BORJA DÍAZ ARIÑO – JUAN ANTONIO ANTOLINOS MARÍN
ROMAN MINING COMPANIES IN SPAIN
aus: Zei sch i ü Papy ologie und Epig aphik 210 (2019) 291–303
© D . Rudol Habel GmbH, Bonn
291
ROMAN MINING COMPANIES IN SPAIN
In oduc ion
Spain was a key e i o y o he supply o p ecious me als du ing he Roman pe iod.1 I is e en possible
ha he Roman au ho i ies’ decision o e ain a mili a y p esence he e a e he Second Punic Wa was o a
la ge ex en mo i a ed by i s mine al weal h.2 In ac , one o he i s measu es aken once he e i o y was
secu ed in 195 B.C.E. was o es ablish a ibu e sys em in ended o ax he i on and sil e mines.3
The impo ance o he Spanish mines con as s wi h he sca ci y o in o ma ion a ailable abou hem.
In ecen yea s, ou knowledge has ad anced signi i can ly, hanks o se e al a chaeological esea ch p o-
jec s.4 We s ill, howe e , unde s and e y li le abou how p oduc ion was o ganised, and, since ancien
au ho s a ely pay a en ion o hese ques ions, we a e almos en i ely dependen upon epig aphic in o ma-
ion, usually o p oblema ic in e p e a ion.
In spi e o he limi a ions, he e is a ce ain consensus among esea che s ha iden i i es wo majo
adminis a ion models o Roman mining ope a ions in Spain. The i s o hese is cha ac e ised by he
exis ence o a la ge numbe o amily owned mining and/o me allu gical companies.5 The names o he
owne s o hese companies appea on he s amps o he many lead ingo s o Spanish p o enance ha ha e
been eco e ed o da e. Lead was a by-p oduc o he p ocessing o a gen i e ous galena o sil e , and since
no s amped sil e ingo s om Hispania a e p ese ed, lead ingo s a e almos he only sou ce o in o ma ion
a ailable o us abou he o ganisa ion o sil e p oduc ion.6
This business o ganisa ion model, well known o us hanks o he ecen wo k unde aken in Sie a de
Ca agena, eas o Ca hago No a,7 is ypical o he pe iod ha spans om he middle o he second cen-
u y B.C.E. o he middle o he ollowing cen u y, o which mos o he lead ingo s o Spanish p o enance
1 On Roman mining ac i i y in Spain: Cl. Dome gue, Ca alogue des mines e onde ies an iques de la Péninsule Ibé ique,
1987; id., Les mines de la Péninsule Ibé ique dans l’an iqui é omaine, 1990. As an in oduc ion o ancien mining: J. F. Healy,
Mining and Me allu gy in he G eek and Roman Wo ld, 1978; Cl. Dome gue, Les mines an iques. La p oduc ion des mé aux
aux époques g ecque e omaine, 2008.
2 C . Macc. 1.8.3.
3 Li . 34.21.7, c . J. S. Richa dson, The Spanish mines and he De elopmen o P o inicial Taxa ion in he Second Cen u y
B.C., JRS 66, 1976, 139–52.
4 Recen a chaeological bibliog aphy is ex ensi e. Fo an in oduc ion, see he ollowing collec i e wo ks: J. A. An olinos
and J. I. Man eca (eds.), Bocamina: pa imonio mine o de la Región de Mu cia, 2005; L. M. Gu ié ez (ed.), Mine ía an igua en
Sie a Mo ena, 2010; A. O ejas and Ch. Rico (eds.), Mine ía y me alu gia an iguas. Visiones y e isiones, 2012; M. Za zalejos,
P. He ia, and L. Mansilla (eds.), Paisajes mine os an iguos de la Península Ibé ica. In es igaciones ecien es y nue as líneas
de abajo, 2012; L. Ga cía-Pulido, L. A boledas, E. Ala cón and F. Co es (eds.), P esen e y u u o de los Paisajes mine os del
pasado, 2017.
5 Richa dson 1976 (n. 3) 144–7.
6 Dome gue 1990 (n. 1) 254–7; id., Un pa cou s à a e s les lingo s de plomb omains d’Espagne (1965–2003), Pallas
66, 2004, 105–17. We s ill do no ha e a sys ema ic ca alogue o lead ingo s om he Roman pe iod. The e a e cu en ly wo
p ojec s dedica ed o compiling such a ca alogue: one F anco-I alian p ojec lead by C. Dome gue, and a Ge man one, which
o ms pa o he wo k on he publica ion o he Co pus Insc ip ionum La ina um unde aken by he Deu sches A chäologi-
sches Ins i u . A ca alogue limi ed o ingo s om he Republican pe iod may be ound in: B. Díaz, Epig a ía la ina epublicana
de Hispania, 2008, 275–91.
7 S. Ba on, Ch. Rico, and J. A. An olinos, Le complexe d’a elie s du Cabezo del Pino (Sie a Mine a de Ca ahegna-La
Unión, Mu cia) e l’o ganisa ion de l’ac i i é miniè e à Ca hago No a à la i n de la République omaine. Appo s c oisés de
l’a chéologie e de la géochimie, A chEspA q 90, 2017, 147–69. As an in oduc ion o he a chaeology o he mining dis ic s
in he a ea a ound Ca hago No a: J. A. An olinos, J. M. Nogue a, and B. Sole , Poblamien o y explo ación mine o-me alú gica
en el dis i o mine o de Ca hago No a, in: J. M. Nogue a (ed.), Poblamien o u al omano en el su es e de Hispania quince
años después, 2010, 167–231.
292 B. Díaz A iño – J. A. An olinos Ma ín
belong.8 I also coincides wi h he “sil e ush” eco ded by Diodo us Siculus, which b ough many I alian
immig an s o Hispania in sea ch o i s mining weal h.
9
The second model co esponds o he phase o Impe ial con ol o mine al expo s.10 This managemen
model began wi h Augus us’ di ec in e en ion in s a ing la ge-scale ac i i y in he gold mines o no h-
wes Spain a e he Can ab ian Wa s,11 om which poin onwa ds he in e en ion o Roman adminis a-
ion in mining ac i i y was a cons an .12
Be ween he peak o he amily owned mining companies’ ac i i ies and he managemen o he mos
impo an mining complexes passing in o he hands o he Impe ial au ho i ies, he e was a pe iod – e y
poo ly known – du ing which me al p oduc ion in Hispania seems o ha e been con olled, a leas pa ial-
ly, by a new ype o mining companies, ha can be called “anonymous”.
This pe iod coincides, u he mo e, wi h he phase o highes ac i i y in he mines o he sou he n
Ibe ian Peninsula. Va ious s udies o global pollu ion ends con i m he exis ence o a signi i can inc ease
in pollu ion be ween he i s cen u ies B.C.E and C.E., which can be di ec ly ela ed o he me allu gical
8 B. Díaz and J. A. An olinos, The O ganisa ion o Mining and Me al P oduc ion in Ca hago No a be ween he La e
Republic and Ea ly Empi e, A henaeum 101, 2013, 535–53 (539–45).
9 Diod. 5.36.3–4; c . M. S e anile, Dalla Campania alle Hispaniae. L’emig azione dalla Campania omana alle cos e medi-
e anee della Penisola Ibe ica in e à a do- epubblicana e p o o-impe iale, 2017.
10 C . A. M. Hi , Impe ial Mines and Qua ies in he Roman Wo ld, 2010, wi h ex ensi e bibliog aphy.
11 F. J. Sánchez-Palencia, I. Sas e, A. O ejas, and M. Ruiz del Á bol, Augus o y el con ol adminis a i o y e i o ial
de las zonas mine as del No oes e hispano, Ge ión 35, 2010, 863–74; F. J. Sánchez-Palencia, El o o hispano. La explo ación
omana del o o en el no oes e de la Península Ibé ica, in: J. M. López Balles a (ed.), Mine ía y me alu gia en el Medi e áneo
y su pe i e ia, 2015, 148–59.
12 Dome gue 1990 (n. 1) 279–307; A. Ma eo, Obse aciones sob e el égimen ju ídico de la mine ía en ie as públicas
en época omana, 2001, 87–166.
Fig. 1. Map o he sou h o he Ibe ian Peninsula showing he e idence associa ed wi h Roman mining companies
Roman Mining Companies in Spain 293
ac i i y unde aken in Hispania. These le els o pollu ion we e no eached again un il he ea ly Middle
Ages,13 when he sil e p oduc ion ou side Eu ope began o inc ease.14
As P. Kay has ecen ly obse ed, he massi e Spanish sil e supply was a decisi e ac o in he accel-
e a ion in economic ac i i y in he Medi e anean be ween he end o he Republic and he beginning o
he Julio-Claudian pe iod.15 All e idence sugges s ha a subs an ial p opo ion o he me al om which
Roman sil e coins we e min ed in his pe iod would ha e come om hose e y Spanish sil e mines.16
Fou o hose new ype o companies a e well a es ed in se e al o he mining dis ic s o sou he n
Spain. We know he names o wo o hem: he socie as a gen i odina um Iluc onensium (o mon is Ilu-
c onensis) and he socie as Sisaponensis. Only he ini ials a e known o he o he wo: he socie as C. and
he socie as a( gen i odina um?) Ba. The ac i i y o hese ou socie a es is a es ed bo h in Ca hago No a
and in he a ea o Sie a Mo ena, in he wide bel o land ha ex ends be ween he Guadiana and Gua-
dalqui i i e s, and includes he mining egions o Cas ulo, Sisapo, and Co duba ( i g. 1). In con as , he e
is no in o ma ion abou he Rio in o (Huel a) dis ic , which has p oduced e y li le epig aphic ma e ial.17
Knowledge abou hese companies is s ill e y agmen a y, bu di e en aces sugges ha hey could
ha e played a signi i can ole in he ex ao dina y inc ease in me al p oduc ion a he end o he Republican
pe iod. The a ailable e idence will now be conside ed.
The socie as a gen i odina um Iluc onensium
This socie as is pe haps he bes known o he ou companies. I was ac i e in he a ea a ound Maza ón
(Mu cia), in he a wes o he mining dis ic o Ca hago No a.18 I akes i s name om an indigenous
placename, Iluc o. I con ains he oo il( )i-/il( )u-, ypical o he egion’s au och honous oponymy, bu i s
loca ion is s ill unce ain.19
Se e al lead ingo s om his company a e known. One o hem was eco e ed a he end o he nine-
een h cen u y om he Tibe , nex o he Via Ma mo a a in Rome ( i g. 2.1).20 Ano he i e we e disco -
e ed a he beginning o he wen ie h cen u y in he mining-me allu gical complex o Co o Fo una, in
13 F. de Calla aÿ, The G aeco-Roman Economy in he Supe Long-Run: Lead, Coppe , and Shipw ecks, JRA 81, 2005,
361–72; Ph. Kay, Rome’s Economic Re olu ion, 2014, 48, i g. 3.1, and ecen ly J. R. McConnell, A. I. Wilson, A. S ohl, M. M.
A ienzo, N. J. Chellman, S. Eckha d , E. M. Thomson, A. M. Polla d and J. P. S e ensen, Lead Pollu ion Reco ded in G een-
land Ice Indica es Eu opean Emissions T acked Plages, Wa s, and Impe ial Expansion du ing An iqui y, P oceedings o he
Na ional Academy o Sciences o he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica 115.22, 2018, 5729–31; c . J. I. Man eca, M. Ros, S. Ramallo,
F. Na a o, T. Rod íguez, F. Ce ezo, J. E. O iz, T. de To es and M. Ma ínez, Ea ly Me al Pollu ion in Sou hwes e n Eu ope:
he Fo me Li o al Lagoon o El Alma jal (Ca agena mining dis ic , S.E. Spain), A Sedimen a y A chi e mo e han 8000
Yea s Old, En i omen al Science and Pollu ion Resea ch 24, 2017, 10584–603. On his ques ion, id. also Dome gue 2008
(n. 1) 212–3.
14 C . I. Blancha d, Mining, Me allu gy and Min ing in he Middle Ages. Vol. I, Asia ic Sup emacy, 2001, 425–1125.
15 Kay 2014 (n. 13).
16 C . W. Holls ein, Me allanaly ische Un e suchungen an Münzen de ömischen Republik, 2000; K. Bu che and
M. Pon ing, The Roman Dena ius unde he Julio-Claudian Empe o s: Min s, Me allu gy and Technology, OJA 24.2, 2005,
163–97; A. O ejas, I. Mon e o, Y. Ál a ez, L. F. López, M. A. López, and I. Rod íguez, Roman Dena ii om No h Wes e n
Hispania, Findings om Cas omaio (Lugo). A Con ex ual, Numisma ic and Analy ic App oach, MM 56, 2015, 232–57.
17 C . J. A. Pé ez and A. Delgado, La mine ía omana en el su oes e ibé ico, CuadG anada 24, 2014, 239–65; J. A. Pé ez,
La aja pi í ica ibé ica en época omana, in: Ga cía-Pulido e al 2017 (n. 4) 109–20; A. Delgado, M. Bus aman e, and A. Ma ins,
La aja pi í ica ibé ica en época de Augus o, Ge ión 35, 2017, 895–924.
18 J. A. An olinos and B. Díaz, La socie as a gen i odina um Iluc onensium y la explo ación de las minas omanas de
Ca hago No a, Chi on 42, 2012, 25–43.
19 C . J. Un e mann, Monumen a Lingua um Hispanica um. Band VI. Die o ömische einheimische Toponymie des
an iken Hispanien, 2018, 138–9.
20 CIL XV 7916: Socie (a is) a gen (i) // od(ina um) mon (is) Iluc (onensis) // galena.

294 B. Díaz A iño – J. A. An olinos Ma ín
Maza ón ( i g. 2.2).21 To his collec ion may be added a ious ingo s, s ill unpublished, eco e ed in a
shipw eck disco e ed nea Messina (Sicily).22
I is possible ha a se ies o ingo s ound in he sou h o Co sica may be associa ed wi h his compa-
ny, i e o which we e eco e ed om he sea nea U Pun onu, and ano he nine om he Ga e i w eck,
in he S ai o Boni acio. All o hem ha e s amps bea ing he same ex : soc(ie as) a gen (i odina um?)
( i g. 2.3).23 Thei appea ance and palaeog aphy allow hem o be associa ed wi h hose discussed abo e.
Iso opic analysis has con i med, u he mo e, ha hey came om he mines in he a ea a ound Ca hago
No a.24
Th ee lead ma ices su i e which, judging by hei con en , could ha e been used in he p oduc ion o
he socie as Iluc onensis’ lead ingo s. All o hem a e om he a ea a ound Maza ón: one was disco e ed
in he mine al-me allu gical complex o Los Pe ules, while he o he wo we e ound in Co o Fo una ( i g.
2.4–6).25
21 AE 1907, 135: Socie (a is) // mon (is) a gen (i odina um) // Iluc o(nensium).
22 P. Ro henhoe e , M. Bode, and N. Hanel, Old Finds – New Insigh s: Rema ks on Two Roman Lead Ingo s om Minas
de Rio in o (Huel a, España), Re is a Onuba 4, 2012, 127–33 (129): Socie (a is) a gen (i) // od(ina um) mon (is) Iluc (onen-
sis) // [galena?].
23 J. M. Bon empi, M. L. Di Vac i, Cl. Dome gue, N. B. Fab y, M. Fe an e, A. Nes a, S . Nisi, V. O oli, J.-Cl. O a iani,
A. Pasque , P. Qua a im, P. R. T inche ini, and D. Vi ali, Lingo s de plomb an iques ou és dans les eaux de Co se-du-sud,
Bulle in de la Socié é des Sciences His o iques e Na u elles de la Co se 754–755, 2016, 7–58 (18–36).
24 Bon empi e al. 2016 (n. 23) 13–14.
25 An olinos and Díaz 2012 (n. 18) 32–3. The one om Los Pe ules eads: MONT ARGENT, while he ones om El Co o
Fo una ead: SOCIET and SOC[---].
Fig. 2. Ma e ials associa ed wi h he S(ocie as) A( gen i odina um) I(luc onensium):
1, s amp on a lead ingo om Rome; 2, s amp on a lead ingo om Co o Fo una; 3, s amp on a lead ingo om Co sica;
4–6, lead ma ices om Maza ón; 7–8, lead seals om Maza ón
Roman Mining Companies in Spain 295
A collec ion o lead seals om Co o Fo una and he neighbou ing mine complex o Ped e as Viejas
also belong o he socie as Iluc onensis. They bea he ini ials S.A.I., he abb e ia ion o he company’s
o i cial name which is w i en in ull on he ingo s ( i g. 2.7–8).26 Acco ding o C. Dome gue, i is possible
ha his ype o seal was used o gua an ee ha he bags o o e we e no ampe ed wi h du ing hei ans e
o he ound y.27
The ingo s and he lead seals indica e ha he S.A.I. was esponsible no only o mine al ex ac ion,
bu also o i s p ocessing, and he e o e o he i nal p oduc ion o sil e and lead. The disco e y o ma e-
ials associa ed wi h he company in h ee o he ou la ge mining and me allu gical complexes in he a ea
a ound Maza ón, and especially in he mos impo an o hose, Co o Fo una, sugges s ha he company’s
ac i i ies in his mining dis ic could ha e cons i u ed a i ual monopoly.
The e is no e idence ha would allow us o da e hese ma e ials p ecisely, bu he lead ingo s co e-
spond o he ypology o ingo s manu ac u ed in he egion o Ca agena-Maza ón be ween he end o he
second cen u y and he end o he i s cen u y B.C.E.28 I appea s ha mining and me allu gical p oduc ion
eached i s peak in Co o Fo una a ound he end o he i s cen u y B.C.E. and he beginning o he i s
cen u y C.E., al hough he absence o a chaeological in e en ion in his impo an si e demands cau ion.29
We know o ano he mining company in Maza ón, he socie as mon is Fica iensis, which is men-
ioned in one o he insc ip ions ha accompany h ee s a ues dedica ed o Ma e Te a, he genius mon is
Fica iensis and he genius o he socie as i sel .30 The g oup o sculp u es can be da ed o he las hi d o
he i s cen u y C.E., a ch onology consis en wi h he insc ip ions’ palaeog aphy.31 No u he in o ma ion
su i es abou his company, and i is unknown when i s ac i i y s a ed, no wha i s ela ionship was wi h
he S.A.I. I is likel y ha he companies we e no con empo a y, bu successi e, an in e es ing possibili y
bu one which canno as ye be p o en.32
The socie as C(---)
Nume ous lead seals, eco e ed la gely om he main mining dis ic s o Sie a Mo ena, can be associa -
ed wi h his mining company. These seals, simila o hose ound in Maza ón, bea he ini ials S.C. and,
occasionally, numbe s. They ha e been ound in a ious local mining and me allu gical acili ies nea
Cas ulo (Lina es, Jaén), as El Cen enillo (Baños de la Encina) and La Ca olina; as well as nea Co duba,
in pa icula in San a Eu emia, Posadas, and Almodó a del Río, and in Azuaga (Badajoz), o he a wes
o Sie a Mo ena ( i g. 3.1–4).33
The abb e ia ion S.C. is eco ded on wo lead weigh s and a b onze bucke eco e ed in El Cen enillo
( i g. 3.5).34 I also appea s as a coun e ma k, on a se ies o local b onze coins ound bo h in El Cen enillo
26 J. A. An olinos, B. Díaz, and C. Guillén, Mine ía omana en Ca hago No a: El Co o Fo una y los p ecin os de plomo
de la socie as a gen i odina um Iluc onensium, JRA 26, 2013, 88–121 (104–12).
27 Cl. Dome gue, El Ce o del Plomo, mina ‘El Cen enillo’ (Jaén), No icia io A queológico Hispánico 16, 1971, 265–363
(351–3).
28 L. Laubenheime , Reche ches su les lingo s de cui e e de plomb d’époque omaine dans les égions de Langue-
doc-Roussillon e de P o ence-Co se, 1973, 173–92; Cl. Dome gue, Les mines e la p oduc ion des mé aux dans le monde
médi e anéen au Ie millénai e a an no e è e. Du p oduc eu au consomma eu , in: A. Lehoë (ed.), L’a isana mé allu -
gique dans les socié és anciennes en Médi e anée occiden ale. Techniques, lieux e o mes de p oduc ion, 2004, 129–59 (142).
29 An olinos, Díaz, and Guillén 2013 (n. 26) 89–104.
30 CIL II 3525: Genio loci Fica iensis / sac um / Albanus dispens(a o ); 3526: Ma i Te ae / sac um / Albanus disp(en-
sa o ); 3527: Genio s(ocie a is) m(on is) F(ica iensis) / Albanus disp(ensa o ).
31 J. M. Nogue a, El conjun o escul ó ico consag ado po el dispensa o Albanus. Algunas pun ualizaciones pa a su es u-
dio iconog á i co y es ilís ico, Ve dolay 4, 1992, 75–98; M. J. Pena, S(ocie as) M(on is) F(ica iensis). No a sob e la insc ipción
CIL II 3527 (Maza ón, Mu cia), Ve dolay 8, 1996, 43–7.
32 An olinos and Díaz 2012 (n. 18) 36–7.
33 J. A. An olinos and B. Díaz, Los p ecin os de plomo del Museo de Badajoz y la ac i idad de las compañías mine as
omanas en el su de Hispania a comienzos de época impe ial, MM 56, 2015, 211–31 (213–23), wi h abo e bibliog aphy.
34 Dome gue 1971 (n. 27) 351.
296 B. Díaz A iño – J. A. An olinos Ma ín
Fig. 3. Ma e ials associa ed wi h he S(oie as) C(---): 1–4, lead seals;
5, lead weigh om El Cen enillo; 6, coin om he kese min wi h coun e ma k; 7, coin wi h he legend S.C.
Roman Mining Companies in Spain 297
as well as in Posadas, Ma ubial (Có doba), Tole um (Toledo) and pe haps also in Hoyo de la Campana
(G anada). The majo i y o hese coun e ma ked coins come om he Ibe ian min o kese (Ta agona)
( i g. 3.6).35 The e is also a a e collec ion o b onze coins which display a male head – p obably Augus us’ –
on he ob e se and a s anding ho se on he e e se wi h he legend S.C. epea ed on bo h aces. O he ou
known examples in his collec ion, one was disco e ed in El Cen enillo i sel ( i g. 3.7).36
I is no cu en ly possible o econs uc he name o his company. T adi ionally, he ini ials ha e been
expanded o s(ocie as) C(as ulonensis), gi en ha he majo i y o he seals o igina e om eas e n Sie a
Mo ena.37 The disco e y, howe e , o o he seals bo h in he cen e as well as he a wes o Sie a Mo ena
also p esen he possibili y ha he name could be s(ocie as) C(o dubensis).38 A lead ingo eco e ed in
he sea a ound Meno ca, bu o igina ing om he mines o eas e n Sie a Mo ena, bea s he s amp SOC.
PLVM. [-2-]R.,39 which could pe haps co espond o a soc(ie as) plum(ba ia) [Co] (dubensis).40 In any
case, gi en he lack o conclusi e e idence, he ques ion mus emain open.
In he Sud-La ezzi 2 w eck, o he sou h o Co sica, se e al hund ed coppe ingo s ha e been eco -
e ed, some o which a e s amped wi h he le e s SAC, along wi h o he insc ip ions o an onomas ic
na u e.41 This w eck, da ed o he i s hi d o he i s cen u y C.E., ca ied a ious goods om Bae ica,
which included ampho ae Hal e n 70, D essel 7–11, and D essel 20, as well as new lead ingo s wi h he
s amp Minucio um.42 I is he e o e easible o p opose he possibili y, as me e hypo hesis, ha hese le e s
could e e o a s(ocie as) a( gen i odina um), pe haps he same S.C. ha is documen ed on he lead seals.
The ac ha hese a e coppe ingo s is no an obs acle, since his company could ha e exploi ed polyme-
allic seams which would allow o coppe ex ac ion, as well as sil e and lead, which is common in he
mining dis ic s o cen al Sie a Mo ena.43
Mos o he seals bea ing he le e s S.C. we e disco e ed in he exca a ions by C. Dome gue in El
Ce o del Plomo (El Cen enillo), o which eason hey should be da ed o he beginning o he i s cen u y
B.C.E.44 The company mus ha e emained ac i e a leas un il he beginning o he Julio-Claudian pe iod,
he ime when he ound y a Fuen e Espí (La Ca olina) was ac i e, which has also p o ided nume ous
seals.45 The coun e ma ked coins om kese could be da ed a he la es o he i s hal o he i s cen u y
B.C.E.46 I he e o e seems ha he pe iod o ac i i y o he S.C. in Sie a Mo ena la gely coincides wi h
ha o he S.A.I. om Maza ón.
35 M. P. Ga cía-Bellido and C. Blázquez, Dicciona io de cecas y pueblos hispánicos, 2001, 1, 110–12; A. A é alo La ci -
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38 C . Dome gue 2008 (n. 1) 194.
39 HEp 14, 2005, 69.
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43 C . Dome gue 1990 (n. 1) 47–8.
44 Dome gue 1971 (n. 27) 349–51.
45 Dome gue 1971 (n. 27) 351.
46 Ga cía-Bellido and Blázquez 2001 (n. 35) 1, 240–41.