13
palaeohispanica 20 | 2020 | pp. 13-25
PALAEOHISPANICA
e is a sob e lenguas y cul u as de la Hispania an igua
2020 | I.S.S.N. 1578-5386
DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica. 0i20.398
The objec i e o Palaeo-Eu opean s udies is o unde ake in e disciplin-
a y, compa a i e and comp ehensi e esea ch in o he se s o local languages,
w i ing sys ems and epig aphic p ac ices ha o m he u he mos s a um o
w i en Eu opean cul u e. These a e unde s ood as o ganic sys ems o knowl-
edge and communica i e p ac ice ha combine language, sc ip , and suppo
in o de o eco d o ansmi messages in well-de ined social and ideological
con ex s.
This is no , hen, a s ic ly new ield o in es iga ion. The oldes lan-
guages, sc ip s, and insc ip ions o Eu ope, such as he E uscan o Ibe ian
o example, ha e been he objec o academic sc u iny o cen u ies. They
ha e adi ionally been add essed sepa a ely, howe e , so ha hei s udy has
ne e been s uc u ed a ound a single scien i ic discipline, no ha e scien-
i ic jou nals o con e ences ocussing on hei join s udy been c ea ed. On
he con a y, app oaches ha e p edominan ly been pa ial and biased mo e
owa ds linguis ics o his o y; o hey ha e been egional s udies, gene ally
cen ed sec o ally on Hispania, I aly, o Gaul; o hey ha e had specialised oci
acco ding o language amilies (Indo-Eu opean, Cel ic, I alian) o his o ical
pe iods (O ien alizing, Romaniza ion…).
O e coming his scien i ic agmen a ion was one o he p ima y objec-
i es o he ne wo k Ancien Eu opean Languages and W i ings (AELAW,
F ancisco Bel án Llo is
G upo Hibe us | Ins i u o Uni e si a io
de In es igación en Pa imonio y
Humanidades | Uni e sidad de Za agoza
Coo dina o o he AELAW ne wo k
bel an@uniza .es
Palaeo-Eu opean s udies: languages,
w i ings, epig aphic cul u es
Es udios paleoeu opeos: lenguas,
esc i u as, cul u as epig á icas
14
F ancisco Bel án Llo is
palaeohispanica 20 | 2020 | pp. 13-25
IS1407), which is si ua ed wi hin he amewo k o COST, Eu opean Coop-
e a ion in Science and Technology. Alongside Simona Ma chesini, I ha e had
he p i ilege o coo dina ing his ne wo k om 2015 – 2019 (<h p://aelaw.
uniza .es/>). O e a hund ed esea che s om se en een Eu opean coun ies,
specialising in his o ical and linguis ic ields and especially epig aphy, ha e
collabo a ed owa ds his objec i e. The olume we now o e , wi h he con i-
bu ion o a selec ep esen a ion o membe s o AELAW, se es as a le e o
in oduc ion o his ne wo k o esea che s and as a guide and in oduc ion o
Palaeo-Eu opean s udies.
1. Palaeo-Eu opean
The e m ‘Palaeo-Eu opean’ is no new. I has occasionally been used, al-
hough wi h di e en meanings, o e e o he mos emo e linguis ic s a a o
he con inen and, speci ically, o p ehis o ic languages which p e-da e w i ing
and he e o e lack ex s, hypo he ically iden i ied h ough oponyms and, in
pa icula , hyd onyms. This is he meaning o he e m ‘Al eu opäisch’, coined
by K ahe o deno e he in e media y link be ween common Indo-Eu opean
and languages like Ge manic, I alic, Cel ic, Bal ic, Illy ian, and Vene ic (K ahe
1954; 1962; 1964). In Spanish (and o he languages), his was ansla ed as ‘an-
cien Eu opean’, bu he e m ‘Palaeo-Eu opean’ has also been used (Balles e
2007).1 This e m also enjoys some popula i y in gene al in e es a icles om
he in e ne o designa e — albei in a a he con using way — he languages
ha we e spoken in Eu ope be o e Indo-Eu opean ones.2
Un o una ely, i has so a p o en impossible o iden i y unequi ocally
he con inen ’s p ehis o ic linguis ic s a a, no o de e mine wi h any deg ee
o ce ain y he p ecedence o some linguis ic amilies wi h ega d o o he s,
no he loca ion whe e hey we e o med o o igina ed, le alone o iden i y
1 Fo a e o mula ion o he idea o Palaeo-Eu opean as A chaeo-Indo-Eu opean, Villa e
al. 2011.
2 See ‘Paleo-Eu opean languages’ on Wikipedia: “ThePaleo-Eu opean languages, o Old
Eu opean languages, a e he mos ly-unknown languages ha we e spoken in Eu ope
p io o he sp ead o he Indo-Eu opean and he U alic amilies…”. The e m, ne e he-
less, is applied — a li le incong uously — o languages like Ibe ian, E uscan, Minoan,
Ge manic… (<h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Paleo-Eu opean_languages>, 17 h Augus
2019).
15
Palaeo-Eu opean s udies: languages, w i ings, epig aphic cul u es
palaeohispanica 20 | 2020 | pp. 13-25
each o hese hypo he ical languages consis en ly and con incingly. The u -
he mos linguis ic pas o he con inen emains sh ouded in mis .3
We, he e o e, p e e o use he e m Palaeo-Eu opean o designa e he
ea lies his o ical languages o he con inen , documen ed by ex s — as
sca ce and b ie as hey a e — which i is possible o cha ac e ise wi h a leas
a deg ee o obus ness. The p e ix palaeo-, when applied o languages, sc ip s,
o ancien epig aphic cul u es, does mo eo e possess a solid adi ion bo h
in I aly (Palaeo-I alic, Palaeo-Sabellian) and in he Ibe ian Peninsula, whose
ea ly languages and epig aphic cul u es (Ibe ian, Cel ibe ian, Lusi anian,
Vasconic, and he language o he sou h-wes o ‘Ta essian’) ha e been con-
sis en ly designa ed ‘Palaeo-Hispanic’, as he discipline ha s udies hem has
been e med ‘Palaeo-Hispanis ics’.4
We will he e o e employ he e m ‘Palaeo-Eu opean’ o designa e all o
hese closely in e connec ed se s o linguis ic, w i en, and epig aphic eali ies
ha o m he ea lies w i en s a um on he con inen , as well as he disci-
pline ha s udies hem.
These se s sha e he ac ha he majo i y o hei ex s a e ba ely in elli-
gible and i is impossible o ansla e con iden ly he languages in which hey
a e w i en, al hough some a e much mo e accessible han o he s. Va ious
ac o s con ibu e o hese limi a ions: speci ic w i ing sys ems, some s ill
incomple ely deciphe ed; a gene ally es ic ed numbe o documen s, ha
anges be ween hal a dozen insc ip ions and o e wo housand, excep in
he case o E uscan, which has o e 10, 000; ex s which a e almos always
sho — many e y sho , o only wo o h ee signs — consis ing abo e all o
pe sonal names and wi h li le lexical o syn ac ic in o ma ion; and isola ed
languages like Ibe ian, o wi hou li ing ela i es like E uscan, Rae ic, and
Lemnian, o wi h li ing ela i es bu e y dis an in ime and space, such as
he ea lies Cel ic languages o Lepon ic, Cel ibe ian, and Gaulish.
I is p ecisely hese pa icula cha ac e is ics ha make i essen ial o
s udy Palaeo-Eu opean ex s om an in e disciplina y, compa a i e, and
3 I is he e o e subjec o agile and specula i e heo ies such Vennemann’s, acco ding
o which he oldes subs a e o wes e n Eu ope would be Vasconic (Vennemann 1994;
2003; Hamel and Vennemann 2003).
4 An in oduc ion o Palaeo-Hispanis ics in Sinne and Velaza 2019. Palaeo-Hispanic
s udies a e s uc u ed a ound he egula Coloquios sob e lenguas y cul u as paleohispá-
nicas (I, Salamanca 1974-XIII, Loulé, 2019), he jou nal Palaeohispanica (1, 2001-20,
2020) and he da abank Hespe ia (<h p://hespe ia.ucm.es>).
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palaeohispanica 20 | 2020 | pp. 13-25
comp ehensi e pe spec i e. Fo poo ly known languages, es ablishing he
a chaeological con ex , unde s anding he unc ionali y o he suppo ,
compa ing be e -known con empo a y epig aphic p ac ices, and his o ical
con ex ualisa ion o he documen a e usually as use ul o iden i ying he
meaning o each insc ip ion as linguis ic analysis and he compa ison wi h
o he ela ed languages.
I is also hese cha ac e is ics ha con ibu e o dis inguishing, wi hin he
con inuum o ancien w i en languages and cul u es, hese Palaeo-Eu opean
se s om languages wi hou w i ing, on he one hand, and om li e a y w i -
en cul u es o cul u es wi h Medi e anean each, on he o he . Compa ed o
he o me , Palaeo-Eu opean se s a e cha ac e ised by possessing a mo e o
less ex ensi e w i en eco d; compa ed o he la e , by a lack o (p ese ed)
li e a u e and a me ely local each, al hough in cases like Gaulish, Ibe ian,
and E uscan hey in luenced wide geog aphical egions and neighbou ing
communi ies came o sha e hem.
The bounda y ha sepa a es Palaeo-Eu opean se s om languages lack-
ing a w i en eco d — ha is, a es ed onomas ically — is no always easy o
ace, since i depends only on he exis ence o o he wise o insc ip ions, and
his is a ac ha can be con o e sial and may change. Fo example, in he
case o he ances o o mode n Basque — Vasconic-Aqui anian — despi e he
onomas ic na u e o he majo i y o linguis ic in o ma ion a ailable abou i , i
is usually included among Palaeo-Eu opean se s because a ce ain consensus
exis s abou he possibili y ha i possesses some ex s ( hough only sho
numisma ic legends) and e en i s own sc ip a ian (Go ocha egui in p ess;
Bel án and Velaza 2009).5 In con as , Ligu ian and Dacian a e excluded
because he insc ip ions supposedly w i en in hese languages a e gene ally
conside ed Cel ic, in he Ligu ian case, and La in, in he Dacian.6
In e ms o li e a y w i en cul u es, such as G eek and La in, he me h-
odological di e ences a e ob ious. Al hough bo h a e Eu opean and possess
ich epig aphic co po a, hey p esen e y di e en p oblems o esea ch and
possess, u he mo e, ully es ablished speci ic scien i ic adi ions. Thei lan-
guages, mo eo e , a e pe ec ly comp ehensible hanks no only o hund eds
o housands o insc ip ions bu also o he ich li e a y adi ion p ese ed
h ough a cul u al and linguis ic con inui y ha pe sis s in o mode n imes
5 See he chap e by J. Go ocha egui in his olume.
6 AE 1977, 672 = AE 1995, 1301: Decebalus pe Sco ilo. On languages a es ed only
onomas ically, see he chap e by A. Falileye in his olume.
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Palaeo-Eu opean s udies: languages, w i ings, epig aphic cul u es
palaeohispanica 20 | 2020 | pp. 13-25
in he Romance languages and mode n G eek. This ich documen a ion also
e lec s he ole ha bo h played as uni e sal w i en cul u es on a Medi e a-
nean le el, in clea con as o he pu ely local each o Palaeo-Eu opean se s.
They a e also clea ly dis inguished om he Phoenician-Punic w i en
cul u e. This cul u e ce ainly coincides wi h Palaeo-Eu opean ones in being
documen ed only h ough insc ip ions, wi h a simila numbe o E uscan,
and in lacking a li e a y adi ion, al hough in his case i was los due o a
lack o cul u al successo s. I can ob iously also be conside ed a Eu opean
cul u e because i pu down oo s o o e eigh cen u ies in egions like he
sou h o Hispania, Ibiza, Sa dinia, Sicily, and Mal a. I ne e heless i s in o a
his o ical o ma ion wi h a Medi e anean each which aces i s oo s o he
Sy o-Pales ine o he second millennium BCE, which exp esses i sel wi h a
Semi ic language, ela ed o Heb ew and e y a om he Palaeo-Eu opean
languages, and which possesses i s own speci ic esea ch adi ion.
Once he di e ences a e highligh ed, howe e , i is use ul o bea in mind
ha hese a e only me hodological and up o a poin con en ional, since — as
indica ed abo e — all o hem, whe he languages wi hou w i ing, Palaeo-Eu-
opean se s, o G eek, Roman, and Phoenician cul u es, o m pa o he same
con inuum wi h con inuous ela ionships and exchanges ha a ec ed w i ing
sys ems, epig aphic p ac ices, and linguis ic con ac s. In all hose a e a eas Pa-
laeo-Eu opean w i en cul u es a e eno mously indeb ed o he Phoenician,
G eek, and Roman epig aphic cul u es.
Some hing simila may be said o o he Medi e anean linguis ic-epi-
g aphic se s, be hey A ican o Asian, whose esea ch con ends wi h simila
me hodological di icul ies and p oblem a eas. This is ue o Libyan in he
no h o A ica and some Nea -Eas e n ones, abo e all om Asia Mino ,
which, alongside Phoenician, G eek, and La in, should always be aken in o
conside a ion in Palaeo-Eu opean s udies. 7
The nucleus o Palaeo-Eu opean epig aphic cul u es ex ends h ough
I aly, Hispania, and Gaul — wi h a Balkan, Th acian, and Lemnian appen-
dix — and de eloped undamen ally be ween he eigh h and i s cen u ies
BCE. Ano he wo should, howe e , be included among hem, despi e ha ing
a isen a a e y ad anced s age om he hi d and ou h cen u ies CE a he
pe iphe y o he Classical wo ld, wi hou con ac wi h he o he s. They bo h,
7 An in oduc ion o Medi e anean linguis ic di e si y in Neumann and Un e mann
1980.

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F ancisco Bel án Llo is
palaeohispanica 20 | 2020 | pp. 13-25
howe e , also possess epig aphic e idence and hei own sc ip : he Ge manic
unes and Cel ic Ogham.
All hese languages, he w i ing sys ems used o se hem down, and he
insc ip ions ha hey p oduced o m an in aluable pa o Eu opean cul u al
he i age whose s udy, dissemina ion, and p ese a ion ha e no un il now
been add essed holis ically. 8
2. AELAW
The speci ic objec i es o he AELAW ne wo k included o es ablish a
well-de ined lis o he di e en Palaeo-Eu opean languages and o es ima e
he olume o insc ip ions w i en in each o hem. To his end, a census o
languages and ano he o insc ip ions was c ea ed.
Dis inguishing he languages posed speci ic p oblems, abo e all in a eas
in which he insc ip ions documen such close linguis ic o ms ha i is no
easy o elucida e whe he hey a e di e en languages, consecu i e s ages o
he same language, o local a ia ions. This p oblem is accen ua ed by hei
sca ci y, bu , pa adoxically, can also be complica ed by an abundance o in-
sc ip ions, as he Cel ic and Sabellian languages espec i ely illus a e well.
In he case o he o me , documen ed ia some 2000 insc ip ions, besides
he bes -known se s such as Gaulish o Cel ibe ian a ious p oblems need
o be esol ed, such as he exis ence in G ea B i ain o a B y honic a ian
di e en om Gaulish; he possible iden i ica ion as Cel ic o he language a -
es ed in he sou h-wes o he Ibe ian Peninsula; he Cel icness o Lusi anian;
he de ec ion o possible egional a ia ions in he Gauls; and he di e ences
be ween Lepon ic and Cisalpine Gaulish in I aly, among o he ques ions.
In he case o he Sabellian languages, o which a housand insc ip ions a e
known, he challenge consis s o s uc u ing his complex amily, which is
documen ed, u he mo e, o e a ai ly long pe iod o ime, which comp ise,
as well as Oscan and Umb ian, he oldes o Palaeo-Sabellian a ian s (Sou h
Picene, Palaeo-Umb ian, P e-Samni e…) and he mos ecen (Paelignian,
He nican, Ma sian, Sabine, Ma ucinian, Ves inian…). These p oblem a eas
we e add essed a wo AELAW con e ences, he p oceedings o which a e in
he p ocess o being published: The linguis ic classi ica ion o ancien Cel ic
8 Fo example, he monog aph by Woodwa d 2010, de i ed om he enowned Camb i-
dge Encyclopaedia o he Wo ld’s Ancien Languages (Woodwa d 2004), only conside s
he Sabellian, E uscan, Vene ic, Con inen al Cel ic, No dic and Go hic languages —
alongside La in and G eek — among he ancien Eu opean languages.
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Palaeo-Eu opean s udies: languages, w i ings, epig aphic cul u es
palaeohispanica 20 | 2020 | pp. 13-25
languages and dialec s, o ganised by Eugenio Luján and Anja Ragolič in Lju-
bljana (Ap il 2018)9 and De ining Sabellian Languages and Cul u es, held in
Rome in Feb ua y 2018 and co-o dina ed by En ico Benelli, Simona Ma ches-
ini, and Paolo Pocce i.10
Wi hou being exhaus i e, he cu en oll-call o Palaeo-Eu opean lan-
guages documen ed in w i ing can ead as ollows: in Hispania, Ibe ian, Cel i-
be ian, Lusi anian, he language o he sou h-wes — also called ‘Ta essian’
— and Vasconic, he p ecu so o mode n Basque and ela ed o he ancien
Aqui anian om he sou h o F ance; in I aly, Lepon ic, and Cisalpine Gaulish
(which Da id S i e sugges s should join ly be called Cisalpine Cel ic), Rae ic,
Camunic, Vene ic, E uscan, Faliscan, Messapic, Oscan, Umb ian, and o he
Sabellian languages (p e-Samni e, Palaeo-Umb ian, Sou h Picene, Oeno ian,
Sabine, Ma sian, Volscian, He nican, Ves inian, Paelignian, Ma ucinian…)
ha a e s ill in need o sys ema isa ion; in Sicily, Elimian and Sicel/Sicanian;
in F ance and i s en i ons, Gaulish, as well as he a o emen ioned Aqui ani-
an; in he Balkans, Th acian and Lemnian; and inally, on he pe iphe y o
he Classical Wo ld, he Ge manic o he unes and Insula Cel ic in Ogham
sc ip .11
Na u ally, he possibili y canno be dismissed ha his lis may g ow wi h
he disco e y o a new insc ip ion in any o he ancien Eu opean languages
ha un il now ha e only been iden i ied h ough onomas ics: Tu de anian,
Ligu ian, B i onic, Dacian, Illy ian…, o in a eas ha un il now ha e no
p o ided insc ip ions in e nacula languages, bu which we e in con ac wi h
w i ing om an ea ly da e, such as, o example, he Balea ics, Co sica, and
Sa dinia.
The ask o compiling he census o Palaeo-Eu opean insc ip ions canno
be conside ed comple e, as we lack he necessa y ins umen s o es ablish
an exhaus i e lis wi hou ambigui ies — ha is, da abases ha a e c i ical,
comple e, and always up o da e, which a e a he a e in he Palaeo-Eu opean
9 <h p://aelaw.uniza .es/e en s/linguis ic-classi ica ion-ancien -cel ic-languages-and-dialec s>.
10 <h p://aelaw.uniza .es/e en s/una-de inizione-delle-lingue-e-delle-cul u e-sabelliche>.
11 <h p://aelaw.uniza .es/da abase/languages>, ongoing.
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F ancisco Bel án Llo is
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sphe e.12 Despi e his, and ounding numbe s, we can es ima e i s o al ol-
ume exceeds 18,000, o which mo e han 10,000, p obably 11,000, a e E us-
can. Among he 7000 emaining, he g oups ha s and ou a e he Ibe ian
(c. 2250), Gaulish (c. 1000), Oscan (c. 800), Vene ic (c. 700), Messapic (c. 600),
Cel ibe ian (c. 500), Faliscan, Elimian and Lepon ic (c. 400), Rae ic, Camunic,
and Th acian (c. 300) and ha o he sou h-wes o Hispania (c. 150), wi h he
es numbe ing unde 100 insc ip ions. I should be bo ne in mind ha he
mos ecen quan i ica ions end o coun insc ip ions composed o one, wo,
o h ee signs, which in se e al o he g oups indica ed a e e y nume ous, and
in some cases can make up hal o e en mo e o he o al insc ip ions coun ed
(Cel ibe ian, Gaulish, Lepon ic, Rae ic, Vene ic, Rae ic, Elimian…). The only
excep ion o his endency is E uscan, in which — o he e y eason o he
weal h o i s eco d — i is unusual o coun he sho es insc ip ions, which a e
numbe ed con iden ly in o he hund eds, i no housands. These es ima ions
a e na u ally based upon he insc ip ions published, o which many mo e as
ye unpublished insc ip ions should be added — pa icula ly hose incised on
po e y — as well as hose ha could appea in he u u e. 13
The quan i ica ion o Palaeo-Eu opean epig aphy e eals he ex ao di-
na y concen a ion o documen s yielded by a ious egions o I aly, om
which o igina e o e h ee-qua e s o he cu en census (c. 14,000), com-
pa ed o only 3000 o so om Hispania, 1000 om Gaul, and a mos 300
om he Balkans. This concen a ion con inued in he Impe ial e a, a pe iod
in which almos hal o La in epig aphy comes om Rome and I aly (Bel án
2015, 136-141). Epig aphic densi y is a ac o ha could impac he chances
o iden i ying languages and dialec ical a ian s, and which obliges us o ask
how a he linguis ic agmen a ion o homogenei y ha we claim o ce ain
egions a e objec i e ac s o he consequence o he cha ac e is ics o ou
documen a ion. To pu i ano he way: how a does he linguis ic di e si y
ha we can see in I aly, and he iden i ica ion o mul iple Sabellian a ian s,
depend on he eno mous p o usion o I alian epig aphy (and he abundan
e hnonymic in o ma ion)? And how a does he appa en homogenei y o
Gaulish mask dialec ical a ian s ha he documen a ion a ailable does no
12 Among hese, Hespe ia, s ill incomple e, dedica ed o he Palaeo-Hispanic languages
(Hespe ia, <h p://hespe ia.ucm.es>), and hose de o ed o insc ip ions in Lepon ic
(Lexicon Lepon icum, <h p://www.uni ie.ac.a /lexlep/wiki>) and Rae ic (Thesau us
Insc ip ionum Rae ica um, <www.uni ie.ac.a / ae ica/wiki/Main_Page>). A collec i e
app oach o he p oblems posed by epig aphic da abases in De San is and Rossi 2019.
13 <h p://aelaw.uniza .es/da abase/insc ip ions>, ongoing.
21
Palaeo-Eu opean s udies: languages, w i ings, epig aphic cul u es
palaeohispanica 20 | 2020 | pp. 13-25
allow us o de ec ? I should be bo ne in mind ha he Gauls and he Sabellian
egions ha e bo h yielded a ound a housand insc ip ions, despi e he o me
being much la ge han he la e .
As al eady indica ed, om he me hodological pe spec i e, he e a e wo
common ea u es sha ed by Palaeo-Eu opean s udies de eloped wi hin he
AELAW ne wo k: on one hand, he conside a ion o language, sc ip , and
epig aphic cul u e as a communica ion sys em ha should be add essed in i s
en i e y; and, on he o he , he con ic ion ha each o hose linguis ic and epi-
g aphic se s should be conside ed in he gene al con ex o Palaeo-Eu opean
and Classical w i en cul u es, hus con ibu ing o o e coming he adi ional
agmen a ion o esea ch which was discussed abo e.
The di e en ools ha he COST p og amme pu a he disposal o i s
membe s, in pa icula he T aining Schools and he Sho Te m Scien i ic
Missions, se ed bo h hose pu poses. The o me enabled a comp ehensi e
app oach o he Palaeo-Eu opean linguis ic and epig aphic se s om Hispania,
Gaul, and he Balkans ini ially (Epig aphic online da abases & languages and
insc ip ions ou side I aly, Jaca 2015),14 and a e wa ds om I aly (P e-Roman
languages and insc ip ions o I aly, Ve ona 2016).15 The la e s eng hened he
links be ween he di e en esea ch g oups ia b ie esidencies p ima ily di-
ec ed owa ds young esea che s so hey could ain in a eas o in es iga ion
ha a e di e en om hei speciali ies.16
Finally, he in eg a ed s udy o language, sc ip , and epig aphy has ound
a conc e e ou pu in he AELAW Bookle s se ies, which seeks o p o ide in-
oduc ions o each o he Palaeo-Eu opean se s paying a en ion o each o
hese h ee dimensions — an objec i e ha se es as he seed o he cen al
sec ion o his olume.17
14 <h p://aelaw.uniza .es/e en s/aelaw- i s - aining-school-jaca-sep embe -2015>.
15 <h p://aelaw.uniza .es/e en s/aelaw-second- aining-school- e ona-sep embe -2016>.
16 <h p://aelaw.uniza .es/e en s/>, h ee calls.
17 <h p://aelaw.uniza .es/publica ions/>, <h ps://puz.uniza .es/277-aelaw-bookle >.
To da e, hose ela ed o Cel ibe ian, Ibe ian, Lusi anian, Rae ic, Gaulish, Faliscan,
E uscan, and Cisapine Cel ic ha e been published, and hose dedica ed o Vasco-
nic-Aqui anian, Ogham, Messapic and Th acian a e well ad anced.