Diet and Lifestyle in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Editorial Diet and Lifestyle in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Roberto Mart´ ınez-Beamonte , 1 , 2 Sergio Ac´ ın , 3 Adela Ram´ ırez-Torres , 4 and Mar´ ıa ´ Angeles Navarro 2 , 5 1 CIBER de Fisiopatolog´ıa de la Obesidad y Nutrici´on, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain 2 Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag´ on, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain 3 Molecular Genetics Group, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia 4 Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, USA 5 Departamento de Bioqu´ ımica y Biolog´ ıa Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Correspondence should be addressed to Roberto Mart´ ınez-Beamonte; [email protected] Received 18 February 2020; Accepted 16 September 2020; Published 15 December 2020 Copyright © 2020 Roberto Mart´ ınez-Beamonte et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in anymedium, provided the original work is properlycited. The liver is an essential metabolic organ which governs body energymetabolism connected with adipose tissue and skeletal muscle among other tissues. The prevalence of obesityhas reached epidemic proportions in manycountries around the world and continues to grow everyyear which is caused bymultiple factors, with diet and lifestyle being the most researched and therefore most important. Nonalcoholic fattyliver disease (NAFLD) is one of the several metabolic complications associated with obesity.The pathologyof NAFLDis difficult to recognize or diagnose especiallyin earlystages without a biopsyand therefore can remain undetected for significant time allowing the disease to progress. The diagnosis of NAFLDis crucial to be able to start adequate treatment including changes in diet and lifestyle in the first stage of the disease when the pathologyis reversible and prevent the development of severe forms of the disease such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or the irreversible cirrhosis stage. When the liver becomes damaged, this can lead to some metabolic alterations that haveasevere and multifaceted impact in type 2diabetes mellitus (T2DM), visceral obesity, and cardiovascular disease related to elevated plasmatic cholesterol, triglycerides, transaminases, and others that indicate hepatic disorders and oxidative stress. This special issue aims to bring articles to assemble the latest progress to combat NAFLD,NASH, and cirrhosis mainlyrelated to overweight and obesitywhich are increasinglyprevalent in today’s society. The manuscripts received bythe journal were carefullyselected pursuing this objective. I. Grgurevic et al.’s review paper “Natural Historyof Nonalcoholic FattyLiver Disease: Implications for Clinical Practice and an Individualized Approach” summarizes the current knowledge on the natural historyof NAFLDand suggests there is not still strong evidence of significant association between the inflammatorycomponent of NAFLD and the adverse clinical outcomes. The authors propose older age (>50 years) and presence of T2DM and some genetic variants as indicators of increased risk of having liver fibrosis. The review made byZ. Miao et al. showed new insights and basis for medical therapyon adipose metabolic diseases, related to diet, and more concrete with the consumption of vitamin D. This review summarized the relationship between vitamin Dand the adipose tissue that represent the major storage of vitamin Dand classified its biological roles and functionalities with the regulation and development on adipogenesis and other metabolic diseases, calcium homeostasis, and energymetabolism. Hindawi Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Volume 2020, Article ID 3495082, 2 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3495082 H. Ou et al. have written a cross-sectional studywith 225 patients with NAFLD, smokers, and nonsmokers, to evaluate a lifestyle parameter over NAFLD.Liver-significant fibrosis was diagnosed byliver stiffness using a FibroScan. The results indicate that the risk of fibrosis in smokers with NAFLDis significantlyhigher, showing higher changes in significant liver fibrosis and advanced liver fibrosis in these patients, with influence of age and ASTlevels too. T. Himoto et al. made a cross-sectional studywith diet intervention during 6months in patients with NAFLDto determine the nutritional and dietaryfactors associated with muscle volume loss in these patients with presarcopenia, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity. The authors indicate that there are different factors that regulate muscle volume loss in male and female NAFLDpatients. Another interesting paper written byB. Mart´ ınez et al. used a special diet during 2months in a porcine animal model to induce fattyliver. After the dietaryfattyliver induction, the authors used 10 mg/kg/dayof melatonin to reverse the fattyliver, feeding the animals with the same steatosic special diet. The results showed that the melatonin group does not increase steatosis, with a decrease of MDA levels. A.M.Akinnuga et al. presented the first work using bredemolic acid in a diet-induced prediabetic rat model during 12 weeks. The prediabetes model showed an increase in AST and ALT, liver glycogen and triglycerides, and lipid peroxidation and a decrease in SREBP1 expression. The bredemolic acid administration decreased liver enzyme concentration and hepatic oxidative stress and improved antioxidant enzymes such as SODand GPx, thus improving liver function. Conflicts of Interest The editors declare no conflicts of interest. Roberto Mart´ ınez-Beamonte Sergio Acin Adela Ramirez-Torres Mar´ ıa ´ Angeles Navarro 2Canadian Journal of Gastroenterologyand Hepatology