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111
Compa a i e S udy o Mass T ans e in We
and D y Osmo ic Dehyd a ion
I ene Peinado*1, Es ela Rosa2, Ana He edia3, Ana And és4
1Depa men o Biology, Food and Nu i ion, Heal h and Li e Sciences, No humb ia Uni e si y, Newcas le Ci y
Campus, Ellison Place, Newcas le Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
2-4Ins i u e o Food Enginee ing o De elopmen , Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València
P.O. Box 46022 Valencia, Spain
*1i ene.pa do@no humb ia.ac.uk; 2es oba @doc o .up .es; 3anhegu@ al.up .es; 4aand es@ al.up .es
Abs ac
The di e ences in he ex e nal osmo ic medium, d y o
dissol ed osmo ic agen and i s concen a ion (cons an o
a iable) can signi ican ly in luence he kine ics o mass
ans e . The objec i e o his wo k was o compa e wa e
and solu e anspo du ing he osmo ic dehyd a ion o
s awbe y pieces unde di e en ex e nal condi ions, we o
d y osmo ic agen , wi h a ying ypes o suga (suc ose,
uc ose and isomal ulose). The e olu ion o he liquid phase
concen a ion as well as he ne luxes unde he di e en
scena ios was desc ibed and modelled. Resul s showed ha
mass ans e kine ics we e highe when he concen a ion o
he ex e nal medium was a iable, in he we p ocess
sligh ly supe io han in he d y p ocess.
Keywo ds
Isomal ulose; F uc ose; Suc ose; Mass T ans e ; Osmo ic
Dehyd a ion; S awbe y
In oduc ion
Many s udies ocused on he in luence o he di e en
a iables on mass ans e kine ics du ing osmo ic
dehyd a ion o ui s can be ound in he li e a u e. In
mos cases, he s udies ha e analysed he in luence o
p oduc a iables (cul i a , a ie y, size, shape, e c.),
osmo ic solu ion, ui : solu ion a io, ype o osmo ic
agen , agi a ion o he medium, e c. (Pani e al., 2008;
Nie o e al., 2004; Laza ides, e al., 1999; Maes elli,
1997; Fi o & Pas o , 1994; Le ici e al., 1985; Poin ing,
1973). The osmo ic agen s commonly used in osmo ic
dehyd a ion o ui s a e concen a ed suga solu ions,
and he kine ic s udies o mass ans e a e pe o med
unde in e nal con ol condi ions, ha is, by using
solu ion- ui a ios la ge enough o assume ha he
concen a ion o he ex e nal solu ion emains cons an
du ing dehyd a ion. Unde hese condi ions, in e nal
con ol o wa e and soluble solid mig a ion be ween
he wo phases, ui and ex e nal solu ion, is ensu ed,
easily pe mi ing he es ima ion o he e ec i e
di usi i y om Fick’s second law. Ne e heless, a
la ge amoun o solu ion is absen in indus ial
applica ions due o en i onmen al sus ainabili y,
managemen and ope a ing cos s. In some cases, he
osmo ic solu ion is eplaced by he use o a d y
osmo ic agen as in he case o mea and ish sal ing, in
which i is e y common o use d y sal in wha is
called he d y sal ing p ocess. Some di e ences ha e
been ound be ween we and d y sal ing o cod o
ins ance. The we p ocess using b ines a ou s sal
up ake, while he d y p ocess maximizes dehyd a ion
o wa e ou low (And és e al., 2005; Ba a e al., 2004).
Al hough in bo h cases, he same concen a ion o sal
can be eached in he inal p oduc , he ope a ion yield
and he ex u e o he sal ed p oduc s ongly depend
on he sal ing me hod.
Howe e , he use o solid suga ins ead o osmo ic
solu ion o he osmo ic dehyd a ion o ui s has no
been p e iously desc ibed. The di ec con ac be ween
he ui and he su ounding solid suga p o okes a
wa e ou pu which g adually dissol es he suga
gene a ing a supe sa u a ed solu ion which will be
dilu ed as dehyd a ion and he di usion o suga o
he ui p og esses. The di e ences in he ex e nal
osmo ic medium (d y o dissol ed and cons an o
a iable concen a ion) can signi ican ly in luence
ei he he kine ics o mass ans e o he magni ude o
ne luxes o wa e and solu es.
Suc ose has been commonly used o he osmo ic
dehyd a ion o ui (He edia e al., 2010, He edia e al.,
2009; Lomba d e al., 2008; Seguí e al., 2008; Gi aldo e
al., 2003; Ga cía e al., 2002; Shi e al., 1995).
Ne e heless, i p esen s some disad an ages om he
poin o iew o human heal h such as hei high
glycemic and ca iogenic indexes (Pe ei a e al., 2005;
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112
Zengo & Mandel, 1972; Weidenhagen & Lo enz 1957).
Hence, suc ose eplacemen by uc ose and
isomal ulose o ins ance, inc easingly becomes
in e es ing in he acquisi ion o new heal hie p oduc s
by means o osmo ic dehyd a ion.
On he one hand, uc ose has a lowe glycemic index
bu highe swee ene index han suc ose and glucose
(Ma ínez&Ga cía, 2001). Mo eo e , i is impo an o
poin ou ha isomal ulose, a suga ob ained om
suc ose by means o a ansglucosila ion eac ion
(Schiweck e al., 1990), cha ac e ized wi h one o he
lowes glycemic and ca iogenic indexes among suga s
is especially sui able o diabe ic pa ien s, child en and
spo s people (Je e y e al., 2006; Pe ei a e al., 2005;
Pawlak e al., 2004; Lina, Jonke & Kozianowski e al.,
2002; Ma suyama e al., 1997). Ne e heless,
isomal ulose p esen s some echnical handicaps such
as 30% lowe solubili y and hal he swee ness o
suc ose (Schiweck e al., 1990; Kaga & Mizu ani, 1985).
Hence, pa ial o o al eplacemen o suc ose by
uc ose and/o isomal ulose as he osmo ic agen in
solu ion o solid s a e could p o ide he indus y wi h
new possibili ies o de elop heal hie p oduc s by
means o osmo ic dehyd a ion.
The aim o his s udy was o compa e wa e and solu e
anspo du ing he osmo ic dehyd a ion o
s awbe y pieces unde di e en ex e nal condi ions,
we and d y osmo ic agen , wi h di e en ypes o
suga (suc ose, uc ose and isomal ulose), in all cases
eaching he same equilib ium concen a ion.
Ma e ial and Me hods
Raw Ma e ial
S awbe ies (F aga ia esca) acqui ed in a local
supe ma ke we e so ed o elimina e damage ui s
and homogenise he sample o colou , shape and
ipening s age. Samples we e imme sed in chlo ina ed
wa e o elimina e possible ield esidues, and we e
cu in qua e s.
Me hodology
Samples we e equilib a ed using h ee di e en
p ocesses: (1) We Osmo ic Dehyd a ion wi h Va iable
concen a ion o he medium (WOD-V): he osmo ic
medium used was a 60 B ix suga solu ion (suc ose o
uc ose). (2) We Osmo ic Dehyd a ion wi h Cons an
concen a ion o he medium (WOD-C): he osmo ic
medium used was a 30 B ix suga solu ion (suc ose,
uc ose o isomal ulose). (3) D y Osmo ic
Dehyd a ion wi h Va iable concen a ion o he
medium (DOD-V): he osmo ic medium used was
solid suga (suc ose, uc ose o isomal ulose).
All he expe imen s we e ca ied ou a 25 ºC. In he
h ee p ocesses, he ui : solu ion a io was es ima ed
om he mass balance (equa ion 1) o assu e a
concen a ion o he ui liquid phase o 30 B ix a
equilib ium.
𝑧𝑧𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =𝑚𝑚0
𝑠𝑠·𝑥𝑥0
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠+𝑚𝑚0
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 ·𝑦𝑦0
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚0
𝑠𝑠·�𝑥𝑥0
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠+𝑥𝑥0
𝑤𝑤�+m0
OS (1)
Whe e, zeq: Concen a ion o he soluble solu es o he
liquid phase a he equilib ium s age (g soluble
solids/g liquid phase); m0s: Mass o s awbe y a he
beginning o he dehyd a ion p ocess (g s awbe y);
m0OS: Mass o he osmo ic solu ion o solid suga a he
beginning o he dehyd a ion p ocess (g osmo ic
solu ion o g solid suga ); x0ss: Soluble solu e
concen a ion o he s awbe y a he beginning o he
dehyd a ion p ocess (g soluble solids/g s awbe y);
x0w: Wa e concen a ion o he s awbe y a he
beginning o he dehyd a ion p ocess (g wa e /g
s awbe y); y0ss: Soluble solu e concen a ion o he
osmo ic solu ion o solid suga a he beginning o he
dehyd a ion p ocess (g soluble solids/g osmo ic
solu ion o solid suga ).
S awbe y qua e s we e placed in a plas ic baske
di ided in o compa men s and imme sed in a plas ic
essel con aining he osmo ic solu ion o he solid
suga . A di e en p ede e mined imes (0, 30, 60, 90,
120, 150, 180, 240, 300, 420, 540, 900, 1440 1740 and
2880 min), samples (qua e s o s awbe y) we e
emo ed om he osmo ic solu ion, gen ly d ied wi h
abso ben pape and di ided in o h ee lo s o pe o m
he analy ical de e mina ions. Samples used o he
con ol o mass a ia ion we e iden i ied.
Physicochemic Alanalyses
All he physicochemical analyses we e ca ied ou in
iplica e on esh ui , and a di e en imes du ing
he osmo ic ea men .
Fo mass con ol as well as o he physicochemical
de e mina ions, analy ical balances wi h 0.0001 g
p ecision we e used. Mois u e con en was de e mined
g a ime ically by d ying o cons an weigh in a
acuum o en a 60ºC (me hod 20.103 AOAC, 1980).
The con en o soluble solids (B ix) was measu ed in
p e iously homogenized samples wi h a e ac ome e
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113
a 20ºC (ATAGO 3 T). Fo dehyd a ed samples,
dilu ion was necessa y a a a io o 4 g wa e o each
g am o sample o B ix measu emen s. Mois u e and
soluble solid con en we e exp essed as mass ac ion
o wa e (xw) and soluble solids (xss), espec i ely.
Resul s and Discussion
E olu ion o he Liquid Phase Concen a ion
Figu e 1 shows he heo e ical ypical e olu ion o he
soluble solid concen a ion in he osmo ic medium (yss)
and in he liquid phase o he ui (zss) unde he
di e en condi ions desc ibed in he ma e ials and
me hods sec ion.
In he i s case, WOD-V (Fig.1a), he liquid phase o
he ui becomes mo e concen a ed due o he wa e
ou - low by osmosis and o he di usion o he solu es
om he medium o he ui as a consequence o he
exis ing concen a ion g adien , while he ex e nal
solu ion becomes mo e dilu ed as a consequence o
he men ioned luxes. The ui : solu ion sys em
eaches he equilib ium concen a ion when he
concen a ion o he solu ion (yss) equals he
concen a ion o he liquid phase o he ui (zss)
(Poin ing, 1973), in his case 30 B ix since he ui :
solu ion a io has been es ima ed o each his a ge
concen a ion.
When he olume o he ex e nal solu ion is la ge
enough o assu e ha he concen a ion o he osmo ic
medium emains cons an (WOD-C), he ne luxes o
wa e and solu es only a ec he concen a ion o he
ui liquid phase (Fig.1b). Howe e , when he
ex e nal medium is ini ially a solid suga (DOD-V), he
wa e om he ui gene a es an ex e nal solu ion
whose concen a ion changes in wo s ages (Fig.1c): (1)
he o e sa u a ion s age om he beginning un il he
suga is comple ely dissol ed and, (2) he a iable
concen a ion s age.
Figu e 2 shows he esul s ob ained in he equilib ium
expe imen s using s awbe y qua e s unde each o
he si ua ions p e iously desc ibed (Fig, 1). The esul s
poin ou ha he solubili y o he di e en suga s
(suc ose, uc ose and isomal ulose) de e mines he
du a ion o he o e sa u a ion s age o he medium
du ing d y osmo ic dehyd a ion p ocesses. The
du a ion o his s ep was 54, 55 and 120 minu es o
suc ose, uc ose and isomal ulose espec i ely. These
imes ha e been es ima ed om wa e loss da a
( aking in o accoun he solubili y o he di e en
suga s) since he ime equi ed o ex ac he necessa y
amoun o wa e o dissol e he o al amoun o suga
is equi alen o he p ocessing ime, du ing which he
ui is in con ac wi h an o e sa u a ed solu ion.
FIG 1: EVOLUTION OF SOLUBLE SOLIDS CONCENTRATION IN
THE OSMOTIC MEDIUM (YSS) AND IN THE FRUIT LIQUID
PHASE (ZSS) UNDER THE DIFFERENT DEHYDRATION
PROCESSES: WET OSMOTICDEHYDRATION
WITHCONSTANTCONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM (WOD-
C), WET OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION WITH VARIABLE
CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM (WOD-V) AND DRY
OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION WITH VARIABLE CONCENTRATION
OF THE MEDIUM (DOD-V).
a)
b)
c)
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FIG. 2.EVOLUTION OF THE SOLUBLE SOLIDS
CONCENTRATION IN THE MEDIUM (YSS) AND IN THE
STRAWBERRY SAMPLES LIQUID PHASE (ZSS) DURING THE
DIFFERENT OSMOTICDEHYDRATION PROCESSES:WET
OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION WITH CONSTANT
CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM (WOD-C), WET OSMOTIC
DEHYDRATION WITH VARIABLE CONCENTRATION OF THE
MEDIUM (WOD-V) AND DRY OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION WITH
VARIABLE CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM (DOD-V), FOR
THE THREE SUGARS (S: SUCROSE; F: FRUCTOSE; I:
ISOMALTULOSE).
On he o he hand, i is obse ed ha ei he he ype o
suga o he ype o p ocess (we o d y me hod) o he
concen a ion o he medium in luences he
concen a ion a e o he liquid phase. Fo his eason,
he e olu ion o he concen a ion o he ui liquid
phase unde each o he s udied condi ions has been
modelled using equa ion 2:
𝑧𝑧𝑡𝑡
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠−𝑧𝑧0
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑧𝑧
∞
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠−𝑧𝑧0
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧·𝑡𝑡0.5 (2)
Whe e, z ss: Concen a ion o he soluble solu es in he
liquid phase a each ea men ime (g soluble solids/g
liquid phase); z0ss: Ini ial concen a ion o he soluble
solu es in he liquid phase (g soluble solids/g liquid
phase); z∞ss: Equilib ium concen a ion o he soluble
solu es in he liquid phase (g soluble solids/g liquid
phase); kz: Kine ic pa ame e (min0.5); : T ea men ime
(min).
Table 1 illus a es he alues o he kine ic pa ame e
as well as he equilib ium ime es ima ed using
equa ion 2. The concen a ing a e o he liquid phase
is highe when he concen a ion o he ex e nal
medium is a iable, he we p ocess sligh ly supe io
o he d y p ocess. As e e ed o he ype o solu e, i
can be said ha he smalle he molecula size and he
highe he solubili y a e, he g ea e he dep essing
capaci y o wa e ac i i y is, which esul s in as e
concen a ion kine ics in he liquid phase.
TABLE 1.KINETIC PARAMETER (KZ) FROM THE LIQUID PHASE
CONCENTRATION MODEL AND THE ESTIMATED EQUILIBRIUM TIME (T
(MIN)).
Suga S F I
WET
C1
kz 0.016 0.024 0.018
3810 1736 3156
R2 0.98 0.99 0.97
V2
kz 0.025 0.032 -
1626 965 -
R2 0.96 0.96 -
C1
kz 0.023 0.027 0.020
DRY 1842 1324 2268
R2 0.98 0.98 0.92
1 C: Cons an ; 2 V: Va iable
Ne Fluxes o Mass, Wa e and Solu es
The e olu ion o he p e iously desc ibed liquid phase
concen a ion p o ides in e es ing in o ma ion om a
he modynamic poin o iew bu insu icien when
e alua ion o o he aspec s ela ed o mass ans e is
equi ed (Fi o & Chi al , 1997). The e o e, he analysis
o he ne luxes o mass, wa e and solu es can be
used o imp o e his compa a i e s udy, since he
same liquid phase concen a ion can be achie ed wi h
di e en combina ions o wa e loss and solu e gain
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115
wi h impo an implica ions o he p ocess yield and
p oduc cha ac e is ics (Pani e al., 2008).
Figu e 3 shows he co esponding ne luxes o mass,
wa e and solu es o he di e en s udied condi ions.
The ob ained esul s indica e ha he condi ions in he
medium (cons an o a iable concen a ion, we o
d y p ocess) do no de e mine he maximum lux
alues (maximum soluble solids gain and wa e and
o al mass loss); he a e age concen a ion g adien
be ween he ui and he medium is he a iable ha
de e mines he maximum ne luxes o mass, wa e
and solu es. The highe he a e age concen a ion
g adien is, he highe he wa e loss and he lowe he
gain in solu es a e. The e o e, in he expe imen s
pe o med wi h isomal ulose ha dly any di e ences
we e seen; p obably because he maximum
concen a ion o he solu ion gene a ed in he d y
p ocess is nea o he concen a ion o he solu ion
used in he we p ocess.
FIG.3. NET FLUXES OF MASS (ΔMο), WATER (ΔMW) AND SOLUTES (ΔMSS) EXPERIMENTED BY THE STRAWBERRY SAMPLES DURING
THE DIFFERENT OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION PROCESSES: WET OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION WITH CONSTANT CONCENTRATION OF
THE MEDIUM (WOD-C), WET OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION WITH VARIABLE CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM (WOD-V) AND DRY
OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION WITH VARIABLE CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM (DOD-V), FOR THE THREE SUGARS(S: SUCROSE; F:
FRUCTOSE; I: ISOMALTULOSE).
Fu he mo e, in he expe imen s ca ied ou wi h
suc ose o uc ose, he maximum concen a ion
g adien is achie ed in he d y p ocess due o he
highe solubili y o hese suga s, which esul s in
maximum le els o wa e luxes.
Addi ionally, he ne luxes o mass, wa e and solu es
we e also modelled acco ding o equa ion 3:
∆𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖=𝐾𝐾𝑗𝑗·𝑡𝑡0.5 (3)
Whe e, ∆M: Ne Flux a ia ion; K: Flux kine ic
pa ame e (min0.5); : P ocess ime (min). Supe indexes
i and j: (o= mass; w= wa e ; ss= soluble solids).

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Table 2 shows he alues o he kine ic cons an s
ob ained o he di e en s udied condi ions.
TABLE 2. VALUES OF THE KINETIC PARAMETER (KJ) FOR THE PREDICTION
OF MASS, WATER AND SOLUBLE SOLIDS FLUXES CONCERNING THE
DIFFERENT DEHYDRATION PROCESSES (WOD-C) WET OSMOTIC
DEHYDRATION WITH CONSTANT CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM,
(WOD-V) WET OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION WITH VARIABLE
CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM AND (DOD-V) DRY OSMOTIC
DEHYDRATION WITH VARIABLE CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM,
FORTHE THREE STUDIED SUGARS (S: SUCROSE; F: FRUCTOSE; I:
ISOMALTULOSE).
Suga
WOD DOD
Medium Condi ions
Medium
Condi ions
CONSTANT
VARIABLE
VARIABLE
Kο
R
2
Kο
R
2
Kο
R
2
S -0.011 0.97 -0.019 0.97 -0.018 0.94
F
-0.017
0.99
-0.022
0.80
-0.018
0.99
I -0.011 0.98 - - -0.012 0.85
K
w
R
2
K
w
R
2
K
w
R
2
S
-0.012
0.98
-0.021
0.97
-0.020
0.95
F -0.019 0.99 -0.025 0.83 -0.020 0.98
I -0.014 0.99 - - -0.015 0.85
Kss R2 Kss R2 Kss R2
S 0.0017 0.87 0.0023 0.91 0.0019 0.71
F 0.0021 0.99 0.0053 0.80 0.0020 0.98
I 0.0015 0.92 - - 0.0020 0.99
These kine ic pa ame e s also indica e ha mass
ans e is quicke unde condi ions wi h a iable
concen a ion o he medium. Besides, when osmo ic
dehyd a ion akes place in he we p ocess, he
kine ics a e sligh ly supe io , in spi e o he ac ha in
he d y p ocess he a e age concen a ion g adien is
g ea e . These esul s could be ela ed o a g ea e
collapse o he cellula s uc u e a he in e phase
du ing he osmo ic d y p ocesses (DOD).
I can be obse ed ha he highe capaci y o
dep essing he wa e ac i i y o uc ose could explain
he highe alues o he kine ic pa ame e s o wa e
loss (Kw), while he solubili y and he molecula size o
he osmo ic agen a e he main ac o s a ec ing he
kine ics o he gain in soluble solu es (Kss).
Conclusions
Mass ans e kine ics a e highe when he
concen a ion o he ex e nal medium is a iable,
sligh ly highe in he we p ocesses han he d y ones.
The concen a ion o he medium (cons an o
a iable), and he ype o p ocess (we o d y) do no
de e mine he maximum lux alues. The a iable ha
de e mines he maximum ne luxes o mass, wa e
and solu es is he a e age concen a ion g adien
be ween he ui and he medium. In o de o
op imize he osmo ic dehyd a ion p ocess, no only
he aspec s ela ed o he anspo kine ics o he
medium desc ibed in his wo k mus be aken in o
accoun , bu also aspec s o he inal quali y o he
p oduc s ob ained, as well as he ad an ages and
disad an ages o each o he me hods, conside ing
handling and he en i onmen .
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Au ho s would like o hank Minis y o Science and
Educa ion’s Gene al Di ec o a e o Resea ch
(AGL2008-01745/ALI) o he inancial suppo gi en
o his in es iga ion.
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