REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGÍA DEL EJERCICIO Y EL DEPORTE Vol. 15 nº 3 pp. 157-163 ISSN 1886-8576
157
Re is a Ibe oame icana de Psicología del Eje cicio y el Depo e. Vol. 15, nº 3 (2020)
Manusc i o ecibido: 06/23/2020
Manusc i o acep ado: 09/20/2020
Di ección de con ac o: San iago Tejedo , Facul ad de Ciencias
de la Comunicación, Uni e sidad Au ónoma de Ba celona.
España
Co eo-e: san iago. ejedo @uab.ca
WHAT DO WE EVALUATE IN SPORT MINDFULNESS INTERVENTIONS? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF
COMMONLY USED QUESTIONNAIRES
Síl ia Solé1,10, Ma ia C Pé ez-Yus2,3, Ma celo Dema zo4,5, Da id Ma ínez-Rubio6, C is ina B a o1, F ancesc
Rubí1,10, Ca me Campoy1, Ja ie Ga cía-Campayo3,7, Rod igo Rod íguez-Campillo8, Joan Palmi9
Facul y o Nu se y and Physio he apy, Uni e si y o Lleida1; Depa men o Psychology and Sociology,
Uni e si y o Za agoza, Spain2; The P ima y Ca e P e en ion and Heal h P omo ion Resea ch Ne wo k
(REDIAPP), Ba celona, Spain3; Depa men o P e en i e Medicine, Fede al Uni e si y o Sao Paulo
(UNIFESP), “Men e Abe a” - B azilian Cen e o Mind ulness and Heal h P omo ion, Sao Paulo, B azil4;
Hospi al Is aeli a Albe Eins ein, Sao Paulo, B azil5; Psico o ma Company, Valencia, Spain. Excellence
Resea ch Ne wo k PROMOSAM (PSI2014-56303-REDT), Mad id, Spain6; Depa men o Psychia y, Miguel
Se e Uni e si y Hospi al, Uni e si y o Za agoza, Spain7; Labo a o y o Human Pe o mance. Quali y
o Li e and Wellness Resea ch G oup. Depa men o Physical Ac i i y Sciences. Uni e sidad de Los
Lagos. Oso no, Chile8; INEFC Lleida, Uni e si y o Lleida, Spain9; Heal h Ca e Resea ch G oup (GRECS),
Biomedical Resea ch Ins i u e o Lleida (I BLleida), Lleida, Spain10
ABSTRACT: In e es o he s udy: mind ulness is a concep desc ibing he ocus on he p esen momen ,
in en ionally and wi hou judgemen . This app oach has only ecen ly been applied o spo psychology.
Objec i es: he aim o he cu en e iew is o in es iga e which indica o s and ques ionnai es a e used in
mind ulness esea ch in spo , being speci ically in e es ed in mind ulness assessmen . Me hods: PRISMA
guidelines o sys ema ic e iews and he ecommenda ions o he Coch ane Collabo a ion we e used.
Li e a u e sea ches we e conduc ed in Psychin o, PubMed, EMBASE and he Coch ane Lib a y. Resul s: F om
2,203 eco ds ini ially e ie ed, 17 a icles we e included. The esul s show ha mind ulness, anxie y and
accep ance a e he mos commonly s udied psychological indica o s. The Fi e Face Mind ulness Ques ionnai e
is he mos equen ly used mind ulness scale. We also discuss he possibili y o using physiological indica o s
as complemen a y assessmen . Conclusions: I is ecommended o speci ically adap some ques ionnai es,
such is al eady done wi h he Spo Anxie y Scale o he Mind ulness In en o y o Spo , o hei use in spo
psychology.
KEYWORDS: Mind ulness, Psychology, Spo , Assessmen , Sys ema ic Re iew
RESUMEN: In e és del es udio: Mind ulness o conciencia plena es un concep o que desc ibe la capacidad
de es a en el momen o p esen e, de o ma in encional y sin juzga lo. Es e en oque no se ha u ilizado
has a hace poco en la psicología del depo e. Obje i os: El obje i o de la p esen e e isión es in es iga qué
a iables y cues iona ios se usan en las in e enciones basadas en mind ulness en el depo e, cen ándonos
especialmen e en la e aluación de la conciencia plena. Me odología: se usa on las di ec ices PRISMA pa a
e isiones sis emá icas y las ecomendaciones del cen o Coch ane. Las búsquedas bibliog á icas se lle a on
a cabo en Psychin o, PubMed, EMBASE y la biblio eca Coch ane. Resul ados: De los p ime os 2,203 a ículos,
se eligie on inalmen e 17 a ículos. Los esul ados mues an que mind ulness, ansiedad y acep ación son las
a iables psicológicas más es udiadas. El cues iona io Fi e Face Mind ulness Ques ionnai e es el más u ilizado
pa a e alua la conciencia plena. Se habla ambién sob e la po encialidad
de la e aluación de a iables isiológicas como complemen o a las a iables
psicológicas. Conclusiones: Se ecomienda la c eación de cues iona ios
especí icos, como ya ha sucedido con la Spo Anxie y Scale o el Mind ulness
In en o y o Spo , pa a su uso en psicología del depo e.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: mind ulness; psicología; depo e; e aluación; e ision
sis emá ica
SUMARIO: In e esses de s udo: Mind ulness ou mind ulness é umconcei o que
desc e e a capacidade de es a no momen o p esen e, in encionalmen e e
semjulgamen o. Essaabo dagemnão oi usada a é ecen emen ena psicologia
do espo e. Obje i os: O obje i o des a e isãoé in es iga quais a iá eis e
ques ioná iossão usados emin e ençõesbaseadas no mind ulness no espo e,
com oco especial naa aliação do mind ulness. Me odologia: Fo am u ilizadas
as di e izes do PRISMA pa a e isões sis emá icas e as ecomendações
do Coch ane Cen e . As pesquisas bibliog á icas o am ealizadas na
Psychin o, PubMed, EMBASE e na biblio eca Coch ane. Resul ados: Dos
2.203 p imei osa igos, 17 o amescolhidos. Os esul ados mos am que a
a enção, ansiedade e acei açãosão as a iá eis psicológicas maises udadas.
O Fi e Face Mind ulness Ques ionnai e é o maisamplamen e usado pa a
a alia a consciência plena. O po encial de a alia a iá eis isiológicas como
complemen o de a iá eis psicológicas ambém é discu ido. Conclusões:
Recomenda-se a c iação de ques ioná ios especí icos, como jáoco eucom a
Escala de Ansiedade Espo i aou o In en á io de A enção Plena pa a o Espo e,
pa a uso empsicologia do espo e.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: a enção plena; psicologia; espo e; a aliação; e isão
sis emá ica
INTRODUCCIÓN
Mind ulness is de ined as awa eness ha comes om paying a en ion o
expe ience as i is a he p esen momen , in a non-judgmen ally way, wi hou
e alua ing o eac ing o i (Kaba -Zinn, 1990). Mind ulness is, howe e , a
complex cons uc ha comp ises di e en ace s and nuances. Some au ho s
include one componen o “awa eness” (B own & Ryan, 2003), o he s add he
“accep ance” componen in mind ulness cons uc (Dimidjian & Linehan, 2003).
Bae and he g oup alk abou i e ace s in he cons uc : obse e, desc ibe,
ac wi h awa eness, wi hou eac ing, wi hou judgemen (Bae e al., 2006).
The e a e se e al sel - epo ins umen s o assess he mind ulness cons uc
as e lec ed in some e iews (Be gomi, Tschache , & Kuppe , 2013; Saue e
al., 2013) whe e he au ho s explain he complexi y o his cons uc and he
a ie y o ques ionnai es, depending on which kind o mind ulness ace s hey
a e assessing.
Mind ulnesss is o en desc ibed as a o m o medi a ion and a psychological
p ocess. The medi a ion is a p ac ice designed o cul i a e ull a en ion.
This is gene ally associa ed wi h Vipassana medi a ion which ocuses on
espi a o y awa eness and he simul aneous pe cep ion o he in e nal and
ex e nal p ocesses which occu , wi hou hese being ei he judged o assessed
(Ge me , e al., 2005). The psychological p ocess e e s o he egula p ac ice
o mind ulness allowing he cogni i e–emo ional p ocesses o daily li e o be
con on ed in ano he way: h ough helping people o become mo e awa e
o he he e and now. In his way i is possible o people o de elop a g ea e
unde s anding o hei men al pa e ns and p o ide hem wi h he skills
equi ed o espond o s ess ul si ua ions (Ge me , e al., 2005).
Mind ulness based in e en ions (MBIs) a e conside ed o imp o e he wel a e
and quali y o li e o he indi idual and ha e p o en e ec i e in he ea men
o di e en popula ions wi h such issues as ch onic pain (Bawa e al, 2015;
Veeho , T ompe e , Bohlmeije , &Sch eu s, 2016), anxie y and dep ession in
oncology pa ien s (Zhang, Xu, Wang, & Wang, 2016), o imp o ing physiological
and psychological measu es (Howa h, Smi h, Pe kings-Po as, & Ushe , 2019)
MBIs in spo ha e mainly ocused in pe o mance enhancemen . The i s
p og am was done by Kaba -Zinn wi h he Olympic eam o owe s (Kaba -
Zinn, Massion, & Rippe, 1985). A e ha , he e we e a numbe o yea s wi hou
any u he in e en ions. Mo e ecen ly, in e en ions in ol ing mind ulness-
ela ed app oaches ha e been applied and s udied in he con ex o spo
(Bi e , Rö hlin, & Mo gan, 2012; Ga dne & Moo e, 2004; Kau man, Glass, &
A nko , 2009). They ha e been use ul o a be e pe o mance o a hle es
(Do on, Roual , Jubeau, & Be nie , 2019; Ca aça e al., 2019; Jose son e
al., 2017), eco e y om bu nou (Joupe & Gus a sson, 2013), spo inju ies
p e en ion (I a sson e al, 2015) and on inju ed a hle es (Mohammed,
Pappous, & Sha ma, 2018; Palmi, Planas, & Solé, 2018). Two di e en
Síl ia Solé
Re is a Ibe oame icana de Psicología del Eje cicio y el Depo e. Vol. 15, nº 3 (2020)
158
mind ulness p og ams ha e been c ea ed speci ically o spo : Mind ulness
Spo Pe o mance Enhancemen (MSPE), wi h elemen s o Mind ulness Based
S ess Reduc ion (MBSR) and Mind ulness and Accep ance Commi men
(MAC), wi h elemen s o Mind ulness based Cogni i e The apy (MBCT) and
Accep ance and Commi men The apy (ACT) (Solé, e al., 2014). Some au ho s
e en use he concep o mind ulness and accep ance in e en ions in spo .
In his sense, se e al e iews ha e been published on he e ec i i y o
Mind ulness-Based- In e en ions in he con ex o spo (Ga dne & Moo e,
2012; Bühlmaye , Bi e , Ro hlin, Faude, & Dona h, 2017; Noe el, Cia ochi, Van
Zanden, & Lonsdale, 2017), gi ing an idea o he g owing impo ance o his
esea ch. In his e iews mind ulness in e en ions ha e been ound use ul o
imp o e spo pe o mance. Be e le els o accep ance, mind ulness, anxie y
and expe ien ial a oidance ha e also been achie ed. Despi e he numbe o
publica ions o mind ulness esea ch in spo psychology and e iews abou
hei e icacy, he e has, o ou knowledge, been no signi ican e iew abou
which indica o s a e e alua ed in MBIs in spo and which ques ionnai es
a e used o i . The assessmen o mind ulness is a necessa y componen
o MBIs in e en ions and i is impo an o iden i y and p omo e e idence-
based assessmen and ins umen s in he spo ield o being able o assess
mind ulness le els o a hle es in a eliable way.
Wi h his backg ound in mind, he aim o he cu en s udy is o analyze he
kind o psychological and physiological a iables analyzed in MBIs in spo .
Besides, we summa ized which we e he mos equen ly used sel - epo
ins umen s in hese in e en ions. Once iden i ied, ou in en was o ocus
speci ically on mind ulness assessmen and analyze he quali y o he s udies
ound.
METHOD
We ollowed PRISMA guidelines (Shamsee e al., 2015) and ecommenda ions
o he Coch ane Collabo a ion (Higgins e al., 2011). PRISMA is an e idence-
based, minimum se o i ems o epo ing on sys ema ic e iews. I can also
be used as a basis o epo ing sys ema ic e iews o o he ypes o esea ch,
pa icula ly he e alua ions o in e en ions. The Coch ane Handbook o
Sys ema ic Re iews o In e en ions is he o icial guide ha desc ibes in de ail
he p ocess o p epa ing and main aining Coch ane sys ema ic e iews in o
he e ec s o heal hca e in e en ions. The Handbook includes guidance on
he s anda d me hods applicable in each e iew, such as planning, sea ching
and selec ing s udies, da a collec ion, isk o bias, s a is ical analyses, GRADE,
and in e p e ing esul s.
This p o ocol has been egis e ed wi h he In e na ional P ospec i e Regis e o
Sys ema ic Re iews (PROSPERO), unde egis a ion numbe CRD42017068703.
Sea ch s a egy
A sys ema ic sea ch was conduc ed using PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and
he Coch ane lib a y. I was comple ed by an expe in his ield (MP) and
ocused on s udies published be ween Janua y 1985 and Decembe 2019. The
s a ing da e was chosen because he i s pape on mind ulness in spo was
published in 1985 (Kaba -Zinn, 1985).
The sea ch e ms we e as ollows: ("Su eys and Ques ionnai es"[Mesh] OR
assess* OR e alua e* OR measu e* OR es OR ques ionnai e* OR in en o * OR
su ey* OR scale* OR ool*) AND ("Mind ulness"[Mesh] OR mind ulness[ iab]
OR medi a ion[ iab] OR MBCT[ iab] OR MBSR[ iab] OR (MAC[ iab] AND
mind ulness[ iab]) OR MSPE[ iab]) AND ("Spo s"[Mesh] OR "A hle es"[Mesh]
OR "Exe cise"[Mesh] OR spo [ iab] OR a hle e[ iab] OR “physical ac i i y”[ iab]
OR “physical ac i i ies”[ iab] OR “exe cise aining”[ iab] OR “exe cise
ainings”[ iab] OR “physical exe cise”[ iab] OR “physical exe cises”[ iab]).
Sea ch esul s we e impo ed in o an elec onic bibliog aphy a e he emo al
o duplica ed ci a ions. Re e ence lis s co esponding o he a icles and
e iews o iginally iden i ied we e also manually sc eened and o he expe s in
he ield we e con ac ed in o de o iden i y addi ional s udies. The las sea ch
was conduc ed on 30 Decembe 2019. The inclusion and exclusion c i e ia a e
shown in Table 1. The pa icipan s we e p o essional a hle es, in e en ions
we e mind ulness based p o ocols, and mind ulness was he s udied ou come.
No es ic ions we e placed on he s udy design, ollow-up, o ype o da a
analysis employed.
Da a Ex ac ion and Coding P ocedu e
Two co-au ho s (SS and MP) independen ly sc eened he i les and abs ac s
e ie ed om he elec onic da abases. F om he o iginal lis , hey selec ed
he ull ex s o each a icle acco ding o he inclusion and exclusion c i e ia.
Any disag eemen s we e esol ed by discussion and consensus and when
any doub s emained, a inal decision was made in consul a ion wi h he
o he co-au ho s (MD, DM, CB, FR, CC, JG, RR, JP). The li e a u e iden i ied was
coded and he da a ex ac ed using a p e-de ined da a ex ac ion o m. The
e iew ocused on he ollowing a iables: mind ulness, o he psychological
o physiological a iables ha we e assessed, he mind ulness ques ionnai e
used, he au ho s, he o al numbe o i ems, he di e en aspec s assessed,
he a ge popula ion, s udy limi a ions, examples o speci ic i ems, and he
p o ision o a de ini ion o he mind ulness cons uc .
Assessmen o S udy Quali y
The isk o bias in he s udies included was assessed using he Coch ane isk-
o -bias ool (S e ne, Higgins, Ree es, & ACROBAT-NRSI, 2014). This isk o bias
was assessed using ou c i e ia om he Coch ane Collabo a ion ool (Higgins,
e al., 2011): adequa e gene a ion o alloca ion sequence, concealmen o
alloca ion o condi ions, p e en ion o knowledge o he alloca ed in e en ion,
and dealing wi h incomple e ou come da a. We conside ed s udies mee ing
h ee o mo e c i e ia o be o high quali y and hose mee ing ewe c i e ia
o be low quali y (Cuijpe s e al., 2014). The assessmen o quali y was
independen ly pe o med by wo e iewe s (SS and MP) and any disc epancies
we e esol ed h ough discussion o consul a ion wi h he o he e iewe s
(MD, DM, CB, FR, CC, JG, RR, JP).
RESULTS
Figu e 1 shows he lowcha illus a ing he p ocess conduc ed in he cu en
e iew. The ini ial sea ch in ol ed 2,203 eco ds, which included 810 duplica es,
1,368 we e excluded a e i le and abs ac sc eening, while 25 a icles we e
assessed by ull ex . The e we e h ee main easons o excluding a icles:
1. The pa icipan s did no mee inclusion c i e ia;
Figu e 1: S udy selec ion lowcha .
Inclusion C i e ia Exclusion C i e ia
Pa icipan s Subjec s playing any spo a a
p o essional le el.
Pa alympic spo s
Inju ed subjec s.
No es ic ions ega ding ei he age o
he numbe o pa icipan s.
In e en ions Any o m o mind ulness based spo s
psychology in e en ion was included.
Ou come Mind ulness
S udy design The ypes o s udy design included:
RCTs, Non-RCTs, open ials wi h a p e-
pos analysis and case-s udies.
Publica ions Published in English, F ench o
Spanish and as ull- ex a icles in pee
e iewed scien i ic jou nals be ween
Janua y 1980 and Decembe 2019.
Published in o he
languages and
as e iews, case
epo s, o le e s.
Books
Non-RCTs: non- andomized con olled ials; RCTs: andomized con olled
ials.
Table 1. S udy eligibili y c i e ia.
WHAT DO WE EVALUATE IN SPORT MINDFULNESS INTERVENTIONS? A
Re is a Ibe oame icana de Psicología del Eje cicio y el Depo e. Vol. 15, nº 3 (2020) 159
2. The s udy was no ela ed o he a ge ed in e en ion;
3. The s udy was a p o ocol.
A e a ull eading o he 25 ull ex s a icles, we inally included 17 a icles.
As a as he s udy design was conce ned, we included eigh andomized
con olled ials (RCTs), while he emaining a icles we e non-RCTs.
Analysis o he psychological a iables assessed
The a iables assessed by di e en au ho s we e mainly: accep ance, anxie y,
sel -con idence, ecu en hough s, mind ulness and low le els. The a iables
and ques ionnai es used o e alua e each i em a e lis ed in Table 2.
F om his summa y able, i can be deduced ha he mos equen ly assessed
a iables a e mind ulness (12 s udies), anxie y (6 s udies), low (5 s udies) and
accep ance (5 s udies). The mos commonly used ques ionnai es a e he Spo
Anxie y Scale (SAS) de eloped by Smi h, Smoll e Shul z (1990) in 6 s udies, and
mul iple e sions o he Ac ion and Accep ance Ques ionnai e (AAQ) o Hayes,
S osahl e Wilson (1999) in 5 s udies. Two main ques ionnai es a e gene ally
used o assess low le els: he Disposi ional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2), in 3 s udies
and he Flow S a e Scale-2 (FSS-2), bo h o Jackson e Eklund (2002) in 3 s udies.
Mind ulness ques ionnai es used in s udies
The alida ed mind ulness ques ionnai es used in hese s udies a e compa ed
in Table 3.
The mos used, in h ee o he s udies, is he Fi e Face Mind ulness
Ques ionnai es (FFMQ) o Bae e al. (2006). The Mind ulness A en ion
Awa eness Scale (MAAS) o B own & Ryan (2003), he Ken ucky In en o y o
Mind ulness Scale (KIMS) o Bae e al. (2004) and he To on o Mind ulness Scale
(TMS) o Lau e al. (2006) in wo o hem. The Philadelphia Mind ulness Scale
(PHMS) o Ca daccio o e al. (2008), and Cogni i e and A ec i e Mind ulness
Scale Re ised (CAMS-R) o Feldman, Hayes, Kuma , G eeson, e Lau enceau,
(2007) ha e been used in one s udy each o he . Finally, wo speci ic scales o
spo , he Mind ulness In en o y Scale (MIS) o Thieno e al. (2014) and he
A hle e Mind ulness Ques ionnai e (AMQ) o Zhang e al. (2016) we e also used
in one s udy each one o hem.
Apa om he alida ed ques ionnai es, wo di e en scales we e used:
The ‘mind ulness scheme’ consis s o eco ding hough s, emo ions, body
awa eness, s ess, and ene gy le els on an hou ly basis o h ee sepa a e
days wi hin a wo-week pe iod (Joupe & Gus a son, 2013). I is ocused on
inc easing awa eness o he he e and now and he abili y o u n o one’s
‘au opilo ’ mode o ac ion.
The “own scale” is a ques ionnai e ha assessed 20 i ems (Like scale 1-6).
I was inspi ed by he MAAS and KIMS ques ionnai es, whose i ems we e
adap ed o he cha ac e is ics o a hle es. I measu ed sel -awa eness and
accep ance speci ically ocusing on he s udy in e en ion (Be nie , Thieno ,
Pelosse, & Fou nie , 2014).
Quali y o he S udies Included
Acco ding o he Coch ane Collabo a ion ool o assessing he isk o bias,
only h ee s udies (Sco -Hamil on e al., 2016; Zhang e al., 2016) achie ed
a “high quali y” quali ica ion (Table 4). Many i ems we e obse ed, abou he
s udy quali y (adequa e gene a ion o alloca ion sequence, concealmen o
alloca ion o condi ions o dealing wi h incomple e ou come da a) and he
in e en ion quali y (i he s udy e e ed o he use o a ea men manual
o he ea men in eg i y was checked du ing he s udy). These i ems we e
e alua ed as high, low o unclea . The highes quali y was ound in one a icle
wi h six “high” i ems (Zhang e al, 2016). A high quali y was also ound in h ee
mo e a icles, wi h h ee “high” i ems (Jose son e al., 2019; Kachana hu e al.,
2011; Sco -Hamil on e al., 2016). The es o he a icles we e e alua ed wi h
wo o less “high” i ems, wha is a low quali y quali ica ion.
Acco ding o his e alua ion, i seems necessa y o imp o e quali y o u u e
s udies o a be e consis ency o indings.
DISCUSSION
As many e iews ha e been w i en abou he e ec i i y o MBIs in spo , his is
he i s s udy o sys ema ically e iew he di e en assessmen a iables and
sel - epo ques ionnai es used.
Mind ulness Assessmen
Mind ulness was he mos assessed indica o in 12 o he 17 inal a icles. I s
de ini ion, as well as i s di e en ace s has been he subjec o a ious s udies
(Bae , Smi h, Hopkins, K ie emeye , & Toney, 2006; Bishop, e al., 2004), wi h
he esul o i ha ing been analyzed on se e al di e en scales. In summa y,
eigh di e en alida ed ques ionnai es and wo own scales ha e been used in
his e iew o measu e mind ulness. These esul s e lec he gene al di icul y
Accep ance Anxie y Sel -Con idence Recu en
Though s
Flow Mind ulness OTHERS
Ahe ne e al., 2011 FSS-2 CAMS-R
Be nie e al., 2009 OMSAT-3
Be nie e al., 2014 OWN SCALE
De Pe illo e al., 2009 SAS TOQS KIMS, TMS MPS, CEM
Do on e al, 2019 TOQS MIS
F anco, 2009 IBD, PVS
Ga dne & Moo e, 2004 AAQ-16 PSWQ, SAS
Goodman e al., 2014 AAQ-2 MAAS TNASS, AHS, PSS, VLQ,
GRIT-S, DSS, DASS-21
Haase e al., 2015 FFMQ MAIA, TAS
Jose son e al, 2019 AMQ DERS
Joupe & Gus a sson,
2013
MINDFULNESS
SCHEMA
ABQ
Kachana hu e al, 2011 Co isol le els
Kau man e al., 2009 SAS CSCI TOQS FSS-2 KIMS, TMS MPS
Lu ken house, 2007 AAQ-R PSWQ, SAS
Schwanhausse , 2009 AAQ-2 SAS DFS-2, FSS-2 PHMS, MAAS
Sco -Hamil on e al.,
2016
SAS-2 DFS-2 FFMQ SASS
Zhang, 2016 AAQ-2 SDFS FFMQ
FSS-2 (Flow S a e Scale-2), CAMS-R (Cogni i e and A ec i e Mind ulness Scale-Re ised), OMSAT-3 (O awa Men al Skills), SAS (Spo Anxie y Scale), TOQS (Though
Occu ence Ques ionnai e o Spo ), KIMS (Ken ucky In en o y o Mind ulness Skills), TMS (To on o Mind ulness Scale), MPS (Mul idimensional Pe ec ionism
Scale), CEM (C edibili y and Expec a ions Measu e), MIS (Mind ulness In en o y Scale), IBD (In en o y o Bu nou in Spo speople), PVS (Pe sonal View Su ey),
AAQ-16 (Accep ance and Ac ion Ques ionnai e-16), PSWQ (Penn S a e Wo y Ques ionnai e), AAQ-2 (Accep ance and Ac ion Ques ionnai e-2), MAAS (Mind ulness
A en ion Awa eness Scale), TNASS (Tole ance o Nega i e A ec S a es Scale), AHS (Adul Hope Scale), PSS (Pe cei ed S ess Scale), VLQ (Valued Li ing
Ques ionnai e), G i -S (Sho G i Scale), DSS (D exel De usion Scale), DASS-21 (Dep ession Anxie y S ess Scale-21), FFMQ (Fi e Face s Mind ulness Ques ionnai e),
MAIA (Mul idimensional Assessmen o In e ocep i e Awa eness), TAS (To on o Alexi hymia Scale), AMQ (A hle e Mind ulness Ques ionnai e), DERS (Di icul ies
in Emo ion Regula ion Scale), ABQ (A hle e Bu nou Ques ionnai e), CSCI (Ca olina Spo Con idence In en o y), AAQ-R (Accep ance and Ac ion Ques ionnai e-
Re ised), DFS-2 (Disposi ional Flow Scale-2), PHMS (Philadelphia Mind ulness Scale), SAS-2 (Spo Anxie y Scale-2), SASS (Spo A ibu ion S yle Scale), SDFS (Sho
Disposi ional Flow Scale)
Table 2. Type o used a iables and ques ionnai es.
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in measu ing mind ulness. Some au ho s ha e men ioned i (Chiessa, 2012)
and his is also ound in spo MBIs.
On e iewing he de ini ions o mind ulness, we see he e a e se e al common
aspec s o ace s whe e he majo i y o au ho s ag ee: awa eness, a en ion
and accep ance. In he scales discussed in his e iew, we ound assessmen s
ha anged om analyzing only one aspec o mind ulness (a en ion, he
Mind ulness A en ion Awa eness Scale, MAAS) o o he s assessing as many
as i e di e en aspec s (obse ing, ac ing, consciousness, desc ibing, no
judging, he Fi e Face s Mind ulness Ques ionnai e-FFMQ). On he o he
hand, Ken ucky In en o y o Mind ulness Scale (KIMS) assesses ou ace s
(obse ing, desc ibing, ac ing consciously and accep ing wi hou judgmen ), as
well as Cogni i e and A ec i e Mind ulness Scale Re ised (CAMS-R): a en ion,
ocus on he p esen , awa eness and accep ance. The Mind ulness In en o y
o Spo (MIS) and he A hle e Mind ulness Ques ionnai e (AMQ) e alua e
h ee aspec s: awa eness, non-judgemen al a i ude and e ocusing he i s
and p esen momen , awa eness and accep ance he second one.
Finally, The To on o Mind ulness Scale (TMS) and Philadelphia Mind ulness
Scale (PHMS) assess wo ace s: cu iosi y and decen e ing (TMS) and awa eness
and accep ance (PHMS). These esul s gi e an idea o he complexi y o
mind ulness cons uc .
The MAAS ques ionnai e is conside ed he mos used ool o assessing
mind ulness (Saue e al., 2013) and he FFMQ is been he bes e alua ed wi h
COSMIN Checklis in a ecen e iew o mind ulness ques ionnai es (Pa k,
Reilly-Spong, & G oss, 2013). Acco ding o his and hei con i med in e nal
and ex e nal alidi y, hese ques ionnai es can be conside ed app op ia e o
AUTHORS SCALE ITEMS DIMENSIONS (numbe
o i ems)
INTERNAL CONSISTENCY
(Alpha C onbach)
LIMITATIONS EXAMPLE OF AN
ITEM
Bae , Smi h & Allen,
2004
Ken ucky
In en o y o
Mind ulness Scale
(KIMS)
39 4: obse ing (12),
desc ibing (8), ac ing
consciously (10) and
accep wi hou judging (9)
0.72 - 0.97 I is no clea how o
assess mind ulness wi h
he i ems desc ibed. The
same au ho s p oposed
he Fi e Face Mind ulness
Ques ionnai e
“I’m good a hinking
o wo ds o exp ess
my pe cep ions, such
as how hings as e,
smell, o sound.”
Bae e al., 2006 Fi e Face
Mind ulness
Ques ionnai e
(FFMQ)
39 5: obse ing (8), ac ing (8)
consciously (8), desc ibing
(8), no judging (7)
0.67 - 0.93 Unde s anding i ems a ies
be ween subjec s wi h
o wi hou expe ience
inmedi a ion
“I obse e my eelings
wi hou ge ing los in
hem.”
B own & Ryan, 2003 Mind ulness
A en ion
Awa eness Scale
(MAAS)
15 1: a en ion (15). The e
ha e been la e new
e sions.
0.78 - 0.92 Ph asing some sen ences
in he nega i e could lead
o con usion.
“I seems I am
‘ unning on
au oma ic’ wi hou
much awa eness o
wha
I’m doing.”
Ca daccio o e al.,
2008
Philadelphia
Mind ulness Scale
(PHMS)
20 2: awa eness (10) and
accep ance (10)
0.75 - 0.91 This needs o be alida ed
in la ge samples and
he e is a p oblem wi h he
unde s anding o he i ems
w i en in a nega i e way.
“The e a e hings
I’d a he no hink
abou ”
Feldman e al., 2007 Cogni i e
and A ec i e
Mind ulness Scale
Re ised (CAMS-R)
12 4:a en ion (4), ocus on
he p esen (4),awa eness
(4), accep ance (4).
0.61 - 0.81 I needs o be alida ed in
la ge popula ions
“I is easy o me o
concen a e on wha I
am doing”
Lau e al., 2006 To on o
Mind ulness Scale
(TMS)
13 2: cu iosi y (6),
decen e ing (7)
0.85 - 0.91 Sel - egula ion assessmen
has no demons a ed
su icien in e nal alidi y
“I was su p ised by my
eac ion o hings”
Thieno e al, 2014 Mind ulness
In en o y o
Spo (MIS)
15 3: awa eness (5),
non-judgemen al (5),
e ocusing (5)
0.77-0.78 I needs o be alida ed
in mo e and di e en
samples
“I pay a en ion o he
ype o emo ions I am
eeling”
Table 3. Compa ison o Mind ulness ques ionnai es.
S udy quali y In e en ion quali y
AS AC PK IO Man T ai In e
Ahe ne e al., 2011 ? ? ? + + ? ?
Be nie e al., 2009 - - - - + + ?
Be nie e al., 2014 - - - - + + ?
De Pe illo e al., 2009 - - - - + ? ?
Do on e al, 2019 - - - - + ? +
F anco, 2009 ???-+-?
Ga dne & Moo e, 2009 - - - - + ? ?
Goodman e al., 2014 - - - - + + ?
Haase e al., 2015 - - - - + ? ?
Jose son e al, 2019 + ? ? -+ + +
Joupe & Gus a sson, 2013 - - - - + + ?
Kachana hu e al, 2011 + ? ? -? + +
Kau man e al., 2009 - - - - +-?
Lu ken house, 2007 - - - - + ? ?
Schwanhausse , 2009 - - - - + ? ?
Sco -Hamil on e al., 2016 + ? ? -+ ? +
Zhang, 2016 +++-+ + +
S udy quali y: AS, adequa e gene a ion o alloca ion sequence; AC, concealmen o alloca ion o condi ions; PK, p e en ion o knowledge o he alloca ed
in e en ion; IO, dealing wi h incomple e ou come da a; In e en ion quali y: Man, he s udy e e ed o he use o a ea men manual; T ai, he he apis s who
conduc ed he he apy we e ained; In e, ea men in eg i y was checked du ing he s udy; +, high; −, low; ?, unclea .
Table 4. Quali y o S udies Included.
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161
mind ulness assessmen in gene al popula ion.
Howe e , none o hese scales had been speci ically c ea ed o s udying
a hle es, and his was a clea limi a ion. Focusing on he assessmen o
mind ulness, i is e y impo an o use language ha is ele an o he wo ld
o spo . Tha e e s o si ua ions which a hle es can ecognize and ela e o. I
should be conside ed ha hese concep s could be di icul o unde s and o
an a hle e, as hey a e di e en om he concep s wi h which hey habi ually
wo k. I would he e o e be use ul o cla i y which ace s o mind ulness can
be mo e ele an o a hle es and o de elop speci ic scales o analyzing
hem. Gi en he speci ic cha ac e is ics o a hle es, he scales designed o
he gene al, o clinical, popula ion may no be as eliable and alid as hose
speci ically c ea ed o and ocusing on a hle es o specially adap ed o s udy
di e en spo s.
The e has al eady been a i s a emp o achie e his wi h he c ea ion o he
Mind ulness In en o y o Spo (Thieno e al., 2014) and A hle e Mind ulness
Ques ionnai e (Zhang e al., 2015) o assessing mind ulness in spo . To analyze
hese ques ionnai es and hei in e nal consis ency and quali y in mo e s udies
will be impo an o ind app op ia e ways o e alua e mind ulness in spo .
O he Psychological Va iables
Anxie y was he second mos assessed indica o , ound in six o he a icles. A
speci ic scale was used o measu e i , he Spo Anxie y Scale, which may make
he ou comes mo e gene alizable o his popula ion.
Flow cons uc was s udied in i e o he 17 e e ence s udies. Flow is de ined
as a s a e in which people a e so in ol ed in an ac i i y ha no hing else seems
o ma e (Csikszen milyi, 1990) and i is associa ed wi h a be e pe o mance
in spo (Kimiecik& S ein, 1992). Au ho s such as Kee e Wang (2008) ha e
s udied he ela ionship be ween low and mind ulness and i seems ha
a hle es wi h highe mind ulness le els each low s a e in an easie way han
o he colleagues. In u u e s udies, i is necessa y o di e en ia e be ween low
and mind ulness cons uc s because some imes hey a e con used. Flow is
conside ed a psychological s a e and so is mind ulness. They a e simila in his
base bu hey a e also di e en in he way ha mind ulness can be ained
h ough di e en p og ams and p o ocols. Mo e esea ch is needed abou his
wo cons uc s. Thei de ini ions, cha ac e is ics, simila i ies, di e ences, and
in e ela ions mus be clea ly dis inguished o esea che s and p o essionals
o gain a be e unde s anding o hese s a es and be able o help he a hle es
o pe o m be e (Swan, Keegan, Piggo , & C us , 2012).
And inally, accep ance was ound also in i e o he a icles. I is also conside ed
a speci ic ace wi hin he mind ulness cons uc . Some au ho s ha e e en
alked abou Mind ulness and Accep ance In e en ions (Ga dne & Moo e,
2012; Noe el e al., 2017). As explained be o e, i is one pa o Mind ulness
and Accep ance Commi men (MAC) p og ams in some in e en ions. In
u u e s udies, i will be necessa y o dis inguish be ween mind ulness and
accep ance in spo psychology. The accep ance scale used was he Ac ion and
Accep ance Scale, in i s di e en e sions. No speci ic accep ance scale was
ound o he spo con ex .
On he o he hand, he “ ecu en hough s” a iable was assessed wi h
he Though Occu ence Ques ionnai e o Spo , which is again a speci ic
ques ionnai e o measu e hough occu ence in spo .
Physiological Assessmen
Only one s udy (Kachana hu e al., 2011) e alua ed physiological a iables;
in his case, he co isol le els in sali a. The esul s showed a signi ican
imp o emen a e he mind ulness in e en ion (wi h a 50% lowe pos - es
measu emen and hey emained 20% lowe one week la e , in he ollow up).
O he examples o a icles including physiological measu es o mind ulness
a e: a iabili y in hea a e, in a sample o indi iduals wi h symp oms o high
and low gene alized anxie y (Mankus, Aldao, Ke ns, May ille, & Mennin, 2013);
hea a e, in a sample o heal hy men (Bullis, Boe, Asnaani, & Ho mann, 2014);
he elec ical conduc ance o he skin, in a sample o emale s uden s (Feldman,
Dunn, S emke, Bell, & G eeson, 2014); and o he neu oendoc ine esponses,
in a mixed g oup o s uden s (C eswell, Pacilio, Lindsay, & B own, 2014). I
has been obse ed ha imp o emen s in psychological s ess a ibu able
o mind ulness end o p oduce imp o emen s in physiological ma ke s oo.
Howe e , esea ch in his ield is s ill in i s in ancy and e en mo e so in spo
con ex . As mos o he s udies published so a ha e used ques ionnai es and
ha e he limi a ion o subjec i i y, we ecommend ha physiological ma ke s
migh be used mo e equen ly
CONCLUSION
Mind ulness is a ela i ely new concep in spo psychology. This e iew
analyzed psychological and physiological a iables and he ques ionnai es
used in Mind ulness-Based-In e en ions in his ield. A speci ic ocus on
mind ulness assessmen was also done.
Conside ing he e y limi ed numbe o s udies ha ha e been used o
e alua e mind ulness in spo , no es ic ions we e placed on s udy design.
This esul ed in he inclusion o 17 s udies o which only eigh we e RCTs and
only ou we e conside ed o be o high quali y. This is a clea limi a ion and
mo e obus designed s udies will be equi ed in he u u e.
Mind ulness was he mos equen ly iden i ied indica o , ollowed by anxie y,
low and accep ance. Howe e , ew o he ques ionnai es used we e ega ded
as speci ic enough o a hle es; i is he e o e ecommended o alida e
di e en scales o use ac oss di e en spo s. I will also be necessa y o cla i y
which ace s o mind ulness a e mos ele an in a hle es and o di e en ia e
be ween di e en cons uc s such as mind ulness, accep ance and low.
Finally, he use o physiological ma ke s could be help ul o con i m he bene i s
o mind ulness based in e en ions wi hin he ield o spo psychology.
Acknowledgemen s
Doc o al G an om he INEFC Cen e o he Uni e si y o Lleida.Sole-Cases, S.
(2015) Co ección del Es és Emocional a a és del Mind ulness: Aplicaciones
en la Lesión Depo i a. h p://www. dx.ca /bi s eam/handle/10803/298307/
Tssc1de1.pd ?sequence=2
E hical App o al
This a icle does no con ain any s udies wi h human pa icipan s o animals
pe o med by any o he au ho s
Con lic o In e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no con lic o in e es
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