lo^
Pi ineos, 138: 83 a 78,
JACA;
1991
GLACIAL EVOLUTION OF THE UPPER GALLEGO VALLEY
(PANTICOSA MOUNTAINS AND RIBERA DE BIESCAS,
ARAGONESE PYRENEES, SPAIN)^
ENRIQUE SERRANO-CAÑADAS*
ABSTRACT.- Glacial e olu ion in he uppe Gallego Valley has been
es ablished by s udying e osional and deposi ional land o ms. Ten pulsa ions,
ela ed o i e phases a e desc ibed: P emaximal
(F.
G.
0), a ibu ed o Middle
Pleis ocene; Peniglacie , wi h h ee expanding pulsa ions (F.G. 1, 2 y 3), is
a ibu ed o he Uppe Pleis ocene; Finipleniglacial wi h wo phases o dynamic
(F.G. 4 y 5') and clima ic (F.G. 5) equilib ium associa ed wi h he Pleis ocene
déglacia ion; high moun ain phase (F.G. 6 y 7), wi h wo mo phogene ic
episodies; and he Holocene pulses om he Li le Ice Age.
RESUMEN.- E olución glacia del Al o Gallego (Mon añas de Pan icosa y
Ribe a de Biescas, Pi ineo a agonés). Se econs uye la e olución glacia del
Al o Gallego a pa i del es udio de las o mas de e osión y acumulación
glacia .
Se desc iben diez pulsaciones, co espondien es a cinco ases
mayo es: P emáximo (F.G.O.), a ibuido al Pleis oceno medio; Pleniglacia ,
con es pulsaciones de expansión (F.G. 1,2 y 3), del Pleis oceno ecien e; el
Finipleniglacia ,con ases de equilib io dinámico (F.G. 4y 5')y climá ico (F.G.
S),
ligadas a la deglaciación pleis ocena; las ases de al a mon aña, con dos
pulsaciones (F.G. 6 y 7), a ibuidas al Ta diglacia ; y las ases holocenas, de la
Pequeña Edad del Hielo.
RESUME.- É olu ion glaciai e de Hau Gallego (mon agnes de Pan icosa
e Ri age de Biescas, Py énées a agonaises). On é udie l'é olu ion glaciai e
du Hau Gallego à pa i de l'é ude des o mes d'é osion e accumula ion
glaciai e. On déc i dix pulsa ions, co espondan à cinq phases majeu es: le
P émaximun (F.G. 0), a ibué au Pleis ocene moyen; le Pléniglaciai e a ec
ois pulsa ions d'expansion (F.G.
1,
2 e 3) a ibuée au Pleis ocene écen ; le
Pini-pléniglaciai e a ec des phases d'équilib e dynamique (F.G. 4 e 5) e
clima ique (F.G. 5), liées à la déglacia ion pleis ocene; les phases de hau e
mon agne, a ec deux pulsa ions (F.G. 6 e 7) a ibuées au Ta di-glaciai e, e
les phases holocénes, du Pe i Âge Glaciai e.
Key wo ds: Py enees, glacial geomo phology, Pleis ocene, Holocene, gla-
cial phases.
1 Recei ed Decembe , 1991.
*Dep o.
de Geog a ía, U banismo y O denación del Te i o io. Uni e sidad de Can ab ia.
39005-San ahde , Spain. ^
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PIRINEOS 138
The a eas shaped by glacie s in he high Gallego basin, include he Ribe a
de Biescas and he Tena alley. Bo h a eas a e na u al egions o med by he
mo phos uc u al compa imen a ion o he Py enean elie .
The Ribe a de Biescas sp eads om he Val Ancha dep ession -made up
o Eocene ma is o he Inne Ranges (Sie as In e io es). I includes a lysch
uni , o med by he Eocene u bidi es.
The Inne Ranges, Tendeñe a and Tele a, a e o med by limes ones wi h
sand and dolomi ic in e cala ions. They a e a la ge mo phos uc u al ba ie
sepa a ing he Ribe a o Biescas om he Tena Valley.
. The Tena Valley is loca ed in he axil Py enees and is su ounded by he
Inne Ranges, by he Pe mo iassic and olcanic ma e ials in he sou h and
wes , and by he igo ous elie which o ms he B aza o, A ai ille, G an
Facha,
Balai ous and Fe a u as idge on no h and eas .
Fig.
1. Loca ion o he s udy a ea in he Py enean ange.
The alley mo phology is o ganized acco ding o ma e ial disposi ion,
de onic limes ones and shales ollowing he he cinic s uc u es di ec ion.
Mo eo e he Cau e e s g ani ic ba holi ic, —which includes he highes poin
in he alley, he Balai ous peak a 3,150 m— and he Pan icosa's one. bo h
exhibi ing hei espec i e me amo phic au eoles, complica e he elie
c ea ing o og aphic kno s which each 3.071 m a. s. I. in In ie no-A gualas
massi , which is o med by me apeli es and ma bles.
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GLACIAL EVOLUTION
OF
THE GALLEGO VALLEY
The Tena Valley is di ided in o wo main basins: he Gallego and Calda és.
The la e descends om
he
g ani ic
and
me amo phic a eas
o
Pan icosa
and In ie no massi s. Obse a ions
on he
glacial e olu ion
o
Tena Valley
ha e mainly been pe o med
in
Calda és basin.
The con ibu ions
o
his subjec
in
he
Gallego basin began
in
he
las
cen u y wi h
SCHRADER (
1836) dealing wi h he uppe moun ain, while
MALLADA
(1878)
and
PENK
(1885) deal wi h
he
glacial deposi ion land o ms
and he
la e al ob u a ion complexes
o
he Gallego Valley. These wo ks ha e been
ollowed
by
VIDAL
BOX
(1933),
PANZER
(1948) and
SOLÉ SABARIS
(1942).
The
made
a
i s app oach wi hin
he
plu iglacia is heo y. Mo e de ailed s udies
ca ied
ou by
FONTBOTÉ
(
1948),
CASAS
&
FONTBOTÉ
(
1945) and
BARRERÉ
(
1952,
1953,
1966
y
1975)
pu he
Qua e na y glacia ion p oblems
in
pe spec i e.
Recen ly,
MARTÍ-BONO
(1977,
1978) and
MENÉNDEZ
&
MARTÍ
(1973) ha e
wo ked on ch onological p oblems. O he con ibu ions a e he ca og aphic
ones
(BARRERÉ,
1966;
GARCÍA RUIZ
&
PUIGDEFÁBREGAS,
1982;
GARCÍA RUIZ,
1989),
he INEGLA s udies
on
p esen glacie s (ALONSO
e
a/, 1983;
MARTÍNEZ
DE
PISÓN
&
ARENILLAS,
1988)
and
o he s ecen ly made
on he
uppe moun ain
phases, a diglacial and Li le Ice Age
(CHUECA,
1989;
SERRANO
&
AGUDO,
1989;
SERRANO,
1990 a).
1.
Glacial mo phology
In
he
high Gallego
he
main mo phological ea u es
a e he
glacial
land o ms, which
a e
insc ibed
in
he
c aggy mo phos uc u al elie .
The
Pleis ocene glacie s ha e le
he
mos impo an ea u es
and
hey
a e
esponsable
o he
p esen glacial mo phology.
1.1.
E osional land o ms
These
a e he
land o ms p e ailing
in he
uppe Gallego landscape,
ha ing caused
he
sha pes modi ica ions
on
he
p eglacial mo phology.
The la e only s ays in he axial di ides and in he u bidi ic uni s ( lysch a ea).
The p eglacial opog aphy
and,
especially,
he
s uc u es
led
he
glacial
ac ion
had
condi iona ed
is
dynamics.
The
main ac o s in luencing
on he
di e en ypologies showed by he deposi ional land o ms a e
size,
al i udinal
posi ion and
he
loca ion
o
he di e en mo phos uc u al uni s. They
ac on
ice s a us, size, lengh
and
endu ance.
The glacial ci ques show di e en o ms. They
a e
usually wide, wi h la
and o e deepened bo oms, which show
a
mode a e
ice
eed.
Away om
he highes peaks, ba ely o ganized land o ms, can
be
ound, mainly ela ed
o p eglacial opog aphy
and
mo phos uc u es.
T oughs would lead
he ice
h ough asymme ical alleys
in
he
uppe
s e ches, changing
o
sha pe and mo e pe ec oughs
in he
lowe ones.
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PIRINEOS 138
>--._>. 1
^^í^ 6
Ñ^^ 2 M Líí z ^^^
^^-
4
9
OÍD
^ 10
12 13
Flg.
2. Geomo phologlcal diag am o he Senegüé-Sabiñánigo on al mo ainic complex.
1,
i e s.
2,
s uc u al hogback. 3, idges. 4, mo aines. 5, ill deposi s. 6, sca e ed mo ainic ma e ials. 7,
glacio lu ial e ace. 8, lu ial e ace. 9, ob u a ion e ace. 10, "glacis". 11, ough walls. 12,
esca pmen . 13, illage.
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GLACIAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALLEGO VALLEY
The e osional landscape is p oduced by a ela i ely mode a e bu
pe sis en eed om he heads. E osional land o ms analysis shows h ee
main di e en mo phogene ic phases:
Fig.
3. Geomo phological design o The Gallego ough in Lanuza a ea.
1,
ough walls. 2, mo aine.
3, slope sc ees. 4, allu ial an. 5, slides. 6, oches mou onées hills. 6,
oad.
8, Lanuza ese oi .
—The i s s age is only ep esen ed by he e ouches and unca ed
idges in he Sia alley. These a e no connec ed o he majo o ms, and ha e
been de eloped by an ice ongue coming om he Gallego Valley and
ollowing a disappea ed opog aphy, i was a deposi ional glacial phase
p e ious o ha which deposi ed he la e al mo aines and dug he Gallego
basin.
—The second s age was he mos impo an one because i c ea ed he
g ea es e osional land o ms, he main o ms in he p esen mo phology.
Du ing his pe iod he glacie s made he Gallego, Bola ica, Ripe a, Yene i o,
Calda és and Gallego oughs. The ci ques complex which ed hese basins
was also o ganized.
—The las s age ac ed only in he uppe moun ain, whe e he ci ques
appea o e deepened and emodela ed as ough o ms (Ibones, Azules,
Xuans y La aza) and he e osional land o ms show impo an changes in ice
dynamics. This phase is e y ecen and he ci ques c ea ed du ing he
p e ious one we e' nodela ed in de ail.
1.2. Deposi ional land o ms
They ha e li le en i y on he landscape, appea ing as de ail land o ms
which a e mainly loca ed in ma ginal a eas.
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PIRINEOS 138
1.2.1.
The on al and on la e al complexes
The a e placed a he bo om o he bo om o he alleys and ci ques a
di e en in e als, om 800 m a.s.l. in Senegüé up o 2.600 m in he In ie no
massi .
a) The mo ainic complex o Senegüé-Sabiñánigo. This is a g oup o
land o ms o igina ed by he glacial on a di e en s ages. I is o med by:
he on al mo aine o Senegüé, buil by a sup aglacial
ill;
he glacio lu ial
e ace o
Au in,
linked o he mo aine o which i is joined beyond Sabiñánigo
a a single le el + 15 m o e he p esen halweg; and he mo aine o Au in,
damaged,
and o med by a sup aglacial
ill.
Abo e his he e a e some
sca e ed mo aine emnan s in he Sa ué dep ession a 870 m. They a e
connec ed o he Lá ede la e al mo aine. Such emnan s and a glacio lu ial
e ace a
+
3 m. abo e he p esen channel in he Sa ué dep ession poin ou
a p e ious episode linked o he phase which o igina ed he on al complex.
b) The mo ainic complex o Lanuza-Pan icosa. The e a e la e al mo aines
and di e se mo ainic emnan s s ay in Gallego and Calda és alleys a 1,300
m. They poin ou he exis ence o a glacial on whose on al pa s ha e
been des oyed by he p oglacial and pos glacial p ocesses.
The Lanuza la e al mo aine is o med by a lodgemen ill which suppo s
a sup aglacial ill abo e i . Bo h a e bu ied by s a i ied slope sc ees. In
Pan icosa he mo ainic emnan s, o med by a sup aglacial
ill,
a e e y
damaged.
They a e deepe and ha e wide ob u a ion deposi s.
c) F on al complexes in high moun ain. The appea loca ed a in e als in
oughs and ci ques. In Amales, In ie no, Pecico, Pun a Za a, Xuans, Le e o
and Espelunz he e a e complexes a 2,300 m a.s.l. whose ea u es a e
pa ially dis u bed.
In
hese ci ques, abo e he p e ious complexes, be ween
2,400 and 2.500 m a.s.l., he e a e emnan s o on al mo aines. Almos all o
hem a e small and loca ed a he oo o he cli s. Highe abo e, he e a e
only mo ainic complexes in he highe and be e exposed ci ques. We can
ind g oups o med by wo o h ee a cs in he In ie no, Pun aZa a,Tendeñe a
and Sabocos. In he lowe ci ques he mo ainic land o ms ha e usually been
subs i ued by ock glacie s loca ed a he bo om o he ci ques and a he
oo o he cli s.
d) La e al complexes. In he Tena Valley he e a e la e al mo aines a
1,800 m a.s.l. in he Es i iacha and Cos e a O denal. They su ound he
Pan icosa and Lanuza lowe complexes and a e e y damaged. These
land o ms and deposi s in ol e he la ges size eached by he glacie s in he
alley.
The Ribe a de Biescas la e al complexes a e loca ed in Lá ede, Oli an,
Ba benu a, La Sia, Los Fo cos, Asieso, El Pue o, Sob emon e and Escue .
They a e la ge han hose in Tena Valley and a e loca ed in la e al alleys
pe ched o e he ough. The a e o ganized as ob u a ion complexes whe e
he subglacial
ill,
sup aglacial ill and lacus ine ob u a ion deposi succesion
exis s. All o hem a e co e ed by hillside deposi s. The la e al a cs a e well
p ese ed:
i e in Sia, h ee in Oli an, h ee in Escue and wo in Sob emon e.
All o hem a e he mos impo an la e al mo ainic and ob u a ion complexes
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GLACIAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALLEGO VALLEY
and a e loca ed a di e en heigh s. The deposi ionai ea u es, sedimen
wea he ings and land o ms o he deposi s allow us o a ibu e he main
land o ms o he same glacial s age. We can ela e hem o he on al
complex o Senegüé-Sabiñánigo.
In La Sia and Espie e alleys he e a e e osional ea u es and ewo ked
mo ainic ma e ial sca e ed on he ancien bo om o he alleys. They a e
co e ed by lacus ine and slope ma e ials. These ea u es allow us o iden i y
a glacia ion p e ious o he emnan s o e osional and deposi ionai land o ms
in he Ribe a de Biescas.
2.
Glaciomo phological dynamics and e olu ion
2.1.
The P e-maximun phase
The blocks and megablocks sca e ed h ough he Espie e and La Sia
alleys a e o glacial o igin. They may be classi ied as emnan s o ill o
p oglacial deposi s bu hey a e nei he ela ed o he main glacial land o ms
no o he exis ing deposi s. In Yese o hey a e all loca ed o e he ancien
bo om o he alley he e is also a lacus ine complex. The alley bo om
deposi s include sca e ed g ani ic blocks and a o ma ion cons i u ed by
sup aglacial ill co e ed by lacus ine and slope deposi s.
These sedimen a y eco ds and e osional land o ms poin o a s age
p e ious o he main glacial land o ms. This is mainly deduced om: he
mul iple p ocesses which ha e ac ed on hem wi h ewo ked mo ainic
ma e ial included in ecen ly al e ed ancien hillside deposi s; he lack o well
p ese ed land o ms; hei uneasy connec ion wi h he majo glacial phase;
and hei ela ionship wi h he p eglacial opog aphy. They a e emnan s
coming om an ancien , p e ious o he pleniglacial, cold phase. One can
assume ha hey we e c ea ed on a di e en mo phology o he p esen and
Pleniglacial ones and ha hey may be ela ed o he Pleis ocene and o one
o i s cold phases.
2.2.
The Pleniglacial: ice maximal expansion
The combina ion o mo phos uc u al cha ac e is ics, opog aphy and
exposu e has p oduced se e al dymanjc a eas, wi h he mos ac i e glacie s
coming om he highes di ides.
The no he n exposu e is o g ea impo ance in he o ma ion o ci ques
in e e y massi . The la ge mo phos uc u al ba ie o he Tele a and
Tendene a Ranges is he clea es example, as hey show a sha p di e ence
be ween hei sou he n and no he n slopes.
The pleniglacial land o ms show déglacia ion since he glacial maximum
pe o med by episodies ha gi e i a discon inuous cha ac e . Du ing his
pe iod,
in he s abiliza ion maximum one, he glacie should ha e been 300
m deep in Ribe a de Biescas, 400 m in San a Elena and 600 in Tena Valley.
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PIRINEOS 138
SRANITOS (3R)
CALIZAS
ARENISCAS
ESOUISTOS
PIZARRAS
PCRMOTRIAS (PTI
PRESENCIA DE
GRANITOS
DEPÓSITOS MORRENICOS
Fig.
4. Li hology o he mo aine deposi s in he s udy a ea.
1,
g ani es. 2, limes ones. 3, sands ones.
4,
schis s. 5, shales. 6, Pe mo iasic ma e ials. 7, g ani e p esence. 8, mo ainic deposi s. 9,
glaciolacus ine deposi s.
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GLACIAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALLEGO VALLEY
The S udy o he sedimen s in he ills p o ides in o ma ion on he ice
ongue dynamics and i s
o igin.
So we can dis inguish be ween he land o ms
associa ed wi h he Gallego ma e ials and hose ela ed o he Inne Ranges,
mainly in El Pue o alley. Sedimen analysis also shows he ela ionships
be ween he Pan icosa ice la e al complex and he Bola ica and T a enosa
ice on al complex ( ig. 4).
The au och onous ma e ials play a majo ole, hough always lowe in he
sup aglacial
ill.
The p esence o g ani es in he eas side o he glacie and
he absence o e y li le p esence on he wes e n is a e y impo an ac o .
Mo eo e , i shows he poo mix u e kep by he di e en masses inside he
glacie . This ac , e y common in he glacial ongues all o e he wo ld,
dec eases in he glacie on . He e ice mel ing p ocesses encou age he
mixing o he sedimen s, con i ming he mo ainic cha ac e o he Au in
on al deposi s (Fig. 5).
102 , 702 701
TAMAÑO DE ARENAS
A enas g uesc
TAMAÑO DE CANTOS
PETR06RAF1A
m
5 4 5 i 1 O Km.
Fig.
5. C oss-sec ion o he Senegüé lu ioglacial plain and sedimen ological da a.
The land o ms ela ed o he pleniglacial phase a e he mos impo an
ones in glacial mo phology. They a e mos ep esen a i e in he uppe
Gallego basin. They cons i u e a la ge numbe o deposi ion and e osion
land o ms. We can di e en ia e: A maximal expansión pulse (F.G.
1
) ma ked
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GLACIAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALLEGO VALLEY
In he same way, he Pleniglacial would ha e i s maximum be o e 38,000
B.P., wi h a e ac ion and equilib ium pe iods da ed be ween 25,000 and
24,000 B.P.
I
would include he quie e ac ion phases. F om his poin on he
degla ia ion s a s in he lowe a eas.
3.3. Finiglacial e ac ion
We ha e di ided his phase in o di e en episodes: Bubal and Ripe a
ha e a dynamic cha ac e while Lanuza, has a clima ic one. This las phase
is he so-called "disjunc ion phase" by
BARRERÉ
(1963) because he glacial
(3>^
Fig.
9. Glacial ex ension du ing he Finiplels ocene e ac ion, Lanuza phase (F.G. 5). 1, idges. 2,
ou wash low channels. 3, glacial ongue.
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PIRINEOS
138
ongues s ayed de ini ely sepa a ed
and
enclosed inside
he
moun ains.
Some simila e ac ion pe iods ha e been poin ed ou
in
he A iège
(TAILLEFER,
1985), Ando a
(VILAPLANA,
1985),
PALLARS
(BRU
e
a/.,
1985), Ribago za
(ViLAPLANA,
1983) and
Benasque Valley
(MARTÍNEZ DE PISÓN,
1989).
The iniglacial e ac ion
was
p oduced a e
he
las s opping pe iod,
da ed abou 26,000-24,000 B.P.
(MARDONES,
1982;
ANDRIEU
e a/., 1988), These
au ho s belie e ha
a
p og essi e e ac ion un il
i s
e ea
o
he
uppe
alleys
was
p oduced abou 16,000-15,000 yea s
B.P.
3.4. High moun ain phases
3.4.1.
High moun ain expansion
The mo aine p esence
is
widely de ec ed
in he
high moun ain a eas
o
he Py enees. S a ing om
he
glacie ex ension
and
si ua ion,
we
a ibu e
hese land o ms,
o he
Ta diglacial, making
an
ex apola ion om
he
exis ing bibliog aphy
(TAILLEFER,
1968;
SERRANO,
1989).
I s
ch olonogy
has
been es ablished be ween 13,000 and 10,000 B.P.
(MARDONES
&
JALUT,
1983;
TAILLEFER,
1985,
VILAPLANA,
1983;
MONTSERRAT
&
VILAPLANA,
1987).
Palinologic analysis only de ec
a
cold phase
in he
Ta diglacial. The e
is
no ace
o i
(JALUT
e
a/., 1982)
in
Lou des
(MARDONES,
1982), Ribago za
(MONTSERRAT
&
VILAPLANA,
1987),
he
Tena Valley
(MARTÍ-BONO,
pe s. comm.)
and e en in A iège, in F eychinede pea
bog.
Howe e , he geomo phological
analysis allows
us o
es ablish
a
di e ence among se e al mo phogene ic
phases a ibu ed
o
his pe iod
by
some au ho s
(BRU
e
al., 1985;
SERRANO,
1991a;
MARTÍ
&
SERRÂT,
1990).
We include
he
high moun ain
I
and
II
episodes in o
he
Ta diglacial
because s udying
he
mo phological posi ion
o
he mo aines and
he
lichen
co e ,
we
ha e es ablished ha hey a e e y close
in
ime
(SERRANO,
1991
a;
1991 b). Taking in o accoun palinological analysis
we
hypo he ically assign
he i s episode
o he Old
D yas, be ween 15,000
and
13,000 B.P. wi h cold
cha ac e is ics
(DUPLESSY
e a/., 1981 ;
RUDDIMANN
&
MCINTYRE,
1981
;
JALUT
&
MARDONES,
1984);
he
second
one is
loca ed
in he
ecen D yas.
The
" a diglacial in e s a e" would
be
loca ed be ween hem
(JORDA,
1985).
3.4.2. His o ic g ow h:
The
Li le
Ice Age
This phase ep esen s
he
las cold pulsa ion
o
some mo phogene ic
impo ance
in
he
high Gallego basin.
I is
loca ed
in
he
Li le
Ice
Age,
he
glacial eappea ing be ween
he
XVI h
and
XlX h cen u ies.
In In ie no Massi , om his o ical pape s,
MARTÍNEZ DE PISÓN
&
ARENILLAS
(1988) ha e checked
he
exis ence
o a
ongue glacie which s a ed
i s
e ac ion
in he
eigh ies
o he
XlX h cen u y. Some la ge
and
c acked
ongues we e loca ed
and
desc ibed
by
scien is s
and
climbe s like Russel
98
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GLACIAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALLEGO VALLEY
& 03 ^4
O 5
m
Fig.
10. Glacial ex ension du ing he uppe moun ain expansion phase (F.G. 6). 1, idges. 2,
i e s.
3, lakes. 4, glacial ongues. 5, elic ice. 5, ock glacie s. 7, no ixed glacial on s.
in 1867 and Lequeu e in 1874.
LUCAS-MALLADA
(1878) also s udied bo h
dis anced "ices" and
SCHRADER (
1936) poin ed ou in 1898 wo glacie s in he
In ie no and a hi d one in Pondiellos.
The pulsa ions esponsible o he inne a cs may be ela ed o hose
desc ibed by
PLANDE
(1947),
BRUNET
(1956) and
BARRERÉ
(1953). The claimed
99
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PIRINEOS 138
Fig.
11
.Glacial ex ension du ing he uppe moun ain e ac ion phase (F.G. 7). 1, idges. 2, i e s.
3, lakes. 4, glacial ongues. 5, elic ice. 6, ock glacie s. 7, ancien ock glacie s. 8, no ixed glacial
on s.
a S abiliza ion beginning in 1905 and a maximum las pulsa ion be ween 1910
and 1915.
In he s udied a ea he Li le Ice Age is cha ac e ized by he exis ence o
wo pulsa ions: a i s phase ill he middle o he XlX h cen u y p oduced a
maximum expansion. I is ollowed by a e ac ion ha inishes in he i s
100
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GLACIAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALLEGO VALLEY
H^ 0^ & m V
Fig.
12. Glacial ex ension du ing he Li le Ice Age. 1, idges. 2, i e s. 3, lakes. 4,
5, elic ice. 6, ock glacie s. 7, Flowing deb is. ilacial ongue.
decade o he XX h cen u y. The glacie e ac ion up o I s p esen s a e
began a he beginning o his cen u y. I ma ks he end o his phase.
I mus be poin ed ou , inally, he absence o Holocene pulsa ions,
al hough hey a e p esen in mos o he empe a e moun ains in he wo ld
(LE ROY LADURIE, 1967; GROVE, 1977; ROTHLISBERGER e al., 1980; ZIMBUHL &
101
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PIRINEOS
138
HoLZHAUSER, 1988). This subjec cons i u es
a
di e ence be ween
he
Pan icosa moun ains
and he
Alpine ones.
4. Conclusions
Clima ic e olu ion, al i ude
and
exposu e ha e con olled
he
glacial
dynamics in he s udy
a ea.
These ac o s, oge he wi h he mo phos uc u al
one,
explain
he
di e ences
o
Pleis ocene
and
Holocene glacial ea u es
and dynamics.
The
uppe a eas
a e
domina ed
by
e osion ea u es, wi h
well-de eloped ci ques
and
oughs. He e,
ice
accumula ion
was he
mos
impo an ac o and
he
glacial his o y
is
mo e complex. Lowlands
a e
also
domina ed
by
e osion ea u es,
bu
deposi ional ones
a e
e y equen .
He e,
he
con luence
o
ongues caused
ice
masses
o
enla ge, and e osion
and deposi ion land p ms
a e
well pe o med
by
Gallego ough,
as
well
as
la e al
and
on al mo aines complexes.
In he high Gállego'basin i e main glacial phases ha e occu ed: The p e-
maximal
(F.G. 0),
Pieniglacial, Finipleis ocene e ac ion, Ta diglacial
and
Li le
Ice Age.
Such main phases
a e
di ided in o di e en episodes
o
dynamic
and
clima ic cha ac e spaced
a he
bo om
o he
oughs
and
slopes: Th ee main episodes du ing
he
Pieniglacial (F.G.
1, 2 and 3),
wi h
o he ea u es sca e ed
in he
Gallego ough walls; h ee mo e episodes
du ing
he
Finipleis ocene e ac ion,
one
clima ic e en (F.G.
5) and wo
dynamic ones
(F.G.
4 and
5');
wo mo phogene ic phases om he Ta diglacial
(F.G.
6 and 7); and
se e al small ones du ing
he
Li le
Ice Age (F.G. 8)
pulsa ions.
All o
hem, oge he wi h
he
p esen glacie s
and
elic ice,
a e
he Pleis ocene
and
Holocene his o y
o
glacial ea u es
in he
Tena Valley
and Ribe a
de
Bies*cas.
Re e ences
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GLACIAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALLEGO VALLEY
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