Concen a ion by pe apo a ion o b own c ab
ola ile compounds om dilu e model
solu ions: e alua ion o PDMS memb ane
Rod igo Ma ínez, Ma ía Te esa Sanz
∗
, Sag a io Bel án
Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Bu gos, 09001 Bu gos. Spain
Abs ac
Pe apo a ion expe imen s wi h PERVAPTM 4060 memb ane ha e been pe o med o
s udy i s abili y o concen a e some a oma compounds iden i ied in he b own c ab
boiling juice om a model dilu e aqueous solu ion. The e ec o eed concen a ion,
pe apo a ion empe a u e and pe mea e p essu e on he pe apo a ion pe o mance o
he memb ane has been analyzed. The esul s ob ained wi h PERVAPTM 4060
memb ane we e compa ed wi h expe imen s pe o med in a p e ious wo k wi h a
POMS/PEI memb ane. Memb ane ma e ial seems o be a key ac o in he pe mea e
a oma p o ile. The p esence o non- ola ile compounds, such as sodium chlo ide, in
b own c ab boiling juice sligh ly imp o es pe apo a ion pe o mance in he
concen a ion ange s udied in his wo k. Ba ch pe apo a ion expe imen s p o e ha
he la o loss pe cen age du ing long ope a ion ime is high, especially o he mos
∗ Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +34 947 258810. Fax: +34 947 258831. E-mail add ess
e [email protected]
ola ile compounds. Addi ionally, i has been shown ha pe apo a ion can be
signi ican ly imp o ed by modi ying he pe mean ci cui by means o wo s age
condensa ion s ep.
Keywo ds: ola ile compounds, pe apo a ion, sal e ec , PDMS memb ane
1. In oduc ion
Shell ish la ou is a high alue ood p oduc . The liquid e luen o he sea ood
indus y, p oduced du ing boiling p ocess, con ains impo an amoun s o la ou
componen s [1]. B own c abs a e ound in he Eas e n A lan ic and a e hea ily exploi ed
comme cially, being a ailable h oughou he yea . This wo k is pa o a wide s udy o
conside he con e sion o he b own c ab e luen p oduced du ing boiling in o a
aluable ola ile concen a e.
Memb ane sepa a ion echniques ep esen a po en ial pa hway o he p oduc ion o a
na u al a oma concen a e and a disposable e luen [2, 3]. In a p e ious s udy [4],
o ganophilic pe apo a ion h ough a polyoc ylme hylsiloxane memb ane was shown o
be able o concen a e some compounds o he b own c ab boiling juice om a model
dilu e aqueous solu ion. In his wo k, pe apo a ion h ough a polydime hylsiloxane
memb ane has been pe o med o compa e he abili y o he wo polyme s, POMS and
PDMS, o eco e some a oma compounds ound in he b own c ab boiling juice om
model dilu e aqueous solu ions.
The e ec o some impo an a iables ha de e mine he inal a oma p o ile, such as
eed concen a ion, pe apo a ion empe a u e and pe mea e p essu e has been s udied.
B own c ab boiling juice con ains o ganic compounds and non- ola ile compounds. The
in luence o he p esence o non- ola ile componen s, such as sal s (e.g.: sodium
chlo ide) was also analysed by a ying he sal con en in he eed solu ion.
Fo indus ial applica ions, ba ch ope a ion is p e e ed o a con inuous ope a ion i he
a oma eco e y is a sho - e m ope a ion wi h ela i ely small amoun o ex ac s [5]. In
his wo k, ba ch p ocess has been pe o med o eco e a oma compounds om model
solu ions.
Finally, ac iona ion expe imen s ha e been also pe o med o imp o e he
pe apo a ion pe o mance by using a wo condensa ion s ep a he pe mea e side.
2. Theo y
Solu ion/di usion model is used o desc ibe he anspo o pe mea ing componen s
h ough he memb ane being p opo ional o he di e ence in pa ial apo p essu e a
bo h sides o he memb ane acco ding o equa ion 1 [6]:
( )
pi
s
iii
i
,OVipypxQJ −γ=
(1)
whe e Ji is he pa ial pe mea ion lux o componen i, QOVi i s p essu e-no malized
pe mea ion lux (pe meance), xi i s mole ac io in he eed,
γ
i i s ac i i y coe icien ,
s
i
p
i s sa u a ion apo p essu e a he eed empe a u e, yi, i s mole ac ion in he pe mea e
and pp he pe mea e p essu e. In case o pe apo a ion o dilu e aqueous solu ions,
ac i i y coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion (
∞
γi
) a e used as eed-side ac i i y coe icien s.
In his wo k, he ac i i y coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion in wa e we e ob ained om
p e ious wo k in which ac i i y coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion we e ob ained by using
he headspace gas ch oma og aphy echnique [7].
The sepa a ion pe o mance o a pe apo a ion memb ane, in case o dilu e aqueous
solu ions, can be desc ibed in e ms o he en ichmen ac o . The en ichmen ac o o a
gi en componen is he ela ionship be ween i s concen a ion in he pe mea e and he
eed:
,ip,ii
ww=β
(2)
In dilu e sys ems, as a oma eco e y sys ems, he sol en en ichmen ac o is close o
one; he e o e a oma en ichmen ac o s o o ganic compounds can be conside ed equal
o he co esponding sepa a ion ac o s. The e is usually an opposi e end be ween
pe mea ion lux and sepa a ion ac o , i.e.: when one ac o inc eases he o he
dec eases. This way, a pe apo a ion sepa a ion index (P.S.I.) has been de ined as a
measu e o he sepa a ion abili y o a memb ane [8]:
P.S.I. = J o · Sepa a ion ac o (3)
To desc ibe he ba ch ope a ion sys ems, he ollowing exp ession in e ed by She and
Hwang [5] was used:
V
C
K
a
x
x
ln
o
o
L
o,i
i






















+
−=








(4)
She and Hwang [5] in oduced he e m KL o conside he la o loss a e and
ep esen s how quickly he o ganic compound is los due o se e al easons such as
sys em leakage, pa ial condensa ion o incomple e collec ion in he pe apo a ion
sys em. In Eq. 4 xi is he mole ac ion o componen i in he eed ank, xi,o is he ini ial
mole ac ion o componen i a he beginning o he p ocess, Vo is he ini ial olume o
he eed solu ion, and is he ope a ion ime. The pa ame e a is de ined as:
V
o
i
s
ii,OV
K
C
ApQ
a−
γ
=
∞
(5)
whe e C o is he o al mole concen a ion o he eed solu ion ( o dilu e sys ems C o
becomes app oxima ely he pu e wa e mola densi y), A is he memb ane a ea and KV
is he o al pe mea ion olume low a e (dV = -KVd ). Acco ding o She and Hwang [5]
he esidue pe cen age and eco e y pe cen age a e calcula ed by equa ions (6) and (7)
espec i ely:
()
()
100
·
V
K
1% esidue
V
o i
,
L
K/CKa1
O
V
++







−=
(6)
( )
( )
( )
100·
V
K
11
KCKa1
Ka1
%e yco e
V o i,L
K/CKa1
O
V
V o i,L
V















−−
++
+
=
++
(7)
3. Expe imen al sec ion
3.1. Ma e ials
An o ganophilic dense memb ane was used in his s udy: PERVAPTM 4060 (Sulze
Chem ech, Swi ze land), a memb ane whose ac i e laye is based on
polydime hylsiloxane (PDMS).
A mul icomponen dilu e aqueous solu ion was p epa ed wi h se en selec ed ola ile
compounds [4] belonging o di e en chemical classes: 1-oc en-3-ol (Sigma Ald ich,
98 %), 1-pen en-3-ol (Sigma Ald ich, 99 %), 3-me hylbu anal (Sigma Ald ich, 97 %),
hexanal (Sigma Ald ich, 98 %), benzaldehyde (Sigma Ald ich, >=99 %), 2,3-pen adione
(Sigma Ald ich, 98 %) and e hyl ace a e (Sigma Ald ich, HPLC g ade). Some
he modynamic p ope ies o he selec ed compounds a e lis ed in Table 1.

3.2. Pe apo a ion expe imen s
Pe apo a ion expe imen s we e pe o med wi h a pla e and ame labo a o y s ainless
s eel pe mea ion cell (Sulze Chem ech) wi h an e ec i e memb ane a ea in con ac
wi h he eed mix u e o 170 cm2 [9]. The empe a u e o he eed liquid mix u e was
kep cons an (± 0.5 ºC) by using a he mos a o hea he s i ed ank eed eac o . The
pe mea e was condensed on wo pa allel glass cold aps cooled by liquid ni ogen o
ensu e ha pe mea e was ully collec ed. Pe mea e p essu e was egula ed wi h an ai -
inle loca ed be ween he condense s and he acuum pump. Fo s eady s a e ope a ion
he eed eac o has a 5 L capaci y. This way, due o he small amoun o pe mea e
p oduc , he concen a ion o he ola ile compounds in he eed ank was kep
app oxima ely cons an along ope a ion. The eed low a e was se o 70 kg·h-1. This
low was enough o a oid concen a ion pola iza ion in he concen a ion ange s udied
in his wo k. Fo uns eady s a e ope a ion he a io memb ane a ea o ini ial eed olume
(A/Vo) was highe han o s eady s a e ope a ion; hus eed concen a ion o ola ile
compounds con inuously dec eases as pe apo a ion akes place. In case o ac iona ion
a he pe mea e side, wo condense s we e placed in se ies in one o he wo pa allel
pe mea e ci cui s. The i s condense was cooled by a e ige an ba h using a Julabo
FP50 c yos a . The second condense was cooled wi h liquid ni ogen, ac ing as a o al
condense . The chemical s abili y o he memb ane was checked by measu ing pu e
wa e lux a e e ence ope a ing condi ions.
3.3. Sample analysis
Pe mea e and eed concen a ion was measu ed o -line using a Hewle Packa d (6890)
gas ch oma og aph (GC) equipped wi h se ies connec ed he mal conduc i i y (TCD)
and lame ioniza ion (FID) de ec o s. Helium, 99.999 % pu e, was used as ca ie gas.
The GC column was a 007 FFAP 25 m × 0.25 mm bonded phase used silica capilla y
column. The injec o and de ec o s we e kep a 200 ºC and 250ºC espec i ely. The
o en was ope a ed a p og ammed empe a u e, om 40ºC o 220ºC. 1-hexanol was
used as in e nal s anda d o analysis o he sample.
4. Resul s and discussion.
Fi s , he e ec o di e en ope a ing a iables, such as eed concen a ion,
pe apo a ion empe a u e and pe mea e p essu e, on he pe apo a ion pe o mance o
PERVAPTM 4060 memb ane is p esen ed. Fu he , hese esul s a e compa ed wi h a
p e ious wo k [4], whe e pe apo a ion was ca ied ou wi h a POMS/PEI memb ane.
A e wa ds, he esul s ob ained in ba ch ope a ion a e p esen ed. Then, he e ec o
sodium chlo ide is analysed by a ying he sal concen a ion in he eed. Finally some
p elimina y ac iona ion esul s by using wo condensa ion s eps a e discussed.
4.1. E alua ion o PERVAPTM 4060 memb ane pe o mance.
E ec o eed concen a ion
The e ec o eed concen a ion was in es iga ed in he ange o 0.1 o 50 ppm a a
ixed pe apo a ion empe a u e (26ºC) and pe mea e p essu e (300 Pa). Since
expe imen s we e ca ied ou a e y dilu e concen a ion, o al pe mea ion lux was
close o wa e pe mea ion lux and emained almos cons an (0.0054 mol/m2s)
wha e e he ola ile compounds eed concen a ion.
Figu e 1 shows he o ganic compounds pe mea ion luxes as a unc ion o i s eed
concen a ion. I can be obse ed a linea ela ionship o all he compounds s udied in
his wo k ( 2 > 0.99 excep o 2,3-pen anedione ha shows a 2 = 0.97). Since ac i i y
coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion a e cons an , and he polyme ic memb ane swelling can
be conside ed negligible, he p essu e-no malized pe mea ion lux (pe meance) o he
o ganic compounds and wa e , and consequen ly he sepa a ion ac o , will emain
cons an .
Table 2 epo s he en ichmen ac o s and pe meances ob ained h ough he PDMS
memb ane. Benzaldehyde was ound o ha e he highes en ichmen ac o and
pe meance. This way, Baudo and Ma in [10] assessed ha pe apo a ion memb anes
a e e y pe mselec i e o aldehydes con aininig a benzene ing, which enhances hei
hyd ophobici y and, consequen ly, hei solubili y in he pe apo a ion memb ane. E hyl
ace a e and 1-oc en-3-ol also exhibi high sepa a ion ac o s. On he o he hand, he
selec i i y o 2,3-pen anedione was ound o be he lowes , wi h a sepa a ion ac o
alue o 10.
E ec o pe apo a ion empe a u e
The ope a ing empe a u e was a ied in he ange 26 ºC o 40 ºC. The expe imen s
we e ca ied ou a h ee di e en eed concen a ions (1, 5 and 10 ppm) and a ixed
pe mea e p essu e (300 Pa). Wa e pe mea ion lux inc eased exponen ially om
0.0054 mol/m2s o 0.012 mol/m2s in he empe a u e ange s udied in his wo k.
Figu e 2 shows he e ec o empe a u e on ola ile compounds pe mea ion lux a an
o ganic eed concen a ion o 10 ppm. The e ec o eed empe a u e can be desc ibed
by an A henius ype equa ion:







−= RT
E
exp·JJ i,a
o,ii
(8)
whe e Ea,i is he appa en ac i a ion ene gy o pe mea ion, Ji,o he p eexponen ial ac o
and T he absolu e empe a u e. Table 3 epo s he appa en ac i a ion ene gies o
pe mea ion o a oma compounds and wa e o he PDMS memb ane. This pa ame e
cha ac e izes he o e all e ec o empe a u e on he pe meabili y and he d i ing o ce
o pe mea ion [11]. A highe alue o he appa en ac i a ion ene gy indica es a mo e
sensi i e beha iou owa ds empe a u e changes. Table 3 shows ha Ea,i o mos o he
o ganic compounds is highe han ha o wa e , excep o benzaldehyde and e hyl
ace a e. Howe e , hese di e ences a e no high. The e o e, i canno be gene alized o
PDMS memb ane ha en ichmen ac o s o ola ile compounds inc ease wi h
empe a u e, al hough o some o he ola ile compounds, such as 1-oc en-3ol, he
inc ease o he en ichmen ac o wi h empe a u e is ema kable. This beha iou can be
obse ed in Figu e 3 ha shows he en ichmen ac o a he ou empe a u es s udied
in his wo k a a ixed eed concen a ion o 10 ppm o all he ola ile compounds. The
e ec o empe a u e on selec i i y depends on changes o so p ion o o ganic
compounds on he memb ane and i s di usion h ough he memb ane. Acco ding o
Feng and Huang [11] he ac i a ion ene gy o pe mea ion, Ep, which cha ac e izes he
empe a u e dependence o he memb ane, can be es ima ed by sub ac ing he hea o
apo iza ion om he calcula ed appa en ac i a ion ene gy (Ep = Ea - ΔH ). The
calcula ed ac i a ion ene gy ollows he o de : Ep,1-pen en-3-ol (-8.8 kJ/mol) < Ep,e hylace a e (-
8.6 kJ/mol) < Ep,benzaldehyde (-5.3 kJ/mol) < Ep,hexanal (-1.8 kJ/mol) < Ep, wa e ( -0.5 kJ/mol)
< Ep,1-oc en-3-ol (10.5 kJ/mol) < Ep,3-me hylbu anal (17.0 kJ/mol) < Ep,2,3pen adione (28.1 kJ/mol).
Nega i e alues o Ep indica e ha he memb ane’s pe meabili y dec eases wi h
inc easing empe a u e. Ep can be exp essed as he ac i a ion ene gy o pe mea ing
compounds o di use h ough he memb ane, ED, plus he en halpy o dissolu ion, ∆Hs
(Ep = ED + ∆Hs) [11]. En halpy o dissolu ion is usually nega i e due o exo he mic
Kujawski and K ajewski [17] p oposed he applicabili y o he empi ical Se scheno
equa ion:
si
o,i
i
ckln =








γ
γ
∞
∞
(9)
o desc ibe he inc ease o o ganic pe mea ion lux wi h sal concen a ion. In Eq. 9
∞
γi
is he ac i i y coe icien a in ini e dilu ion in sal y solu ions,
∞
γo,i
he ac i i y
coe icien a in ini e dilu ion in pu e wa e , cs he sal concen a ion and he
p opo ionali y ac o , ki, is he sal ing-ou coe icien . This way he ln (Ji, sal y
solu ions/Ji,non-sal ysolu ion) can be plo ed as a unc ion o NaCl concen a ion and compa ed
wi h da a o he ac i i y coe icien s ob ained in p e ious wo k [7]. Table 5 lis s he
slopes o hese plo s oge he wi h he alues p e iously epo ed in he s udy o he
ac i i y coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion. I can be obse ed ha he alues o he slopes
ob ained o he ln (Ji, sal y solu ions/Ji,non-sal ysolu ion) we e lowe han he alues p e iously
epo ed [7]. The e o e, blocking e ec canno be conside ed negligible. As an example
Figu e 10 ep esen s he applicabili y o he Se scheno equa ion o e hyl ace a e. In
his Figu e, he alues o he ac i i y coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion ob ained in a
p e ious wo k ha e been also plo ed.
4.5. Mul is age condensa ion o he a oma compounds.
In sec ion 4.1 en ichmen ac o s we e epo ed in he ange o 10 o 2,3-pen anedione
o 39 o e hyl ace a e. Ma in e al. [18] p oposed o modi y he downs eam sec ion
wi h a mul i-s age condensa ion s ep o imp o e he pe apo a ion pe o mance. In his
wo k, some expe imen s ha e been pe o med by using wo condense s placed in se ies.
The componen s o he pe mea e apou ha e di e en condensa ion po en ials, hus

yielding an addi ional sepa a ion ac o [19]. The dis ibu ion o wa e and o ganic
compound in each condense depends on he empe a u e o he i s condense , he
ola ili y o he componen s, he low o he condensable and ine gases in he pe mea e
side and he s ipping e ec be ween condense s [20, 21].
Pe apo a ion expe imen s ha e been ca ied ou a a ixed empe a u e o 26ºC and
pe mea e p essu e o 300 Pa. Feed concen a ion was abou 1 ppm o all he o ganic
compounds. Two di e en empe a u es we e ied in he i s condense -4 ºC and -
10ºC.
Table 6 shows he pe mea ion lux pe cen age collec ed in bo h condense s as a unc ion
o empe a u e in he i s condense . As i can be obse ed, he pe cen age collec ed in
he i s condense inc eases as he condensa ion empe a u e in he i s condense
dec eases. Due o he e iciency in wa e emo al in he i s condense , en ichmen
ac o s o he o ganic compounds collec ed in he second condense imp o e
conside ably (Table 7) compa ed o one condense . Table 7 also epo s he sepa a ion
ac o ha would be ob ained on he basis o apou -liquid equilib ium (VLE) a 40ºC.
This ela i e ola ili y a in ini e dilu ion,
∞
α
w,i
, is de ined as:
𝛼𝛼𝑖𝑖,𝑤𝑤
∞=𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖
𝑠𝑠
𝑝𝑝𝑤𝑤
𝑠𝑠𝛾𝛾𝑖𝑖
∞ (10)
whe e pis and piw a e he sa u a ion apou p essu e o o ganic compounds and wa e
espec i ely and 𝛾𝛾𝑖𝑖
∞ is he ac i i y coe icien a in ini e dilu ion. The sepa a ion ac o s
ob ained wi h one condense we e lowe han he sepa a ion ha would be achie ed on
he basis o VLE. Howe e , wi h a wo condensa ion s ep he new sepa a ion ac o s
ob ained a e, o some o he compounds, e en highe han he alues o he ela i e
ola ili y.
Concen a ion o he mos ola ile compounds in he pe mea e collec ed in he i s
condense was e y low. Tha indica es ha mos o he pe mean molecules o hese
o ganic compounds we e mainly collec ed in he second condense p obably due o a
s ipping e ec . Howe e , he concen a ion o he a oma ic compounds in he second
condense is less han expec ed based on mass global balance wi h he esul s ob ained
wi h one condense . This ac can be due o he e y high loss a es ound o hese
compounds in he s udies pe o med in non-s eady s a e (sec ion 4.3). The non-s eady
s a e expe imen s e ealed ha he concen a ion o he high ola ile compounds is
la gely condi ioned by he ime employed in each un due o he high alue o he la o
loss a e. The ope a ion ime used in he ac iona ion expe imen s was longe han in
he expe imen s ca ied ou wi h one o al condense , due o he ac ha insu icien
quan i ies o he analysis we e collec ed in he second condense , especially in he
expe imen s ca ied ou a he lowes empe a u e in he i s condense .
5. Conclusion
PERVAPTM 4060 memb ane has been ound o be e ec i e o eco e some key a oma
compounds ound in he b own c ab boiling juice om a model dilu e aqueous solu ion.
The e ec o eed concen a ion, pe apo a ion empe a u e and pe mea e p essu e on
pe apo a ion pe o mance has been analyzed. An inc ease o he a oma eed
concen a ion inc eases o ganic pe mea ion lux due o an inc ease in he pe mea ion
d i ing o ce. Pa ial and o al pe mea ion lux inc eased wi h empe a u e and
pe mea ion lux dec eased as pe mea e p essu e inc eased.
The esul s ob ained unde s eady s a e ope a ion wi h PERVAPTM 4060 we e compa ed
wi h hose one ob ained wi h a POMS/PEI memb ane. To al pe mea ion lux was highe
o PERVAPTM 4060 memb ane han o POMS/PEI. Based on he di e en e ec o
empe a u e o bo h ypes o memb anes i was concluded ha so p ion con ibu ion
was mo e impo an o PERVAPTM 4060 memb ane han o POMS/PEI memb ane.
F om ba ch pe apo a ion expe imen s, i was ound ha he loss o ola ile compounds
inc eases wi h ope a ion ime. Loss pe cen age was high o ola ile compounds wi h
low pe mea ion a e and high la ou loss a e. Highe memb ane a ea would help o
educe he loss pe cen age.
The p esence o NaCl sligh ly imp o ed he e iciency o a oma eco e y om dilu e
aqueous solu ions. This ac can be a ibu ed o he “sal ing ou ”. Howe e he inc ease
in pa ial pe mea ion lux is lowe han he co esponding “sal ing ou ” e ec
concluding ha blocking e ec canno be neglec ed.
Modi ying he pe mea e ci cui wi h a wo condensa ion s ep can be an e icien way o
imp o ing he pe apo a ion pe o mance, since i has been obse ed a conside able
inc ease o he en ichmen ac o s ega ding one condensa ion s ep. Howe e , he
design mus be op imized since impo an losses o some o he ola ile compounds,
especially he mos ola iles, ha e been obse ed.
Fu he s udies will be ca ied ou wi h he indus ial b own c ab boiling juice o s udy
he abili y o pe apo a ion echnique.
Nomencla u e
a = pe mea ion a e cons an , m3·s-1 (Eq. 4)
A = memb ane a ea, m2
C o = o al mola concen a ion in liquid phase, mol·m-3 (Eq. 4)
Ea = appa en ac i a ion ene gy o pe mea ion, kJ·mol-1
H = Hen y’s law cons an , Pa
J = pe mea ion lux, mol·s-1·m-2
k = sal ing ou coe icien
KL = la o loss a e, mol·s-1 (Eq. 4)
KV = o al pe mea ion olume low a e, m3·s-1 (Eq. 5)
QOV = p essu e-no malized pe mea ion lux, mol·s-1·m-2·Pa-1
p = p essu e, Pa
P.S.I. = pe apo a ion sepa a ion index
R = gas cons an , kJ·mol-1K-1
T = absolu e empe a u e, K
V = olume o eed solu ion, m3
x, y = mol ac ion
= ime, s
γ = ac i i y coe icien
β = en ichmen ac o
subsc ip s
i = componen
p = pe mea e
= eed
uppe sc ip s
s = sa u a ion
∞ = in ini e dilu ion
Acknowledgmen s
Financial suppo om he MICINN h ough CTQ2008-04999-PPQ is g a e ully
acknowledged. R. Ma inez acknowledges he JCyL Educa ion Minis y.
Re e ences
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4469.
Table 1. Physicochemical p ope ies o he ola ile compounds. (MW = molecula
weigh , BP = boiling poin , ps = sa u a ion p essu e, γ∞ = ac i i y coe icien a in ini e
dilu ion, H = Hen y’s cons an ).
Compound
MW, g/mol
BP, ºC
p26ºC
𝑠𝑠, Pa
γ26º𝐶𝐶
∞
H
26ºC
·10-4, Pa
1-Oc en-3-ol 128.2 174-5 65 1779 11.6
1-Pen en-3-ol 86.1 114.4 1348 38 5.1
3-Me hylbu anal 86.1 92.5 7035 127 89.3
Benzaldehyde 106.1 178.8 181 504 9.1
2,3-Pen anedione 100.1 108 2918 133 38.8
Hexanal 100.2 128.3 1540 599 92.3
E hyl Ace a e 88.1 77.1 13045 62 80.9
Table 2. Pe apo a ion pa ame e s o PERVAPTM 4060. Compa ison o PERVAPTM
4060 and POMS/PEI memb anes (TPV = 26ºC, pp = 300 Pa).
PERVAP
TM
4060 POMS/PEI
Compound β
QOV,i·107
(mol/m2sPa)
PSI
(mol/m2s)
β
QOV,i ·107
(mol/m2sPa)
PSI
(mol/m2s)
1-Oc en-3-ol 36 18.5 2.0∙10
-1
120 8.6 8.8∙10
-2
1-Pen en-3-ol 25 29.6 1.4∙10
-1
25 3.1 1.9∙10
-2
3-Me hylbu anal 18 1.1 1.0∙10
-1
5 0.03 3.9∙10
-3
Benzaldehyde 51 35.8 2.8∙10-1 93 7.5 7.5∙10-2
2,3-Pen anedione 10 1.4 6.8∙10
-2
7 0.1 5.2∙10
-3
Hexanal 23 1.4 1.3∙10
-1
22 0.2 1.7∙10
-2
E hyl Ace a e 39 2.7 2.2∙10-1 7 0.04 5.6∙10-3
Wa e 17.5 2.0
Figu e 1. E ec o ola ile eed concen a ion on ola ile compound pe mea ion lux
(TPV = 26 ºC, pp = 300 Pa) o PERVAPTM4060.
0.E+00
1.E-06
2.E-06
3.E-06
0.E+00 3.E-06 6.E-06 9.E-06
Ji (mol/m2s)
xi (mol/mol)
1-oc en-3-ol 1-pen en-3-ol
3-me hylbu anal benzaldehyde
2,3-pen anedione hexanal
e hyl ace a e

Figu e 2. E ec o pe apo a ion empe a u e on ola ile compound pe mea ion lux
(Ci. eed ≈ 10 ppm, pp = 300 Pa) o PERVAPTM4060.
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
3.15 3.2 3.25 3.3 3.35 3.4
ln Ji (mol/m2s)
1000/T (K)
1-oc en-3-ol 1-pen en-3-ol
3-me hylbu anal benzaldehyde
2,3-pen anedione hexanal
e hyl ace a e
Figu e 3. E ec o pe apo a ion empe a u e on he sepa a ion ac o o he ola ile
compounds (Ci. eed ≈ 10 ppm, pp = 300 Pa) o PERVAPTM4060.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
En ichmen ac o
T=26ºC T = 30ºC T = 36ºC T = 40ºC
Figu e 4. E ec o pe apo a ion empe a u e on he lux and d i ing o ce a io o
PERVAPTM4060 (C eed ≈ 10ppm, pp = 300 Pa). DF =d i ing o ce o he p ocess.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
J40ºC/J26ºC and DF40ºC/DF26ºC
J40ºC/J26ºC DF40ºC/DF26ºC
Figu e 5. E ec o pe mea e p essu e on pa ial pe mea ion lux o PERVAPTM4060
(Ci. eed ≈ 1 ppm. T eed = 26ºC). The con inuous lines a e o guide he eye.
0.E+00
2.E-08
4.E-08
6.E-08
8.E-08
1.E-07
0500 1000 1500 2000
Ji (mol/m2s)
pp (Pa)
1-oc en-3-ol 1-pen en-3-ol
3-me hylbu anal benzaldehyde
2,3-pen anedione hexanal
e hyl ace a e
Figu e 6. E ec o pe mea e p essu e on he en ichmen ac o s o he ola ile
compounds o PERVAPTM4060 (Ci. eed ≈ 1 ppm. T=26°C).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
En ichmen ac o
300 Pa 400 Pa 600 Pa 900 Pa 1200 Pa 1800 Pa

Figu e 7. E ec o memb ane ma e ial on he pe mea e a oma p o ile (T = 26ºC, Ci =
10 ppm pp = 300 Pa.
1-oc en-3-ol
1-pen en-3-ol
3-me hylbu anal
benzaldehyde2,3-pen anedione
hexanal
e hyl ace a e
Feed solu ion PDMS, 26ºC, 300 Pa POMS, 26ºC, 300 Pa
Figu e 8. E olu ion o eed concen a ion o e ime in he pe apo a i e eco e y o
a oma compounds (TPV = 26ºC, pp = 300 Pa, = 11 h). The con inuous lines ep esen
he model p oposed by She and Hwang [5].
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0 5 10
ln x
i
/x
i,0
(h)
1-oc en-3-ol 1-pen en-3-ol
3-me hylbu anal benzaldehyde
2,3-pen anedione hexanal
e hyl ace a e
Figu e 9. In luence o sal concen a ion on he en ichmen ac o o he o ganic
compounds o PERVAPTM4060 (C eed = 1ppm, T eed = 40ºC. Pp = 300 Pa).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
En ichmen ac o
0 mol/kg 0.34 mol/Kg 0.43 mol/kg
0.51 mol/kg 0.85 mol/kg
Figu e 10. Compa ison be ween he e ec o sal concen a ion on e hyl ace a e pa ial
pe mea ion lux (○) and ac i i y coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion (▲).
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
00.5 11.5 2
ln (Ji,sal y/Ji,non-sal y), ln(γi∞/γi,o∞)
CNaCl (mol/kg)