The suppo o cons uc s in hesau us ools om a Seman ic Web
pe spec i e: F amewo k o assess s anda d con o mance
M. Me cedes Ma ínez-González
Uni e si y o Valladolid, Spain
[email p o ec ed]
Ma ía-Luisa Al i e-Díez
Uni e si y o Leon, Spain
luisa.al i [email protected]
The inal, published e sion o his a icle is a ailable online.
Please check he inal publica ion eco d o he la es e isions
o his a icle. [Ma ínez-González, M. M., & Al i e-Díez, M.-
L. (2019). The suppo o cons uc s in hesau us ools om a
Seman ic Web pe spec i e: F amewo k o assess s anda d
con o mance. Compu e S anda ds & In e aces.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.csi.2019.02.003]
Abs ac
Thesau i a e concep ual ools use ul o achie e seman ic in e ope abili y and eusabili y,
which a e ele an goals in he Seman ic Web. Thesau us s anda ds es ablish, among
o he issues, he cons uc s ha can appea in a hesau us. The ISO 25964 s anda d o
hesau i, which supe sedes ISO 2788, is he e olu ion o he ISO hesau i s anda d o a
concep ual app oach close o he Seman ic Web. Howe e , i appea ed when SKOS -
he W3C Recommenda ion- was al eady consolida ed as he s anda d o KOS
(Knowledge O ganiza ion Sys em) ep esen a ion in he Seman ic Web, including
hesau i. The e olu ion om ISO 2788 o ISO 25964, and he ela ionships be ween
cons uc s in ISO 2788/ISO 25964 and SKOS, a e s udied in his pape . F om he
analysis o his compa ison, a me hodological amewo k, ha ocuses on he cons uc
suppo , is p oposed o e alua e he con o mance quali y o hesau us managemen
ools. Ta ge eade s a e p o essionals in cha ge o hesau i edi ion. A Seman ic Web
pe spec i e is aken o cha ac e ize he e ec ha using SKOS o ep esen hesau i can
ha e on he esul s o he assessmen . A p oo o concep o he model’s easibili y was
pe o med on wo ools and he analysis o he esul s o his expe imen al alida ion is
p esen ed. The conclusions highligh he model’s sui abili y o assessing con o mance
o he s anda ds conce ning suppo o hesau us cons uc s.
Keywo ds
ISO 2788; ISO 25964; Seman ic Web; SKOS; so wa e con o mance; s anda d
con o mance; hesau us cons uc s; hesau us s anda ds; hesau us ools
1. In oduc ion
Thesau i a e s uc u ed, con olled ocabula ies concei ed o acili a e in o ma ion
e ie al. Thesau i add o in o ma ion sys ems he abili y o o e na iga ion h ough a
hesau us' ca ego ies o o e ie e documen s ha ha e been classi ied unde one o i s
ca ego ies. Mo eo e , he Seman ic Web and linked da a ha e b ough abou a enewed
in e es in hesau i as concep ual ools ha can be used o imp o e seman ic
in e ope abili y [1–4]. Thei po en ial as suppo o concep -based sea ches, i.e.,
sea ches in which he use looks o concep s ins ead o e ms in documen con en
[1,4,5] is a aluable ea u e in he Seman ic Web con ex . The ad anced abili y o
hesau i o manage synonymy, quasi-synonymy and subsump ions be ween concep s
makes hem ideal ools o suppo hese sea ches. Examples o well-known hesau i a e:
he Ag o oc Thesau us1, c ea ed and main ained by he Food and Ag icul u e
O ganiza ion o he Uni ed Na ions (FAO); Eu oVoc2, he Eu opean Union mul ilingual
hesau us; he A and A chi ec u e Thesau us3; he UNESCO Thesau us4; he UKAT
Thesau us5; he Na ional Ag icul u al Lib a y Thesau us (NALT)6; and he GEne al
Mul ilingual En i onmen al Thesau us (GEMET)7.
S anda ds a e he ins umen s ha collec he ag eemen o a communi y abou he
s anda dized issue. Fo hesau i, he ISO s anda ds de ine wha a hesau us is and wha
he cons uc s a e ha a hesau us can use in o de o be a alid con olled ocabula y.
The e o e, ools c ea ed o assis hesau us edi o s should con o m o hese ules, ei he
by gua an eeing ha hey a e no ansg essed, o by wa ning hei use s abou possible
con lic s. In an ideal scena io, a hesau us ool in acco dance wi h he s anda d would
gua an ee ha any hesau us edi ed wi h i has cons uc s con o man wi h he s anda d,
e.g., au oma ically inse ing any ela ionships ha can be de i ed om hose inse ed by
end use s, e c. Some o hese es ic ions can be ound in ISO 25964-Pa 1 [6] and hey
a e collec ed and expanded in sec ion 3 o his pape . When ools au oma ically check
his con o mance, use s a e g ea ly helped in co ec ing e o s commi ed when c ea ing
a hesau us, so hey can be mo e con iden abou he wo k doneand, consequen ly, on
he e ec i eness o he ocabula y. As wi h on ologies [7], he in e es in assis ing he
end use wi h a sui able checking ool inc eases as he size o he KOS being edi ed is
g ea e .
In his pape , a me hodological ool o selec ing hesau us managemen ools, by
assessing hei con o mance o ISO s anda ds ega ding he suppo o hesau us
cons uc s, is p esen ed. I s main public is he hesau us communi y, i.e., in o ma ion
managemen p o essionals in ol ed in he de elopmen , main enance and edi ion o
hesau i, who need eliable hesau us ools o hese asks. I is wo h no ing ha i is
mo e o ien ed owa ds he p ope design o hesau us managemen ools and hei use s’
expe ience, a he han a pu ely heo e ical o logical pe spec i e.
The emainde o his pape is o ganized as ollows. Sec ion 2 p esen s he backg ound
and pu pose o he wo k. Sec ion 3 s udies he cons uc s in ISO 2788 and ISO 25964,
hei e olu ion om ISO 2788 o ISO 25964 and he equi alence wi h SKOS cons uc s.
Sec ion 4 p esen s he me hodological amewo k, he sui e o es s used and some
indica o s. The indica o s a e used o measu e he con o mance o hesau us so wa e in
cons uc suppo . In sec ion 5 he p oo o concep pe o med on wo selec ed hesau us
ools is ou lined. Sec ion 6 is de o ed o he discussion o he e ec s ha he e olu ion
o he ISO s anda d o hesau i has on he me hodological amewo k. The lessons
lea ned om he p oo o concep a e also included in his sec ion. Finally, sec ion 7
collec s he main conclusions ob ained.
1 h p://aims. ao.o g/ es - egis y/ ocabula ies/ag o oc-mul ilingual-ag icul u al- hesau us
2 h ps://publica ions.eu opa.eu/en/web/eu- ocabula ies/ h-da ase /-/ esou ce/da ase /eu o oc
3 h p://www.ge y.edu/ esea ch/ ools/ ocabula ies/aa /
4 h p:// ocabula ies.unesco.o g/b owse / hesau us/en/
5 h p://www.uka .o g.uk/
6 h ps://agclass.nal.usda.go /ag .sh ml
7 h ps://www.eione .eu opa.eu/geme /en/ hemes/
2. Backg ound and pu pose
The ISO 2788 s anda d [8] es ablished he cons uc s a hesau us can ha e and he
in eg i y es ic ions ha mus be espec ed. The s anda d o monolingual hesau i,
o iginally published in 1974,was e ised and eedi ed in 1986. In addi ion, he ISO
5964 s anda d [9] es ablishes he main p ocedu es o he ea men o se e al languages
in he same knowledge esou ce, iden i ying he main p oblems ela ed o seman ic
equi alence.
Howe e , he “ e i al” o hesau i as concep ual ools in Seman ic Web applica ions
esul ed in he upda e o he hesau us ISO s anda d. Be ween 2011 and 2013, he
In e na ional O ganiza ion o S anda diza ion (ISO) published ISO 25964 [6,10], he
hesau us s anda d ha supe sedes ISO 2788. I is an e olu ion om he app oach o
e m-based hesau i, p esen in ISO 2788, o concep -based hesau i [11,12]. Wi h he
e olu ion om ISO 2788 o ISO 25964, he hesau us communi y emb aces he
Seman ic Web ision. This concep -based app oach is close o he idea o concep ual
sea ches ha unde lies seman ic in o ma ion e ie al [5,13]. All o his in an
en i onmen o seman ic in e ope abili y, in which hesau i a e eused in open con ex s.
Reuse is de ini ely s eng hened when using s anda ds o sha e hesau i8 [1,11].
ISO 25964 appea ed a e he W3C ecommenda ion o ep esen ing KOS in he
Seman ic Web, SKOS (Simple Knowledge O ganiza ion Sys em) [14].SKOS p o ides
a way o ep esen knowledge o ganiza ion sys ems (KOS) using RDF. SKOS is
a ailable as an OWL on ology [15]. SKOS al eady used he concep -based app oach.
Du ing he pe iod when ISO 2788 was he a ailable s anda d o hesau i, he bene i s
o using W3C s anda ds such as SKOS led o se e al hesau i being ep esen ed wi h
SKOS, including he mos impo an hesau i lis ed in he i s pa ag aph o his
In oduc ion; a lis o which new i ems a e cons an ly being added [12,16]. Mo eo e ,
hesau us ools we e adap ed o use RDF/SKOS as he unde lying language9 o s o e and
sha e he hesau i hei use s c ea ed and edi ed. Howe e , SKOS is in ended o use in
a wide se o KOS, including hesau i, bu also olksonomies, glossa ies, e c. This has
equi ed wo k on he equi alence be ween he ISO s anda ds and he W3C s anda d
(SKOS). The equi alence be ween hesau i cons uc s, as de ined by ISO 2788, and
SKOS cons uc s was i s co e ed by guidelines p o ided in he SKOS P ime Guide
[17]. The equi alence be ween ISO 25964 and SKOS is deal wi h in [18]. Some
mappings a e di ec , bu he e a e co espondences which a e mo e di icul o make10.
Jus as he ISO s anda d o hesau i can be compa ed wi h SKOS, hesau i can also be
compa ed wi h on ologies. Thesau i and on ologies a e KOS which can be used o
o ganize knowledge om a communi y. E en hough se ious e o s ha e been made o
ob ain on ologies om hesau i and o he KOS [19], he e a e ele an di e ences
8 Fo example, Eu oVoc, he hesau us main ained by he EU Publica ions O ice, is used in a la ge numbe o
egional pa liamen s adap ed o he speci ic needs o each ins i u ion ela ed o indexing and e ie al, ha is, hey
spawn a ian s o cus omiza ions o he o iginal hesau us. Adap a ions o a ian s o he ERIC Thesau us a e c ea ed
o a ious educa ional scena ios, as signi ican poli ical o geog aphical di e ences should be add essed in he
ocabula y, while a ian s om he UNESCO hesau us, in a wide hema ic a ea, se e as addi ional examples.
These examples illus a e ha eusing sha ed hesau i is indeed a common p ac ice.
9 The e m “language” is used he e wi h he same meaning as in he In oduc ion o he SKOS Recommenda ion:
"SKOS also p o ides a ligh weigh , in ui i e language o de eloping and sha ing new knowledge o ganiza ion
sys ems" [14].
10 Fo example, concep s in ISO 25964 a e concep s in SKOS, bu ela ions like hasSubG oup/hasSupe G oup in ISO
25964 do no ha e a di ec equi alen in SKOS.
be ween on ologies and hesau i [20,21]. These di e ences a e enough o jus i y he
exis ence o a Seman ic Web s anda d, SKOS, speci ically designed o ep esen KOS
in he Seman ic Web con ex [3]. One ele an di e ence, enough o suppo his
a gumen , is p o ided by he ISO 25964 s anda d: on ologies deal wi h classes, which
ha e ins ances (indi iduals), while hesau i deal wi h concep s11. I is no in he in e es
o his pape o ge in o he analysis o on ologies and hesau i simila i ies and
di e ences, o which eade s a e o wa ded o he e e ences men ioned abo e.
Howe e , hese di e ences p o e ha speci ic wo k abou hesau i is o in e es ,
especially when some hesau i a e well es ablished, consolida ed KOS ha depend on
he consensus o wide communi ies (see, e.g., UNESCO, Eu oVoc, Ag o oc, and he
o he hesau i men ioned in i s pa ag aph o he In oduc ion), some hing di icul o
achie e when i e e s o ag eemen on wha knowledge is ele an o a gi en
communi y.
Howe e , he use o on ologies is compa ible wi h main aining hesau i. Fo example,
he use o legal on ologies, such as he one de eloped by he Publica ions O ice o he
Eu opean Union [22], is no in con lic wi h he use by his ins i u ion o long-s anding
hesau i such as Eu oVoc in i s in o ma ion sys ems. In pa icula , his hesau us
main ained by he Publica ions O ice o he Eu opean Union has been selec ed o
illus a e, wi h examples, he cons uc s p esen ed in sec ion 3, as well as o he
p epa a ion o he ad hoc hesau us used in he es s o his wo k.
This is he con ex in which we place his s udy. The aim o his wo k is o p o ide a
me hodological amewo k o selec ing hesau us ools, by assessing hei con o mance
o ISO s anda ds. To achie e his goal he wo king me hodology was based on he
li e a u e e iew and he compa a i e s udy o he s anda ds. The a ge issue o his
pape is cons uc suppo , a basic issue o ensu e he co ec ness and quali y o any
hesau us.
This wo k is pa o a mo e gene ic amewo k [23], ini ially designed acco ding o he
ISO 2788 s anda d, which is s ill suppo ed by many hesau us ools. He e, howe e , i
is p esen ed wi h he e ision needed o adap i o ISO 25964. In he ollowing, he
me hodological ool will be e e ed o as ‘ he amewo k’. The e m amewo k is
unde s ood he e acco ding o [24,25] as a 'so wa e e alua ion me hod sui able o
sys em compa ison'. I includes he me hodology, he se o issues o e alua e, he se o
da a ( hesau i in his case) o use in he e alua ion, and a se o indica o s o he quali y
o so wa e con o mance. A ele an ad an age o his amewo k is ha he
con o mance equi emen s speci ied by ISO 25964 a e co e ed by a se o es s (see
Sec ion 4.2 and he Appendix), each o which ope a es as an indi idual ins umen wi h
p ede ined inpu s and possible esul s. The e o e, hey can easily be pe o med by
people in cha ge o selec ing a hesau us ool, who can o ganize he execu ion o he se
o es s as hey p e e , selec ing he ones o pe o m, he o de in which hey a e
pe o med... The indi idual esul s o he ex s execu ed can be added la e o ob ain
indica o s abou he quali y o he ool wi h espec o i s con o mance o hesau i
11 Reasoning bene i s om his, meaning ha all indi iduals o ins ances inhe i he p ope ies o he classes hey
belong o.Howe e , hesau i deal wi h concep s, ideas which a e no ins an ia ed, i.e., his ype o easoning canno
be applied. Fo example, in an on ology, “Ea h” is an ins ance o he “Plane ” class and inhe i s he p ope ies o a
plane , while in a hesau us bo h, “Ea h” and “Plane ”, a e concep s. ISO 25964-2:2011 p o ides an example: “Ea h
and plane s migh be wo concep s in a hesau us, linked by a hie a chical BT/NT ela ionship. Op ionally, he
ins an ial na u e o he ela ionship could be made explici by using he ags BTI and NTI. In an on ology conce ned
wi h celes ial mechanics, Plane could be es ablished as a class, and Ea h as an indi idual (since he la e is unique
in he domain, whe eas he e is mo e han one plane ). The wo could be linked by a class asse ion. The p esence o
such asse ions and axioms allows an indi idual o ‘inhe i ’ all he p ope ies o he classes o which i belongs”.
s anda ds. This pape p o ides an enhanced, in-dep h and de ailed analysis o he
cons uc suppo p oblem and he es s designed o e alua e i s suppo in hesau us
ools, none o which could be included in he gene ic o e iew p esen ed in e e ence
[23].
This amewo k is designed o hesau i. E en hough hesau i a e concep ual ools o
knowledge o ganiza ion, as on ologies and o he KOS, hei di e ences jus i y speci ic
wo ks o each ype. In addi ion, al hough hesau i mus con o m o ISO s anda ds, i is
wo h analyzing hesau us issues ha a e also p esen in SKOS and hose ha a e
speci ic o hesau i, because SKOS p o ides mo e lexibili y han hesau us s anda ds
(as a hesau us is jus a ype o KOS) and because SKOS is widely used o ep esen
hesau i. This analysis p o ides he key o poin ou which es s should be supe ised
mo e ca e ully in a p ac ical e alua ion because o he p obabili y o ob aining nega i e
esul s. Thus, in sec ion 3, he SKOS Recommenda ion is compa ed wi h ISO s anda ds.
The me hod used o adap he me hodological amewo k is p esen ed in de ail in
Sec ion 4.1 in o de o enable a be e unde s anding o i as a whole. Howe e , we ha e
chosen o b ing o wa d a sec ion dedica ed o his issue (Sec ion 3) o p esen he
e ision o he cons uc s in ISO 2788 and ISO 25964 in de ail, and he equi alence
wi h SKOS.
In o de o p o ide a p oo o concep o he easibili y o he amewo k, i was
applied o wo ools, SKOSEd and PoolPa y. These esul s a e included. Fo his wo k,
in which he new ISO 25964 s anda d is aken in o accoun , ools al eady using SKOS
we e conside ed mo e in e es ing. Howe e , while SKOSEd is, as i s name indica es, a
ool c ea ed o edi and manage SKOS sys ems, PoolPa y is a ool speci ically c ea ed
o hesau i. Some di e ences will be commen ed on. A pe son esponsible o selec ing
a hesau us ool could conside hese di e ences ele an o he selec ion. Howe e ,
his kind o decision depends on he in ended use o a so wa e, which canno be
o eseen in a gene ic amewo k.
This wo k also di e s om hose wo ks ha es he quali y o KOS ep esen ed wi h
SKOS [26]. While, in he said wo ks, he goal is o analyze he quali y o he SKOS
ep esen a ion o con olled ocabula ies (which include o he KOS han hesau i) and
o p o ide sugges ions o co ec he p oblems de ec ed, in ou me hodological
amewo k, he in e es ocuses on helping hesau i edi o s o selec ools ha assis
hem in hesau i edi ion.
The e a e su eys o hesau us ools [27–29]. In hese, such ea u es as he c ea ion and
managemen o hesau i, and ea u es ela ed o so wa e ou pu ( he display o hesau i
on he sc een o p in e , o ins ance), ha e been ouched upon. Besides, he e a e ools
o e alua e on ologies and Seman ic Web ools [30–32]. Howe e , hey a e p io o he
newes hesau us s anda ds and he Seman ic Web pe spec i e, o hey do no o e a
speci ic me hod o hesau us ools. The p oposal p esen ed he e is o iginal due o i s
Seman ic Web o ien ed app oach and i s ocus on hesau i. In addi ion, his p oposal
co e s cons uc suppo in de ail, aking in o accoun ISO 2788, bu also SKOS and
ISO 25964.
3. Thesau us Cons uc s: om ISO 2788 o ISO 25964. Equi alence
wi h SKOS
In his sec ion, he cons uc s ha a hesau us can ha e a e p esen ed. Bo h cons uc s in
ISO 2788 and ISO 25964 a e co e ed. The pa allelism be ween bo h s anda ds, and he
equi alence wi h SKOS cons uc s, a e co e ed a he same ime ha cons uc s a e
in oduced. The explana ions a e illus a ed wi h examples om he Eu oVoc hesau us.
In addi ion, when cons uc s a e new addi ions in ISO 25964, o hey acqui e a
ele ance hey did no ha e in ISO 2788, his is ema ked. The equi alence be ween
hesau i cons uc s, as de ined by ISO 2788, and SKOS cons uc s was i s co e ed by
some guidelines p o ided in he SKOS P ime Guide [17]. The equi alence be ween he
ISO 25964 hesau i cons uc s and SKOS is deal wi h in [18]. I should be no ed ha
al hough some mappings a e a he di ec , o he equi alences a e mo e open, i.e., he e
a e a ious possible mappings.
Wha is p esen ed in his sec ion is essen ial knowledge o unde s and he pape . The
equi alence be ween he cons uc s o bo h ISO s anda ds and SKOS is he esul o he
e ision ca ied ou as pa o he adap a ion me hodology o he amewo k (see sec ion
4.1). Howe e , gi en i s in insic ela ionship o he p esen a ion o he cons uc s, we
ha e decided o p esen i in his sec ion, o acili a e he eade 's unde s anding o he
equi alences be ween s anda ds, which will be necessa y o unde s anding how o
" ansla e" an ISO cons uc in o a SKOS cons uc in SKOS o ien ed hesau us ools.
3.1. Cons uc s
Thesau i, Concep s and Te ms. A hesau us is a con olled and s uc u ed ocabula y.
Wi h ISO 2788, he main cons uc s o hesau i a e Te ms: wo ds o ph ases ha
ep esen an idea. ISO 25964 e ol es owa ds he concep -based app oach, i.e., he main
cons uc s o hesau i a e Concep s, uni s o hough . Concep s a e ep esen ed by e ms
and he ela ionships ha p o ide s uc u e o a hesau us a e es ablished be ween
concep s.
When mapping o SKOS, skos:Concep Scheme is used o ep esen a hesau us, a
s uc u e ha compiles and o ganizes a se o concep s, and each concep is ep esen ed
wi h skos:Concep , each o hem in u n iden i ied wi h a URI. Labels can be p e e ed
(skos:p e Label), al e na i e (skos:al Label), o hidden (skos:hiddenLabel).
Fo example, he concep ep esen ed wi h he P e e edTe m ‘social igh s’ in Eu oVoc
has se e al SimpleNonP e e edTe m, which can be used o ep esen he same idea.
The mapping o SKOS is di ec : his concep is iden i ied wi h he URI
h p://eu o oc.eu opa.eu/3899, classi ied as a esou ce o ype skos:Concep , and i s
labels a e e e ed o wi h he skos:p e Label, skos:al Label p ope ies.
I is wo h ema king ha he idea o Te ms in ISO 25964 ma ches he SKOS-XL
ex ension [33], whe e e ms a e aised o he ca ego y o objec s ha can be ela ed wi h
o he objec s, some hing which is no possible o labels. skos-xl:label is used in his
case. This has been done in Eu oVoc 4.7. Howe e , he e a e ew hesau i ep esen ed
wi h SKOS-XL and, which may be mo e in luen ial in eal applica ions, he e a e ew
gene al pu pose hesau us ools ha suppo SKOS-XL in ull.
Domains o Mic o hesau i and Concep g oups. Thesau i ha e usually been
o ganized in hema ic ields o domains12, also called ields o knowledge o
mic o hesau i. ISO 25964 in oduces a new cons uc : concep g oups. Domains a e
concep g oups. Te ms (ISO 2788), o concep s (ISO 25964), a e g ouped in domains.
E en i no common, hesau i can ha e mul iple domain le els, ha is, domains which
a e included in o he domains. The i s ones a e subdomains. Fo ins ance, he Eu oVoc
hesau us has 21 domains - hema ic ields- and 127 subdomains o mic o hesau i. Thus,
he domain ‘LAW’ is di ided in o se en mic o hesau i: ‘sou ces and b anches o he
12 Fo he es o his pape , ‘domain’ will be used.
law’, ‘ci il law’, ‘c iminal law’, ‘jus ice’, ‘o ganisa ion o he legal sys em’,
‘in e na ional law’ and ‘ igh s and eedoms’.
ISO 25964 Concep g oups a e conside ed a subclass o skos:Collec ion in [18]. The
SKOS Collec ions a e g oups o concep s which do no need o be ela ed by
hie a chical ela ionships [17]. Membe s o a SKOS Collec ion may come om
di e en Concep Schemes, which o he in e es o hesau us managemen means ha a
SKOS Collec ion can be used o ep esen domains o o g oup concep s om di e en
hesau i. Al hough he nes ing be ween domains ecei ed a dedica ed ela ionship,
hasSubG oup/hasSupe G oup, in ISO 25964, he e is no equi alence in SKOS [18].
The e was a p oposal o ex end SKOS o make up o his and o he sho ages, named
ISO-THES [34]. Howe e , i s documen a ion is no longe a ailable and hence, i will
no be conside ed in he es o his s udy13.
Equi alence ela ionships. An equi alence ela ionship is es ablished be ween wo
e ms in a hesau us ep esen ing he same concep in he same na u al language. The
equi alence ela ionships a e USE ( o he p e e ed e m), and UF ( o he non-
p e e ed e m). These ela ionships, p esen in ISO 2788, a e also ound in ISO 25964.
Howe e , wi h concep -based hesau i, hese ela ionships a e no as c ucial in he
de ini ion o a hesau us as hey we e wi h ISO 2788, because he idea ha was
ep esen ed by he g oup o p e e ed and non-p e e ed e ms is now ep esen ed by he
concep cons uc , o which p e e ed and non-p e e ed e ms a e associa ed. The
equi alen o his in SKOS a e skos:p e Label and skos:al Label espec i ely14.
Thus, in he same example ex ac ed om Eu oVoc, men ioned in he in oduc ion o
he cons uc s, he concep wi h he desc ip o (P e e edTe m) 'social igh s' in
Eu oVoc has wo SimpleNonP e e edTe m: 'economic and social igh s' and 'social
eedom'. The h ee a e linked wi h he concep hey quali y by he skos:p e Label o
'social igh s' and skos:al Label o 'economic and social igh s' and 'social eedom',
espec i ely. The equi alence ela ionship be ween p e e ed and non-p e e ed e ms is
shown on he web page in Eu oVoc by he abb e ia ions ‘UF’ (used o ), in on o he
SimpleNonP e e edTe m and ‘USE’, in on o he P e e edTe m.
Hie a chical ela ionships. These ela ionships we e al eady a ailable in ISO 2788
and p o ide he hie a chical s uc u e ha o ganizes a hesau us. They ela e a pai o
e ms (ISO 2788) o concep s (ISO 25964) o which one has a scope alling comple ely
wi hin he scope o he o he . They a e b oade e ms (BT) and na owe e ms (NT),
which a e ecip ocal. ISO 25964 main ains hese adi ional symbols, bu hey should be
unde s ood as "b oade concep " and "na owe concep " espec i ely. Fo example, in
Eu oVoc, he concep desc ibed as 'social igh s' has 13 na owe concep s: 'academic
eedom', 'equali y be o e he law', 'equal ea men ', e c. These ela ionships ha e a
di ec mapping in SKOS: skos:b oade and skos:na owe .
13 Based on he W3C Recommenda ion [14], an ex ension o SKOS o hesau i acco ding o ISO 25964, called ISO-
THES (h ps://lo .linkedda a.es/da ase /lo / ocabs/iso- hes), was p oposed. This e e ence was used as a guide o
he s udy. Howe e , a he ime o w i ing he pape , i s documen a ion was no longe a ailable o a long pe iod. On
he o he hand, we ha e no ound in he analyzed ools suppo o ISO-THES. Fo bo h hese easons, he sea ch o
s able e e ences, and he empi ical e i ica ion ha he SKOS e sion ha he ools suppo is he Recommenda ion,
wi hou he ISO-THES ex ension, has led us o ocus ou s udy on ully s abilized e sions o he s anda ds and
accep ed by he hesau us communi y ( hesau i edi o s, and hesau us ool de elope s).
14 The e a e wo possibili ies wi h SKOS: i SKOS Co e is used, which is he simples way o doing i , hei alue is
a li e al; i SKOS-XL is used, he labels a e ela ed o concep s by hese ela ionships. Wi h SKOS-XL he p ope ies
o be used a e xl:p e Label and xl:al Label.
A no el y in ISO 25964 is ha i in oduces he possibili y o dis inguish be ween h ee
ypes o hie a chical ela ionships: gene ic (kind o , BTG), pa i i e (pa o , BTP) and
ins an ial (ins ance o , BTI).This has se e al e ec s [35]. In addi ion, his dis inc ion
be ween he h ee ypes o hie a chical ela ionships, as ye , has no mapping in SKOS15.
Indeed, a solu ion was ecen ly p oposed in [36], whose essence is o de ine ex ended
p ope ies (BTGE, BTPE, BTIE). Howe e , i is s ill oo soon o know i i will become
a s anda d solu ion. Some conside a ions abou his issue a e included in he Analysis
(Sec ion 6).
E en i no common, hie a chical ela ionships can be combined in a hesau us o ob ain
polyhie a chical s uc u es. Polyhie a chical s uc u es a e de ined by ISO 25964-
1:2011 as a “hie a chical a angemen o concep s in a hesau us o classi ica ion
scheme in which each concep can ha e mo e han one b oade concep ”.
Top Te ms and Top Concep s. Top concep s a e b oade han any o he concep in
hei domain. ISO 2788 hasTopTe m/isTopTe mO p ope ies, o he Top Concep s o
ISO 25964, do no ha e a di ec mapping in SKOS [18]. Ne e heless, in SKOS, i is
possible o s a e ha a concep is a op concep in a concep scheme by using he
skos: opConcep O p ope y. The concep ‘social igh s’ in Eu oVoc is a Top Concep
o he '1236 igh s and eedoms' mic o hesau us. Tha is, i only has NT concep s.
Mo eo e , his is asse ed in an RDF ep esen a ion wi h he skos: opConcep O and
skos:hasTopConcep p ope ies.
Associa i e ela ionships. An associa i e ela ionship ela es wo p e e ed e ms (ISO
2788), o concep s (ISO 25964), ha a e no in he same hie a chical s uc u e, bu a e
seman ically simila . The symbol used is RT (Rela ed Te m) and he e is a di ec
mapping in SKOS by means o he skos: ela ed p ope y. ISO 25964 o e s he
possibili y, which was no a ailable in ISO 2788, o commen on he na u e o hese
ela ionships, some hing which b ings he hesau us ISO ecommenda ion close o he
abili y o on ologies o model seman ics in ela ionships. Following he same p e ious
example, he concep desc ibed as 'social igh s' has a ela ed concep (RT),
‘Communi y Cha e o he Fundamen al Social Righ s o Wo ke s’. The skos: ela ed
p ope y p o ides his meaning.
No es. These se e o cla i y he meaning and applica ion o a e m, o concep , in
ela ion o o he e ms o concep s in he same hesau us. No es can be di ided in o
scope no es, his o ical no es, edi o no es, usage no es, e c. They a e bo h in ISO 2788
and ISO 25964 wi hou changes. SKOS also suppo s no es.Thesau i edi o s can add as
many no es as hey wan , o none. No es do no change he essence o a hesau us, so no
mo e space will be de o ed o his heading.
A ays. A ays a e g oups o sibling concep s. In [18] i is p oposed o ep esen hem
wi h skos:Collec ion. Tha is, he SKOS collec ions can be used o ep esen domains
and a ays. We ha e no ound an example o a ay in he Eu oVoc e sion a ailable in
i s websi e. Howe e , o he aim o p o iding an example he e, an a ay could be made
wi h he se o sibling concep s ‘ag icul u al ehicle, ai -cushion ehicle, camping
ehicle, elec ic ehicle, la ge ehicle, mo o ehicle’. All o hem ha e a common
15 A W3C d a , which did no e ol e o a W3C Recommenda ion, aised he possibili y o a SKOS Ex ension o
suppo some common ea u es o KOS, especially hesau i. In pa icula , i in oduced gene ic, pa i i e and
ins an ial ela ionships. A. Miles, D. B ickley, SKOS Ex ensions Vocabula y Speci ica ion, Wo ld Wide Web
Conso ium, 2004. h ps://www.w3.o g/2004/02/skos/ex ensions/spec/2004-10-18.h mlW3C
pa en concep , ‘ ehicle’, and his se could be labelled wi h he cha ac e is ic ‘ ype o
ehicle’.
Compound equi alence. ISO 25964 in oduces he compound equi alence, which was
no in ISO 2788. These a e ela ionships used o ep esen compound concep s ha do
no exis in a hesau us bu can be exp essed as a combina ion o wo o mo e simple
concep s. In some cases, he new concep is he union o subconcep s (e.g., in Eu oVoc
' ossil uel' could be conside ed he union o 'coal', 'na u al gas', and 'pe oleum'). Fo
hese si ua ions, [35] ecommends using hie a chical ela ionships wi h p e e ence o
compound equi alence, ha is, in oducing he compound concep as one mo e
hesau us concep , which is ela ed by hie a chical ela ionships wi h i s componen s.
The e is no s anda d solu ion ye o ep esen his wi h SKOS. Fo ins ance, he ' ossil
uel' example has been modeled in Eu oVoc as a concep , which is ela ed wi h h ee
o he concep s ('coal', 'na u al gas', and 'pe oleum') by RT ela ionships. This is no he
solu ion p oposed by [35] (RT ela ionships ha e been used in Eu oVoc ins ead o
hie a chical ela ionships), bu i is close o i s app oach han he compound
equi alence o ISO 25964.
Howe e , a las ema k is wo h no ing; s uc u es such as he one conside ed unde his
heading, compound equi alence, a e a ely ound in eal hesau i, in which simplici y is
a design p inciple.
3.2 E olu ion in cons uc s om ISO 2788 o ISO 25964
The main changes in oduced by he new ISO s anda d ha a ec he amewo k o
cons uc suppo assessmen a e p esen ed and commen ed in he ollowing.
1. The basic cons uc s o a hesau us a e no longe e ms, bu concep s. Wi h his,
ISO 25964 has go close o SKOS. Howe e , ISO 25964 o e s he possibili y
o add ela ionships be ween e ms i desi ed. This in oduces complexi y in o
he hesau i and di icul ies in he mapping o SKOS [18,37].
2. P e e ed e ms in ISO 2788 should be associa ed o concep s in ISO 25964.
Non-p e e ed e ms should also be associa ed o concep s.
3. Domains a e ep esen ed wi h concep g oups in ISO 25964, and hese a e
hemsel es ep esen ed wi h skos:Collec ion [18]. This is a change wi h espec
o ISO 2788, as he mapping o domains o SKOS cons uc s was no ixed. I
now becomes clea e wha could be expec ed in ools using SKOS.
4. Nes ing be ween domains is ep esen ed in ISO 25964 wi h he p ope y
hasSupe G oup/hasSubG oup. In ISO 2788, he e was no equi alen p ope y.
The mapping o hese p ope ies in SKOS has no ye been sol ed.
5. New cons uc s, e.g., compound equi alence, a e included in ISO 25964.
6. BT, NT and RT ela ionships a e in bo h ISO s anda ds wi h he same seman ics.
In ISO 2788, hey ela ed p e e ed e ms, while in ISO 25964 hey ela e
concep s.
7. Howe e , ISO 25964 in oduces a ype in NT/BT ela ionships wi h h ee
possible alues: kind o , pa o , and ins ance o .
8. Top e ms ind hei equi alen in op concep s.
In sho , he e a e new cons uc s in ISO 25964 and o he s ha e changed wi h espec o
he p e ious s anda d. They a e: Concep s; Te ms; A ays; ypes in hie a chical
ela ionships: BTG (Gene ic), BTP (Pa i i e), BTI (Ins an ial); Concep g oups, used
o domains o mic o hesau i; and Compound equi alences. The possibili y o using
compound equi alence, o ypes o hie a chical ela ionships, supposes a deg ee o
lexibili y in hesau i modeling ha complica es he decision o designe s o hesau us
ools using SKOS o ep esen ing hesau us, and new ones con inue o join his lis
[38], no mo e ools ha e been included in his pape because he ocus is on he
amewo k de ini ion and i s e ision o con o m o ISO 25964; applying i o ce ain
ools is a way o e i y i s easibili y.
PoolPa y20 is a hesau us ool wi h a Seman ic Web app oach [39]. I is a comme cial
so wa e p og am wi h a ee e alua ion e sion ha uses SKOS. The in e ace is
designed o acili a e hesau us edi ion. The e sion ha was i s e alua ed in [23] was
PoolPa y 2.7. Fo his pape , he es s ha e been applied o PoolPa y 5.
SKOSEd21 is a P o égé plugin [40]. I s pu pose is he c ea ion and edi ion o KOS
ep esen ed wi h SKOS. The easoning is ca ied ou h ough P o égé's easoning
acili ies, o which he app op ia e on ologies ( he SKOS on ology in his case) ha e o
be loaded on o P o égé. The possibili ies o e ed by he loaded on ology will de e mine
he suppo o he ool o some cons uc s and in e ences. A main di e ence wi h
PoolPa y is, indeed, in he in e ace ha use s wo k wi h: i is P o égé, i.e., i is made
o on ology enginee s, and may be mo e o e whelming o hesau us edi o s han ha
o PoolPa y (e.g., he use o ' easone s' o 'classi y' i ems is qui e speci ic o he
on ology enginee ing a ea).
The e is a ele an di e ence be ween he wo ools selec ed: PoolPa y is a hesau us
ool, while SKOSEd is, as i s name indica es, a SKOS ool. This means ha SKOSEd
should suppo any ype o KOS ha complies wi h he SKOS ecommenda ion, which
is mo e lexible han hesau us s anda ds (see Sec ion 3). Howe e , es ic ions speci ic
o hesau i can be expec ed o be aken in o accoun in PoolPa y.
The cons uc sui e has been checked using he hesau us shown in Figu e 2. The
ex ended e sion, Figu e 2(a), has been used. The hesau us cons uc s suppo ed by
each ool a e shown in Tables 4 and 5. The i s column co esponds o he numbe o
each es . In he second and hi d columns, a b ie desc ip ion o hei seman ics unde
ISO 2788 and ISO 25964 is o e ed ( o a comple e desc ip ion, please e e o Sec ion
4.2). The nex columns show he esul s o each ool, wi h hei quali a i e and nume ic
alues in each case.
Table 4. Suppo o basic cons uc s in PoolPa y and SKOSEd.
Tes ISO 2788 ISO 25964 PoolPa y SKOSEd
Resul s Values Resul s Values
1 Thesau us Thesau us M 1 M 1
2 Domain Concep g oup M-I 0.5 NM 0
3 P e e ed Te m 3.1 Concep M 1 M 1
3.2 Associa e P e-
e edTe m
M 1 M 1
4 Non-p e e ed
Te m
Associa e NonP e-
e edTe m o a concep
M 1 M 1
5 No e No e M 1 M 1
6 A ay M 1 NM 0
7 Te m NM 0 NM 0
20 h ps://www.poolpa y.biz/
21 h ps://code.google.com/a chi e/p/skosedi o /
Table 5. Suppo o ela ionships in PoolPa y and SKOSEd.
Tes ISO 2788 ISO 25964 PoolPa y SKOSEd
Resul s Values Resul s Values
8 Subdomain hasSupe G oup/has-
SubG oup
NM 0 NM 0
9 P e e ed Te m
in Domain
Concep in Concep
g oup
M-I 0.5 M-I 0.5
10 BT ela ionship BT ela ionships:
a) wi hou ype
b) ype = ‘kind o ’
c) ype = ‘pa o ’
d) ype = ‘ins ance o ’
M+I
NM
NM
NM
1
0
0
0
M+l
NM
NM
NM
1
0
0
0
11 NT ela ionship NT ela ionship:
a) wi hou ype
b) ype = ‘kind o ’
c) ype = ‘pa o ’
d) ype = ‘ins ance o ’
M+I
NM
NM
NM
1
0
0
0
M+I
NM
NM
NM
1
0
0
0
12 Polyhie a chy Polyhie a chy M+I 1 M+I 1
13 RT ela ionship RT ela ionship M+I 1 M+I 1
14 Top Te m Top Concep M+I 1 M+I 1
15 Concep in A ay M+I 1 NM 0
PoolPa y wo ks wi h SKOS cons uc s: Concep Schemes, Concep s, and Labels. I
in e s ecip ocal ela ionships when c ea ing BT, NT o RT ela ionships. SKOS
Collec ions a e suppo ed. Thus, hey can be used o ep esen concep g oups
(domains) and a ays, as p oposed in [18].
PoolPa y has pe ec suppo o polyhie a chy (e.g., i has been possible o c ea e,
wi hou p oblems, he polyhie a chical s uc u e o he hesau us in Figu e 2(a)), bu i
does no suppo domain nes ing es ed in es 8, i.e., i only pe mi s one le el o
Concep Schemes. Rega ding anno a ion, PoolPa y only suppo s Scope no es. The new
upda es o ISO 25964, such as ypes in hie a chical ela ionships, a e no suppo ed. The
alues ob ained o he indica o s a e p esen ed in he second column o Table 6.
SKOSEd also wo ks wi h SKOS cons uc s. An impo an di e ence wi h PoolPa y in
he cons uc s suppo ed is ha he e is no SKOSEd iew o add collec ions. This
implies ha i is no possible o ep esen domains o a ays wi h collec ions as
p oposed in [18]. In consequence, he esul s o es s 2, 6 and 15 di e om hose o
PoolPa y.
In SKOSEd he in e ence o ecip ocal ela ionships is no au oma ically done when a
seman ic ela ionship is added, bu i is o e ed when he 'Classi y' easoning acili y is
pe o med. Polyhie a chy is suppo ed. Only one le el o Concep Schemes is accep ed
by he ool, i.e., domain nes ing is no suppo ed. The alues ob ained o he indica o s
a e shown in he hi d column o Table 6.
Bo h ools e idence a easonable suppo o he cons uc s used in mos hesau i22.
PoolPa y o e s be e suppo , as he alues in Table 6 show. This is logical, as his
ool, by con as o SKOSEd, was concei ed as a hesau us ool.
Mo eo e , some cons uc s ha appea ed wi h ISO 25964 a e no suppo ed (see he
esul s o es s 6, 10 and 11). Some mo e conside a ions de i ed om he esul s o his
expe imen al alida ion a e o e ed in he Analysis Sec ion (Sec ion 6).
Table 6. Values ob ained o he indica o s in he expe imen al alida ion.
Indica o PoolPa y SKOSEd
Quali y o basic cons uc s suppo 6.5
80.8
5
80.6
Quali y o ela ionships suppo 6.5
14 0.5
5.5
14 0.4
6. Analysis
The mos in e es ing ema ks a e ela ed o cons uc s ha a e new in ISO 25964, which
we e no in ISO 2788, and ha e no equi alence in SKOS. The ollowing commen s
a ec es s ha check he suppo o 1) BT/NT ela ionships, 2) Subdomains, 3)
Collec ions and 4) Polyhie a chy.
The expansion o es s 10 and 11 o co e he possibili y o assigning ypes o BT/NT
ela ionships has been made wi h sub es s, numbe ed 10.a), 10.b), e c. I has been
decided o do i in his way o p o ide he amewo k wi h lexibili y. Thus, i a use
conside s he suppo o ypes in BT/NT ela ionships o be impo an , he ou
a ia ions will be applied as independen es s, ha is, ou es s will be execu ed and
he indica o s will be adap ed app op ia ely. Howe e , use s who conside he suppo
o ypes in BT/NT ela ionships o be i ele an can main ain he a) a ia ion, “no ype”,
which co esponds o he possibili y al eady a ailable in ISO 2788, and he one used in
mos hesau i we ha e obse ed. In he expe imen al alida ion o Sec ion 5, we wo ked
wi h he i s app oach, so he numbe o es s conside ed o calcula e he indica o o
he ela ionships suppo is 14 (see he las ow o Table 6).
Rega ding he implica ions ha he in oduc ion o ypes o BT/NT ela ionships has, i
is wo h aking in o accoun he ac ha he manne o ep esen ing he di e si y o
hie a chies associa ed o ypes o BT/NT ela ionships in SKOS has no de ini i e
solu ion ye (see he p oposals made in [18,36]). In ou opinion, his implies ha he
ools will no suppo hese ypes un il e e y hing conce ning hei ep esen a ion wi h
SKOS and hei managemen is s abilized. Gi en ha he ex ensions o SKOS ha
would suppo he dis inc ion be ween he di e en ypes o BT/NT ela ionships is no
ye included in he SKOS ecommenda ion, ou p e ision is ha mos ools will ail in
es s ha check he suppo o hese new cons uc s. They a e c ea ed wi h he in en ion
o being a ailable when s abiliza ion a i es.
We ema k ha he suppo o subdomains was al eady included in he p e ious e sion
o his amewo k, as well as he suppo o nes ing be ween hem. The e is no
equi alen p ope y in SKOS o ISO 25964 hasSupe G oup/hasSubG oup. This
22 Besides using he ad-hoc hesau us p esen ed in sec ion 4.3, some eal hesau i we e impo ed ( he easons ha
mo i a ed he examina ion o hese hesau i a e p esen ed in sec ion 4.3). The analysis made by compa ing he
manne each o hem ep esen s hesau us cons uc s wi h SKOS is p esen ed in sec ion 6.
in oduces a le el o unce ain y ha will no encou age so wa e de elope s o include
suppo o his capabili y (which was no necessa y wi h ISO 2788) in hei ools. This
si ua ion is simila o ha desc ibed abou ypes in hie a chical ela ionships.
The suppo o subdomains seems o be a pending ask. So, when a hesau us has his
s uc u e (e.g., he Eu oVoc Thesau us) one solu ion is ha ound in he UKAT
Thesau us: no o ep esen he op le el o subjec ields and s a wi h he
ep esen a ion o subdomains (mic o hesau i) as Concep Schemes, which a e placed a
he op le el o he hie a chy. Ano he possibili y, which is he one ha p obably comes
o mind when hesau us ools a e used o c ea e a hesau us ( hese ools do no suppo
wo le els o Concep Schemes), is o use Concep s a all le els, e en o ep esen
domains. These a e no ideal solu ions, bu un il he mapping o ISO 25964 and SKOS
ge s ixed, we a e a aid his si ua ion will no change. Finally, he e a e o he
possibili ies based on ex ending SKOS wi h OWL p ope ies de ined ad-hoc o
ep esen his seman ic. This solu ion was chosen o he Eu oVoc ep esen a ion
a ailable a he Eu oVoc o icial web page23. The d awback o using ad-hoc ex ensions
is ha hey a e no unde s ood by gene ic hesau us ools.
Tes ing wo di e en ools, one o hem o ien ed o hesau i and he o he ocused on
SKOS, has helped o co obo a e he in e es o compa ing he cons uc s o ISO 25964
and SKOS. In ac , some esul s o he expe imen s on hese ools (di e ences in esul s
o some es s) had been o eseen as possible, due o he compa ison discussed in Sec ion
3. Mo eo e , hanks o ha compa a i e analysis, an explana ion o he easons o hese
di e ences was al eady a ailable.
A di e ence was ound in he suppo o collec ions by he ools assessed in Sec ion 5
(compa e he esul s o es s 2, 6, and 15 in Tables 4 and 5). Wi h ISO 2788, he ole
collec ions could ha e o ep esen ing a hesau us was mino . Howe e , wi h ISO
25964, he ac ha collec ions a e p oposed as he SKOS equi alen o concep g oups
and a ays, means ha hey acqui e ele ance. This di e ence be ween ools, which was
almos i ele an be o e ISO 25964, inc eases i s ele ance wi h he new s anda d.
I is posi i e o e i y ha polyhie a chy is well modeled and suppo ed in he ools
assessed in he expe imen al alida ion. E en i no common, polyhie a chy is a
s uc u e used in some hesau i (e.g., Eu oVoc has some examples). I is good news o
hesau us edi o s o ha e his suppo when needed.
The expe imen s ha e con i med he suspec ed limi a ions wi h new cons uc s and
s uc u es in ISO25964, o hose which acqui e a g ea e ele ance han hey had in ISO
2788: collec ions, e ms, polyhie a chy, a ays, compound equi alence, e c. This may be
due o wha is e idenced in [37]: he special complexi y ha ISO 25964 in oduces wi h
espec o SKOS,e.g., wi h he possibili y i in oduces o ela e concep s and e ms wi h
isNonP e e edLabelFo /isP e e edLabelFo ela ionships.
7. Conclusions
This pape p esen s a me hodological amewo k o assess cons uc suppo in
hesau us ools, whose a ge communi y is hesau i edi o s conce ned wi h ob aining
hesau i ha con o m o pe inen hesau i s anda ds. I is o ien ed owa ds he design o
hesau us managemen ools and hei use s’ expe ience. Cons uc suppo is a c ucial
23 h ps://publica ions.eu opa.eu/en/web/eu- ocabula ies/ h-da ase /-/ esou ce/da ase /eu o oc
issue when c ea ing and edi ing hesau i. Thus, he help p o ided by ools in de ec ing
possible in ac ions o he s anda d and p e en ing hem is aluable, as his will
con ibu e o he quali y o he hesau i c ea ed wi h hem. Being able o e i y he le el
o suppo ha can be ob ained om a p ospec i e ool o be used o hesau us edi ing
can i sel be help ul o hesau us edi o s con on ed wi h he ask o selec ing a ool.
This is wha is o e ed in his amewo k. In addi ion, his wo k can be ele an o
SKOS o hesau us de elope s in e es ed in es ing hei abili ies, applying a SKOS ool
o main ain, o publish, a hesau us in he Seman ic Web o ice e sa.
The p oposal p esen ed in his pape is pa o a gene ic amewo k, which includes
unc ionali y and o he issues, besides he one p esen ed he e [23]. Mo eo e , in his
pape , he compa ison be ween he ISO s anda ds o hesau i and he SKOS
ecommenda ion is deployed. The changes ha ISO 25964 in oduces wi h espec o
ISO 2788 and he modi ica ions i implies on his me hodological amewo k ha e been
analyzed. The inclusion o SKOS and ISO 25964 is a ele an no el y o his p oposal
as compa ed wi h some p e ious s udies ela ed o he e alua ion o hesau i o hesau i
ools [27–29]. This p oposal was i s designed aking in o accoun he ISO 2788
s anda d, s ill suppo ed by hesau us ools, and e ised con o ming o ISO 25964. I
was impo an o keep bo h pe spec i es in pa allel, as a comple e adap a ion o hesau i
and ools o ISO 25964 may be a long p ocess. The u u e will show how hesau i ools
adap o he new ISO s anda d.
This p oposal is speci ically made o hesau i ools, which di e en ia es i om gene al
Seman ic Web benchma ks [30], e en i hey ha e been aken in o accoun o i s
de ini ion and speci ica ion. In his amewo k, hesau i edi o s can ind a guide, no
o he wise a ailable, o compa ing hesau us ools, ha hey can apply di ec ly. The
p oposed model is sys ema ic and he indica o s o e a means o measu e and compa e
he con o mance o hesau us managemen so wa e wi h espec o he necessa y
suppo in managing he cons uc s.
Tes s o compound equi alences and some o he cons uc s which a e new in ISO
25964 ha e no been included in Tables 1 and 2. The eason is ha we ha e no ound
hesau i wi h such cons uc s, which implies ha , i hesau us designe s do no use hese
cons uc s, nei he will hey be in e es ed in checking i hesau us ools a e able o
manage hem. Howe e , hei inclusion would no a ec he sui e, as i would jus add
new es s wi hou modi ying he a ailable ones.
E en i SKOS is used by he ools e alua ed o ep esen concep -based hesau i, his
p oposal is no concei ed o SKOS ools, bu o hesau i ools. A p oposal o SKOS
ools should ha e di e en es s and a di e en se o esul s, wi h di e en issues o
ake in o conside a ion ( emembe , e.g., he analysis ela ed o ypes o hie a chical
ela ionships, and subdomains). Howe e , he analysis o he co espondences be ween
ISO 25964 cons uc s and SKOS cons uc s is a aluable ool o unde s and how he
es s can be applied o any hesau us ool. The analysis ca ied ou shows ha some
cha ac e is ics o hesau i a e no well suppo ed when SKOS is used o hei
ep esen a ion.
The compa ison o he solu ions adop ed in a ious hesau i o ep esen he cons uc s
ha do no ind di ec equi alence in SKOS, compound concep s, domain nes ing, e c.,
shows ha , in hese cases, he edi o s o hesau i a e he ones who assume he
esponsibili y o decide he mapping o ISO cons uc s o SKOS cons uc s. E idence
ocused on he solu ion ound o domain nes ing in he UKAT Thesau us and in
Eu oVoc (see Sec ion 6) has been o e ed. Na u ally, he disad an age o hese solu ions
is ha hey a e no s anda d. P oposals o ex end SKOS o suppo hese hesau i
cons uc s, such as ISO-THES, ha e been ca ied ou . Howe e , he hesau us
managemen ools do no in eg a e suppo o ISO-THES, which implies ha he
esponsibili y o ans e ing hese p oposals adequa ely o hei hesau i con inues o
all o he edi o s o he hesau i. In ou opinion, i would be necessa y o p oposals
such as ISO-THES o e ol e o he W3C Recommenda ion s a us. This would allow
ool de elope s o p o ide suppo by de aul , hus acili a ing he ask o he
p o essionals in cha ge o hesau i edi ion.
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APPENDIX - CONSTRUCT SUPPORT SUITE
Table 1. Se o possible alues o es esul s.
(RESULT) CODE (RESULT) VALUE DESCRIPTION
M+I Model implemen ed OK, wi h
in e ence
Cons uc suppo ed.
Recip ocal cons uc s a e
inse ed.
M Model implemen ed OK,
in e ence is no applicable
Cons uc suppo ed. No
ecip oci y equi emen s
apply.
M-I Model implemen ed, bu no
in e ence is added
Cons uc suppo ed.
Recip ocal cons uc s should
be inse ed by he ool, bu
hey a e no .
PM P oblem o implemen ing he
model
Cons uc suppo ed, bu i is
no implemen ed in a co ec
manne
NM No suppo o implemen ing
he model
Cons uc no suppo ed by he
ool
Table 2. Tes s o basic cons uc s.
Tes ISO 2788 ISO 25964 Possible esul s
1 C ea e a Thesau us C ea e a Thesau us M: Thesau us suppo ed
NM: No suppo o hesau us cons uc
2 C ea e a Domain C ea e a concep
g oup
M+I: Domain/Concep g oup suppo ed.
The ool checks ha i has been placed a
he co ec le el in he hesau us
s uc u e (on op o concep s).
M-I: Domain/Concep g oup suppo ed.
No checks o i s posi ion in hesau us
s uc u e.
NM: No suppo o domains/concep
g oups.
3 C ea e a P e e ed
Te m
3.1 C ea e a
Concep
M: P e e ed Te m/Concep suppo ed.
NM: P e e ed Te m/Concep s a e no
suppo ed.
3.2 Associa e a
P e e edTe m o
M: An addi ional P e e edTe m can be
