Sus ainabili y 2015, 7, 10854-10875; doi:10.3390/su70810854
sus ainabili y
ISSN 2071-1050
www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y
Re iew
Re iew o Display Technologies Focusing on
Powe Consump ion
Ma ía Rod íguez Fe nández 1,†, Edua do Zalama Casano a 2,* and Ignacio González Alonso 3,†
1 Depa men o Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol, Uni e si y o Valladolid,
Paseo del Cauce S/N, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; E-Mail: ma ia. od iguez. e [email protected]
2 Ins i u o de las Tecnologías A anzadas de la P oducción, Uni e si y o Valladolid,
Paseo del Cauce S/N, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
3 Depa men o Compu e Science, Uni e si y o O iedo, C/González Gu ié ez Qui ós,
33600 Mie es, Spain; E-Mail: gonzalezalo[email p o ec ed]
† These au ho s con ibu ed equally o his wo k.
* Au ho o whom co espondence should be add essed; E-Mail: ezalam[email p o ec ed];
Tel.: +34-659-782-534.
Academic Edi o : Ma c A. Rosen
Recei ed: 16 June 2015 / Accep ed: 4 Augus 2015 / Published: 11 Augus 2015
Abs ac : This pape p o ides an o e iew o he main manu ac u ing echnologies o
displays, ocusing on hose wi h low and ul a-low le els o powe consump ion, which
make hem sui able o cu en socie al needs. Conside ing he ypi ied alue ob ained om
he manu ac u e ’s speci ica ions, ou echnologies—Liquid C ys al Displays, elec onic
pape , O ganic Ligh -Emi ing Display and Elec oluminescen Displays—we e selec ed in
a i s i e a ion. Fo each o hem, se e al ea u es, including size and b igh ness, we e
assessed in o de o asce ain possible p opo ional ela ionships wi h he a e o
consump ion. To no malize he compa ison be ween di e en display ypes, ela i e uni s
such as he su ace powe densi y and he display on al in ensi y e iciency we e
p oposed. O ganic ligh -emi ing display had he bes esul s in e ms o powe densi y o
small display sizes. Fo la ge sizes, i pe o ms less sa is ac o ily han Liquid C ys al
Displays in e ms o ene gy e iciency.
Keywo ds: ene gy e iciency; powe consump ion; Liquid C ys al Display; O ganic
Ligh -Emi ing Display; Elec oluminescen Display; elec onic pape
OPEN ACCESS
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 10855
1. In oduc ion
The wo ld as a whole is cu en ly in an o e shoo condi ion. Popula ion size and economic g ow h
con ibu e signi ican ly o his si ua ion [1]. Speci ically, he s eady g ow h in he use o pe sonal
po able de ices du ing he pas decade—d i en by he de elopmen o mobile elecommunica ions and
he inco po a ion o pe sonal digi al assis an de ices and elec onic books in o he ma ke —has
conside ably inc eased he pe pe son ca bon oo p in [2]. The In e na ional Ene gy Agency (IEA),
which moni o s he demand and supply o ene gy wo ldwide, aims o educe he global consump ion
le el o an accep able limi . In o de o do so, he IEA is calling o mo e e icien echnologies o he
a o emen ioned de ices o be manu ac u ed. In he Ene gy Technology Pe spec i es S udy, he IEA
poin s ou ha echnologies can and mus play an in eg al ole in ans o ming he ene gy sys em o
educe g eenhouse gases [3].
Lea ing aside he en i onmen al easons o educe powe consump ion, he demand o powe in
elec onic de ices has also inc eased, especially hose wi h limi ed ba e y li espan ha need o educe
hei a es o powe consump ion o op imal pe o mance. Acco ding o se e al s udies [4,5], one o
he componen s wi h he highes pe cen age o o al ene gy consump ion, and he e o e a sui able
candida e o imp o emen , is he display. T adi ionally, he educ ion o display ene gy consump ion
in elec onic de ices was done h ough me hods ha o en elied on shu ing o he display du ing
inac i e pe iods [6] o adjus ing he luminance o he sc eens wi h ligh -based au oma ic b igh ness
con ol (LABC) [7] me hods. Due o cu en ma ke condi ions, he ocus on imp o emen needs o shi
o make he de ice i sel mo e powe e icien , h ough he use o display echnologies wi h highe le els
o ene gy e iciency.
The aim o his e iew is o iden i y which display echnologies a e mos app op ia e in e ms o
powe consump ion. The displays can be classi ied acco ding o di e en app oaches, o ins ance
ega ding he way hey c ea e he image, hei size, he ma u i y o he echnology, e c. [8], bu o he
bes o ou knowledge, he powe consump ion is a ely aken in o accoun in any o hem as a
pa ame e o make a di e ence be ween display echnologies.
Fi s ly, in he nex sec ion, he scope o he s udy is ou lined. In Sec ion 3, he main ea u es
in luencing in he consump ion o a display a e explained in o de o be unde s andable in Sec ion 4,
whe e he speci ic ad an ages o hose ea u es o some speci ic display modules a e lis ed. Sec ion 5
includes he analysis, compa ison and discussion o he men ioned da a. Applica ions and ends a e
de ailed in Sec ion 6. Finally, conclusions will be d awn and u u e wo k sugges ed.
2. Scope o he S udy
Many display modules o di e en echnologies coexis and compe e o hei sha e in he ma ke .
Due o he di e si y in sizes and b ands, he es ablishmen o a s anda dized me hod ha enables a
eliable powe consump ion compa ison be ween hem has been conside ed ele an .
The In e na ional Commi ee o Display Me ology aims o sol e he need o he display indus y and
esea ch ins i u ions o ha ing a single e e ence s anda d on how o measu e and cha ac e ize displays.
As a esul , he In o ma ion Display Measu emen s S anda d (IDMS) [9] has been published by he Socie y
o In o ma ion Display [10], eplacing he p e ious Fla Panel Measu emen s (FPDM) s anda d.
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 10856
Powe consump ion is de ined by he IDMS as he powe needed by he De ice unde Tes (DuT) o
each i s ull ope a ion. The componen s o be measu ed depend on he echnology used o de elop he
display. Fo example, he powe equi ed o he backligh in LCD is pa o he display powe , since
he DuT is no unc ional wi hou i . As he powe is addi i e, he o al powe o he de ice is he sum
o all indi idual powe s, including he backligh wi h in e e whe e applicable, he panel and any
o he inciden al powe om he elemen s needed o un he display.
In o de o gi e a ela i e alue o he powe consumed by a display, di e en me ics can be used,
such as he En i onmen Cos o Owne ship (ECO) [11] o he Li e Cycle Assessmen (LCA) [12],
ha each look a he en i onmen al impac o he echnology. Acco ding o Vacla Smil, he powe
densi y, which will be used in his wo k, is one o he mos e ealing a iables in ene ge ics o assessing
consump ion [13]. Following his app oach, displays can be di ided in o high, medium, low and ul a-
low powe consump ion i ems ( he p oposed ange alues o each ca ego y a e lis ed in Table 1).
A comple e classi ica ion o he echnologies is shown in he G aphical Abs ac . Fo each one, he
powe consump ion densi y o en di e en comme cialized display modules was analyzed, ex ac ing
hei echnical speci ica ions om he manu ac u e ’s da ashee . The esul s e ealed ha some
displays show a ema kable inc ease in powe consump ion wi h size. The e o e, i was concluded ha
he size could be a second c i e ion o assessing display echnologies.
In he ield o display de elopmen , which is s ongly linked o he pa h se by manu ac u e s, he
Japan Displays Inc. conso ium [14], ounded in 2012 (Sony Mobile, Toshiba Mobile and Hi achi
displays) is a e e ence in he indus y. The e a e also o he in e es ing ini ia i es, such as he Ge man
Fla Panel Display Fo um (DFF) pla o m [15], ounded in 2000 and composed o mo e han
65 companies and ins i u ions o he display communi y. They deal wi h ele an ma e s o he ield,
like u u e echnology ends o ma ke monopolies. Acco ding o ma ke esea ch [16], he ma ke
sha e o displays wi h educed dimensions has been duplica ed in he las i e yea s and i is expec ed
o con inue g owing o e he nex se en yea s, especially due o head-moun ed displays. This, and he
ac ha powe consump ion inc eases wi h he size, we e he main d i e s in educing he scope o
his a icle. Addi ionally, no all he display echnologies a e manu ac u ed in all sizes, due o in insic
es ic ions o ma ke di ec ions.
The Ca hode Ray Tube (CRT), al hough i has been used o decades, equi es a leas wice he
powe o a Liquid C ys al Display (LCD) [17], and only emains p esen in speci ic g aphic- ela ed
ields, due o i s highe colo ideli y, con as , and wide iewing angle. Field Emission Displays
(FED) ollows he idea o CRT, bu uses millions o elec on guns ins ead o only one [18]. Di e en
ield-emission elec on sou ces can be used, including ca bon nano ube Field Emission Displays
(CNT-FED) [19] and Ballis ic Elec on Su ace Emi ing Display (BSD) [20], which a e now being
ac i ely de eloped. This echnology could o e slim, high quali y o all sizes o display. The e o e,
hey a e expec ed o be low-powe displays, as li le o no powe is consumed in gene a ing elec ons.
Mo o ola and Samsung, among o he s, a e suppo ing his echnology and hey ha e al eady c ea ed
some success ul p o o ypes, p oducing high esolu ion images like CRT wi hou he bulky appea ance.
Ano he closely ela ed echnology is Su ace-conduc ion Elec on-emi e (SED) [21], di e ing
p ima ily in he de ails o he elec on emi e s.
Plasma Display Panel (PDP) is no economically p o i able o be manu ac u ed in small sizes [22]
and no is i s sub ype Al e na e Ligh ing o Su aces (ALiS). Digi al Ligh P ocessing (DLP) is a sys em
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 10857
ha uses an op ical semiconduc o de ice de eloped by Texas Ins umen s in 1987. The de ice, known
as he Digi al Mi o De ice (DMD chip) is essen ially a e y p ecise ligh swi ch made up o millions
o mic oscopic mi o s ha , combined wi h a digi al ideo o g aphic signal, a ligh sou ce, and a
p ojec ion lens, can e lec an all-digi al image on o any su ace. DLP echnology can gene a e la ge, b igh
p ojec ions wi h high con as a ios on sc eens wi h up o 35 illion colo s. O he p omising echnology
is Lase Phospho Display (LPD), s ill in he de elopmen phase, hence nume ic alues canno be
p o ided due o he lack o a ailable in o ma ion on exis ing p oduc s. Thus, he compa ison ca ied
ou in his s udy will be mo e eliable i he a o emen ioned ca ego ies and subca ego ies a e le ou .
In summa ion, he inal chosen pa ame e s o module classi ica ion a e size and powe
consump ion densi y. The size ca ego ies in o which he modules can be classi ied a e: mic odisplays,
ypically no mo e han 25 mm (1 inch) image diagonal [23], small-sized (diagonal less han 7 inches),
medium-sized ( om 7 inches o 20) and la ge (mo e han 20 inches). The powe consump ion densi y
ca ego ies a e es ablished in Table 1.
Table 1. Conside ed powe densi y consump ion anges.
Powe Consump ion Le el Powe densi y (mW/cm2)
High >250
Medium 100–250
Low 10–100
Ul a-low 0–10
Recalling he objec i es se ou in he in oduc ion sec ion, he scope o his wo k will co e he
low-powe and ul a-low powe small-sized displays. The do ed line o Figu e 1 limi s he
echnologies ha ul ill hese equi emen s and will be analyzed u he .
Figu e 1. Rela ion be ween size and powe consump ion densi y in he s udied
display echnologies.
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3. Cha ac e iza ion o Displays
Acco ding o he echnology amily, a display can be non-emissi e, wi h a backligh in i s design, o
emissi e, i i ac s as a ligh sou ce i sel . Rega ding he calcula ion o he powe consump ion, in he
non-emissi e amily, he backligh is necessa y o i s ull ope a ion, so he powe consumed by i
mus be included in he o al powe consump ion (Pdisplay), as shown in Equa ion (1):
Pdisplay = Ppanel + Pbackligh (1)
Emissi e displays show a ema kable inc ease in powe consump ion wi h size, while in e lec i e,
he alue emained almos p opo ional. Fu he mo e, he powe consump ion could be in luenced by
o he ea u es, such as human ac o s o echnical speci ica ions. The ollowing display cha ac e is ics
we e aken in o conside a ion in his s udy:
• The b igh ness, which is de ined as he le el o ligh in ensi y pe cei ed by he iewe . I is
es ima ed by he luminance o he amoun o ligh emi ed om a sou ce in a gi en di ec ion and
i is measu ed in candela pe squa e me e o ni s. The con as is also conside ed, de e mined as
he a io (CR) be ween he luminance o he b igh ness and he da kes colo ha he display is
capable o p oducing.
• The in o ma ion con en o a display, which is es ablished as he o al numbe o pixels, he size
o hem ( esolu ion) and he size o he display ( ypically gi en by he diagonal leng h in
inches). I is also common o p o ide he aspec a io—p opo ion be ween he wid h and he
heigh o he sc een—and he sc een a ea (no mally measu ed in squa e cen ime e s).
• O he cha ac e is ics ha can be in luen ial in he consump ion a e he numbe o colo s ha he
display can show and he angle o iew (VA)— o mally de ined as he angle a which he
iewe has o be posi ioned in ela ion o he sc een in o de o clea ly see he image on a display.
4. Low and Ul a-Low Powe Consump ion Mic odisplay Technologies
This sec ion is o ganized ega ding he speci ic echnology used by he display subjec s unde s udy.
Fo each echnology, all he s udied modules we e g ouped in ca ego ies wi h minimal dispe sion o
powe consump ion densi y. Wi hin each g oup, he elemen wi h alues closes o he mean, was
selec ed as he mos ep esen a i e. Fo hose selec ed modules, in o ma ion abou diagonal size
(inches), weigh (g), b igh ness (cd/m2), con as a io (CR), deg ees o iewing angle (VA) and
absolu e powe consump ion (mW), ob ained om he manu ac u e is gi en in his sec ion.
4.1. Liquid C ys al Display (LCD)
The e m liquid c ys al is used o desc ibe a subs ance which is in a s a e be ween liquid and solid
bu exhibi s he p ope ies o bo h. The i s obse a ions o liquid c ys alline beha io we e made
owa ds he end o he 19 h cen u y by Reini ze and Lehmann [24], and since hen, LCD echnology
has enjoyed signi ican ad ances and i cu en ly occupies he la ges p opo ion o he en i e display
ma ke sha e [25].

Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 10859
LCD belongs o a non-emissi e display ca ego y and can be classi ied in wo b oad ca ego ies,
Passi e Ma ix (PMLCD) and Ac i e Ma ix (AMLCD). The basic di e ence be ween he wo
ca ego ies is he way he pixel is add essed o p oduce he di e en luminance componen s o an image.
Gene ally, he powe consump ion o any LCD is ela ed o he d i e equency ( he lowe he ame
a e becomes, he less powe consumed) and he displayed image.
In PMLCD, pixels a e add essed di ec ly and hey mus e ain hei s a e be ween sc een e eshes
wi hou he bene i o a s eady elec ical cha ge. I is used in de ices whe e less con en o in o ma ion
needs o be displayed and when he powe consump ion has o be educed, since less backligh
is needed.
In AMLCD, a swi ch is placed a each pixel which decouples he pixel-selec ion unc ion. Thin
Film T ansis o (TFT), he main echnology o he AMLCD subg oup, can also be di ided ega ding
he ma e ial used o i s elabo a ion, in o amo phous silicon (a-Si), con inuous g ain silicon (CGS) and
low empe a u e polyc ys alline silicon (LTPS TFT). A new app oach is he indium-gallium-zinc-
oxide (IGZO) echnology [26] de eloped by Sha p.
In addi ion, choles e ic LCD displays (ChLCD) is a no el LCD echnology ha only consumes
powe i he image is upda ed [27]. Due o i s pa icula cha ac e is ics, his ype o display will be
s udied in he e-pape sec ion.
Table 2 p o ides echnical da a abou he six selec ed LCD displays. The i s ow ep esen s he
PMLCD ca ego y, which ha ing a powe consump ion close o a e age, o e s a monoch ome g aphic
display, in con as o he AMLCD modules. The g ea e he numbe o pixels on a sc een, he be e
he quali y o he image p oduced, bu as he numbe o pixels (and, co espondingly, columns and
ows) inc eases, his ype o display becomes less easible, since unde hose condi ions, i shows slow
esponse imes and poo con as ou comes. Ano he issue o ake in o accoun is he liquid c ys al
alignmen mode, whe e Twis ed Nema ic (TN) and Supe -Twis ed Nema ic (STN) ypes a e he simples
and leas expensi e, bu o e ing a poo iewing angle (o app ox. 45 deg ees). Ve ical Alignmen
(VA) echnology gene ally appea s unde a ious ade names (ASV by Sha p, PVA by Samsung, e c.)
and ies o imp o e he iewing angle o he de ice ( o ins ance, Ampi e VA de ice o e s 160
deg ees e sus he 45 o he TN de ice by AUO). In-plane swi ching (IPS TFT), as he Hi achi module
om he able shows, also has a be e iewing angle han TN and he colo and con as is also
imp o ed. Howe e , he powe consump ion equi ed o make he molecules swi ch is highe .
Table 2. Fea u es o speci ic Liquid C ys al Displays.
Type Model
Diag.
Size (in)
Weigh
(g)
B igh ness
(cd/m2) CR VA Powe
(mW)
PMLCD (STN) F-55471GNFJ [28] 5.2 75.1 72 5:1 90 615
a-Si TFT (TN) A015AN04 [29] 1.5 6 170 150:1 80 197
a-Si TFT (VA) AM-240320LFTZQW-00H [30] 2.4 TBD 400 450:1 160 272
a-Si TFT (IPS) TX15D02VM0CAA [31] 5.8 175 450 800:1 170 4900
CG-S TFT LS037V7DD06 [32] 3.7 39 100 100:1 80 490
LTPS TFT ANDpSi025TH [33,34] 2.5 15 250 300:1 80 216
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 10860
LCDs a e used in a wide ange o applica ions including ele isions, moni o s, ins umen panels,
ideo playe s, gaming de ices, clocks, calcula o s o phones. Fo ins ance, LTPS LCD (Re ina HD
display) echnology is he one used in he iPhone 6. In Figu e 2, an example o his ype o module can
be seen.
Figu e 2. (a) Passi e and (b) ac i e ma ix LCD modules (by Spa kFun Elec onics).
4.2. Elec onic Pape (E-Pape )
Elec onic pape , popula ly known as e-pape , can be de ined as a dynamic display echnology ha
emula es adi ional pape . As LCD, e-pape belongs o he non-emissi e display ca ego y bu , in his
case, no backligh is needed since he ambien ligh om he en i onmen is enough.
The display is composed o millions o mic ocapsules con aining posi i ely cha ged whi e and
nega i ely cha ged black pa icles suspended in a clea liquid, which a e capable o p oducing he
esolu ion only ound in p in . As hey a e bi-s able, hey only consume powe while he display is
being upda ed. The powe equi ed o he upda e p ocess depends on he size o he display.
The i s comme cial success o monoch ome e-pape de ices was due o he Elec opho e ics
echnology, w ongly e e ed o as elec onic pape displays (EPD), whose main exponen is
mic oencapsula ed elec opho e ic displays, also known as e-ink [35]. Ano he simila app oach,
mic ocellula elec opho e ic display ilms (SiPix), was bough by e-ink. The e a e o he p op ie a y
elec opho e ic displays, which include Quick-Response Liquid Powde Display (QR-LPD) by
B idges one [36], bich omal beads [37] by Xe ox (Gy icon), o e e se emulsion elec opho e ic
display (REED) used by Zikon Co p.
Choles e ic liquid c ys al (ChLCD), al eady men ioned as a subg oup o LCD, is gene ally
classi ied as e-pape because o i s ze o consump ion when i is no ecei ing sc een upda es. Figu e
3a, below, shows a choles e ic display powe ed by sola panels.
A nex gene a ion o lexible, colo and ideo e-pape is cu en ly eme ging. The mos p omising
seems o be he elec o-we ing app oach (EWD) [38]. I s main componen , liqua is a (see Figu e 3b),
was de eloped by Philips bu cu en ly belongs o Amazon. Ano he in e es ing echnology based on
In e e ome ic Modula ion (IMOD) is mic oelec omechanical sy ems (MEMS) [39], whose po en ial
has been demons a ed h ough se e al p o o ypes ( adema ked Mi asol [40]) de eloped by Qualcomm.
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 10861
Figu e 3. (a) Google Radish p ojec using sola panels and a choles e ic display (by
Niall Kennedy) and (b) Liqua is a p o o ype.
Some o he ema kable de elopmen s a e he in-plane elec opho e ics (IPE) pa en ed by
Canon [41] and HP’s Elec okine ic (EKD) [42], al hough hey a e a leas se e al yea s away om a
gene al ma ke up ake [43].
Ano he less ma u ed echnology is elec o luidic [44], which p esen s he main no el y o using a
h ee-dimensional mic o luidic de ice s uc u e and o e ing b illian ly colo ed aqueous pigmen
dispe sions. Recen ly, o he lines o in es iga ion ha e aimed o simula e adi ional pape h ough
elec onic pape made om mic obial cellulose [45].
Gene ally, he main cha ac e is ics o elec onic pape a e lexibili y, eadabili y, mul i- unc ionali y
and ul a-low powe consump ion—ze o powe consump ion du ing he non-upda ing pe iod [46].
I is common o ind his kind o echnology in small sizes, al hough he e a e app oaches wi h A5
size [47]. The majo i y a e monoch ome bu he e a e also colo op ions such as e-ink [48] o
elec och omic (EC) echnologies [49]. Liqua is a, he ecen acquisi ion o Amazon, also allows
colo s o be inco po a ed in o he display. In addi ion, he bes con ibu ion o liqua is a is ha i s low
consump ion emains almos cons an in all modes o ope a ion, while e-ink o e s good le els o
e-books, bu ises a lo in ope a ions equi ing in e ac ion wi h he use , such as web b owsing.
Table 3, below, lis s e-pape displays wi h hei echnical da a.
Table 3. Fea u es o speci ic elec onic pape displays.
Type Model Diag. Size (in) Weigh (g) CR VA Powe (mW)
EPD GDE021A1 [50] 2.1 4 7:1 180 24
Pea l EPD ED060SCE [51] 6 34 12:1 180 240
ChLCD LCD-09559 [52] 5.5 105 25:1 180 150
EWD Liqua is a p o o ype (Amazon) [53] 2.5 TBD 18:1 180 87
The mos common applica ions o e-pape a e eReade s, eLabels, USB s icks, clocks, billboa ds, e c.
A good comme cial example is he Kindle by Amazon ha uses e-ink echnology.
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 10862
4.3. O ganic Ligh -Emi ing Display (OLED)
The O ganic Ligh -Emi ing Diode (OLED) is a ligh -emi ing echnology made by placing a se ies
o hin o ganic ilms (made om ca bon and hyd ogen) be ween wo conduc o s. When elec ical
cu en is applied, a b igh ligh is emi ed.
The e a e se e al de elopmen ends in he ield o o ganic diodes and he mos ep esen a i e
classi ica ion, based on he d i ing ci cui y, is he ac i e ma ix OLED (AMOLED) [54–56] and he
passi e ma ix OLED (PMOLED) [57].
Depending on he ligh ype, di e en ypes can be dis inguished, such as phospho escen O ganic
Ligh -Emi ing Diode (PhOLED), T anspa en O ganic Ligh -Emi ing Diode (TOLED), o Whi e
O ganic Ligh -Emi ing Diode (WOLED).
Because o i s na u e, i is possible o c ea e lexible and anspa en in e aces [58]. When an
OLED sc een is ma ked wi h a lexible plas ic subs a e, such as a Polyme Ligh -Emi ing Diode
(PLED), i is called a Flexible O ganic Ligh -Emi ing Diode (FOLED). O he OLED ad ances ha e
been achie ed by using molecules in i s composi ion, bu hey a e s ill in he de elopmen p ocess;
some examples migh be he Molecule O ganic Ligh -Emi ing Diode (MOLED) [59] and he Small
Molecule O ganic Ligh -Emi ing Diode (SmOLED) [60].
All he OLED displays ha e some cha ac e is ics in common: high b igh ness and con as , as
esponse ime and excellen colo de ini ion. They o e a wide iewing angle (a a ound 160 deg ees)
as a esul o he sel -luminous e ec . The main ad an age, howe e , is hei low powe consump ion
(p opo ional o he numbe o pixels ha a e u ned on—black do s do no need powe ), which
depends only on he p esen con en due o he ac ha hey do no equi e a backligh . This also
makes hem hinne and mo e e icien [61]. The handicap is s ill he p ice; since hey a e
manu ac u ed on a small scale, hey ha e a high p ice on he ma ke [60].
Some s udies [62] ha e concluded ha when using his echnology, he powe consump ion o
displays inc eases e y s ongly wi h size. Displays o di e en sizes wi hin he s udied ange ha e
he e o e been analyzed and hei ea u es a e lis ed in Table 4. Such inc ease is especially ema kable
in he case o PMOLED (a module wice as la ge consumes six imes mo e).
Table 4. Fea u es o speci ic O ganic Ligh -Emi ing Displays.
Type Model
Diag.
Size (in)
Weigh
(g)
B igh ness
(cd/m2) CR VA
Powe
(mW)
AM-OLED C0201QILK-C [63] 2 6 190 10000:1 170 170
AM-OLED USMP-A34480TP (Chi Mei El. Co p) [64] 3.4 30.1 160 10000:1 170 500
PM-OLED mic oOLED-160-G2 [65] 1.7 13 100 5000:1 160 100
PM-OLED RGS32256064WH002 [66] 3.2 11 70 2000:1 160 616
OLED echnology is being conduc ed in he main companies and uni e si ies, such as Kodak, Sha p
o eMagin. Al hough i s a ed being used mainly in came as, A/V playe s, ca audio sys ems o o he
small de ices such as he sma wa ch shown in Figu e 4, he ma ke sha e in mobile sc eens is
inc easing. Fo ins ance, Supe AMOLED is he echnology chosen by Samsung o i s Galaxy S6.
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 10869
en i onmen s [95], whe e de ices p esen ex eme low-powe consump ion needs, high ene gy
e icien displays could play an essen ial ole.
Al hough g ea s ides ha e al eady been made o educe he consump ion o he in e aces, i is s ill
a main objec i e o indus ial s a egic agendas and esea ch g oups’ lines o in es iga ion.
This e iew has compiled ele an da a ela ed wi h he ene gy consump ion o he main low-powe
display echnologies, om he manu ac u e s’ da ashee s. The use o ela i e uni s has allowed
compa ing hem accu a ely.
Some display echnologies, such as OLED— e lec i e display wi h no backligh —o EPD—which
e ains he shown in o ma ion—ha e in insically low powe cha ac e is ics in small o m ac o s.
Se e al ma ke epo s place also OLED as a key echnology up o 2020 [96]. I has he bes con as
a ios and iewing angles, and good alues o b igh ness and weigh . The s ong ela ionship be ween
he numbe o ac i e pixels and he powe consumed makes i sui able o many speci ic applica ions.
Elec onic pape is also a p omising echnology o applica ions ha need ul a-low-powe displays.
Especially o hose ha equi e in equen upda ing o images, his display consumes an ex emely
low amoun o powe .
O he mo e ma u e echnologies a e also concen a ing on low-powe small-sized display
de elopmen , such as LCD. E en hough i is making p og ess, i mus con inue o imp o e i i wan s
o emain compe i i e agains o he eme ging display echnologies.
Al hough ELD displays pe o m poo ly in e ms o ene gy, hey p esen usage ad an ages unde
ci cums ances whe e ull colo is no equi ed bu whe e uggedness, speed, b igh ness, high con as ,
and a wide angle o ision is needed.
Display echnologies mus e ol e as enough o keep pace wi h ad ances in o he a eas. Each day
new ways a e de ised wi h he aim o imp o ing he b igh ness, con as , and o e all pic u e quali y o
he displays, bu he demand o low ene gy-consuming displays is one o he main miles ones ha will
d i e echnology e olu ion; his e olu ion will equi e new app oaches and inno a i e ideas. New lines
o esea ch a e hus explo ing new ields o applica ion o mee he changing needs o socie y.
Acknowledgmen s
This esea ch has been pa ially suppo ed by he Jun a de Cas illa y León—Agencia de In e siones
y Se icios y P og ama de Apoyo a P oyec os de In es igación (g an VA036U14) and Minis y o
Science and Inno a ion (g an DPI2014-56500-R).
The au ho s would also like o hank Uni e si y o O iedo o hos ing his esea ch and especially
he s a o he In obo ica Resea ch G oup o all he aluable commen s.
Au ho Con ibu ions
All au ho s con ibu ed ex ensi ely o he wo k p esen ed in his pape . Ignacio Gonzalez Alonso
and Edua do Zalama Casano a designed and s uc u ed he con en s. Ma ía Rod íguez Fe nández
ga he ed he in o ma ion, analyzed he da a and w o e he pape . All au ho s discussed he esul s and
implica ions and commen ed on he manusc ip a all s ages.

Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 10870
Con lic s o In e es
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