (SD) Rank M (SD) / 2 Age (yea s) 18---62 31.11 (9.43) 18---63 28.75 (8.55) 3.94*** 18---74 34.67 (12.26) 18---65 30.64 (11.16) 5.18*** M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) Fi s sexual ela ion (yea s) 17.14 (3.99) 17.23 (2.98) −0.34 17.73 (2.81) 17.89 (2.94) −1.07 Du a ion o ela ionship wi h cu en pa ne (mon hs) 58.71 (67.55) 47.41 (52.43) 2.84** 158.10 (137.65) 136.73 (121.56) 2.60** MeM (SD) MeM (SD) MeM (SD) MeM (SD) Numbe o sexual pa ne s 10 39.18 (82.97) 5 7.46 (9.43) 8.30*** 4 6.10 (9.89) 2 3.52 (4.19) 5.17*** n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) Na ionali y Spanish 318 (63) 275 (67.90) 2.41 505 (100) 405 (100) O he Hispanic coun ies 187 (37) 130 (32.10) 0 0 Educa ion le el P ima y Educa ion 7 (1.40) 8 (2) 0.66 68 (3.50) 31 (7.70) 29.71*** Seconda y Educa ion 107 (21.20) 90 (22.20) 188 (37.20) 102 (25.20) Uni e si y Deg ee 391 (77.40) 307 (75.80) 249 (49.30) 272 (67.20) Exclusi e Rela ionship Yes 418 (82.80) 387 (95.60) 35.99*** 494 (97.80) 387 (95.60) 3.74 No 87 (17.20) 18 (4.40) 11 (2.20) 18 (4.40) Cohabi wi h you cu en pa ne Yes 285 (56.40) 212 (52.30) 1.57 275 (54.50) 187 (46.20) 6.17* No 220 (43.60) 193 (47.70) 230 (45.50) 218 (53.80) No e. M: mean; SD: s anda d de ia ion; Me: median. *p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001. 144 C. Cal illo e al. people wi h a same-sex pa ne . No linguis ic adap a ion was equi ed o he es o he IEMSSQ scales. See Appendix 1. The ins umen s we e adminis e ed using bo h he adi- ional pape and pencil o ma , and online o ma ; hese wo me hods ha e been shown o p esen no di e ences in e ms o he in o ma ion on sexual beha io s ha hey can ob ain (Sie a, Moyano, Vallejo-Medina, & Gómez-Be ocal, 2018; Vel en, Schol en, & Ma g a , 2018). The pa icipan s who comple ed ques ionnai es in pape and pencil o ma we e con ac ed a educa ional cen e s, social cen e s, public and leisu e places, as well as h ough lesbian, gay, bisexual, and ansgende (LGBT) associa ions. The online e sion was dis ibu ed using i ual pla o ms (Facebook®, Twi e ®, Wha sApp®, and e-mail), using he Limesu ey®so wa e; he IP add esses o he esponden s we e con olled. To access he su ey, he pa icipan had o confi m he access by answe ing a secu i y ques ion consis ing o a andom sum. All pa icipan s comple ed he e alua ion olun a - ily, and hei anonymi y and he confiden iali y o he da a we e gua an eed a all imes. Be o e answe ing he ques- ionnai e, he esponden s we e asked o ead and accep he in o med consen o ms, which included a desc ip ion o he pu pose o he s udy and in o ma ion on da a confi- den iali y and p i acy. The s udy was app o ed by he E hics Commi ee in Human Resea ch o he Uni e si y o G anada. Da a analysis The omega (McDonald, 1999; Ven u a-León, 2018) and o di- nal alpha coe ficien s (Zumbo, Gade mann, & Zeisse , 2007) we e used o es ima e he in e nal consis ency o GMSEX and GMREL. The MBESS package ( e sion 4.2.0; Kelley, 2018) was used o calcula ing omega, and he use iendlyscience package ( e sion 0.7.2; Pe e s, 2018) was used o calcula - ing o dinal alpha. Bo h packages un in he R®en i onmen ( e sion 3.4.4; R Co e Team, 2016) wi h i s RS udio®in e- g a ed in e ace ( e sion 1.1.447; RS udio Team, 2018). The analysis used he omega hie a chical, which gi es he p o- po ion o a iance o he sco es o each scale based on a gene al ac o (McDonald, 1999; Zinba g, Re elle, & Yo el, 2007). Pea son’s co ela ions we e used o examine con- s uc and concu en alidi y. Due o he la ge size o he sample, a conse a i e alpha (p < .01), as well as Cohen (1988) c i e ion was used o es ablish he ank o he e ec acco ding o i s size: small (0.10), mode a e (0.30) and la ge (0.50). To de e mine whe he GMSEX and GMREL assess wo di e en bu ela ed cons uc s in a iably in gay and he - e osexual men and women, a Confi ma o y Fac o Analysis (CFA) was pe o med using he la aan package ( e sion 0.6- 3; Rosseel, 2012). An analysis o mul ig oup in a iance was ca ied ou , in which ou g oups we e defined: gay men, les- bian women, he e osexual men, and he e osexual women. The p og essi e in a iance (configu al, weak, s ong, and s ic ) o he wo- ac o model was also es ed. GMSEX and GMREL we e es ablished as he wo ac o s; each ac o had fi e obse able a iables be ween e o s. The analy- sis included he Diagonally Weigh ed Leas Squa es (WLSMV) es ima ion me hod, a obus es ima o in case o a lack o mul i a ia e no mali y designed o o dinal da a (Li, 2016). The ollowing c i e ia we e aken in o accoun o assess he mul ig oup AFC fi : CFI and TLI > .90 and RMSEA < .08 (Hu & Ben le , 1999; Wang & Wang, 2012); in addi ion, i was es ablished ha i he di e ence be ween he alues o wo nes ed models in he CFI was highe han .01 in a o o he model wi h ewe es ic ions (Ben le , 1990), he model wi h mo e es ic ions would be ejec ed (Cheung & Rens old, 2002). Ul ima ely, he in a iance le els conce n- ing he ela ionship be ween obse able a iables and la en a iables we e examined (Mil on & Fische , 2010). Finally, o he analysis o he compa isons o GMSEX and GMREL by sex and sexual o ien a ion, and gi en ha hei sco es did no adjus o a no mal dis ibu ion, he Mann-Whi ney U was used. Resul s I em analysis An analysis was made o he median, mean sco es and he s anda d de ia ion o he i ems o de ec ex eme sco es (Guillo -Valdés, Guillén-Riquelme, & Buela-Casal, 2019). The means anged be ween 5.85 and 6.64 ( heo e ical ange o 1 o 7). S anda d de ia ions anged om 1 o 1.44. This indica es ha he subjec s ha e a esponse pa e n wi h high equencies a he uppe end (Table 2). Reliabili y In he case o GMSEX, gay men ob ained an omega o .90 and an o dinal alpha o .93; in lesbian women, he coe fi- cien s we e .88 and .92, espec i ely. In he case o GMREL, gay men ob ained an omega coe ficien o .94 and o di- nal alpha o .95; in lesbian women, alues o .92 and .94 we e ob ained, espec i ely. The eliabili y o in e nal con- sis ency o bo h scales does no imp o e wi h he elimina ion o any o i s i ems. Cons uc and concu en alidi y E idence on he cons uc alidi y o he di e en IEMSSQ measu es excep o EQREW and EQCST eflec s ha hey we e significan ly associa ed wi h each o he in bo h gay men and lesbian women (Table 3). Rega ding concu en alidi y, all IEMSSQ measu es excep o EQREW and EQCST we e significan ly associa ed wi h he sco es o an indi idual i em o sexual sa is ac ion, sexual unc ioning, and dyadic adjus men , bo h in gay men and lesbian women, p esen - ing sex-based di e ences in he s eng h o he associa ions. In men, EQREW was associa ed wi h he Consensus compo- nen o dyadic adjus men and EQCST wi h he Sa is ac ion componen ; in women, EQCST was co ela ed wi h he Sa - is ac ion componen o dyadic adjus men and he global dyadic adjus men sco e (Table 3). A se ies o Fishe o z ans o ma ions we e pe o med o assess he magni ude o he di e ences be ween each pai o co ela ion coe ficien s and de e mine whe he he magni ude o he co ela ions be ween each pai di e ed significan ly be ween men and women (Sánchez-Fuen es e al., 2015). Due o a la ge numbe o compa isons (90), he Bon e oni co ec ion was used o a oid he ype I infla ed e o (Cabin & Mi chell, 2000) (˛ = .0005). Only wo pai s o Valida ion o he In e pe sonal Exchange Model o Sexual Sa is ac ion Ques ionnai e in adul s wi h a same-sex pa ne 145 Table 2 Análisis desc ip i o de los í ems de GMSEX y GMREL. Men Women Gay men He e osexual people Lesbian women He e osexual people GMSEX MeM (SD) MeM (SD) MeM (SD) MeM (SD) I em 1 6 5.94 (1.28) 6 6.08 (1.08) 7 6.24 (1.12) 6 6.04 (1.27) I em 26 6.02 (1.25) 6 6.11 (1) 7 6.36 (1.02) 6 5.95 (1.25) I em 36 5.98 (1.39) 6 6.16 (1.15) 7 6.25 (1.24) 7 6.18 (1.21) I em 46 5.85 (1.44) 6 5.99 (1.16) 7 6.20 (1.28) 6 5.95 (1.32) I em 5 7 6.20 (1.32) 7 6.25 (1.03) 7 6.55 (1.03) 7 6.19 (1.31) GMREL MeM (SD) MeM (SD) MeM (SD) MeM (SD) I em 1 7 6.16 (1.21) 6 6.20 (1.09) 7 6.40 (1) 7 6.22 (1.09) I em 2 6 6.15 (1.15) 6 6.05 (1.16) 7 6.39 (1.03) 6 6.04 (1.23) I em 3 7 6.13 (1.29) 7 6.22 (1.16) 7 6.27 (1.20) 7 6.22 (1.19) I em 4 6 6.03 (1.33) 6 6.10 (1.16) 7 6.30 (1.13) 6 6.07 (1.26) I em 5 7 6.45 (1.11) 7 6.34 (1.05) 7 6.64 (0.93) 7 6.39 (1.12) No e. Me: median; M: mean; SD: s anda d de ia ion; GMSEX: Global Measu e o Sexual Sa is ac ion; GMREL: Global Measu e o Rela ionship Sa is ac ion. co ela ions (numbe o ewa ds-dyadic adjus men and he numbe o ewa ds-Sa is ac ion componen o dyadic adjus - men ) we e s a is ically di e en be ween men and women and significan ly highe among men. In o he wo ds, he pa - e ns o co ela ions be ween he IEMSSQ measu es o dyadic adjus men and sexual unc ioning a e simila o gay men and lesbian women. Fac o ial in a iance The esul s ob ained show he wo-dimensional model (GMSEX and GMREL), e idencing a s ic adjus men in he ac o ial in a iance using ou g oups: gay men, lesbian women, he e osexual men, and he e osexual women. As no di e ences highe han .01 we e ob ained in he CFI, he maximum le el o adjus men was eached (see Figu e 1 and Table 4). Compa ison be ween GMSEX and GMREL by sexual o ien a ion Once he s ic in a iance o GMSEX and GMREL was es ab- lished, he mean sco es o gay men and women we e compa ed wi h hose o he e osexual men and women. Significan di e ences we e ound be ween lesbian and he - e osexual women, bo h in GMSEX (U = 69950.50, p < .001, d = 0.24) and in GMREL (U = 71788, p < .01, d = 0.21); highe sco es we e ob ained by lesbian women in bo h cases (Table 5). Sexual sa is ac ion in men and women wi h a same-sex pa ne Table 6 shows he sco es o gay men and women o each IEMSSQ measu e. In gene al, gay men and lesbian women ob ained high sco es in all he measu es. Gi en i s ac- o in a iance, GMREL and GMSEX measu es we e compa ed be ween gay men and lesbian women. Significan di e - ences we e ound in GMSEX (U = 83815, p < .001, d = −.30) and GMREL (U = 89223, p < .01, d = .21); women sco ed highe in bo h cases. Discussion The psychome ic p ope ies o he Spanish e sion o he In e pe sonal Exchange Model o Sexual Sa is ac ion Ques ionnai e (IEMSSQ; Sánchez-Fuen es e al., 2015) we e examined in adul s wi h a same-sex pa ne . Ou esul s showed ha he Spanish IEMSSQ e sion is a eliable and alid ins umen o assess sexual sa is ac ion in his pop- ula ion, as alid as when used in he e osexual people (Sánchez-Fuen es e al., 2015), which allowed o a com- pa ison o he sco es be ween sexual o ien a ions. Wi h ega d o eliabili y, as in samples om he e osexual people (A cos-Rome o & Sie a, 2020; Moyano, Vallejo- Medina, & Sie a, 2017; Sánchez-Fuen es e al., 2016, 2015; Ta a es, Schlagin wei , Nob e, & Rosen, 2019) GMSEX and GMREL p esen ed high in e nal consis ency eliabili y coe - ficien s. In ela ion o he IEMSSQ measu es (GMSEX, GMREL, REW - CST, CLREW - CLCST, o al numbe o sexual ewa ds, and o al numbe o sexual cos s), hey we e co ela ed, as p edic ed by he fi s hypo hesis, wi h sexual sa is ac ion, sexual unc ioning, and dyadic adjus men ; all co ela ions we e posi i e excep o he o al numbe o sexual cos s. As in he e osexual people, highe sexual sa is ac ion is asso- cia ed wi h highe ela ionship sa is ac ion, highe dyadic adjus men and be e sexual pe o mance (Péloquin, Bye s, Callaci, & T emblay, 2019; Sánchez-Fuen es e al., 2015; Ta a es e al., 2019). Con e sely, he equali y componen s (EQREW and EQCST) we e no co ela ed (o we e sca cely co - ela ed) wi h he measu es o sexual unc ioning and dyadic adjus men . These esul s a e consis en wi h simila s ud- ies ocused on he e osexual people (Bye s & Macneil, 2006; Sánchez-Fuen es & San os-Iglesias, 2016; Sánchez-Fuen es 146 C. Cal illo e al. Table 3 Co ela ions be ween he componen s o he IEMSSQ, and be ween hese and ex e nal a iables in gay men and lesbian women. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1. GMSEX --- .68** .59** .58** .00 .09* .52** −.49** .41** .34** .42** .43** .29** .25** 2. GMREL .67** --- .45** .41** −.06 .03 .35** −.35** .34** .31** .61** .59** .47** .31** 3. REW - CST .52** .41** --- .72** −.01 .22** .48** −.50** .45** .37** .42** .47** .27** .21** 4. CLREW- CLCST .55** .42** .71** --- -.03 .17** .42** −.43** .36** .27** .34** .38** .23** .15** 5. EQREW .06 .02 .08 −.03 --- .41** -.06 .01 −.06 −.07 −.08 −.02 −.09* −.07 6. EQCST .20** .12* .20** .15** .45** --- .06 −.07 −.02 −.03 .05 .11* .02 −.00 7. REW .37** .26** .30** .32** .03 .08 --- −.69** .38** .29** .41** .37** .30** .27** 8. CST −.44** −.38** −.46** −.42** −.06 −.16** −.63** --- −.37** −.28** −.36** −.25** −.31** −.28** 9. Sexual sa is ac ion i em .39** .20** .50** .43** .07 .10* .35** −.37** --- .67** .36** .28** .27** .28** 10. Sexual unc ioning .37** .18** .37** .35** .00 .07 .24** −.31** .73** --- .39** .34** .26** .31** 11. Dyadic adjus men .41** .61** .39** .39** .04 .15** .19** −.34** .21** .21** --- .80** .83** .65** 12. Sa is ac ion .38** .58** .39** .38** .07 .16** .10 −.25** .16** .17** .79** --- .48** .33** 13. Consensus .31** .44** .28** .29** .04 .09 .17** −.28** .20** .17** .81** .42** --- .34** 14. Cohesion .27** .40** .23** .24** −.04 .09 .17** −.25** .12* .15** .72** .41** .38** --- No e. GMSEX: Global Measu e o Sexual Sa is ac ion; GMREL: Global Measu e o Rela ionship Sa is ac ion; REW - CST: balance be ween sexual ewa ds and cos s; CLREW - CLCST: compa a i e le el o sexual ewa ds and cos s; EQREW: equali y o sexual ewa ds; EQCST: equali y o sexual cos s; REW: numbe o sexual ewa ds; CST: numbe o sexual cos s. Abo e he diagonal a e he co ela ions in men and below he diagonal a e in women. *p < .05. ** p < .01. Valida ion o he In e pe sonal Exchange Model o Sexual Sa is ac ion Ques ionnai e in adul s wi h a same-sex pa ne 147 Figu e 1 Confi ma o y Fac o Analysis (CFA). Table 4 Fac o ial in a iance acco ding o sexual o ien a ion and sex: gay men, lesbian women, he e osexual men and he e o- sexual women. Model RMSEA 90% CI RMSEA CFI TLI GFI RMSR CMIN/DF 2p 1. Configu al .000 .000---.000 1 1 1 .040 0.311 42.399 1 2. Weak .023 .009---.032 .995 .995 1 .085 1.231 204.497 .023 3. S ong .023 .010---.032 .995 .995 1 .087 1.229 233.672 .017 4. S ic .030 .021---.037 .990 .992 .999 .107 1.395 307.073 <.001 No e. RMSEA: Roo Mean Squa e E o o App oxima ion; CI: Confidence In e al; CFI: Compa a i e Fi Index; TLI: Tucke -Lewis Index; GFI: Goodness o Fi Index; RMSR: Roo Mean Squa e Residual; CMIN/DF: Chi Squa e pe Deg ee o F eedom. Table 5 Compa ison o GMSEX and GMREL be ween gay and he e osexual men and women. GMSEX M SD Mann-Whi ney U (U) p Gay men 30 5.69 124150 .462 He e osexual men 30.59 4.76 Lesbian women 31.61 4.68 69950.50 <.001 He e osexual women 30.31 5.77 GMREL Gay men 30.92 5.50 125391 .638 He e osexual men 30.90 5.23 Lesbian women 31.99 4.62 71788 .001 He e osexual women 30.95 5.37 No e. M: mean; SD: s anda d de ia ion; GMSEX: Global Measu e o Sexual Sa is ac ion; GMREL: Global Measu e o Rela ionship Sa is ac- ion. 148 C. Cal illo e al. Table 6 Means (M) and s anda d de ia ions (SD) o he IEMSSQ measu es in gay men and lesbian women. Men (n = 505) Women (n = 405) Rank M (SD) M (SD) GMSEX 5 o 35 30 (5.69) 31.60 (4.68) GMREL 5 o 35 30.90 (5.50) 31.99 (4.62) REW - CST −8 o +8 3.93 (3.44) 4.55 (3.49) CLREW- CLCST −8 o +8 3.90 (3.49) 4.14 (3.12) EQREW 0 o 4 2.46 (1.43) 2.40 (1.49) EQCST 0 o 4 2.87 (1.33) 2.98 (1.32) REW 0 o 58 43.96 (8.03) 44.14 (7.08) CST 0 o 58 14.59 (8.89) 12.57 (7.70) No e. GMSEX: Global Measu e o Sexual Sa is ac ion; GMREL: Global Measu e o Rela ionship Sa is ac ion; REW - CST: balance be ween sexual ewa ds and cos s; CLREW- CLCST: compa a i e le el o sexual ewa ds and cos s; EQREW: equali y o sexual ewa ds; EQCST: equali y o sexual cos s; REW: numbe o sexual ewa ds; CST: numbe o sexual cos s. e al., 2015), which sugges s ha hese wo componen s o he IEMSSQ ha e li le o no impac on sexually sa - isfied people, as was he case in he p esen s udy; he wo componen s may ha e a much mo e ele an ole in sexually unsa isfied people, as poin ed ou by Bye s and Macneil (2006). Fu he esea ch wi h gay indi iduals and low sexual sa is ac ion should shed ligh on he ole o hese wo componen s o equali y. Only wo ( o al num- be o ewa ds wi h dyadic adjus men and he Sa is ac ion componen o dyadic adjus men ) o he 90 co ela ions di - e ed significan ly be ween gay men and lesbian women, especially among men. This sugges s ha he posi i e pe - cep ion o sexual exchanges (sexual ewa ds) in gay men mus be high enough o hem o eel sa isfied wi h he ela- ionship. Cohen, Bye s, and Walsh (2008) epo ed ha , o gay men, ewa ds we e mo e ela ed o emo ional and ela- ional aspec s han o o he ypes o sa is ac ions. Based on his, one migh hink ha he exis ence o mo e benefi s o his ype would enhance he ela ionship sa is ac ion since acco ding o he In es men Model, people who a e e y sa - isfied wi h he ela ionship pe cei e mo e benefi s (Du y & Rusbul , 1986; Ku dek, 1991; Ku dek & Schmi , 1986). In gene al, he esul s ob ained in he p esen s udy coincide hose o o he p e ious esea ch wi h he e osexual people (Law ance & Bye s, 1995; Sánchez-Fuen es e al., 2015), showing ha he non-sexual aspec s o he ela ionship ha e a significan ole in sexual sa is ac ion and he expe ience o sexual exchanges in bo h people wi h a same-sex pa ne and he e osexuals. On he o he hand, GMSEX and GMREL we e shown o be ela ed cons uc s, and hey we e in a ian ega ding sex- ual o ien a ion and sex, hus confi ming hypo hesis 2. The p esen s udy is he fi s o demons a e he possibili y o es ablishing alid compa isons be ween gay and he e osex- ual people and be ween men and women in e ms o sexual sa is ac ion and ela ionship sa is ac ion using he GMSEX and GMREL scales, espec i ely. Ou esul s will suppo u u e compa isons be ween sexual o ien a ions, as well as be ween men and women om bo h popula ions. Rega ding he compa ison by sexual o ien a ion, Sánchez-Fuen es and Sie a (2015) epo ed he absence o significan di e ences in sexual sa is ac ion and ela ion- ship sa is ac ion be ween he e osexual and gay adul s; he hi d hypo hesis was ocused on his s a emen . Howe e , we obse ed his di e ence only among men, whe eas lesbian women epo ed highe le els o sexual sa is ac ion and ela ionship sa is ac ion han he e osexual women; he e o e, hypo hesis 3 could no be ully confi med. The small numbe o lesbian women in he s udy by Sánchez- Fuen es and Sie a (2015) could explain he di e ences wi h ou esul s. The esul s ob ained in he p esen s udy o women we e also di e en om hose epo ed by Ri e , Mo is, and Knox (2018), who epo ed ha he e osexual people exp ess highe sexual sa is ac ion han gay people. Mo eo e , he assessmen o sexual sa is ac ion was ca ied ou wi h an ad hoc ques ion, which ules ou any u he compa ison be ween he s udies. In addi ion, he cul u al con ex is an essen ial elemen o any such compa ison. Spain is a coun y wi h a high accep ance o LGBT mani es- a ions, such as same-sex ma iage (Pew Resea ch Cen e , 2018); his openness could be con ibu ing o he social no maliza ion o people gay, which would, in u n, inc ease he sel -accep ance o gay people, dec easing in e nalized homophobia and, consequen ly, inc easing sexual sa is- ac ion (Cal illo e al., 2018). These compa a i e esul s conce ning he ac ha lesbian women ha e epo ed highe sexual sa is ac ion han he e osexual women a e simila o hose ob ained by Coleman, Hoon, and Hoon (1983). These di e ences could be due o he ac ha lesbian women, as opposed o he e osexual women, use a g ea e di e si y o sexual p ac ices o achie e o gasms (Coleman e al., 1983). They could also be because he mean o he du a ion o he cu en ela ionship be ween lesbian women is much lowe han he e osexuals; being demons a ed ha sexual sa is ac ion dec eases as he du a ion o he ela ionship inc eases (Cas ellanos-To es, Ál a ez-Da de , Ruiz-Mu˜ noz, & Pé ez, 2013; Schmiedebe g & Sch öde , 2016) In he p esen s udy, gay people epo ed high le els o sexual sa is ac ion and ela ionship sa is ac ion, which eflec s esul s epo ed by Sánchez-Fuen es e al. (2015) in he e osexuals and Sánchez-Fuen es and Sie a (2015) in gay people. Ou compa ison be ween gay men and les- bian women showed significan di e ences in bo h GMSEX and GMREL, wi h highe sco es o women. This obse a- ion e idences highe sexual sa is ac ion and ela ionship sa is ac ion among lesbian women han among gay men, which confi ms hypo hesis 4 and is consis en wi h Holmbe g