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CHANGING FAMILY MODELS IN SPAIN: THE IMPACT OF THE SOCIO-
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
ALMUDENA MORENO MÍNGUEZ
(co esponding au o )
Depa amen o de Sociología y T abajo Social. Uni e sidad de Valladolid. España.
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
MARTA ORTEGA GASPAR
Depa amen o de De echo de Es ado y Sociología. Uni e sidad de Málaga. España.
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
CARLOS GAMERO BURÓN
Depa amen o de Es adís ica y Econome ía. Uni e sidad de Málaga. España.
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
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Abs ac
Du ing he las ew decades, he e has been an inc easing in e na ional ecogni ion o
he s udies ela ed o he analysis o he amily models change, he ocus being he
de e minan s o he emale employmen and he p oblems ela ed o he wo k amily
balance (Lewis, 2001; Pe i & Hook, 2005Sa aceno, C omp on & Lyone e, 20062008;
P au-E inge , 2012). The majo i y o hese s udies ha e been ocused on he analysis o
he wo k- amily balance p oblems as well as he e ec i eness o he amily and gende
policies in o de o encou age emale employmen (Ko pi e al., 2013).
In Spain, special a en ion has been gi en o he amily policies implemen ed, he
employabili y o women and on he ole o he a he in he amily (Flaque e al., 2015;
Meil, 2015); howe e , he e has been a less emphasis on he analysis o he amily
cul u al models (González and Ju ado, 2012; C espi and Mo eno, 2016).
The pu pose o his pape is o p esen some o he i s esul s on he in luence o he
socio-demog aphic ac o s on he expec a ions and a i udes abou he amily models.
This s udy o e s an analy ical e lec ion upon he ounda ion o he de e minan s o he
amily ambi alence in Spain om he cul u al and he ins i u ional dimension. This
s udy shows he Spanish amily models o p e e ences ollowing he P au-E inge
(2004) classi ica ion o he amiy li ing a angemen s.
The eason o his s udy is wo old; on he one hand, he e is con i med he sca ci y o
s udies ha ha e ocused hei a en ion on his objec i e in Spain; on he o he hand,
he s udies ca ied ou in he in e na ional con ex ha e con i med he analy ical
e ec i eness o esea ching on he a i ude and alue changes o explain he meaning
and ends o he amily changes.
The e is also p esen ed some p elimina y esul s ha ha e been ob ained om he
mul inomial analysis ela ed o he in luence o he socio-demog aphic ac o s on he
amily model chosen by he indi iduals in Spain ( a he and mo he wo king ull ime;
mo he pa - ime a he ull- ime; mo he no a wo k a he ull- ime; mo he and a he
pa - ime).
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The da abase used has been he In e na ional Social Su ey P og amme: Family and
Changing Gende Roles IV- ISSP 2012-. Spain is he only coun y o Sou h Eu ope ha
has pa icipa ed in he su ey. Fo his eason i has been conside ed as a ep esen a i e
case s udy.
Keywo ds: Family models, p e e ences, a i udes, con adic o y ans o ma ion,
Spanish socie y.
1. In oduc ion
The p esen s udy analyses he a i udes and expec a ions o he Spanish popula ion
ela ed o he amily models in o de o explain he ambi alen social eali y in Spain.
The main in e es o his s udy eme ges om he sca ci y o s udies ela ed o he
a i udes and alues and hei in luence on he elec ion o he di e en amily models.
Ano he eason ha jus i ied he in e es o his s udy is ha he in e na ional esea ches
ha e p o en he e ec i eness o s udying he a i udes and alues o unde s and he
endencies and amily model changes.
The s uc u e o he p esen wo k is he ollowing: i s ly, he e ha e been de eloped a
li e a u e e iew ha allow us o es ablish he heo e ical amewo k o he s udy. The
me hodology sec ion o e s in o ma ion abou he da a sou ces used o answe he
esea ch ques ion o ou s udy. The sec ion dedica ed o he esul s has been di ided in o
wo pa s, he i s pa is ocused on he desc ip i e analysis o he da a and he second
pa o e s an explana o y analysis based on he es ima ion o mul inomial logi models.
The conclusions show some o he mos ou s anding esul s o his wo k
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.
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I mus be aken in o accoun ha his pape is s ill in p og ess.
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2. Li e a u e Re iew and heo e ical discussion
In he ongoing deba e on changing amily models as a esul o he decline o he male
b eadwinne amily model, he main ocus has gene ally been placed on a possible shi
owa ds a dual, ull- ime, adul wo ke model wi h a mo e equal gende balance (Lewis,
Campbell and Hue a, 2008; Daly, 2011). On he o he hand, in a con ex o g owing
amily di e si y less a en ion has been paid o he no ma i e change on he alues and
a i udes on wo k- amily a angemen s and amily models in Spain. Thus, change in
amily models (decline o male b eadwinne amily model s inc ease o dual-ea ne
couples) a ec s bo h he le el o wo k- amily con lic and alues o amily-wo k
a angemen s (O’B ien, 2009; T e iño e al., 2009; Cooke, 2010; Daly and Scheiwe,
2010; Daly, 2011).
Empi ical esea ch in o he ac o s de e mining emale employmen has gi en ise o a
lo o in e p e a ions ega ding he cul u al, ins i u ional and indi idual e ec s on
women’s employmen pa e ns in di e en coun ies based on he analysis o indi idual
cha ac e is ics and he e ec s o mac o condi ions (Hakim, 2004; C omp on and
Lyone e, 2005; Fo in, 2005; Pe i and Hook, 2005; Del Boca e al., 2009). Howe e ,
e y ew s udies ha e se ou o s udy he de e minan s o no ma i e models o amily
a angemen s om a mic o pe spec i e by using indi idual da a. In his ega d, some
s udies ha e h own doub on whe he ins i u ional and cul u al ac o s ha e he same
e ec on women’s employmen pa e ns and wo k- amily a angemen s and amily in
di e en con ex s (P au-E inge , 2004).
Acco ding o he p e e ence heo y, he p e e ences and li e s yle eely chosen by
indi iduals de e mine he amily di e se models, he di e en employmen pa e ns and
he occupa ional ca ee s (Hakim, 2000). This heo y iden i ies h ee main ypes o
women ha de elop di e en ways o li ing acco ding o hei p e e ences a wo k and
amily (wo k cen ed women, home-cen ed women and, adap i e women). The main
c i ics o his analy ical model add ess ha women´s employmen and amily choice
should be unde s ood as a esul o a cons ain and accommoda e choice because o
lack o al e na i e op ions (O´Reilly and Fagan, 1998; McRae, 2003; Wal e s, 2005;
Gash, 2008). On he o he hand, acco ding o P au E inge (2004) c oss-na ional
dispa i ies in women’s employmen and amily policies o e a be e unde s anding o
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he analysis o he “gende a angemen s”. She ocuses on he ele ance o cul u e and
ins i u ional ma e s o explaining di e en p e e ences o amily a angemen s. O he
esea ches highligh he ele ance o “gende oles alues” explaining how mo he s and
a he s cons uc he dilemma women wo k- amily om a mic o pe spec i e
(C omp om and Lyone e; 2005; Fo im, 2005; S eibe and Haas, 2009; Mo eno
Mínguez, 2010; Hobson, 2011; S am e al., 2013). This could explain why among
Eu opean coun ies i is obse ed ha simila amily polices and ca e egimes gene a e a
a ie y o amily-wo k p e e ences (Duncan, 2005; Jensen, 2008).
The human capi al heo y emphasize ha indi idual ac o s such as educa ion, numbe
o child en, occupa ion and economic si ua ion can explain he di e en amily model
p e e ences. Some esea ches con i m ha educa ion is a s ong p edic o o he amily-
wo k a angemen ´s a i udes (C omp on and Lyone e, 2005; Van Well and Knijin,
2006; Debacke , 2008). In his sense, Cloin e al. (2011) obse e ha he high le el o
educa ion has a posi i e impac on he women´s employmen and he equali a ian
amily a angemen . The e e se si ua ion is obse ed among mo he s wi h he lowes
le el o educa ion and wi h a adi ional gende ole pe spec i e ha expe ience g ea e
di icul ies a wo k and amily (Mye s and Boo h, 2002; Den Dulk, e . al. 2003;
Bolzedahl and Mye s, 2004).
Based on hese heo e ical amewo ks he objec i e o his communica ion is o p esen
some o he mos ele an esul s o his esea ch ha is s ill in p og ess. The main ocus
o ou s udy is he analysis o he ac o s ha de e mine he amily model p e e ences o
he Spanish popula ion. Fo his pu pose we ha e analysed da a om he ISSP 2012.
3. Da a and Me hods
The empi ical analysis a e based on indi idual le el su ey da a o Spain om he
2012 “Family Changing Gende Roles” module o he In e na ional Social Su ey
P og amme (ISSP).
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As indica ed by he own ISSP Resea ch G oup, his module mainly
deals wi h gende ela ed issues, such as a i udes owa ds women’s employmen ,
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Da a a e collec ed h ough ace- o- ace in e iews and sel -comple ion su eys. They a e a ailable o
esea che s wi hou cha ge om he si e h p://www.issp.o g.

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ma iage, child en and inancial suppo , household managemen and pa ne ship. The
sample is na ionally ep esen a i e o he Spanish’s adul popula ion (o e 18 yea s). All
he analysis p esen ed a e un on all sample and on males and emales sepa a ely.
Dis inc ion has also been made based on he age o esponden s (o e o below 49
yea s) in o de o accoun o gene a ional di e ences.
Fi s ly, some explo a o y analyses we e de eloped. These analyzes o e a desc ip ion
abou he a i udes and alues o Spanish popula ion owa ds he ole ha a wo king
mo he should play a wo k conside ing di e en si ua ions. They also e lec he
esponden s’ alua ions o he epe cussion ha adop ing ha ole should ha e on
amily li e.
Secondly, we ca y ou a disc e e choice analysis, mo e speci ically h ee mul inomial
logi models, ha enables us o de e mine he di e en ac o s ha in luence he
p edisposi ion o op owa ds he di e en amily models as he bes desi able ones.
4. Resul s
Resul s om he desc ip i e analysis
In his sec ion i is p esen ed he esul s om he explo a o y analysis whe e i is
analysed he opinions ela ed o he di e en amily models.
Fi s , i is analysed he le el o ag eemen ela ed o di e en s a emen s on emale
wo king oles.
I is obse ed ha 93% o he in e iewees ag ee o highly ag ee wi h he idea ha bo h
membe s o he couple should con ibu e o he household incomes. I has no been
app ecia ed any di e ences be ween g oups. The si ua ions analysed p o ed ha men
o e 49 yea s old main ain he mos adi ional opinions and ha women o e 49 yea s
old a e also mo e adi ional han women unde 49, bu i should be no ed ha he oldes
g oup o women end o be less adi ional han he oldes men ones. I could be a gued
ha women opinions and a i udes mo e mo e quickly han men ones owa ds a gende
equali a ian model.
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I should be highligh ed ha a 71% o women a hei 49 o unde his age conside ha
when mom wo ks he ela ion wi h child en a e as wa m as i hey wouldn’ wo k. A
60% o men o e 49 yea s old ag ee o highly ag ee wi h ha opinion.
The opinions o he younges women g oup and he oldes men ones o e an in e es ing
con as . A 27% o women unde 49 and a 54% o men o e 49 ag ee o highly ag ee
wi h he idea ha wha women eally wan is home and kids. The di e ences a e also
ema kable in ela ion wi h hei opinions abou he hough ha “being a housewi e is
as ul illing as a wo king o a pay” (34% in con as o a 63%).
Second, i is analysed he opinions ela ed o he ques ion i women should wo k when
he e is a child unde school age ( om 0 o 5 yea s old), dis inguishing di e en model
o wo k ( ull- ime, pa - ime, s ay a home).
The esul s o e in o ma ion abou he opinions o he whole sample and as well by sex
and age. Almos a qua e o he o al in e iewees hink ha women unde ha
ci cums ance should s ay a home while a 60% belie e ha hey should wo k pa - ime.
I is obse ed a qui e ema kable di e ences be ween he young and he old gene a ions:
he 35% o he in e iewees o e 49 yea s old a i m ha women should s ay a home,
his pe cen age ep esen s almos he double o he answe s o he 49 o unde 49 yea s
old in e iewees.
In his espec , wo in e es ing esul s eme ge. On one hand i we compa e he answe s
by gende , he da a indica e ha men a e mo e adi ional han women. Mo e
speci ically, he 31% o Spanish men a i m ha women should s ay a home when
he e a e child en unde school age a home in con as wi h a 21% o women.
On he o he hand, women in e iewed op in a highe p opo ion han men o choose
pa - ime jobs as he mo e desi able op ion while he e a e child en unde school age a
home (65,8% and 53,3% espec i ely). I is in e es ing o obse e ha he 42% o men
o e 49 yea s p e e ha women s ay a home in con as wi h he 22% o men 49 yea s
old o unde his age. This da a should be aken as an indica o o an in e es ing change
in he Spanish a i udes ela ed o he di ision o gende oles.
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Thi d, i is analysed he opinions o he in e iewees ela ed o he mos desi able
pa en al childca e when he child en a e unde school age. The de e mina ion o he
ac o s ha explain hei p e e ences owa ds he di e en amily models, unde he
e e ed si ua ion, will be he aim o he ollowing sec ion. I is impo an o highligh
ha i is being analysed an hypo he ical op ion ha could o no could be expe ienced in
he eal li e.
The esul s a e cohe en wi h he indings abo e ela ed. The 42% o he in e iewees
p e e a amily model whe e he mo he wo ks pa - ime and he a he ull- ime. Only a
qua e o he sample he e analysed ha e op ed o choose he adi ional amily model
(mo he a home/ a he ull- ime).
I we analyse he da a by sex, i is obse ed ha a highe pe cen age o women han
men ha e choose he model whe e he mo he wo k pa - ime and he a he ull- ime
(44,4 % and 39,8% espec i ely).
In his sense, he pe cen age o men indica ing ha he bes amily model is he mos
adi ional one (“ he male b eadwinne amily model”) is highe han he women ones
(31%, 21% espec i ely). I is obse ed in e es ing di e ences in he answe s by sex
and age g oups. The 45% o men o e 49 yea s a i m ha he bes desi able pa en al
childca e op ion, when child en a e unde school age, is he male b eadwinne one,
a he wo king ull- ime and mo he s aying a home, ha is in clea con as wi h he
answe s o he 19% o he men a 49 yea s old o unde his age. Fu he mo e, his
g oup o young men a e mo e adi ional ha women a he same age.
Fou h, i has been also analysed he opinions abou he amily models ha he
in e iewees conside ed he leas desi able ones in he si ua ion commen ed be o e. The
50% o he in e iewees belie e ha , unde he ela ed ci cums ances, he leas desi able
op ion should be he one whe e bo h pa en wo k ull- ime. In his case, i is no
obse ed signi ican di e ences ei he by sex o age.
In gene al, and in conco dance wi h he esul s ha ha e being obse ed p e iously, he
he e idence shows ha he old gene a ions end o show lowe p edisposi ion owa ds
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he social amily change and he di e si y o he amily models. In his way, he amily
model whe e he mo he wo k ull ime and he a he wo k pa ime is chosen as he
leas desi able (22% o he in e iewees) and he men o e 49 a e he mos c i ical ones
in his espec (30%)
Resul s om he explana o y analysis
As i has been explained, he p incipal aim o he mul i a iable analysis de eloped in
his pape is o de e mine he ac o s ha in luence he p edisposi ion o op owa ds he
di e en amily models as he bes desi able ones when he e a e child en unde school
age a home, in Spain.
Fo ha pu pose, he me hodology we ha e de eloped is he mul inomial logi model.
The logi models ha e been es ima ed o he o al in e iewed sample (adul s om 18
and o e , a sample ini ially chosen om he ISSP 2012) and o he case o men and
women sepa a ely. Fi een p edic o s (as epo ed p e iously as he cha ac e is ics
included in he ec o ) we e included in he h ee analysis. The models exhibi high
s a is ical signi icance conside ed as a whole (s a is ical signi icance o 1%)
In he es ima ion o he whole sample, no p esen ed he e due o limi a ion o he
ex ension o he pape , i is obse ed ha women show a lowe p obabili y (o 7,7
pe cen age poin s) o op o he mos adi ional amily model (mo he a home/ a he a
wo k ull- ime) han men. While he p obabili y ha women op o one o he leas
adi ional amily models (in his case he one whe e bo h pa en s wo k pa - ime) is 6,9
pe cen age poin s supe io han men. These esul s a e in conco dance wi h he ones
o e ed by he desc ip i e analysis.
The mul inomial logi models o women and men o e ed a high deg ee o signi icance.
The h ee main gene al esul s a e: Fi s ly, he independen a iables conside ed a e
highly signi ican om a s a is ical poin o iew wi h he excep ion o he a iable
“numbe o child en be ween 6 and 17 yea s old”. Secondly, i is obse ed ha , o
some o hose a iables, he sign, he magni ude, and he s a is ical signi icance o he
ma ginal e ec s di e om women o men. Thi dly and in he case o he women g oup,
he g ea amoun o he signi ican ma ginal e ec s obse ed co espond o he