In e na ional Jou nal o
En i onmen al Resea ch
and Public Heal h
A icle
Sense o Cohe ence and Quali y o Li e in Pa ien s T ea ed wi h
An i i amin K O al An icoagulan s: A C oss-Sec ional S udy
Ana Anguas-G acia 1,2,3 , Ana Belén Subi ón-Vale a 1,3,4 , Bea iz Rod íguez-Roca 1,Ángel Gasch-Gallén1,5,* ,
Isabel An ón-Solanas 1,5,* and Fe nando U cola-Pa do 1,3


Ci a ion: Anguas-G acia, A.;
Subi ón-Vale a, A.B.; Rod íguez-Roca,
B.; Gasch-Gallén, Á.; An ón-Solanas,
I.; U cola-Pa do, F. Sense o
Cohe ence and Quali y o Li e in
Pa ien s T ea ed wi h An i i amin K
O al An icoagulan s: A
C oss-Sec ional S udy. In . J. En i on.
Res. Public Heal h 2021,18, 1668.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
ije ph18041668
Academic Edi o s: Lau a Galiana,
JoséManuel, Tomás Miguel,
Ampa o Oli e and Pa ícia Sancho
Recei ed: 21 Decembe 2020
Accep ed: 5 Feb ua y 2021
Published: 9 Feb ua y 2021
Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al
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Copy igh : © 2021 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
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dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
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A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
1Depa men o Physia y and Nu sing, Facul y o Heal h Sciences, Uni e si y o Za agoza,
C/Domingo Mi al s/n, 50009 Za agoza, Spain; aanguas@uniza .es (A.A.-G.); subi on@uniza .es (A.B.S.-V.);
b od iguez@uniza .es (B.R.-R.); u cola@uniza .es (F.U.-P.)
2Resea ch G oup Sa e y and Ca e (GIISA0021), Ins i u e o Resea ch o A agón, 50009 Za agoza, Spain
3Resea ch G oup Wa e and En i onmen al Heal h (B43_20R), Uni e si y Ins i u e o Resea ch in
En i onmen al Science o A agón, Uni e si y o Za agoza, 50009 Za agoza, Spain
4Resea ch G oup Sec o III Heal hca e (GIIS081), Ins i u e o Resea ch o A agón, 50009 Za agoza, Spain
5Resea ch G oup Nu sing Resea ch in P ima y Ca e in A agón (GENIAPA) (GIIS094),
Ins i u e o Resea ch o A agón, 50009 Za agoza, Spain
*Co espondence: angelgasch@uniza .es (Á.G.-G.); ian on@uniza .es (I.A.-S.)
Abs ac :
The aim o his s udy was o analyze he co ela ion be ween he pa icipan s’ sel - epo ed
quali y o li e and hei sense o cohe ence in a sample (n= 85) o pa ien s on ea men wi h o al
an i i amin K an icoagulan s. A c oss-sec ional design was used. The measu emen ins umen s
included a ques ionnai e on sociodemog aphic a iables, he Spanish e sion o he Abb e ia ed
Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion Quali y o Li e ques ionnai e (WHOQOL-BREF), an o al-an icoagulan -
ea men -speci ic quali y-o -li e ques ionnai e, and he sense-o -cohe ence (SOC) scale. We analyzed
he co ela ions be ween he pa icipan s’ cha ac e is ics and he esul s om he quali y-o -li e
and SOC scales. Age, le el o educa ion, employmen s a us, li ing a angemen , and ea men
leng h we e he de e minan s o he quali y o li e in people ea ed wi h o al an icoagulan s. We
ound a signi ican associa ion be ween he ou domains o he WHOQOL-BREF ques ionnai e
and gene al ea men sa is ac ion (p< 0.01); no signi ican co ela ions we e ound be ween he
SOC subscales and he o al-an icoagulan - ea men -speci ic quali y o li e in ou sample. Women
had a wo se le el o sel -managemen han men. Nu sing in e en ions should be ailo ed o he
needs o he popula ions on ea men wi h o al an icoagulan s in o de o acili a e a highe le el o
sel -managemen .
Keywo ds: quali y o li e; an icoagulan s; p ima y heal hca e; sel -e icacy; sense o cohe ence
1. In oduc ion
An i i amin K o al an icoagulan s (AKOA) unc ion by educing plasma concen a-
ions o he i amin-K-dependen p o eins (FII, FVII, FIX, FX, p o ein C, and p o ein S) and
a e c ucial in he pha macological ea men o ca diac and h omboembolic diso de s, as
well as a ial ib illa ion [
1
]. In Spain, he mos equen ly p esc ibed AKOA a e wa a in
and acenocouma ol. The p e alence o he use o AKOA in Spain is 1.3%, wi h no signi i-
can di e ences be ween men and women [
2
]. Pa ien s on ea men wi h hese AKOA a e
gene ally olde adul s, wi h an a e age age o 76 (SD 11.4) [3].
Almos h ee-qua e s o his popula ion (72%) a e managed in he communi y by
p ima y heal hca e p o essionals. This equi es equen ollow-up isi s in o de o gua -
an ee clinical sa e y h ough dose adjus men and close moni o ing o pa ien s’ sensi i i y
o ea men [
4
]. Fo ins ance, concomi an ea men wi h AKOA and an ipla ele s such
as nin edanib may esul in side e ec s, including gas oin es inal bleeding and pe o a-
ion [
5
]. In hese cases, indi idual assessmen s o bleeding isks in ol ing he apeu ic
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021,18, 1668. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ije ph18041668 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ije ph
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021,18, 1668 2 o 15
d ug moni o ing should be ca ied ou egula ly. Howe e , he e ec i eness o ea men
wi h AKOA is also in luenced by o he ac o s such as ea men adhe ence and disease-
coping s a egies. Heal h educa ion is an impo an ool in he managemen o pa ien s
on ea men wi h AKOA and should include in o ma ion ela ed o die a y, abso p i e,
compliance, and pha macological ac o s [
6
]. Fu he mo e, a co ela ion has been ound
be ween op imal AKOA ea men con ol and pa ien s’ illness pe cep ion; ha is, pa ien s
who accep hei illness and unde s and he ea men is mo e likely o achie e be e
in e na ional no malized a io (INR) con ol [
7
]. Howe e , disease ch onici y, impac o
he disease on daily li e, and he p esence o o he como bidi ies can lead o a educed
quali y o li e (QoL) in people ea ed wi h AKOA, as well as hei closes ela i es and
ca egi e s [8].
Acco ding o he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO), he QoL is de ined as “indi idu-
als’ pe cep ion o hei posi ion in li e in he con ex o he cul u e and alue sys ems in
which hey li e and in ela ion o hei goals, expec a ions, s anda ds and conce ns” [
9
].
App aising a pa ien ’s QoL allows heal hca e p o essionals o iden i y heal h dimensions
a isk and also o design indi idualized in e en ions o main ain and/o imp o e he
pa ien /ca egi e QoL du ing ea men wi h AKOA [
10
,
11
]. In addi ion, acco ding o
An ono sky [
12
], a sel -e icacy app oach o heal h can lead o an imp o emen in he pa-
ien s’ unde s anding, sel -managemen , and meaning ulness o hei li e, hus gene a ing
a highe le el o heal h. Acco ding o An ono sky’s salu ogenic model [
12
], app op ia e
use o he esou ces a ailable om he en i onmen p o ides oppo uni ies o pa ien s o
ace challenges and eco e om ad e si y; he abili y o make app op ia e use o hese
esou ces and, subsequen ly, ac cons uc i ely h ough li e e en s is known as he sense
o cohe ence (SOC) [
13
]. A good SOC has been ound o be posi i ely ela ed o be e
heal h ou comes ac oss a ange o pa ien popula ions, including pa ien s wi h ca diac
diso de s [14,15].
P e ious s udies ha e iden i ied a signi ican associa ion be ween he QoL and SOC
in a ange o ch onic pa hologies, namely cance [
16
]; end-s age enal disease [
17
]; and
ca dio ascula diso de s, including pa ien s unde going angioplas y p ocedu es [18] and
hose wi h ch onic hea ailu e [
19
], a ial ib illa ion [
20
], and congeni al hea disease [
21
].
A posi i e co ela ion be ween he QoL and SOC has also been es ablished in communi y-
dwelling olde people [
22
,
23
]. Howe e , less is known abou he ela ionship be ween
he gene al and speci ic QoL and SOC, conside ing he speci ic QoL as a measu emen o
QoL in pa ien s on long- e m ea men wi h AKOA. The e o e, he aim o his s udy was
o analyze he ela ionship be ween he gene al and speci ic QoL and SOC in pa ien s on
long- e m ea men wi h AKOA.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Design
A c oss-sec ional design was used o in es iga e he co ela ion be ween he gene al
and speci ic QoL and SOC in a sample o pa ien s on ea men wi h an i i amin KOA.
2.2. Pa icipan s and S udy Loca ion
This s udy was ca ied ou in a p ima y ca e cen e in he Za agoza Ci y Cen e , Spain,
which se es a popula ion o 32,862 adul inhabi an s (16,659 men and 20,557 women).
The a ge popula ion comp ised all he pa ien s on ea men wi h AKOA (n= 244)
who me he selec ion c i e ia. The sample size was de e mined ollowing Mi a Tamayo’s
ecommenda ions o he applica ion o he Spanish e sion o he WHO quali y-o -li e
scale (WHOQOL-BREF) [24], esul ing in a minimum sample o 75 pa icipan s.
A o al o 85 pa ien s on ea men wi h AKOA we e ec ui ed o pa icipa e in his
s udy. The inclusion c i e ia o ake pa in his in es iga ion we e (1) communi y-dwelling
adul s (aged 18 o o e ), (2) on ea men wi h AKOA, (3) managed a he s udy loca ion,
(4) and adhe en o ea men as measu ed by he Mo isky Medica ion Adhe ence Scale
in i s Spanish e sion [
25
]. We excluded pa ien s who had commenced ea men wi h
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021,18, 1668 3 o 15
AKOA less han 90 days be o e da a collec ion, hose who had di icul y communica ing in
Spanish, and hose who e used o gi e in o med consen . We did no exclude any pa ien s
based on he numbe o como bidi ies.
2.3. Ins umen s o Da a Collec ion
We designed an ad hoc ques ionnai e on sociodemog aphic and clinical cha ac e is ics,
including he ollowing a iables: sex, age, le el o educa ion, employmen s a us, ma i al
s a us, li ing a angemen , pa icipa ion in housewo k ac i i ies, and ime since ea men
wi h AKOA.
We used he Spanish e sion o he WHOQOL-BREF o measu e he gene al QoL
in ou sample [
26
]. This scale comp ises 24 i ems classi ied in o ou domains, namely
physical, psychological, social ela ionships, and en i onmen al QoL, and wo ques ions o
measu e he esponden s’ sel -pe cep ions o hei QoL (i em 1) and o hei gene al heal h
(i em 2). I is measu ed on a 5-poin Like scale, wi h highe sco es indica ing a highe
sel -pe cep ion o he QoL.
The OA- ea men -speci ic QoL ques ionnai e was o iginally de eloped by Saw-
icki [
27
] in 1999 and was ansla ed and alida ed o use in a Spanish popula ion by
Sánchez González e al. [
28
] in 2004. This ool measu es he QoL in a popula ion on
ea men wi h OA and comp ises 32 i ems di ided in o i e dimensions: (1) ea men
sa is ac ion, (2) sel -managemen , (3) psychological dis ess, (4) limi a ions in daily ac i i-
ies, and (5) impac on social ac i i ies. The OA- ea men -speci ic QoL ques ionnai e is
sel -adminis e ed and is measu ed on a 6-poin Like scale, wi h esponse op ions anging
om 1 ( o al disag eemen ) o 6 ( o al ag eemen ). Highe mean sco es indica e a be e
QoL in dimensions 1 and 2, and lowe mean sco es indica e a wo se QoL in dimensions 3,
4, and 5. This ques ionnai e showed good in e nal consis ency o he o al scale (
α
= 0.82)
and o each dimension sepa a ely [28].
The SOC scale is a sel -assessmen ques ionnai e o iginally de eloped by
An ono sky [
29
] o measu e he global o ien a ion o he pe sonali y, which acili a es
an adap i e esponse o daily-li e p oblems and s ess ul si ua ions. In his s udy, we
used he Spanish e sion o he SOC scale alida ed by Vi ués-O ega e al. [
30
] in 2007.
I consis s o 13 i ems classi ied in o h ee dimensions: (1) comp ehensibili y (5 i ems),
(2) manageabili y (4 i ems), and (3) meaning ulness (4 i ems). This ques ionnai e is sel -
adminis e ed, and i is measu ed on a 7-poin Like scale anging om 1 (ne e o a ely)
o 7 ( e y o en o always).
2.4. Da a Analysis
A desc ip i e analysis was conduc ed using he mean and s anda d de ia ion (SD) o
he quan i a i e a iables and equencies and pe cen ages o he quali a i e a iables.
The di e ences be ween g oups we e analyzed using S uden ’s - es and Mann–Whi ney
U es , applying he Bon e oni co ec ion o mul iple compa isons. A co ela ion analysis
o he measu emen ins umen s, using he Pea son co ela ion coe icien , was applied. Fi-
nally, s epwise mul iple eg essions we e pe o med in o de o de e mine he ela ionship
be ween he signi ican p edic o alues o each WHOQOL-BREF dimension. Da a codi i-
ca ion, p ocessing, and analysis we e comple ed using he so wa e S a is ical Package o
he Social Science (SPSS) e sion 22 o Windows (IBM Co p., Chicago, IL, USA), accep ing
a le el o signi icance o p< 0.05.
2.5. E hical Conside a ions
The in es iga ion adhe ed o he p inciples ou lined in he Decla a ion o Helsinki [
31
].
All he pa icipan s included in he s udy we e in o med abou he s udy’s aims and
p ocedu es and ga e hei in o med consen o pa icipa e. The esea ch p o ocol was
au ho ized by he di ec i e manage s o A agón’s P ima y Ca e Depa men and was
app o ed by he Clinical Resea ch E hics Commi ee o A agón (C.P.—C.I. PI18/0177).
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021,18, 1668 4 o 15
3. Resul s
A o al o 85 pa ien s comple ed he ques ionnai es. The sociodemog aphic cha ac e -
is ics o ou sample a e desc ibed in Table 1. The majo i y o ou pa icipan s we e men
(60%), wi h a mean age o 76.24 yea s (SD: 10.7 yea s). Nea ly hal o ou pa icipan s
we e educa ed o he p ima y school le el; he emaining pa icipan s we e educa ed o he
seconda y school o uni e si y le el, and only i e o ou pa ien s said ha hey had no
s udied. Mos o ou pa ien s we e e i ed (90.6%), and jus o e hal o ou sample we e
ma ied. Wi h ega d o hei li ing a angemen s, 22.4% o ou pa ien s li ed alone, 43.5%
li ed wi h hei pa ne s, and 31.8% li ed wi h ela i es o he han hei pa ne s. Almos
hal (47.1%) o ou pa icipan s said ha hey con ibu ed o housewo k asks. The mean
numbe o mon hs on ea men wi h AKOA was 74.08 (SD: 62.53).
Table 1. Sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics (n= 85).
Va iable Ca ego y n(%)
Sex Male 51 (60%)
Female 34 (40%)
Age Less han 80 yea s 44 (51.8%)
80 yea s o mo e 41 (48.2%)
Le el o educa ion P ima y school o below 47 (55.3%)
Seconda y school o abo e 38 (44.7%)
Employmen s a us Re i ed 77 (90.6%)
Employed 8 (9.4%)
Ma i al s a us Ma ied 45 (52.9%)
Single o widowed 40 (47.1%)
Li ing a angemen Li ing wi h pa ne 37 (43.5%)
Li ing alone o wi h ela i es o he han pa ne
48 (56.5%)
Pa icipa ion in housewo k Yes 40 (47.1%)
No 45 (52.9%)
Leng h o ea men wi h
AKOA
Less han 5 yea s 43 (50.6%)
5 yea s o mo e 42 (49.4%)
The associa ions be ween he sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics o ou pa icipan s
and he esul s om he WHOQOL-BREF ques ionnai e a e p esen ed in Table 2. We
obse ed ha he pa ien s aged less han 80 yea s and hose who we e educa ed o a leas
he seconda y school le el p esen ed a highe QoL in he physical domain (p< 0.01). A
highe QoL in he psychological domain was obse ed in pa ien s aged less han 80 yea s
old (p< 0.01), ma ied pa ien s (p< 0.05), and hose who li ed wi h hei pa ne s (p< 0.01).
People who we e unemployed epo ed a lowe QoL in he social domain (p< 0.05). In he
en i onmen al domain, he pa icipan s who we e ma ied (p< 0.05), hose who did no
pe o m any housewo k asks (p< 0.05), and hose who had been on ea men o less han
i e yea s p esen ed a highe QoL (p< 0.05). I is impo an o no e ha a e applying he
Bon e oni co ec ion, only he associa ion be ween age and he QoL in he psychological
domain emained signi ican .
The esul s om he OA- ea men -speci ic QoL ques ionnai e a e p esen ed in
Table 3
.
We obse ed signi ican di e ences in he sel -managemen domain, wi h be e esul s
o he men (p< 0.01), he pa icipan s who we e educa ed o he seconda y school le el
o abo e (p< 0.05), and hose who we e ma ied (p< 0.05). The pa ien s who li ed wi h
hei pa ne s, as opposed o hose li ing alone o wi h ela i es o he han hei pa ne s,
expe ienced ewe limi a ions in daily ac i i ies (p< 0.05). We did no ind any signi ican
di e ences be ween g oups o he ea men sa is ac ion, impac on social ac i i ies, and
psychological dis ess domains. A e he Bon e oni co ec ion, none o he associa ions
emained signi ican .
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021,18, 1668 5 o 15
Table 4shows he esul s om he SOC scale. We ound a signi ican associa ion
be ween he leng h o ea men wi h AKOA (less han i e yea s) and he manageabili y
(p< 0.01) and meaning ulness dimensions (p< 0.05). We did no iden i y any addi ional
signi ican di e ences be ween g oups in he manageabili y dimension. Howe e , we
obse ed ha he pa ien s who we e aged 80 yea s o less achie ed be e esul s in
he meaning ulness dimension (p< 0.01). Signi ican di e ences we e obse ed in he
comp ehensibili y dimension, wi h ma ied pa ien s (p< 0.05), hose who li ed wi h
hei pa ne s (p< 0.01), and hose who did no ake pa in housewo k asks (p< 0.01)
achie ing be e esul s. All o he associa ions emained signi ican wi h he excep ion o
ma i al s a us–comp ehensibili y and ea men leng h–meaning ulness a e he Bon e oni
co ec ion.
We analyzed he co ela ions be ween he h ee ques ionnai es (Table 5). The ou
domains o he WHOQOL-BREF we e associa ed wi h he OA- ea men -speci ic QoL
ques ionnai e dimension ea men sa is ac ion. We did no ind any signi ican associ-
a ions be ween he WHOQOL-BREF and he SOC dimensions. We iden i ied a posi i e
co ela ion be ween he sel -managemen domain om he OA- ea men -speci ic QoL
ques ionnai e and he psychological domain om he WHOQOL-BREF ques ionnai e;
sel -managemen was also posi i ely co ela ed wi h he comp ehensibili y dimension
om he SOC scale. Wi h ega d o he impac on social ac i i ies, as measu ed by he OA-
ea men -speci ic QoL ques ionnai e, we iden i ied signi ican in e se co ela ions wi h he
physical, psychological, and social WHOQOL-BREF domains and wi h he manageabili y
and comp ehensibili y SOC subscales. Limi a ions in daily ac i i ies and psychological
dis ess we e in e sely co ela ed wi h he ou domains o he WHOQOL-BREF ques ion-
nai e and he h ee SOC subscales. We obse ed a signi ican posi i e associa ion be ween
he WHOQOL-BREF’s physical, psychological, and en i onmen al domains and he SOC
scale.
Mul i a ia e eg ession was pe o med o p edic he alues o each WHOQOL-BREF
dimension (Table 6). Fo he physical domain, he signi ican equa ion was p edic ed
by OA- ea men -speci ic QoL-Gene al T ea men Sa is ac ion (GTS), SOC-Comp, le el
o educa ion, SOC-Meaning, and SOC-Man (
2
= 0.49), while he psychological domain
equa ion was based on SOC-Comp, OA- ea men -speci ic QoL-Dis ess (OAQoL-D), and
age (
2
= 0.54). Fo he social domain, he signi ican equa ion was based on OAQoL-D and
employmen (
2
= 0.25), and he p edic o model o he en i onmen al dimension was
based on he alues o SOC-Meaning, SOC-Comp, and OAQoL-GTS ( 2= 0.30).

In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021,18, 1668 6 o 15
Table 2.
Associa ions be ween he pa icipan s’ sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics and he esul s om he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion quali y-o -li e scale (WHOQOL-BREF) ques ionnai e.
Va iable Ca ego y n(%)
WQ-Ph WQ-Psy WQ-Social WQ-En
Mean (SD) d ppBMean (SD) d ppBMean (SD) d pBCo ec ed Mean (SD) d ppB
Sex 1Male 51 (60%) 13.17 (2.08) 83 0.08 0.48 14.56 (1.78) 83 0.14 0.70 13.15 (2.07) 83 0.15 0.72 14.73 (1.66) 83 0.71 0.99
Female 34 (40%) 12.18 (3.01) 13.88 (2.51) 13.88 (2.55) 14.59 (1.77)
Age 1Less han 80 yea s 44 (51.8%) 13.36 (2.58) 83 0.025 0.18 14.89 (1.75) 83 0.006 0.047 13.73 (2.38) 83 0.23 0.87 14.86 (1.68) 83 0.28 0.93
80 yea s mo e 41 (48.2%) 12.14 (2.33) 13.64 (2.29) 13.14 (2.16) 14.46 (1.70)
Le el o educa ion 1P ima y school o below 47 (55.3%) 12.16 (2.76) 83 0.009 0.07 14.13 (2.34) 83 0.43 0.99 13.70 (2.35) 83 0.25 0.89 14.65 (1.81) 83 0.89 1
Seconda y school o abo e 38 (44.7%) 13.53 (1.98) 14.49 (1.80) 13.12(2.18) 14.70 (1.57)
Employmen 2Re i ed 77 (9.4%) 12.55 (2.37) -0.08 0.49 14.18 (2.05) -0.28 0.92 13.23 (2.13) -0.029 0.20 14.58 (1.58) -0.22 0.86
Employed 8 (90.6%) 14.93 (3.14) 15.33 (2.52) 15.50 (2.85) 15.56 (2.53)
Ma i al s a us 1Ma ied 45 (52.9%) 13.17 (2.16) 83 0.13 0.67 14.80 (1.86) 83 0.017 0.13 13.36 (2.00) 83 0.74 115.04 (1.49) 83 0.030 0.21
Single o widowed 40 (47.1%) 12.33 (2.85) 13.72 (2.25) 13.53 (2.59) 14.25 (1.83)
Li ing a angemen 1Li ing wi h pa ne 37 (43.5%) 13.24 (2.22) 83 0.13 0.67 14.97 (1.77) 83 0.008 0.06 13.51 (1.89) 83 0.79 115.05 (1.49) 83 0.06 0.39
No li ing wi h pa ne 48 (56.5%) 12.42 (2.70) 13.76 (2.22) 13.39 (2.56) 14.28 (1.80)
Pa icipa ion in
homewo k ac i i ies 1
Yes 40 (47.1%) 12.54 (2.29) 83 0.43 0.98 13.92 (1.78) 83 0.12 0.64 13.00 (2.33) 83 0.09 0.52 14.28 (1.64) 83 0.042 0.29
No 45 (52.9%) 12.98 (2.73) 14.62 (2.34) 13.84 (2.19) 15.02 (1.68)
T ea men leng h 1Less han 5 yea s 43 (50.6%) 13.18 (2.80) 83 0.13 0.67 14.70 (1.94) 83 0.07 0.44 13.83 (2.54) 83 0.11 0.61 15.07 (1.75) 83 0.027 0.19
5 yea s o mo e 42 (49.4%) 12.35 (2.16) 13.87 (2.22) 13.05 (1.94) 14.26 (1.55)
To al 85 (100%) 12.77 (2.52) - 14.29 (2.11) - 13.44 (2.28) - 14.67 (1.69) -
1
S uden ’s - es ;
2
Mann–Whi ney’s U es ; WQ-Ph: physical domain; WQ-Psy: psychological domain; WQ-Social: social domain; WQ-En : en i onmen al domain; p: aw p- alue; p
B
:p- alue a e he Bon e oni
co ec ion.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021,18, 1668 7 o 15
Table 3. Associa ions be ween he pa icipan s’ sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics and he esul s om he o al an icoagulan (OA)- ea men -speci ic QoL ques ionnai e.
Va iable Ca ego y n(%)
T ea men Sa is ac ion Sel -Managemen Psychological Dis ess Limi a ions in Daily Ac i i ies Impac on Social Ac i i ies
Mean
(SD) d ppBMean
(SD) d ppBMean
(SD) d ppBMean
(SD) d ppBMean
(SD) d ppB
Sex 1Male 51 (60%) 4.79 (0.76) 83
0.25
0.89 4.71 (0.61) 83
0.009
0.069 1.96 (0.66) 83
0.94
12.09 (0.67) 83
0.12
0.64 3.00 (0.66) 83
0.10
0.57
Female 34 (40%) 4.57 (0.96) 4.26 (0.93) 1.97 (0.90) 2.36 (0.92) 3.30 (0.99)
Age 1Less han 80 yea s 44 (51.8%) 4.77 (0.86) 83
0.42
0.98 4.48 (0.88) 83
0.55
0.99 2.02 (0.75) 83
0.48
0.99 2.26 (0.79) 83
0.44
0.99 3.11 (0.75) 83
0.93
1
80 yea s o mo e 41 (48.2%) 4.63 (0.82) 4.58 (0.66) 1.90 (0.77) 2.13 (0.78) 3.13 (0.88)
Le el o educa ion 1
P ima y school o
below 47 (55.3%) 4.70 (0.87) 83
0.99
14.36 (0.92) 83
0.029
0.21 2.04 (0.86) 83
0.28
0.92 2.10 (0.72) 83
0.21
0.85 3.04 (0.85) 83
0.32
0.95
Seconda y school o
abo e 38 (44.7%) 4.70 (0.82) 4.73 (0.51) 1.87 (0.61) 2.32 (0.85) 3.22 (0.76)
Employmen 2Re i ed 77 (9.4%) 4.71 (0.82) -
0.87
14.49 (0.80) -
0.15
0.72 1.99 (0.78) -
0.39
0.98 2.18 (0.75) -
0.60
0.99 3.08 (0.82) -
0.26
0.91
Employed 8 (90.6%) 4.60 (1.14) 4.91 (0.40) 1.70 (0.49) 2.43 (1.09) 3.47 (0.73)
Ma i al s a us 1Ma ied 45 (52.9%) 4.75 (0.73) 83
0.57
0.99 4.68 (0.58) 83
0.049
0.33 1.97 (0.62) 83
0.93
12.10 (0.78) 83
0.19
0.81 3.02 (0.74) 83
0.23
0.88
Single o widowed 40 (47.1%) 4.65 (0.96) 4.35 (0.93) 1.96 (0.90) 2.32 (0.78) 3.24 (0.89)
Li ing a angemen 1
Li ing wi h pa ne 37 (43.5%) 4.83 (0.72) 83
0.19
0.81 4.67 (0.61) 83
0.12
0.64 1.95 (0.60) 83
0.90
11.98 (0.63) 83
0.020
0.14 2.95 (0.71) 83
0.09
0.53
No li ing wi h
pa ne 48 (56.5%) 4.60 (0.92) 4.42 (0.88) 1.97 (0.87) 2.37 (0.85) 3.25 (0.87)
Pa icipa ion in
housewo k asks 1
Yes 40 (47.1%) 4.63 (0.95) 83
0.49
0.99 4.38 (0.91) 83
0.10
0.57 2.09 (0.90) 83
0.14
0.70 2.36 (0.82) 83
0.07
0.44 3.19 (0.88) 83
0.49
0.99
No 45 (52.9%) 4.76 (0.74) 4.66 (0.62) 1.84 (0.58) 2.05 (0.73) 3.06 (0.76)
T ea men leng h 1Less han 5 yea s 43 (50.6%) 4.74 (0.90) 83
0.64
0.99 4.42 (0.92) 83
0.20
0.83 1.86 (0.64) 83
0.19
0.81 2.12 (0.78) 83
0.36
0.97 3.09 (0.82) 83
0.69
0.99
5 yea s o mo e 42 (49.4%) 4.66 (0.79) 4.64 (0.60) 2.07 (0.85) 2.28 (0.78) 3.16 (0.81)
To al 85 (100%) 4.70 (0.84) - 4.53 (0.78) - 1.96 (0.76) - 2.20 (0.78) - 3.12 (0.81) -
1S uden ’s - es ; 2Mann–Whi ney’s U es ; p: aw p- alue; pB:p- alue a e he Bon e oni co ec ion.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021,18, 1668 8 o 15
Table 4. Associa ions be ween he pa icipan s’ sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics and he esul s om he sense-o -cohe ence (SOC) scale.
Va iable Ca ego y n(%)
SOC-Manageabili y SOC-Comp ehensibili y SOC-Meaning ulness
Mean
(SD) d ppBMean
(SD) d ppBMean
(SD) d ppB
Sex 1Male 51 (60%)
5.14 (0.86)
83 0.79 1
5.08 (0.90)
83 0.06 0.39
5.09 (0.83)
83 1 1
Female 34 (40%)
5.08 (1.16) 4.67 (1.05) 5.09 (1.93)
Age 1Less han 80 yea s 44 (51.8%)
5.12 (0.88)
83 0.96 1
4.84 (1.06)
83 0.45 0.99
5.37 (0.88)
83 0.003 0.024
80 yea s o mo e 41 (48.2%)
5.11 (1.09) 5.00 (0.89) 4.79 (0.85)
Le el o educa ion 1P ima y school o below 47 (55.3%)
5.15 (1.10)
83 0.71 0.99
4.91 (1.11)
83 0.98 1
4.94 (0.90)
83 0.09 0.53
Seconda y school o abo e
38 (44.7%)
5.07 (0.82) 4.92 (0.80) 5.27 (0.90)
Employmen 2Re i ed 77 (9.4%)
5.13 (1.00)
-0.59 0.99
4.92 (0.97)
-0.99 1
5.05 (0.87)
-0.11 0.61
Employed 8 (90.6%)
5.00 (0.83) 4.88 (1.10) 5.50 (1.23)
Ma i al s a us 1Ma ied 45 (52.9%)
5.19 (0.94)
83 0.43 0.98
5.16 (0.80)
83 0.014 0.11
5.24 (0.74)
83 0.11 0.61
Single o widowed 40 (47.1%)
5.03 (1.03) 4.65 (1.09) 4.92 (1.05)
Li ing a angemen 1Li ing wi h pa ne 37 (43.5%)
5.22 (0.99)
83 0.38 0.97
5.26 (0.76)
83 0.003 0.024
5.07 (0.68)
83 0.89 1
No li ing wi h pa ne 48 (56.5%)
5.03 (0.98) 4.65 (1.05) 5.10 (1.06)
Pa icipa ion in
housewo k asks 1Yes 40 (47.1%)
4.99 (0.93)
83 0.29 0.93
4.61 (1.06)
83 0.005 0.039
5.19 (0.84)
83 0.34 0.96
No 45 (52.9%)
5.22 (1.02) 5.20 (0.81) 5.00 (0.97)
T ea men leng h 1Less han 5 yea s 43 (50.6%)
5.40 (1.03)
83 0.006 0.047
5.07 (1.06)
83 0.15 0.73
5.31 (0.91)
83 0.023 0.17
5 yea s o mo e 42 (49.4%)
4.82 (0.85) 4.76 (0.87) 4.86 (0.86)
To al 85 (100%)
5.11 (0.98)
-
4.92 (0.98)
-
5.09 (0.91)
-
1S uden ’s - es ; 2Mann–Whi ney’s U es ; p: aw p- alue; pB:p- alue a e he Bon e oni co ec ion.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2021,18, 1668 9 o 15
Table 5. Pea son’s co ela ions be ween he assessed dimensions.
WQ-Ph WQ-Psy WQ-
Social WQ-En OAQoL-
GTS OAQoL-SE OAQoL-
SSN
OAQoL-
DH OAQoL-D SOC-Man SO-Comp SO-
Meaning
WQ-Ph -
WQ-Psy 0.601 ** -
WQ-Social 0.429 ** 0.500 ** -
WQ-En 0.575 ** 0.634 ** 0.534 ** -
OAQoL-GTS 0.453 ** 0.299 ** 0.356 ** 0.303 ** -
OAQoL-SE 0.263 * 0.176 0.043 0.143 0.025 -
OAQoL-SSN −0.349 ** −0.231 * −0.253 * −0.184 −0.535 ** −0.090 -
OAQoL-DH −0.322 ** −0.341 ** −0.314 ** −0.261 * −0.647 ** −0.161 0.660 ** -
OAQoL-D −0.395 ** −0.509 ** −0.363 ** −0.322 ** −0.571 ** 0.059 0.557 ** 0.688 ** -
SOC-Man 0.232 * 0.458 ** 0.187 0.257 * 0.178 0.057 −0.405 ** −0.398 ** −0.384 ** -
SOC-Comp 0.436 ** 0.524 ** 0.253 * 0.383 ** 0.126 0.357 ** −0.256 * −0.364 ** −0.249 * 0.663 ** -
SOC-Meaning 0.373 ** 0.431 ** 0.185 0.392 ** 0.087 −0.041 −0.076 −0.072 −0.253 * 0.340 ** 0.251 * -
WQ-Ph: physical domain; WQ-Psy: psychological domain; WQ-Social: social domain; WQ-En : en i onmen al domain; OAQoL-GTS: gene al ea men sa is ac ion; OAQoL-SE: sel -e icacy; OAQoL-SSN:
s ained social ne wo k; OAQoL-DH: daily hassles; OAQoL-D: dis ess; SOC-Man: manageabili y; SOC-Comp: comp ehensibili y; SOC-Meaning: meaning ulness; * p< 0.05; ** p< 0.01.