Mul imodal Technologies
and In e ac ion
Re iew
A Re iew o He i age Building In o ma ion
Modeling (H-BIM)
Facundo JoséLópez 1,*ID , Ped o M. Le ones 2, JoséLlamas 2ID , Jaime Gómez-Ga cía-Be mejo 3ID
and Edua do Zalama 3
1DISA, Uni e si y o Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
2Ca i ounda ion, Pa que ecnológico de Boecillo, 47151 Valladolid, Sapin;
[email p o ec ed] (P.M.L.); [email p o ec ed] (J.L.)
3ITAP, Uni e si y o Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; [email p o ec ed] (J.G.-G.-B.);
[email p o ec ed] (E.Z.)
*Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +34-610-687-429
Recei ed: 28 Ma ch 2018; Accep ed: 3 May 2018; Published: 5 May 2018

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Abs ac :
Many p ojec s conce ning he p o ec ion, conse a ion, es o a ion, and dissemina ion o
cul u al he i age a e being ca ied ou a ound he wo ld due o i s g owing in e es as a d i ing
o ce o socio-economic de elopmen . The exis ence o eliable, digi al h ee-dimensional (3D)
models ha allow o he planning and managemen o hese p ojec s in a emo e and decen alized
way is cu en ly a g owing necessi y. The e a e many so wa e ools o pe o m he modeling and
comple e h ee-dimensional documen a ion o he in e ened monumen s. Howe e , he A chi ec u e,
Enginee ing and Cons uc ion (AEC) sec o has adop ed he Building In o ma ion Modeling (BIM)
s anda d o e he las ew decades due o he p og ess ha has been made in i s quali ies and
capabili ies. The complex modeling o cul u al he i age h ough comme cial BIM so wa e leads
o he conside a ion o he concep o He i age BIM (H-BIM), which pu sues he modeling o
a chi ec u al elemen s, acco ding o a is ic, his o ical, and cons uc i e ypologies. In addi ion,
H-BIM is conside ed o be an eme ging echnology ha enables us o unde s and, documen ,
ad e ize, and i ually econs uc he buil he i age. This a icle is a e iew o he exis ing li e a u e
on H-BIM and i s e ec i e implemen a ion in he cul u al he i age sec o , explo ing he e ec i eness
and he use ulness o he di e en me hodologies ha we e de eloped o model amilies o elemen s
o in e es .
Keywo ds:
cul u al he i age documen a ion; BIM; H-BIM; H-BIM li e a u e e iew; as-is model
H-BIM; 3D he i age modeling; poin clouds; Lase scanne
1. In oduc ion and Aims
Acco ding o UNESCO, he Wo ld He i age is di ided in o Na u al, Cul u al, and Unde wa e
He i age. In u n, Cul u al He i age (CH) is di ided in o wo b oad ca ego ies, angible cul u al
he i age and in angible cul u al he i age. All o hem e lec uni e sal alues ha mus be a legacy
o u u e gene a ions [
1
,
2
]. Tangible cul u al he i age, pa icula ly immo able asse s (monumen s,
a chaeological si es, and so on), is he main subjec o applica ion in he new app oaches. Howe e ,
he e is a decided lack o documen a ion and echnical in o ma ion in many exis ing his o ic
buildings [
3
,
4
]. This can esul in ine icien p ojec managemen , loss o ime, and inc eased cos s in
main enance o upda ing p ocesses [5]. So, a s uc u ed digi al h ee-dimensional (3D) model as pa
o he a chi ec u al he i age imp o emen p ocess is an u gen need, nowadays. Mo eo e , he digi al
3D model mus be con e ed in o a c ucial e e ence ame o he unde s anding and moni o ing o
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21; doi:10.3390/m i2020021 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/m i
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 2 o 29
documen a ion [
6
,
7
], hus c ea ing a da a sou ce (g aphics and seman ics) ha is sui able o assis ing
in conse a ion, es o a ion, and econs uc ion p ojec s [8].
3D scanning and pho og amme y echnologies a e pa icula ly ele an o accele a ing spa ial
da a collec ion om exis ing buildings, as well as o apid in e en ion condi ions a e dange ous.
Lase scanne s, in pa icula , p o ide a p ecise geome ic ep oduc ion o h ee-dimensional objec s in
a sho ime, in he o m o millions o poin s, wi h geome ic coo dina es (X, Y, Z) [
9
]. Mo eo e ,
colo in o ma ion can also be inco po a ed o mapped by using in e nal o ex e nal calib a ed
came as [
10
]. A se ies o s eps, such as cleaning and il e ing he “noise” o he poin cloud, is equi ed
be o e he aw poin cloud can be used, hus ob aining a inal global cloud ha aims o p ese e he
o iginal complexi y o he documen ed he i age.
The p ocessed poin clouds can be inco po a ed in o Building In o ma ion Modeling (BIM)
pla o ms, which ha e been adop ed by scien i ic communi ies and he A chi ec u e, Enginee ing,
and Cons uc ion (AEC) sec o in ecen yea s as a new pa adigm o he design, documen a ion, and
digi al managemen o exis ing asse s, especially o he buil his o ical monumen s [11,12].
The e a e cu en ly many BIM pla o ms ha a e used by expe s o pe o m he modeling,
i ual isualiza ion, and managemen o he in eg al and inc emen al knowledge o a chi ec u al
he i age. Howe e , i is impo an o no e ha he lib a ies and ools o he BIM pla o ms ocus on
he design and cons uc ion o new buildings wi h simple, egula , and s anda dized objec s [
13
,
14
].
Fo his eason, he i ual and de ailed econs uc ion o cul u al-his o ical he i age has e ealed
some limi a ions o BIM pla o ms, such as he una ailabili y o his o ical pa ame ic objec lib a ies
and he lack o ools o managing complex, i egula , and unce ain shapes ha a e ob ained om
poin clouds.
Mo eo e , ob aining pa ame ic 3D models o he building elemen s om he poin clouds is
conside ed a ime-consuming p ocess. The e o e, acco ding o Mu phy e al., (2009) [
15
] and Volk e al.,
(2014) [
16
], once he pa ame ic objec s a e modeled using he a chi ec u al his o ical documen a ion
and he lase scanning da a, lib a ies o he modeled elemen s should be gene a ed, hus encapsula ing
he concep o He i age Building In o ma ion Modeling (H-BIM). These new H-BIM lib a ies, which
wo k as a plug-in o BIM wi hin he gene al amewo k o “Sma he i age”, allow o he design,
ehabili a ion, econs uc ion, managemen , and main enance p ocesses o a chi ec u al he i age o
become simple , clea e , and quicke du ing he es o i s li e cycle [17].
The g owing necessi y o eco e and digi ally ep esen he i age buildings [
18
], and he
limi a ions o so wa e o au oma e he di ec ans o ma ion o he poin cloud o solid componen s,
has led he expe s o ace he challenge o choosing di e en BIM pla o ms ha will be used o manage
he implemen a ion o he semi-au oma ic design and he econs uc ion p ocesses o i ual modeling.
These p ocesses a e possible hanks o a common da a s uc u e called Indus y Founda ion Classes
(IFC), which was de eloped by BuildingSMART [
19
,
20
]. This s uc u e gua an ees he exis ence o
collabo a i e in e en ions, as well as he in e ope abili y, exchange, and s o age o ele an da a
be ween expe s and di e en BIM so wa e pla o ms [
21
,
22
]. The e o e, i is conside ed ha he
de eloped H-BIM componen s can be sha ed and used by all o hose expe s ha a e in e es ed in
he opic.
I should be no ed ha he semi-au oma ic cons uc ion o H-BIM models is a cu en opic in R&D.
This is demons a ed in he con ex o he EU H2020 esea ch amewo k p og am unde wo leading
p ojec s: DURAARK (Du able A chi ec u al knowledge: h p://du aa k.eu/) and INCEPTION
(Inclusi e cul u al he i age in Eu ope h ough 3D seman ic modeling: www.incep ion-p ojec .eu).
The INCEPTION p ojec , in pa icula , includes a special ocus on H-BIM g aphic, seman ic, and
opological in e ope abili y, in which he g aphic and seman ic in o ma ion o in e es in Cul u al
He i age, i s sou ces and supplie s, he echnologies and o ma s, and he applicable di ec i es ha e
all been de ined and ag eed as an objec o esea ch.
In sho , his pape add esses a comp ehensi e e iew ha includes 131 ecen publica ions on
he implemen a ion o BIM o he main enance, diagnosis, managemen , o comple e pa ame ic
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 3 o 29
modeling “as-is model” o exis ing buildings, speci ically hose belonging o he cul u al he i age
(CH). In addi ion, he mos ele an me hods, ools, and echnologies o he acquisi ion, managemen ,
and exchange o in o ma ion in BIM a e also desc ibed. On he o he hand, he scope includes he
collec ion o da a and knowledge conce ning H-BIM/BIM and o he so wa e used o he 3D modeling
and in o ma ion managemen o CH. Howe e , i igno es conside a ions conce ning cons uc ion
p og amming, cos es ima ion, analyses and simula ions, esidual managemen , and demoli ion,
due o he di e en equi emen s and he ac ha mos o he bibliog aphies mainly deal wi h new
buildings [23,24].
The aim his bibliog aphic e iew is o de elop an H-BIM concep ual amewo k based on his
in o ma ion and o highligh i s implemen a ion and unc ionali y in he econs uc ion, documen a ion,
managemen , o main enance p ojec s o he wo ld’s a chi ec u al he i age. In his con ex , he p esen
esea ch will be use ul o unde s anding he po en iali ies and di icul ies o he mos in luen ial
me hodologies in he p ocesses o he pa ame ic modeling o cul u al he i age.
2. Me hodology and Li e a u e Re iew
This esea ch exhibi s a c i ical e iew o he scien i ic and echnical li e a u e ha will allow
o us o iden i y, e alua e, and unde s and cu en ends and gaps in knowledge conce ning he
documen a ion and 3D i ual modeling o exis ing buildings. In addi ion, his esea ch will be use ul
o hose esea che s ha a e in ol ed in he implemen a ion o BIM o modeling his o ic buildings
and o H-BIM modeling.
Acco ding o Wong & Zhou, 2015 [
25
] and He adio e al., 2016 [
26
], due o he la ge low o
exis ing s udies on he a o emen ioned subjec , a il e o bibliome ic s udy is equi ed o ecognize
he mos in luen ial publica ions, he e olu ion o he in e es in hose subjec s o e ime, and he
ela ionship be ween hem. Wi h his pu pose, he da a collec ion o he scien i ic li e a u e was ca ied
ou h ough a sea ch using keywo ds in he di e en sou ces o con ibu ions, such as academic
jou nals, p oceedings o cong esses, egula ions, and book sec ions. The keywo ds ha a e co e ed
a e “BIM”, “BIM o exis ing buildings”, “Cul u al He i age modeling”, “H-BIM” “He i age BIM”,
“His o ic BIM”, and “he i age managemen and documen a ion as buil ”. In addi ion, hese keywo ds
a e g ouped acco ding o hei heme o imp o e in e p e abili y [26].
In his con ex , i is wo h cla i ying ha he sea ch o he scien i ic con ibu ion sou ces was
ca ied ou h ough Scopus, ScienceDi ec , and Google Schola . In addi ion, he BuildingSMART
s anda d commi ee and some sec ions o so wa e p o ide s ha e been e ised o ob ain in o ma ion
beyond he academic publica ions. In ela ion o he scien i ic con ibu ions ound, hose wi h he
highes equency o he key wo ds used and he highes numbe o ci a ions ha e been selec ed
and examined.
A o al o 131 con ibu ions ha we e published be ween 2007 and 2018 we e analyzed, o which
87 co espond o pape s in jou nals wi h an in e na ional impac , 23 o p oceedings o cong esses,
i e o da a ob ained om sec ions o books, wo o in e na ional egula ions, and 14 o In e ne sou ces.
Table 1shows how he publica ion low is dis ibu ed.
As shown in Figu e 1, 38 pape s, ocus on he implemen a ion o BIM o BIM unc ionali ies
in exis ing buildings, 36 pape s include he wo d ‘H-BIM’ in he i le, abs ac , keywo ds, o main
ex , and 19 pape s do no men ion BIM o do no explici ly build BIM models, bu hey do deal
wi h he 3D i ual modeling o exis ing buildings (CAD models, 3D MAX, Rhino, Skp., Seman ic
Web se ices, e c.). In addi ion, 13 documen s deal wi h issues ha a e ela ed o da a cap u e and
p ocessing, while he nine emaining publica ions ocus on o he issues (he i age, da a exchange,
demoli ion, e c.). In addi ion, Figu e 1shows how he low o publica ions has e ol ed, in ensi ying
o e he yea s. Fu he mo e, acco ding o Table 1, he la ges numbe o selec ed publica ions is om
“Au oma ion in Cons uc ion (AIC)”, “The In e na ional A chi es o Pho og amme y,Remo e Sensing and
Space In o ma ion Sciences (ISPRS)”, “Jou nal o Cul u al He i age”, “Su ey Re iew”, and he “IEEE Digi al
He i age In e na ional Cong ess”.
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 4 o 29
Table 1. Flow o publica ion.
Jou nals Main Topics Impac Fac o * Numbe o Selec ed Publica ions
1 Jou nal o Cul u al He i age Ma e ial science, Mul idisciplina y 1.838 (JCR) 8
2 In e na ional Jou nal o A chi ec u al He i age Cons uc ion & Building Technology 1.053 (JCR) 3
3 Ad anced Enginee ing In o ma ics Compu e Science, AI 2.680 (JCR) 2
4 Au oma ion in Cons uc ion Cons uc ion & Building Technology 2.919 (JCR) 12
5 Compu e -Aided Ci il and In as uc u e Enginee ing Cons uc ion & Building Technology 5.786 (JCR) 1
6 S udies in Conse a ion Analy ical 0.578 (JCR) 1
7 In e na ional Jou nal o P ojec Managemen Managemen 4.034 (JCR) 1
8 S uc u al Su ey Buildings and Cons uc ion 0.28 (SJR) 2
9 P ocedia Enginee ing Enginee ing 0.74 (Ci eSco e) 1
10 In e na ional Jou nal o A chi ec u al Compu ing Compu e -aided A chi ec u al design 0.122 (SJR) 2
11 ISPRS Jou nal o Pho og amme y and Remo e Sensing Remo e sensing 6.387 (JCR) 23
12 Su ey Re iew Remo e sensing 0.929 (JCR) 5
13 Compu e s in Indus y Compu e Science 2.691 (JCR) 1
14 Digi al Applica ions in A chaeology and Cul u al He i age 3D digi al models o he cul u al he i age 0.252 (SJR) 3
15 DISEGNARE CON He i age A chi ec u e - 3
16 Jou nal o Compu ing in Ci il Enginee ing Compu e Science, Enginee ing 2.310 (JCR) 1
17 Compu e s En i onmen and U ban Sys ems En i onmen al Science 2.659 (JCR) 1
18 In o ma ion and So wa e Technology In o ma ion Sys ems, So wa e Enginee ing,
G aphics 2.694 (JCR) 1
19 WIT T ansac ions on The Buil En i onmen Buildings and Cons uc ion 0.12 (SJR) 4
20 Science China In o ma ion Sciences Enginee ing, Ma e ial Science 1.719 (JCR) 1
21 A chi es o Compu a ional Me hods in Enginee ing Compu e Science, In e disciplina y Applica ions 5.061 (JCR) 1
22 Jou nal o In o ma ion Technology in Cons uc ion Buildings and Cons uc ion 0.352 (SJR) 2
23 Leade ship and Managemen in Enginee ing Ci il and S uc u al Enginee ing 0.144 (SJR) 1
24 Vi ual A chaeology Re iew Conse a ion, Documen a ion, 3D su eying - 2
25 In e na ional Jou nal o Building Pa hology and Adap a ion Buildings and Cons uc ion 0.82 (Scopus) 1
26 Buil En i onmen P ojec and Asse Managemen Design and Cons uc ion managemen 1.07 (Scopus) 1
27 CSE-Ci y Sa e y Ene gy - - 1
28 SCIRES-IT-SCIen i ic RESea ch and In o ma ion Technology Cul u al and en i onmen al He i age
documen a ion - 2
Cong ess P oceedings
1 Annual Con e ence o he Associa ion o Compu e Aided Design in A chi ec u e 1
2 eCAADe Con e ence 1
3 ICB Wo ld Building Cong ess 1
4 In e na ional Con e ence on Compu ing in Ci il and Building Enginee ing 2
5 In e na ional Con e ence on Big Da a (Big Da a) IEEE 1
6 Digi al He i age In e na ional Cong ess (Digi alHe i age) IEEE 7
7 CIB W78 Con e ence 1
8 In e na ional Building Con ol Con e ence 1
9 In e na ional Con e ence on Vi ual Sys ems and Mul imedia 2
10 In e na ional Scien i ic Commi ee o Documen a ion o Cul u al He i age (CIPA) 2
11 In e na ional Symposium on Au oma ion and Robo ics in Cons uc ion (ISARC) 1
12 Digi al Documen a ion In e na ional Con e ence 1
13 Eu oMed 1
14 In e na ional Con e ence o Science and Compu a ion ICCSA 1
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 5 o 29
Table 1. Con .
Books
1 Reco ding, Documen a ion, and In o ma ion Managemen o he Conse a ion o He i age Places 1
2 He i age Building In o ma ion Modelling 1
3 Compu a ional Modeling o Objec s P esen ed in Images 1
4 Handbook o Resea ch on Eme ging Technologies o Digi al P ese a ion and In o ma ion Modeling 1
5 BIM Handbook: A Guide o Building In o ma ion Modeling o Owne s, Manage s, Designe s, Enginee s and Con ac o s 1
In e ne Sou ces
1 Clea Edge 3D 1
2 IMAGINiT 1
3 G aphiso 1
4 Tekla 1
5 Mic oS a ion 1
6 BuildingSMART 3
7 Au odesk 1
8 DAYSIM 1
9 SKETCHUP 1
10 DURAARK 1
11 Inno me ic 1
12 Meshlab 1
Regula ions 2
* Impac Fac o acco ding o: (JCR) InCi es Jou nal Ci a ion Repo s, (SJR) Scimago Jou nal & Coun y Rank, Ci eSco e and Scopus.

Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 6 o 29
In pa icula , mos o he scien i ic con ibu ions ha we e analyzed desc ibe he combina ion o
new da a acquisi ion echnologies (lase scanne and pho og amme y) wi h BIM pla o ms o achie e
i ual and pa ame ic modeling o a chi ec u al he i age. Howe e , only a ew documen s deal wi h
he au oma ion o he e e se enginee ing p ocess, wi h o wi hou BIM, as well as he p ocesses o
in e ope abili y, managemen , documen a ion, and main enance o he “as-is model” building.
I is impo an o highligh ha he main di e ence ha is p esen ed in his esea ch wi h ega d
o he esea ch o Volk e al., 2014 [
16
] and B uno e al., 2018 [
27
] is ha his esea ch ocuses on
he desc ip ion o he H-BIM lib a y as a possible ool o p ojec s o econs uc ion, documen a ion,
managemen , o main enance o CH.
The pape is s uc u ed, as ollows. This sec ion has shown he implemen ed me hod o collec and
examine he scien i ic publica ions ha a e ela ed o he me hodology, unc ionali y, and implemen a ion
o H-BIM. The nex sec ion (Sec ion 3) de ines he app oaches o he su eying, acquisi ion and
p ocessing o geome ic da a o he analyzed building. In addi ion, i also explains some aspec s
ela ed o 3D geome ic modeling om he use o poin clouds. In Sec ion 4, BIM is de ined in a b oade
sense o ensu e i s e minology. In addi ion, he unc ionali ies and ools ha a e a ailable in BIM a e
b ie ly desc ibed. Once he gene al backg ound ega ding he i ual modeling o exis ing buildings
has been se ou , Sec ion 5desc ibes he concep o H-BIM as he i s measu e. Subsequen ly, i ocuses
on he e olu ion and he implemen a ion o H-BIM in he p ocesses o he documen a ion, managemen ,
and modeling o a chi ec u al he i age. The las sec ion discusses he issues and limi a ions ha we e
ound du ing he analysis and also desc ibes he conclusions o his esea ch.
Mul imodal Technol. In e ac . 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 30
I is impo an o highligh ha he main di e ence ha is p esen ed in his esea ch wi h ega d
o he esea ch o Volk e al., 2014 [16] and B uno e al., 2018 [27] is ha his esea ch ocuses on he
desc ip ion o he H-BIM lib a y as a possible ool o p ojec s o econs uc ion, documen a ion,
managemen , o main enance o CH.
The pape is s uc u ed, as ollows. This sec ion has shown he implemen ed me hod o collec
and examine he scien i ic publica ions ha a e ela ed o he me hodology, unc ionali y, and
implemen a ion o H-BIM. The nex sec ion (Sec ion 3) de ines he app oaches o he su eying,
acquisi ion and p ocessing o geome ic da a o he analyzed building. In addi ion, i also explains
some aspec s ela ed o 3D geome ic modeling om he use o poin clouds. In Sec ion 4, BIM is
de ined in a b oade sense o ensu e i s e minology. In addi ion, he unc ionali ies and ools ha a e
a ailable in BIM a e b ie ly desc ibed. Once he gene al backg ound ega ding he i ual modeling
o exis ing buildings has been se ou , Sec ion 5 desc ibes he concep o H-BIM as he i s measu e.
Subsequen ly, i ocuses on he e olu ion and he implemen a ion o H-BIM in he p ocesses o he
documen a ion, managemen , and modeling o a chi ec u al he i age. The las sec ion discusses he
issues and limi a ions ha we e ound du ing he analysis and also desc ibes he conclusions o his
esea ch.
Figu e 1. This igu e shows he mos used app oaches in he analyzed publica ions. How he low o
publica ions has e ol ed, in ensi ying o e he yea s, is also no iceable. Sou ce: Own igu es.
3. Da a Cap u e and P ocessing
The echnological e olu ion ha has been achie ed o e he las ew decades b ough wi h i
new echnologies ha ha e imp o ed and accele a ed he opog aphic echniques o spa ial da a
acquisi ion o gene a e accu a e cons uc ion in o ma ion models. In his sec ion, he wo mos
in luen ial echniques nowadays a e desc ibed: pho og amme y and e es ial lase scanning (TLS).
In addi ion, he necessa y p ocessing s eps o he cap u ed da a o be used a e explained.
Fu he mo e, in his sec ion, some app oaches ela ed o 3D geome ic modeling om he use o
he poin clouds a e also explained.
3.1. Pho og amme y
Pho og amme y is a p ecise 3D measu emen echnique, wi hou con ac , which is based on
se e al high-quali y images ha allow o he collec ion o seman ic and spa ial da a o a building o
objec o be accele a ed [28]. Pho og amme y is a echnique based on iangula ion, whe e he lines
Figu e 1.
This igu e shows he mos used app oaches in he analyzed publica ions. How he low o
publica ions has e ol ed, in ensi ying o e he yea s, is also no iceable. Sou ce: Own igu es.
3. Da a Cap u e and P ocessing
The echnological e olu ion ha has been achie ed o e he las ew decades b ough wi h i
new echnologies ha ha e imp o ed and accele a ed he opog aphic echniques o spa ial da a
acquisi ion o gene a e accu a e cons uc ion in o ma ion models. In his sec ion, he wo mos
in luen ial echniques nowadays a e desc ibed: pho og amme y and e es ial lase scanning (TLS).
In addi ion, he necessa y p ocessing s eps o he cap u ed da a o be used a e explained.
Fu he mo e, in his sec ion, some app oaches ela ed o 3D geome ic modeling om he use o
he poin clouds a e also explained.
3.1. Pho og amme y
Pho og amme y is a p ecise 3D measu emen echnique, wi hou con ac , which is based on
se e al high-quali y images ha allow o he collec ion o seman ic and spa ial da a o a building o
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 7 o 29
objec o be accele a ed [
28
]. Pho og amme y is a echnique based on iangula ion, whe e he lines
o ision o came as, which a e loca ed in se e al places, a e joined a a common poin in he objec .
The esul s ob ained wi h he pho og aphic su ey a e o hog aphic images o models o iangula ed
and ex u ed su aces.
Acco ding o G ussenmeye , 2008 [
29
] and Fu ukawa e al., 2009 [
30
], he pos -p ocessing o
pho og aphic econs uc ion can be conside ed o be a g ea disad an age. This is because i is a
p ocess ha gene a es a g ea manual e o and consumes a lo o ime, especially when he ex u e
o he objec is poo and i s shape is e y complex. In addi ion, o he images o be used as 2D o
3D models o high p ecision, p ocesses o in e sec ion o cha ac e is ic poin s and scalabili y mus
i s be applied o each cap u e ob ained and la e combined wi h p ecise opog aphic o empi ical
measu emen s [31].
Al hough he cu en de elopmen o compu a ional in elligence does no allow o comple e
au oma ion, he combina ion o pho og amme y wi h compu e ision (basically inco po a ing
S uc u e o Mo ion (S M) algo i hms) is beginning o p o ide accu a e esul s in 3D modeling in
cul u al he i age [
32
]. F ee and online access o a mul i ude o quali y pho og aphs is becoming an
incompa ably as , cheap, and ealis ic way o cap u ing eali y o i ually ep oduce a i ac s and
buildings [
33
]. Tha is why an inc easing numbe o so wa e ools a e easily ound o econs uc 3D
models om pho os as au oma ically as possible.
3.2. Lase Scanning Technique
Lase scanning echnologies a e adop ed o hei abili y o accele a e he spa ial da a collec ion
o exis ing buildings o complex su aces, as well as o he accu acy and p ecision o he acqui ed
da a. Lase scanne s a e subdi ided in o wo speci ic a eas, ae ial and e es ial. Each one has a ange
and p ecision ha is sui able o he use o which i will be des ined. In pa icula , Lase Scanne
Technologies (TLS) wo k ia a lase beam ha a els owa ds he a ea being scanned and back,
measu ing angles and dis ances wi h accu acies om millime e s o cen ime e s [
34
] (Figu e 2a). In his
con ex , TLS ob ain a p ecise and de ailed geome ic ep oduc ion o h ee-dimensional objec s in a
sho ime [
35
], in he o m o millions o poin s (a cloud o poin s), wi h geome ic coo dina es (X, Y, Z)
(Figu e 2b) [
9
], in a digi al en i onmen , wi h bo h me ic and adiome ic in o ma ion. In addi ion,
h ee di e en ypes s and ou among he TLS sys ems: iangula ion, phase di e ence, and Time o
Fligh (TOF). Each o hese TLS sys ems a e capable o p oducing poin clouds o he objec s; howe e ,
he accu acy and he densi y o he ob ained poin clouds will a y depending on he selec ed scanne
ype, as well as he numbe o scans made (Figu e 3) [36].
Cu en ly, TLS play a e y impo an ole in a wide ange o pu poses ha can be di ec ly
ex apola ed o cul u al he i age [
37
], including he ollow-up o an in e en ion [
38
], de ec de ec ion [
39
],
o he ep oduc ion o exis ing models [
40
,
41
]. Howe e , he high cos o hese echnologies, he need
o specialized managemen and he p e-p ocessing o he in o ma ion acqui ed can be conside ed as
challenges and/o disad an ages. I should be aken in o accoun ha i is no gene ally possible o
cap u e all o he geome ic in o ma ion o some objec s o ex e nal su aces om a single scanning
posi ion, since he e may be elemen s ha block he scanne iew. Fo his eason, i is necessa y
o place he scanne in di e en posi ions wi h espec o he objec . The da a ex ac ed om he
di e en scans c ea es pa ial-poin clouds {(xi, yi, zi)}, and hen each one o hese poin clouds is
me ged o gi e ise o a global cloud ha will desc ibe he si e. This p ocess is known as poin cloud
egis a ion. In o de o pe o m he egis a ion, a ce ain o e lapping be ween adjacen poin s se s
(i.e., 20–30%) is necessa y. In his o e lap, se e al common ie poin s o a ge s be ween poin clouds
mus be iden i ied.
The alignmen o poin clouds is commonly pe o med using an I e a i e Closes Poin (ICP)-based
op imiza ion algo i hm [
42
]. The alignmen is equen ly aided by he use wi h 3D da a edi ing and
p ocessing so wa e. Subsequen ly, so ha he aw poin cloud can be used, a se ies o s eps, such as
cleaning and il e ing he “noise” o he poin cloud da a, is pe o med. Cleaning and il e ing is
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 8 o 29
gene ally use aided, wi h speci ic poin cloud handling so wa e (i.e., Polywo ks
®
) [
43
], as scene
in e p e a ion is necessa y (e.g., clean poin s om ees, people, o ou lie s).
Al e na i ely, polygon su ace meshing can be used as he da a p ocessing me hod. Wi h his
me hod, a su ace ha is composed o iangles is c ea ed on he poin cloud. This mesh is edi ed o ill
holes in he cloud, as well as o so en and o educe he poin s o he model [
44
]. The p e-p ocessing
o he in o ma ion is conside ed o be i al, since he alignmen and debugging o he cloud o poin s
is wha allows o he cap u ed in o ma ion o be accu a ely e e enced.
Mul imodal Technol. In e ac . 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 30
Al e na i ely, polygon su ace meshing can be used as he da a p ocessing me hod. Wi h his
me hod, a su ace ha is composed o iangles is c ea ed on he poin cloud. This mesh is edi ed o
ill holes in he cloud, as well as o so en and o educe he poin s o he model [44]. The p e-
p ocessing o he in o ma ion is conside ed o be i al, since he alignmen and debugging o he
cloud o poin s is wha allows o he cap u ed in o ma ion o be accu a ely e e enced.
Figu e 2. (a) Lase scanning p ocess o c ea e a poin cloud; (b) Geo e e enced poin cloud, (X, Y, Z).
Sou ce: Own igu es.
T iangula ion Phase di e ence Time o Fligh
Accu acy
<1 mm <5 mm 5–10 mm
Figu e 3. Sys ems and Accu acy o he e es ial lase scanning (TLS). Sou ce: Own igu es.
3.3. Poin Cloud App oach
The cap u ed and p ocessed poin clouds desc ibe, in de ail, he su ace o he scanned elemen s
[45,46]. Un o una ely, hese poin clouds do no con ain addi ional in o ma ion abou he objec s
whose geome y hey ep esen . The e o e, o ob ain geome ical, opological, and seman ic
a ibu es, i is necessa y o p oduce 3D geome ic models o pa ame ic objec s. This 3D modeling
can be desc ibed as a e e se enginee ing p ocess. The segmen a ion and ecogni ion o poin clouds
cu en ly ep esen he undamen al s eps o iden i ying he co ec su aces and acili a ing he
acing o he modeling o pa ame ic objec s. These s eps can be ca ied ou semi-au oma ically o
ully au oma ically h ough he ad ances added o BIM pla o ms, as well as he new algo i hms o
objec ecogni ion and poin cloud segmen a ion [16].
3.3.1. Semiau oma ic Modeling App oach
L
a
s
e
β
α
D
Objec
Lens
Came a
Mi o
Lase
Objec
Recei e
Signal
Phase di e ence
R
e
e
e
n
c
e
Δ
Φ
Lase
O bjec / Su ace
D e ec o
R ecei e
Tim e
Re
l
ec
ed
beam
Emi
ed
beam
Figu e 2.
(
a
) Lase scanning p ocess o c ea e a poin cloud; (
b
) Geo e e enced poin cloud, (X, Y, Z).
Sou ce: Own igu es.
Mul imodal Technol. In e ac . 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 30
Al e na i ely, polygon su ace meshing can be used as he da a p ocessing me hod. Wi h his
me hod, a su ace ha is composed o iangles is c ea ed on he poin cloud. This mesh is edi ed o
ill holes in he cloud, as well as o so en and o educe he poin s o he model [44]. The p e-
p ocessing o he in o ma ion is conside ed o be i al, since he alignmen and debugging o he
cloud o poin s is wha allows o he cap u ed in o ma ion o be accu a ely e e enced.
Figu e 2. (a) Lase scanning p ocess o c ea e a poin cloud; (b) Geo e e enced poin cloud, (X, Y, Z).
Sou ce: Own igu es.
T iangula ion Phase di e ence Time o Fligh
Accu acy
<1 mm <5 mm 5–10 mm
Figu e 3. Sys ems and Accu acy o he e es ial lase scanning (TLS). Sou ce: Own igu es.
3.3. Poin Cloud App oach
The cap u ed and p ocessed poin clouds desc ibe, in de ail, he su ace o he scanned elemen s
[45,46]. Un o una ely, hese poin clouds do no con ain addi ional in o ma ion abou he objec s
whose geome y hey ep esen . The e o e, o ob ain geome ical, opological, and seman ic
a ibu es, i is necessa y o p oduce 3D geome ic models o pa ame ic objec s. This 3D modeling
can be desc ibed as a e e se enginee ing p ocess. The segmen a ion and ecogni ion o poin clouds
cu en ly ep esen he undamen al s eps o iden i ying he co ec su aces and acili a ing he
acing o he modeling o pa ame ic objec s. These s eps can be ca ied ou semi-au oma ically o
ully au oma ically h ough he ad ances added o BIM pla o ms, as well as he new algo i hms o
objec ecogni ion and poin cloud segmen a ion [16].
3.3.1. Semiau oma ic Modeling App oach
L
a
s
e
β
α
D
Objec
Lens
Came a
Mi o
Lase
Objec
Recei e
Signal
Phase di e ence
R
e
e
e
n
c
e
Δ
Φ
Lase
O bjec / Su ace
D e ec o
R ecei e
Tim e
Re
l
ec
ed
beam
Emi
ed
beam
Figu e 3. Sys ems and Accu acy o he e es ial lase scanning (TLS). Sou ce: Own igu es.
3.3. Poin Cloud App oach
The cap u ed and p ocessed poin clouds desc ibe, in de ail, he su ace o he scanned
elemen s [
45
,
46
]. Un o una ely, hese poin clouds do no con ain addi ional in o ma ion abou
he objec s whose geome y hey ep esen . The e o e, o ob ain geome ical, opological, and seman ic
a ibu es, i is necessa y o p oduce 3D geome ic models o pa ame ic objec s. This 3D modeling
can be desc ibed as a e e se enginee ing p ocess. The segmen a ion and ecogni ion o poin clouds
cu en ly ep esen he undamen al s eps o iden i ying he co ec su aces and acili a ing he
acing o he modeling o pa ame ic objec s. These s eps can be ca ied ou semi-au oma ically o
ully au oma ically h ough he ad ances added o BIM pla o ms, as well as he new algo i hms o
objec ecogni ion and poin cloud segmen a ion [16].
3.3.1. Semiau oma ic Modeling App oach
The semi-au oma ic p ocess is guided by he use in he o m o adjus men s, sec ions, ex ac ions,
and ex usions o aces made on he poin cloud. In p inciple, he p ocess consis s o using he design
so wa e ools o manually con igu e a se ies o le els and sec ions in he X, Y, Z geome ic coo dina es
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 9 o 29
o he poin clouds [
47
]. The planes and wo-dimensional iews ha de ail he geome ic p o ile o he
scanned objec s a e ob ained hanks o he sec ions and le els [
48
]. In addi ion, le els and sec ions a e
also used as he s a and end poin s o each geome y ep esen ed. Finally, hese men ioned ac ions
will be used as guides o s a he geome ic modeling o he scanned a chi ec u al componen s.
This p ocess is aluable o documen ing and dissemina ing in o ma ion ha is ela ed o exis ing
buildings. Howe e , achie ing i s implemen a ion is a di icul and ime-consuming ask ha equi es
skilled wo ke s [
49
]. These p oblems a e mainly due o he o hogonal cons ain s ha a e p esen in a
la ge pa o he design so wa e and he high numbe s o necessa y s eps o pa ame ically model he
complex geome ies ha a e p esen in poin clouds.
3.3.2. Au oma ic Modeling App oach
O e he las ew yea s, se e al comme cial and academic esea ch wo ks ha e in es iga ed he
au oma ed econs uc ion o exis ing buildings om poin clouds, especially since BIM pla o ms ha e
gained p ominence wi h hei pa ame ic models.
F om an academic poin o iew, he mos consolida ed me hods a e ound in he in es iga ions o
Jung e al., 2014 [
50
]; Hong e al., 2015 [
51
]; Wang e al., 2015 [
52
]; Zheliazko a e al., 2015 [
53
]; and, Liu,
2016 [
54
]. These esea che s ha e expe imen ed wi h algo i hms o au oma ically ex ac he geome ic
cha ac e is ics o he elemen s h ough he segmen a ion o he poin clouds.
In he wo k o Wang e al., 2015 [
52
] and Liu, 2016 [
54
], he egion g owing plane segmen a ion
algo i hm is p oposed o di ide he aw da a in o poin cloud segmen s, which a e loca ed on he same
plane. Subsequen ly, hey in oduce a bounda y de ec ion algo i hm ha au oma ically ecognizes he
shape, size, and posi ion o he su aces, hus gene a ing con ou polygons o each de ec ed ea u e.
The app oaches o Jung e al., 2014 [
50
] and Hong e al., 2015 [
51
] use he Random Sample Consensus
(RANSAC) algo i hm o op imize he au oma ic segmen a ion o wall planes in he poin clouds and
ex ac he componen s o each su ace. Subsequen ly, e inemen and bounda y acing p ocesses
a e ca ied ou . The i s is done o il e poin s ha do no belong o he planes o in e es , while he
second is used o model he bounda ies o a plane segmen . The simpli ied cha ac e is ics o each
plane ound a e used as a e e ence o he manual modeling o pa ame ic geome ies.
The main issue o Zheliazko a e al., 2015 [
53
] was o use he Open Sou ce So wa e (OSS)
Meshlab
®
[
55
] and he Ball-Pi o ing algo i hm (BPA) o c ea e closed meshes and polygons on he
su aces o he poin clouds. They hen use comme cial so wa e o econs uc he mesh su ace in
3D models. O he algo i hms, in es iga ed o iden i y and classi y objec s wi hin he poin clouds,
a e hose o colo ecogni ion wi h spec al images [56] and hose o ea u e ecogni ion [49,57,58].
In spi e o he p og ess achie ed, hese analyzed app oaches do no au oma e he en i e p ocess
o poin clouds o BIM (Scan- o-BIM). The e o e, he ob ained esul s will be 2D and 3D CAD su ace
models, which mus s ill be manually con e ed in o pa ame ic BIM models. In his con ex , acco ding
o Volk e al., 2014 [
16
], he au oma ic ans o ma ion o complex a chi ec u al elemen s in o olume ic
and seman ic en i ies is s ill in i s in ancy.
F om ano he poin o iew, he esea ch ha was ca ied ou by he comme cial so wa e
companies has led o he de elopmen o new complemen s o solu ions o au oma e he gene a ion
o BIM geome ies om poin clouds. EdgeWise
®
was c ea ed as an independen complemen
so wa e o Au odesk Re i . This complemen classi ies and sepa a es he cloud in o uni o m su aces.
Subsequen ly, he so wa e au oma ically sea ches o candida es o poin s be ween pai s o simila
ho izon al planes and c ea es he pa ame ic model ha is based on he ex ac ed geome y [
59
].
Scan- o-BIM
®
, om IMAGINiT Technologies, was also de eloped as a complemen o Au odesk Re i .
This complemen p o ides de ec ion algo i hms and adjus men s o he managemen o he poin
clouds [
60
]. Wi h he de ec ion o poin s, i au oma ically c ea es walls o simple objec s su aces
in pa ame ic elemen s [
61
]. O he complemen s ha also help wi h he segmen a ion, de ec ion,
p ocessing, and modeling o a chi ec u al elemen s on he poin clouds a e Kubi Poin Sense Buildings
and Poin use om A i hme ica.
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 16 o 29
he bibliog aphic e iew ha is desc ibed below has been subdi ided in o ca ego ies acco ding o he
ools used in each. The i s ca ego y co esponds o hose esea che s who ha e adop ed only he
comme cial BIM pla o ms o de elop BIM “as-is model” models, and in u n c ea e he pa ame ic
H-BIM lib a ies.
The second ca ego y consis s o ha esea ch ha combines comme cial BIM pla o ms wi h o he
auxilia y ools o he modeling and de elopmen o i ual buildings and H-BIM lib a ies. Some o
hese ools do no belong o he BIM wo ld. The hi d ca ego y consis s o hose wo ks ha combine
comme cial BIM pla o ms, Open-Sou ce So wa e (OSS), and non-BIM auxilia y ools wi h geog aphic
in o ma ion sys ems (GIS) so wa e o he modeling and s o age o he 3D models. Finally, he ou h
ca ego y ep esen s hose documen s ha do no use BIM pla o ms o modeling he i age monumen s.
The c ea ed ca ego ies can be seen in Figu e 5.
The analysis o he cu en li e a u e on he i ual modeling o exis ing buildings has
demons a ed he bene i s o he use o BIM and H-BIM o he p ese a ion, managemen ,
o pa ame ic modeling o cul u al he i age (CH).
Mul imodal Technol. In e ac . 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 o 30
bibliog aphic e iew ha is desc ibed below has been subdi ided in o ca ego ies acco ding o he
ools used in each. The i s ca ego y co esponds o hose esea che s who ha e adop ed only he
comme cial BIM pla o ms o de elop BIM “as-is model” models, and in u n c ea e he pa ame ic H-
BIM lib a ies.
The second ca ego y consis s o ha esea ch ha combines comme cial BIM pla o ms wi h
o he auxilia y ools o he modeling and de elopmen o i ual buildings and H-BIM lib a ies.
Some o hese ools do no belong o he BIM wo ld. The hi d ca ego y consis s o hose wo ks ha
combine comme cial BIM pla o ms, Open-Sou ce So wa e (OSS), and non-BIM auxilia y ools wi h
geog aphic in o ma ion sys ems (GIS) so wa e o he modeling and s o age o he 3D models.
Finally, he ou h ca ego y ep esen s hose documen s ha do no use BIM pla o ms o modeling
he i age monumen s. The c ea ed ca ego ies can be seen in Figu e 5.
The analysis o he cu en li e a u e on he i ual modeling o exis ing buildings has
demons a ed he bene i s o he use o BIM and H-BIM o he p ese a ion, managemen , o
pa ame ic modeling o cul u al he i age (CH).
Figu e 5. Ca ego ies classi ica ion. Sou ce: Own igu es.
Figu e 5. Ca ego ies classi ica ion. Sou ce: Own igu es.

Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 17 o 29
Table 3. Cu en app oaches and ools used in he modeling o his o ic buildings.
Re e ence Case S udy Ca ego y So wa e Summa y Me hodology
(Del Giudice & Osello, 2013) The old he mal powe plan o Poli ecnico di
To ino, I aly
Fi s ca ego y/Only BIM Tools
Au odesk Re i C ea es g ids o check consis ency be ween
poin clouds and his o ical da a. They also
model 4D
(Lòpez e al.; 2017) San a Ma ia la eal de Ma e chu ch, Spain Au odesk Re i C ea es pa ame ic componen s by modi ying
and de eloping new Re i amilies
(B umana e al., 2013) The chu ch o S . Ma ia, I aly Au odesk Re i , Au odesk G een
Building S udio
A chi ec u al componen s a e di ided in o
hie a chies and ypology. The inal p oduc
ca ies ou an ene gy analysis
(Ma e al., 2015) The Huji Temple, adi ional Taiwan wooden
s uc u e, Taiwan Au odesk Re i C ea es a wo k low me hodology o epai
his o ical cons uc ions
(Adami e al., 2016) Va ius ype o Chu ches o he p o ince o
Man ua, I aly Au odesk Re i , Examines he di icul y o ehabili a ing
damaged chu ches
(Do e e al., 2015) The Fou Cou s o Dublin, I eland
Second ca ego y/BIM/OSS and
auxilia y ools
3D “RULED” plug-in, G aphiso
A chiCAD C ea es an H-BIM lib a y using poin cloud and
his o ical da a.
(Nie o e al., 2016) The Pa ilion o Cha les V, Se ille, Spain G aphiso A chiCAD, GDL C ea es an H-BIM lib a y
(O eni e al., 2013, 2014a, 2014b) Types o wooden aul s and bean loo s and he
Basilica di San a Ma ia di Collemaggio, I aly Au odesk Re i , Rhinoce os + NURBS
plug-in, MIDAS, Au oCAD.
Uses poin clouds and pho og amme y.
Subsequen ly ex ac s he NURBS cu es and
c ea es he 3D models su aces
(Qua ini e al., 2015) The Chu ch o San a Ma ia a Po ono o, I aly Au odesk Re i + plug-in P o égé,
CloudCompa e, Cyclone 8.1.3, ReCap The p o iles we e designed acco ding o he
measu emen s ex ac ed om he poin cloud
(F egonese e al., 2015) The Gal agnina chu ch, I aly Au oCAD, Au odesk Re i + plug-in
BIM3DGS The in o ma ion o each model objec is
combined wi h hei 3D model using BIM3DGS
Baik e al., 2014, 2015) His o ical Jeddah and he Nasi His o ical
House, Saudi A abia Thi d ca ego y BIM/OSS/and GIS ools
Au odesk Re i , Au odesk In aWo ks
pla o m, Rhinoce os C ea es a special lib a y (JHBIM). In eg a es
BIM wi h GIS
Do e & Mu phy, 2012 Is an 18 h cen u y Geo gian s ee , I eland Ske chUp + Ci yGML plugin, G aphiso
A chiCAD, C ea e sec ions and le els on he poin cloud.
Also, use his o ical da a o c ea e he model.
(San Jose e al., 2013) Se e al ypes o e y damaged he i age
buildings in Cas illa y León, Spain Fou h ca ego y/OSS/AUX/GIS/non
BIM ools
GIS adap ed o he open s anda d
Ci yGML, WebGL, e-Lea ning, MACE,
AVT, ATRAECOM
They ha e de eloped a new open sou ce
so wa e pla o m o e-Lea ning ha acili a es
he asks o A chi ec u al Cul u al He i age
conse a ion and ehabili a ion.
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 18 o 29
5.1.1. Fi s Ca ego y: only BIM Me hodologies
In his ca ego y, hi een documen s ha p esen case s udies o achie e i ual and pa ame ic
3D modeling o he buildings ha a e analyzed ha e been s udied. F om hese hi een documen s,
en ha e adop ed he Au odesk Re i so wa e and h ee he G aphiso A chicad so wa e o illus a e
he implemen ed me hods. In u n, ou documen s c ea e H-BIM pa ame ic lib a ies and he o he
en only de elop he comple e pa ame ic model o he analyzed he i age. Despi e he BIM ools
used and he pu pose o hei esul s, he me hodologies ha a e p oposed in he mos ep esen a i e
documen s o his ca ego y ha e pa icula simila i ies o pe o ming such ac ions as cu s, sec ions,
and le els on he acqui ed poin clouds, which allow o he pa ame ic modeling o be accele a ed
and op imized. Mos o he analyzed wo ks do no decla e he deg ee o au oma ion o he diagnos ic
and managemen p ocesses implemen ed.
Fo Mu phy e al. [
15
,
82
,
99
], he p ocess o c ea ing an H-BIM lib a y begins wi h he 3D
modeling o pa ame ic objec s h ough he in eg a ion o poin clouds, pho og amme y, his o ical
documen a ion, and G aphiso A chicad so wa e. File o ma and da a exchange p oblems a e ixed
wi h he sc ip GDL language included in his so wa e. The simple o egula solid objec s o he
analyzed he i age a e modeled using he simple p imi i es ha a e p o ided by he pla o m. On he
o he hand, he i egula shapes ound om he analyzed he i age monumen s a e modeled in wo
pa s. P ima ily, a se ies o sec ions made on he poin cloud a e c ea ed o iden i y he p o ile o
each objec and he su aces a e subsequen ly con e ed o solid elemen s h ough NURBS, mesh, and
Boolean ope a ions (included in he GDL).
The me hodologies ha a e implemen ed in hese app oaches inc eases he speed o he pa ame ic
modeling o he analyzed he i age. Howe e , hey do no accu a ely de elop he s eps o segmen he
poin clouds, gene a ing con usion in he di e en conse a o s who y o implemen his a chi ec u al
modeling p ocess.
The abo e is also acknowledged in he a icle by López e al., 2017 [
100
], in which a h ee-s ep
me hodology is de eloped o c ea e an H-BIM lib a y o he Romanesque chu ch o San a Ma ía la
Real de Ma e, Palencia, Spain. The i s s ep co e s he collec ion o seman ic and spa ial in o ma ion.
In he second s ep, he ob ained da a a e p ocessed and o ganized o eeding in o he BIM Au odesk
Re i pla o m. In he hi d s ep, a design o mul iple iews, cu s, sec ions, and g ids made on he
poin cloud a e c ea ed, ollowing he ules and he cons uc i e pa e ns o he a chi ec u al pe iod
ha he building belongs o.
As in he p e ious case, he uni o m and simple su aces a e modeled using he basic ools o BIM
en i onmen s. On he o he hand, i egula o complex su aces a e modeled in wo s ages. The i s
s age s a s wi h he ske ch o he cu en componen p o ile on a 2D wo k plane. Subsequen ly,
he e e ence planes, 2D p o iles and modeling ools a e in eg a ed o c ea e he solid elemen s in
a 3D wo k en i onmen . The H-BIM Lib a y de eloped allows he main enance, managemen and
ehabili a ion o his o ic buildings. In his app oach, he semi-au oma ic implemen a ion is ime
consuming and i ep esen s a ce ain weakness.
Such au ho s as Del Giudice & Osello, 2013 [
101
] and Biagini e al., 2016 [
102
], ha e also de eloped
a p ocess o i ual modeling in hei me hodologies based on he design o mul iple sec ions,
cu s, le els and g ids made on he poin cloud. Howe e , hey di e om he abo e-men ioned
a icles because hey p esen a new app oach o he empo al calcula ion in he Au odesk Re i
pla o m. This app oach is e ec i e o he o de and con ol o he a chi ec u al he i age es o a ion
and managemen p ojec s. These documen s ha e no accu a ely de eloped he necessa y s eps o
model and manage each pa ame ic objec , and nei he ha e H-BIM lib a ies been de eloped, which
ep esen s a p oblem and a disad an age o hei implemen a ion.
The e a e o he impo an wo ks ha could be men ioned in his ca ego y. B umana e al.,
2013 [
103
], Fai & Sydo , 2013 [
104
], and D’Au ia e al., 2014 [
105
] ha e all used a simila wo k low o
link poin clouds wi h he BIM Au odesk Re i pla o m. Thei main opic is o de ine o o sepa a e
he componen s o be modeled, depending on hei ypology, hie a chy, and ma e ial. This sepa a ion
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 19 o 29
acili a es he exchange o da a be ween he di e en i ual modeling so wa e. The au ho s a gue
ha he lack o lexible ools in BIM gene a es d awbacks o his o ic buildings modeling.
Such au ho s as Ma e al., 2015 [
106
] Achille e al., 2015 [
107
], Cheng e al., 2015 [
108
], and
Adami e al., 2016 [
109
], desc ibe how he modeling o his o ical componen s wi h BIM pla o ms can
help esea che s o isualize a ep esen a i e 3D model, so as o know he eal in o ma ion o each
objec , as well as i s implemen a ion in he main enance, managemen , and es o a ion p ocesses o he
monumen . These wo ks ha e no de eloped a me hodological p ocess on i ual modeling, which
impedes i s implemen a ion by o he esea che s o c ea e e ec i e wo k lows.
These publica ions abou BIM modeling o exis ing buildings, o abou H-BIM, ha e shown ha
so wa e ools ha e no ye been de eloped o au oma ically con e poin clouds in o BIM componen s.
In addi ion, he lack o algo i hms o au oma ically con e he complex shapes o he poin clouds
in o BIM pa ame ic objec s is ano he bo leneck in he ield o CH econs uc ion.
Ano he common limi a ion o di e ence in he compa ison be ween he me hodologies analyzed
is ha each one is o en designed o highligh he inno a ion o a pa icula me hod o e he o he s,
in some cases, p o oking gaps in he in o ma ion ha hey wan o ansmi .
5.1.2. Second Ca ego y: BIM, Auxilia y Tools and OSS Me hodologies
Cu en ly, BIM pla o ms a e no able o sol e all o he issues ha come om he modeling
managemen and he main enance o he a chi ec u al he i age; he e o e, he in eg a ion o o he
ins umen s o auxilia y ools is needed. In his ca ego y, a o al o wel e documen s ha e been
analyzed. F om he wel e documen s, se en c ea e H-BIM lib a ies and i e do no . In u n, i e pape s
adop ed he comme cial Au odesk Re i pla o m in combina ion wi h Rhinoce os and i s plug-in
Non-Uni o m Ra ional Basis-Splines (NURBS); while, he o he ou adop ed he same pla o m in
combina ion wi h BIM Open Sou ce So wa e (OSS), Au odesk Au oCAD, and 3DMax o Blende . On
he o he hand, wo au ho s combined he comme cial BIM pla o m, G aphiso A chicad, wi h OSS,
and he applica ion-p og amming in e ace (API), while one au ho combined Au odesk Re i wi h i s
API p og amming in e ace. The use o ex e nal ools o he e icien and accu a e modeling o he
analyzed building is he di e en ial ac o be ween hese ca ego ies.
A wo k low o he i ual modeling o he Fou Cou s in Dublin-I eland, using he a chi ec u al
his o ical documen s, physical-cons uc i e analysis, and poin clouds, is p oposed in Do e e al.,
2015 [
110
]. Pa ame ic objec s ha a e c ea ed using he G aphiso A chicad so wa e and he GDL
(3D “RULED”) unc ion a e pa o an H-BIM lib a y. This app oach p oposes wo me hodologies:
The i s consis s o modeling he elemen s using he his o ical documen s and he second is designed
o he accu a e and he e icien modeling o i egula elemen s.
Fo he second me hodology, a design o mul iple sec ions, cu s, and le els ha we e made on
he poin cloud is c ea ed wi h he G aphiso A chicad so wa e. The sec ions ha we e made on he
poin cloud a e diag ammed as closed, sized polygons using lines and a cs, and se e as a guide o he
3D “RULED” unc ion o gene a e accu a e BIM models om he poin cloud.
On he o he hand, in Nie o e al., 2016 [
111
], an inno a i e p ocessing, ca aloging, analysis, and
iden i ica ion me hodology o he in o ma ion is p oposed, which begins wi h he c ea ion o a se o
g ids on he su ace unde analysis. Fo his eason, a se o ins uc ions and algo i hms ha we e
w i en in he API o he G aphiso A chicad so wa e was c ea ed in Nie o e al., 2016 [112], so as o
accele a e he au oma ic gene a ion o he s anda dized ec o g ids. The esul ing g ids se e as a
basis o he managemen , delinea ion, and eco ding o he in o ma ion ha can be used o de elop
an e icien , accu a e, and pa ame ic ep esen a ion o he analyzed a chi ec u al he i age. This a icle
is sui able o esea ch ocused on iden i ying and ca aloging p ocesses o elemen s.
O he au ho s, such as O eni e al., [
112
–
114
] and Ba azze i e al., [
115
,
116
], a gue ha BIM
so wa e p esen s limi a ions o modeling non-s anda d a chi ec u al objec s, cha ac e is ic o
a chi ec u al he i age. The e o e, he in eg a ion o he Rhinoce os so wa e is p oposed o model he
a chi ec u al componen s o he analyzed building and o gene a e he H-BIM lib a y. These au ho s
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 20 o 29
de elop a solu ion ha is based on pe o ming p o iles on he poin cloud om he use o cu s and
le els. These cu s and le els se e o in e p e and o sepa a e he di e en p o iles ex ac ed om he
poin cloud in o egula o i egula su aces.
Regula su aces a e modeled wi h he Re i so wa e ools and i egula ones a e modeled hanks
o he ec o p o iles ha we e made by NURBS cu es, a numbe o algo i hms used in he Boolean
ope a ions and he Rhinoce os so wa e. The esul s ha we e ob ained a e expo ed o he Au odesk
Re i pla o m o ob ain pa ame ic models ha will be pa o an H-BIM lib a y.
Ano he app oach o accu a ely building modeling is p esen ed in Qua ini e al., 2015 [
117
].
In his app oach, a me hodology ha minimizes he numbe o s eps and accele a es he modeling o
he pa ame ic elemen s h ough he in eg a ion o poin clouds wi h he Au odesk Re i so wa e is
de eloped. In his documen , poin clouds a e conside ed o be an excellen sou ce o in o ma ion, and
he e o e, cu s, sec ions, and le els a e no pe o med on he poin cloud: each componen is modeled
di ec ly on he poin cloud, hus main aining he quali y and accu acy o he ob ained da a and de ails.
This app oach classi ies he poin cloud in o egula o i egula su aces. Regula su aces
a e modeled wi h he Au odesk Re i pa ame ic elemen lib a ies and complex ones a e c ea ed in
Bounda y Rep esen a ion (B-Rep). Finally, he Open-Sou ce plug-in P o égéis used o acili a e he
in eg a ion o pa ame ic da a wi h each modeled elemen .
O he wo ks could also be men ioned in his ca ego y, such as F egonese e al., 2015 [
118
]
o Rod íguez-Mo eno e al., 2016 [
119
]. In hese app oaches, he in eg a ion o poin clouds and
his o ical da a wi h a se ies o speci ic so wa e (Au oCAD, Ske chUP, 3DS udio Max) and a se o
Open-Sou ce So wa e (OSS) (3DReshape , BIM3DGS) a e used o ob ain his o ical i ual models.
In addi ion, he models ha we e ob ained a e expo ed o he Au odesk Re i so wa e o ob ain
pa ame ic in o ma ion, hus enabling he esul ing model o help manage and conse e exis ing
buildings. In addi ion, F egonese e al., 2015 [
118
] uses he BIM3DSG so wa e o he managemen
and adminis a ion o he model.
Ano he app oach ha desc ibes he use o pa ame e iza ion as a p ocess o con ibu ing o
he gene al amewo k o “Sma he i age” is p esen ed in Rua e al., 2014 [
120
]. A me hodology is
p oposed consis ing o i e main phases: da a collec ion, a chi ec u al s udy, da a p ocessing, digi al
modeling, and i ual modeling. Au odesk Au oCAD and A GIS so wa e a e used o p ocess echnical
and geog aphical da a. On he o he hand, Au odesk Re i ools a e used o model, manipula e, and
adap amilies ha a e loca ed in he BIM lib a y o he p ojec and Blende is he so wa e used o he
isualiza ion and in e ac ion be ween he i ual model and he gene al public. The esul ing model is
a da abase capable o being used o he managemen o he analyzed CH.
Ano he au ho ha eme ges om he cul u al he i age communi y is Ga agnani, 2013 [
121
].
This au ho has de eloped a plug-in called G eenSpide in he Au odesk Re i so wa e API.
This plug-in is able o ecognize and selec he mos de e minan poin s o a poin cloud and ansla e
hem o na i e e e ence poin s in he Re i modeling en i onmen . In addi ion, G eenSpide has he
abili y o connec he poin s and in e pola e he e ices h ough splines, in his way, allowing o
explici pa ame ic ep esen a ions o he ac ual cap u ed su aces o be gene a ed. A e i s modeling,
he componen s a e ed, h ough IFC, wi h he seman ic and opological me ada a ha was s o ed in a
BIM ile.
The disad an age o he app oaches ha we e analyzed in his ca ego y is ha he lack o
in elligen algo i hms capable o au oma ically con e ing poin clouds in o pa ame ic objec s
makes he cons uc i e p ocess o i egula componen s a challenging and ime-consuming p ocess.
In addi ion, he a chi ec u al elemen s a e modeled on poin clouds using in e media e so wa e,
which could esul in in o ma ion being los when expo ing he said elemen s, and he e o e in he
concep ion o he building’s gene al pe spec i e.
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 21 o 29
5.1.3. Thi d Ca ego y: BIM, Auxilia y Tools, OSS and GIS Me hodologies
BIM pla o ms wi h geome ic/seman ic and GIS so wa e a e combined by i e au ho s o c ea e
de ailed his o ical models. All o he documen s c ea e H-BIM lib a ies. In addi ion, h ee documen s
ha we e adop ed Au odesk Re i and Rhinoce os in combina ion wi h he GIS Au odesk In aWo ks
so wa e, while ano he pape adop ed Au odesk Re i and G aphiso A chicad in combina ion wi h
he GIS (SIGEC and SICaR) so wa e, and ano he combined G aphiso A chicad wi h Ske ch-up and
hei Ci yGML complemen .
Baik e al., [
122
,
123
] and Baik, 2017 [
124
] p opose in eg a ing poin clouds, Islamic his o ical
manusc ip s, and he Hijazi a chi ec u al pa e ns wi h Au odesk Re i pla o m, Rhinoce os so wa e,
and he Au odesk In aWo ks GIS sys em, in o de o achie e a de ailed i ual econs uc ion o he
Jeddah His o ic BIM (JHBIM) lib a y. This lib a y has been speci ically designed o accele a e he
modeling o Jeddah his o ical monumen s.
Fi s , he poin cloud is di ided in o main-pa s and sub-pa s. Then, he Au odesk Re i so wa e
is used o model he simple objec s o he p ojec . On he o he hand, i egula su aces a e modeled
using NURBS ools o Rhinoce os so wa e. Finally, he BIM 3D model and he 3D GIS Au odesk
In aWo ks sys em a e in eg a ed o ob ain an accu a e and de ailed i ual model. The me hodologies
analyzed ha e some disad an ages: in pa icula , because he i ual modeling is a ime-consuming
manual p ocess and he in e en ion is limi ed o Islamic a chi ec u e.
O eni, 2013 [
125
] p oposes in eg a ing me ic and seman ic in o ma ion ha was ob ained om
he GIS sys ems (SIGEC and SICaR) and poin clouds, wi h G aphiSo A chiCAD and Au odesk
Re i pla o ms, in o de o c ea e an H-BIM lib a y ha would p o ide he basis o he es o a ion,
conse a ion and managemen o he i age buildings, and also o acili a e he in e ope abili y wi h
o he in e es ed conse a o s. Al hough GIS a e oday he mos agile ools o collec , manipula e,
and manage he di e en da a on buildings, i should be no ed ha his a icle does no e ec i ely
de elop he s eps ha a e equi ed o in eg a e GIS sys ems wi h BIM pla o ms, making i di icul o
esea che s o implemen his me hodology as a guide o ob ain 3D i ual models.
Do e & Mu phy, 2012 [
93
] p opose using he G aphiSo A chiCAD GDL sc ip ing language
o achie e he 3D i ual modeling o he pa ame ic objec s. La e , he objec s ha al eady exis in
he in e nal lib a y a e combined wi h he modeled elemen s and a se s uc u e is c ea ed ha is
inco po a ed in o he design o an H-BIM lib a y. Finally, he 3D model can be in eg a ed in o a GIS
en i onmen (A cGIS) using Ske ch-up, wi h i s Ci yGML add-in. The esul ing model se es as he
basis o he analysis and he managemen o he in o ma ion equi ed o he main enance o he i age
buildings, as well as o accele a e he modeling p ocess o o he his o ical buildings wi h a simila
a chi ec u al s yle.
Al hough, in his ca ego y, he au ho s ha e demons a ed s anda diza ion in he pe o mance
analysis and de elopmen o he pa ame ic elemen s, he ’ ecep o scena ios’ ha e shown ha o ou
con ibu ion, he gaps and a ie y o hei implemen a ion can gene a e disad an ages o modeling a
pa icula building o monumen .
5.1.4. Fou h Ca ego y: Me hodologies wi hou BIM
Finally, BIM pla o ms a e no used as a basis o his o ical he i age modeling, managemen ,
and main enance by some au ho s, because hey conside ha he common BIM so wa e is s ill
unable o manage he huge quan i ies o da a coming om lase scans o pho og amme ic su eys,
which makes he use o ex e nal ee o open in e media e so wa e ools (F/OSS) ine i able. In hese
documen s, H-BIM lib a ies ha e no been de eloped. In his ca ego y, six documen s ha e been
analyzed; wo adop ed Au odesk Au oCAD so wa e and some OSS so wa e as auxilia y ools, while
h ee o he au ho s c ea e hei own ool o model he analyzed he i age. In addi ion, one documen
has adop ed Rhinoce os in combina ion wi h he OSS so wa e (BIM3DSG) and he API o he p og am.
Fassi e al., 2015 [
126
] ha e de eloped a me hodology o he his o ical 3D modeling, using he
Rhinoce os NURBS in combina ion wi h an OSS (BIM3DSG) and a se ies o algo i hms w i en in he

Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 22 o 29
p og am API. In his app oach, he main opic is o de elop an (OSS) easy- o-use and easy- o-lea n
sys em, whe e 3D models can be easily isualized and manipula ed using any common ouch-sc een
de ice. The lack o a desc ip i e me hodology abou he use and implemen a ion o he new sys em,
as well as he necessi y o con inuous In e ne connec ion, a e he weakes poin s o his app oach.
On he o he hand, Sole e al., 2017 [
127
], ha e de eloped so wa e ha is based on GIS sys ems
called Aga a. This so wa e is capable o s o ing and managing all kinds o in o ma ion associa ed
wi h each modeled a chi ec u al he i age elemen . I uses (eX ensible Ma kup Language) XML as a
da a exchange o ma . In his app oach, he main opic is o g ea in e es o he implemen a ion,
bu he p oposed me hodology does no accu a ely de elop he ope a ion and u iliza ion o he new
so wa e, o hei in e ope abili y wi h o he p og ams.
In hei a icle, Aguile a & Lahoz, 2010 [
128
] ha e de eloped a lexible and low-cos sys em o
i ual 3D modeling o a chaeological si es. In his documen , iangula ion algo i hms ha a e based
on he 2.5 D Delaunay T iangula ion app oach a e used o con e he image in o a polygonal mesh
model and o au oma ically model he elemen s using polygonal boxes. Subsequen ly, he models
a e ex u ed using he Z-bu e algo i hm. The esul ing models can be g ouped and di ec ed o
he c ea ion o p o o ypes o encapsula e and euse any se o objec s. The main d awback o his
me hodology is ha i p esen s di icul ies o he 3D modeling o i egula objec s.
The app oach o San Jose e al., 2013 [
129
] de elops a new so wa e pla o m o he olume ic
isualiza ion o complex a chi ec u al objec s and hei applica ion o he eaching, managemen ,
and conse a ion o a chi ec u al he i age. The p oposed me hodology in ends o inco po a e he
knowledge o expe s h ough an open-sou ce pla o m ha is based on GIS sys ems. Such au ho s,
such as as Guidi & Russo, 2011 [
130
] o Micoli e al., 2013 [
131
], p opose he in eg a ion o poin
clouds and his o ical documen a ion wi h Au oCAD 3D so wa e and OSS ools o inc ease he eal
knowledge o a he i age building and suppo he his o ical in e p e a ion. Fi s , poin clouds a e used
as a e e ence o CAD modeling and as a sou ce o di ec in o ma ion. La e , a web applica ion is used
o allow o eal- ime na iga ion and achie e he access and managemen o da a in a idimensional
con ex . The esul ing model should se e as a 3D da a eposi o y.
As in he p e ious cases, he lack o a de ailed me hodology o desc ibe he modeling p ocess o
each componen is a p oblem and a disad an age when being used as a guide by o he esea che s.
I is also wo h no ing ha he use o OSS and API has g own signi ican ly in ecen yea s. Howe e ,
he e a e no OSS pla o ms ha a e able o in eg a e all o he s ages o he documen a ion and he
modeling p ocess o he he i age componen s. Ano he disad an age o his ca ego y is ha hey ail
o de elop pa ame ic models. The e o e, BIM so wa e would be needed o he pa ame ic modeling
o he di e en a chi ec u al componen s.
6. Discussion and Conclusions
In his wo k, a e iew o he documen a ion and accu a e modeling o a chi ec u al he i age
has been p esen ed. The ocus has been placed on p esen ing di e en al e na i es o unde s and
how o apply BIM pla o ms be o e s a ing an a chi ec u al he i age es o a ion p ojec ( a he han
compa ing he di e en BIM pla o ms).
The planning and managemen o conse a ion and es o a ion p ojec s could be imp o ed by
ha ing access o he i ual model o a his o ical monumen . 3D lase scanne s and pho og amme y
a e used, along wi h his o ical bibliog aphical analysis, o cap u e he geome y and iden i y o he
analyzed buildings. Un o una ely, he complexi y and i egula i y o he shapes cha ac e izing
his o ical buildings, and he lack o in elligen algo i hms o ully au oma e he i ual modeling om
poin clouds, makes he cons uc i e p ocess o pa ame ic componen s a signi ican ly ime-consuming
p ocess. Howe e , he cu en ly e iewed app oaches demons a e ha combining BIM ools wi h
GIS ools and auxilia y so wa e a e an e ec i e solu ion o managing and modeling g aphical
(poin clouds) and seman ic (his o ical-cons uc i e in o ma ion) da a, in a semi-au oma ic way.
This is possible because hese pla o ms and ools, h ough he common da a s uc u e IFC, allow he
Mul imodal Technologies and In e ac . 2018,2, 21 23 o 29
in e ope abili y o in o ma ion and communica ion be ween he di e en ac o s ha a e in ol ed in
a chi ec u al he i age ehabili a ion, econs uc ion, o main enance p ocesses.
Mo eo e , i is wo h no ing ha he modeled a chi ec u al componen s will be pa o he
pa ame ic H-BIM lib a ies, hanks o he p oposed me hodologies. The componen s o his H-BIM
lib a y may be adap ed o o he monumen s belonging o he same pe iod and a chi ec u al s yle,
hanks o hei lexibili y. Fo his eason, he modeled componen s should ha e eal in o ma ion abou
he g aphic documen a ion, he ypology, and he main cons uc i e cha ac e is ics o he cons uc ion
pe iod ha he building belongs o. In addi ion, H-BIM i ual models could be used o au oma ically
p oduce echnical documen a ion ha will se e o in e p e he di e en cons uc ion elemen s, as well
as he missing ones; hese componen s could also be used o ca y ou s uc u al, ene ge ic, luminous,
and empo al analyses.
The inc eased use o H-BIM lib a ies has demons a ed hei use ulness by acili a ing he
in e disciplina y exchange o seman ic and geospa ial objec s/da a be ween expe s om di e en
disciplines in he a chi ec u al he i age ield. Ne e heless, he lack o in e na ional H-BIM lib a ies,
he di e ence and di e si y be ween di e en a chi ec u al pe iods, and insu icien in e na ional
collabo a ion, ha e limi ed he po en ial use o H-BIM.
This e iew has shown ha he e is s ill much o do in his domain, whe e mo e esea ch and
de elopmen should be done o add ess he ongoing p og ess o BIM pla o ms and hei ela ionship
o a chi ec u al he i age. Fu u e esea ch could ocus, o example, on he de elopmen o use ul
plug-ins o c ea ing di e en kinds o elemen a ays. To do his, ei he he co esponding so wa e
de elopmen ki s (SDK) could be used o p og am he BIM API di ec ly, o ools (such as Dynamo
®
Au odesk open sou ce so wa e) ha acili a e hese p ocess could be used, hus expanding he digi al
wo ld whe e esea che s o expe s in he AEC con ex can in e ac conce ning a chi ec u al he i age
any ime, anywhe e, and wi h any de ice.
In addi ion, o he ealis ic app oaches o he u u e o a chi ec u al he i age would be he need
o c ea e shape ecogni ion algo i hms o au oma e he pa ame ic econs uc ion o en i e buildings,
di ec ly om he use o poin clouds and o a oid ou ine asks ha a e o en ime-consuming p ocesses.
In his con ex , ano he impo an aspec would be he need o c ea e a uni e sal and ee-access H-BIM
lib a y con aining all he in o ma ion ha is use ul o a chi ec s, designe s, a chaeologis s, his o ians,
enginee s, and conse a o s o a chi ec u al he i age.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
F.J.L. is he main con ibu o o he pape . He has collec ed in o ma ion and has ocused
on he s udy and analysis o he di e en BIM and H-BIM app oaches, d a ing he pape . P.M.L. and J.L. ha e
con ibu ed o he s udy and analysis o he da a cap u e and p ocessing me hodology. Finally, J.G.-G.-B. and
E.Z. a e he scien i ic di ec o s o he wo k. They ha e leaded he esea ch, hey ha e made he concep ion and
design o he wo k, and ha e made he c i ical e ision o he pape , con ibu ing o he analysis and discussion o
he esul s.
Acknowledgmen s:
The au ho s acknowledge he “He i age and Res o a ion” S.L.U. (Palencia, Spain) o i s
ad ice and suppo . This e iew has ecei ed unding om he EU’s H2020 Re lec i e amewo k p og am o
esea ch and inno a ion unde g an ag eemen no. 665220.This wo k was also suppo ed by he Minis y o
Science and Inno a ion, undamen al esea ch p ojec e . DPI2014-56500-R, and he Jun a de Cas illa y León
e . VA036U14.
Con lic s o In e es :
The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es . The ounding sponso s had no ole in he design
o he s udy; in he collec ion, analyses, o in e p e a ion o da a; in he w i ing o he manusc ip , o in he
decision o publish he esul s.
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