Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
Else ie Edi o ial Sys em( m) o D ug and Alcohol Dependence
Manusc ip D a
Manusc ip Numbe : WB-09-0310R1
Ti le: REDUCED ANTERIOR PREFRONTAL CORTEX ACTIVATION IN YOUNG BINGE DRINKERS DURING
A VISUAL WORKING MEMORY TASK
A icle Type: Full Leng h Repo
Keywo ds: ERPs, eLORETA, binge d inking, uni e si y s uden s, wo king memo y, p e on al co ex.
Co esponding Au ho : M Albe o C ego, ph.D s uden
Co esponding Au ho 's Ins i u ion: Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela (Spain)
Fi s Au ho : Albe o C ego, ph.D s uden
O de o Au ho s: Albe o C ego, ph.D s uden ; Soco o Rod íguez-Holguín, Ph.D; Ma ía Pa ada, Ph.D
s uden ; Naya a Mo a-Mi anda, Ph.D s uden ; Mon se a Co al, Ph.D; Fe nando Cada ei a, Ph.D
Abs ac : Wo king memo y (WM) is a majo cogni i e unc ion ha is al e ed by ch onic alcohol
consump ion. This impai men has been linked o al e a ions in he hippocampus and p e on al co ex
(PFC). Animal and human s udies ha e shown ha he adolescen b ain is mo e sensi i e o he
neu o oxic e ec s o alcohol han he adul b ain, pa icula ly hose s uc u es ha ma u e la e on in
de elopmen , such as he hippocampus and p e on al b ain. The aim o he p esen s udy was o
assess isual wo king memo y and i s neu al co ela es in young uni e si y s uden s who pa ake in
in e mi en consump ion o la ge amoun s o alcohol (binge d inke s).
A sample o 42 binge d inke s and 53 co esponding con ol subjec s pe o med an iden ical pai s
con inuous pe o mance ask (IP-CPT) in a combined E en -Rela ed Po en ial (ERP) and exac Low-
Resolu ion b ain Elec omagne ic Tomog aphy (eLORETA) s udy.
The esul s e ealed ha , despi e adequa e pe o mance, binge d inke s showed a smalle la e posi i e
componen (LPC) associa ed wi h hypoac i a ion o he igh an e io p e on al co ex (aPFC) o
ma ching s imuli, in compa ison wi h con ol subjec s.
These indings may e eal binge d inking- ela ed unc ional al e a ion in ecogni ion wo king memo y
p ocesses and sugges ha impai ed p e on al co ex unc ion may occu a an ea ly age in binge
d inke s.
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
Role o Funding Sou ce
This esea ch was suppo ed by Conselle ía de Inno ación e Indus ia o Xun a de Galicia, g an
numbe PGIDIT05CSO21103PR and INCITE08PXIB211015PR, by Plan Nacional sob e
D ogas(PND) o Minis e io de Salud y Consumo o Spain, g an numbe 2005/PN014, and by
Minis e io de Ciencia e Inno ación o Spain, g an e . EDU2008-03400.
The Conselle ía de Inno ación e Indus ia o Xun a de Galicia, PND o Minis e io de Salud y
Consumo o Spain and Minis e io de Ciencia e Inno ación o Spain had no u he ole in s udy
design; in he collec ion, analysis and in e p e a ion o da a; in he w i ing o he epo ; o in he
decision o submi he
pape o publica ion.
Con ibu o s
All au ho s con ibu ed o and ha e app o ed he inal manusc ip .
Au ho s Mon se a Co al, Soco o Rod íguez-Holguín and Fe nando Cada ei a designed he
s udy and w o e he p o ocol. Au ho Albe o C ego managed he li e a u e sea ches and
summa ies o p e ious ela ed wo k. Au ho s Naya a Mo a, Ma ía Pa ada and Albe o C ego
collec ed da a. Au ho Albe o C ego unde ook he s a is ical analysis, and w o e he i s d a
o he manusc ip . Au ho s Soco o Rod íguez-Holguín and Fe nando Cada ei a e iewed he
inal manusc ip .
Con lic o In e es
All o he au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no con lic s o in e es .
Au ho Disclosu es
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
1
REDUCED ANTERIOR PREFRONTAL CORTEX ACTIVATION IN YOUNG
BINGE DRINKERS DURING A VISUAL WORKING MEMORY TASK
Albe o C ego, Soco o Rod iguez-Holguín , Ma ía Pa ada, Naya a Mo a, Mon se a
Co al, and Fe nando Cada ei a.
Depa men o Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology,
Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela, Galicia, Spain
Reques s o ep in s should be add essed o Albe o C ego, Depa amen o de
Psicoloxía Clínica e Psicobioloxía, Facul ade de Psicoloxía, Campus Uni e si a io Su ,
E-15705, San iago de Compos ela, Galicia, Spain. Tel: +34-981-563100 (ex . 13915;
Fax: +34-981-528071; E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
*Manusc ip _ e ised
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
2
Abs ac
Wo king memo y (WM) is a majo cogni i e unc ion ha is al e ed by ch onic alcohol
consump ion. This impai men has been linked o al e a ions in he hippocampus and
p e on al co ex (PFC). Animal and human s udies ha e shown ha he adolescen
b ain is mo e sensi i e o he neu o oxic e ec s o alcohol han he adul b ain,
pa icula ly hose s uc u es ha ma u e la e on in de elopmen , such as he
hippocampus and p e on al b ain. The aim o he p esen s udy was o assess isual
wo king memo y and i s neu al co ela es in young uni e si y s uden s who pa ake in
in e mi en consump ion o la ge amoun s o alcohol (binge d inke s).
A sample o 42 binge d inke s and 53 co esponding con ol subjec s pe o med an
iden ical pai s con inuous pe o mance ask (IP-CPT) in a combined E en -Rela ed
Po en ial (ERP) and exac Low-Resolu ion b ain Elec omagne ic Tomog aphy
(eLORETA) s udy.
The esul s e ealed ha , despi e adequa e pe o mance, binge d inke s showed a
smalle la e posi i e componen (LPC) associa ed wi h hypoac i a ion o he igh
an e io p e on al co ex (aPFC) o ma ching s imuli, in compa ison wi h con ol
subjec s.
These indings may e eal binge d inking- ela ed unc ional al e a ion in ecogni ion
wo king memo y p ocesses and sugges ha impai ed p e on al co ex unc ion may
occu a an ea ly age in binge d inke s.
Keywo ds: ERPs, eLORETA, binge d inking, uni e si y s uden s, wo king memo y,
p e on al co ex.
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
3
1. In oduc ion
Alcohol abuse is p obably he mos common ype o d ug abuse in Wes e n coun ies.
The e ec s o alcohol on he cen al ne ous sys em (CNS) ha e been widely s udied in
animals, and he neu ocogni i e, neu oana omical and neu o unc ional consequences o
alcoholism in humans is well-known ( o a e iew see Osca -Be man and Ma inko ic,
2007). In ecen decades, he e has been inc easing conce n ega ding he
neu ocogni i e e ec s o alcohol in adolescen s and young people because o he high
p e alence o alcohol abuse among his popula ion.
Epidemiological s udies ac oss he USA and UK indica e ha a ound 40% o
uni e si y s uden s a e binge d inke s (Gill, 2002; Weschle e al., 2000, 2002). In a
ecen s udy by ou esea ch g oup in Spain (Caamaño e al, 2008), 37% o i s -yea
uni e si y s uden s (N= 2700) we e ound o consume la ge amoun s o alcohol (" isky
consump ion”) and 12.2 % we e classi ied as binge d inke s. Binge d inking (BD) is
cha ac e ized by he consump ion o la ge amoun s o alcohol in a sho ime, ollowed
by a pe iod o abs inence, as opposed o egula d inking in which a pe son may
consume simila amoun s o alcohol weekly bu wi hou he ex emes o alcohol
in oxica ion, and is common among young people, especially uni e si y s uden s, and
pa icula ly on Thu sdays and weekend days (Bee s e al., 2009).
A s anda dized concep ual de ini ion o BD was p oposed by he US Na ional
Ins i u e on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA, 2004): “a binge is a pa e n o
d inking alcohol ha b ings blood alcohol concen a ion o 0.08 g am pe cen o abo e.
Fo he ypical adul , his pa e n co esponds o consuming i e o mo e d inks ( ou o
mo e o emales), in abou wo hou s”. This de ini ion o BD is simila o ha used in
mos epidemiological s udies, howe e , i does no speci y he ime pe iod o numbe o

Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
4
binge e en s ha would desc ibe a long- e m BD pa e n. The inclusion o a minimum
c i e ion o equency o BD episodes is necessa y o de ine a BD pa e n ( o a e iew,
see Cou ney and Polich, 2009). This empo al aspec o a BD pa e n has been a iably
de ined, mainly as a leas once in he p e ious wo weeks (Kelle e al., 2007; P esley
and Pimen el, 2006; Sy e e al., 1997; Wechsle e al., 1994, Weschle and Aus in,
1998; Wechsle e al., 2000; Whi e e al., 2006) o in he p e ious mon h (G i i hs e
al., 2006; Jenninson, 2004; McNally and Pal ai, 2001; Xing e al., 2006). In he USA,
one s anda d alcoholic d ink equals 14 g o alcohol. Howe e , in Eu ope (excep
Po ugal and UK) and Aus alia, one s anda d alcoholic d ink equals abou 10 g o
alcohol, which ob iously a ec s he de ini ion o BD. Thus, mos widely accep ed and
used de ini ion o BD pa e n includes wo c i e ia o minimum consump ion: a
quan i y/ equency c i e ion (consump ion o i e o mo e s anda d alcoholic d inks -six
in Eu ope and Aus alia- on he same occasion one o mo e imes pe mon h) and a
speed o consump ion c i e ion ( i e o mo e s anda d alcoholic d inks in wo hou s,
i.e., h ee o mo e pe hou ) (Minis e io de Sanidad y Consumo de España, 2008;
NIAAA, 2004; Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion, 2004).
Animal s udies demons a e ha he in e mi en consump ion o high doses o
alcohol causes majo al e a ions in he CNS (Hun , 1993; Jaa inen e al., 2003; Robe o
e al., 2002; Tokunaga e al., 2006) and ha he adolescen b ain is mo e sensi i e o he
neu o oxic e ec s o alcohol and BD han he adul b ain (C ews e al., 2000, 2006;
Sil e s e al., 2003; Whi e e al., 2000). Alcohol pa icula ly a ec s hose s uc u es o
he b ain ha ma u e la e on in de elopmen , such as he hippocampus and he
p e on al co ex (PFC) (Mon i e al., 2005; Whi e and Swa zwelde , 2004).
Human s udies ha e also e ealed he p esence o neu os uc u al and
neu ocogni i e anomalies in adolescen s wi h alcohol use diso de s (AUDs). Acco ding
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
5
o he Diagnos ic and S a is ical Manual o Men al Diso de s, 4 h edi ion (DSM-IV:
Ame ican Psychia ic Associa ion, 1994), AUDs include bo h alcohol abuse, which is
cha ac e ized by a “maladap a i e pa e n o alcohol use mani es ed by ecu en and
signi ican ad e se consequences ela ed o he epea ed use o alcohol”, and alcohol
dependence, which is de ined as “a clus e o cogni i e, beha io al, and phsysiological
symp oms (such as ole ance o alcohol and wi hd awal symp oms) indica ing ha he
indi idual con inues o use alcohol despi e signi ican alcohol- ela ed p oblems”. These
s udies ha e epo ed signi ican educ ions in he olume o hippocampus and PFC (De
Bellis e al., 2000, 2005; Medina e al., 2008; Nagel e al., 2005), and a he
neu ocogni i e le el, de ici s in unc ions ela ed o hese a eas, such as isospa ial
a en ion, and pa icula ly wo king memo y (WM) (B own and Tape , 2004; Tape and
B own, 1999; Tape e al, 2002), in adolescen s wi h AUD in compa ison wi h pai ed
con ols. As ega ds BD, al hough ew s udies ha e in es iga ed he neu obiological and
neu ocogni i e e ec s o his pa e n o alcohol consump ion in non-clinical samples o
adolescen s and young people, i has been shown ha young people who indulge in BD
expe ience di icul y in ca ying ou asks in ol ing p e on al co ex unc ions, such as
WM, planning, a en ion and decision making (Ga cía-Mo eno e al., 2008; Goud iaan
e al., 2007; Ha ley e al., 2004; Johnson e al., 2008; Townshend and Duka, 2005;
Weissenbo n and Duka, 2003). Weissenbo n and Duka (2003) compa ed BD and non-
BD s uden s and ound ha he pe o mance o he binge d inke s in a spa ial wo king
memo y es was signi ican ly poo e han ha o he non-binge d inke s. Simila ly,
Townshend and Duka (2005) ound ha emale binge d inke s pe o med wo se in a
spa ial wo king memo y ask han non-binge d inke s.
Wo king memo y is he e o e one o he cogni i e unc ions mos a ec ed by
AUDs. Impai men o his cogni i e unc ion is p obably ela ed o he e ec s o
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
6
alcohol on b ain s uc u es such as he hippocampus and he PFC. S udies wi h young
binge d inke s, al hough s ill sca ce, also indica e a possible de ici in his unc ion.
The e o e, he aim o he p esen s udy was o explo e isual wo king memo y unc ion
and i s neu al co ela es in young binge d inke s.
One o he mos use ul asks in explo ing he neu al co ela es o WM is he
con inuous pe o mance ask (CPT) (Baddeley, 2001; Bo ga o e al., 2003; Riccio e al.,
2001). A ypical CPT equi es a en ion o a con inuous s eam o da a demons a ed by
esponse o speci ic a ge s imuli. In his ask, subjec s a e ypically asked o moni o a
long se ies o isually p esen ed digi s, le e s o o he cha ac e s appea ing a egula
in e als, and o espond when hey obse e a p e-designa ed a ge (Ros old e al.,
1956). A speci ic a ian o his ask, he iden ical-pai s con inuous pe o mance ask
(IP-CPT) is a high p ocessing load e sion in which subjec s ha e o iden i y he
consecu i e epe i ion o any i em in a sequence (Co nbla e al., 1988; Keilp e al.,
1997). This ask has been used o assess psychia ic diseases, such as schizoph enia and
a en ional-de ici hype ac i i y diso de , and has p o ed o be use ul in cha ac e izing
neu al p ocesses associa ed wi h impai ed a en ion and WM in such diseases (Pe ls ein
e al., 2003; Salgado-Pineda e al., 2003, 2004). Al hough i is di icul o each gene al
conclusions because o he a iabili y among s udies as ega ds he design o speci ic
asks, he analy ical echniques and he ou comes measu ed, i can be concluded ha IP-
CPT in ol es ac i a ion o on al, limbic, subco ical and pos e io b ain s uc u es
esponsible o senso ial in eg a ion (Keilp e al., 1997). Adle e al (2001) used MRI o
explo e ce eb al ac i i y in subjec s execu ing an IP-CPT wi h a andom s eam o ou -
digi nume als, in which he subjec s had o espond by p essing a bu on when he
same ou -digi nume al appea ed wice in succession du ing he sequence. The au ho s
ound ha his ask was associa ed wi h signi ican ly la ge ac i a ion o p e on al
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
7
co ex, bila e al pos e io empo al co ex, bila e al pu amen and halamus han occu ed
in a simple CPT. The au ho s a ibu ed his inc ease in ac i a ion o inc eased memo y
p ocessing demands by he IP-CPT.
In he p esen s udy we eco ded e en - ela ed po en ials (ERPs) in o de o
explo e he neu al co ela es o isual WM du ing IP-CPT. The IP-CPT elici s an ERP
componen , named he la e posi i e complex (LPC), which has been closely ela ed o
WM p ocesses and PFC ac i a ion (Düzel e al., 2001; Schendan and Mahe , 2009) and
consis s o a b oad posi i e wa e o m wi h cen o-pa ie al maximum ampli ude and
peak la ency a abou 500-700 ms pos -s imulus. I is known ha ERP s udies enable
in es iga ion o he elec ical b ain esponses associa ed wi h cogni i e p ocesses wi h
high empo al esolu ion, and ERPs (especially he P3 amily componen s) ha e been
widely used o assess he neu ocogni i e e ec s o alcohol in di e en popula ions
(ch onic alcoholics, abs inen ch onic alcoholics, child en o alcoholics) (Cada ei a.e
al., 1991; Cohen e al., 1997; C is ini e al., 2003; Kama ajan e al, 2005; Miyaza o and
Ogu a, 1993; Rod íguez Holguín e al., 1999). Howe e , o ou knowledge only wo
s udies ha e used ERPs o explo e BD in young people. Ehle s e al. (2007) used a
acial emo ional exp ession ecogni ion ask and e alua ed ERPs in young adul s wi h a
his o y o BD du ing adolescence. They epo ed ha young adul s pa icipa ing in BD
du ing adolescence displayed a lowe ampli ude in a la e subcomponen o P3 (P450)
han subjec s who did no pa ake in BD du ing adolescence. The au ho s sugges ed ha
hese anomalies may be associa ed wi h a loss o delay in he de elopmen o inhibi o y
b ain sys ems in binge d inke s. Recen ly, Mau age e al. (2009) used a es - e es
pa adigm and epo ed ha sho - e m BD can p oduce ma ked ce eb al dys unc ion
unde ec able by beha io al measu es alone. The esul s o he s udy e ealed ha , a e
nine mon hs o BD, subjec s p esen ed signi ican ly delayed la encies o P1, N2 and P3
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
14
co ec esponses, alse ala ms and omissions we e analyzed by ANOVA, wi h wo
be ween-subjec s ac o s: G oup (BD and con ol) and Gende (male and emale).
2.4.2. ERP analysis. All EEG da a we e analyzed wi h B ain Vision Analyze so wa e
(Ve sion 1.05). The EEG was co ec ed o ocula a i ac s by he p ocedu e de eloped
by G a on e al. (1983). I was hen digi ally il e ed o -line wi h a 0.1-30 Hz bandpass
il e and segmen ed in o epochs o 1000 ms om 100 ms p e-s imulus o 900 ms pos -
s imulus. Baseline co ec ion was applied, epochs exceeding ± 80 µV a any scalp
elec ode we e ejec ed ( his c i e ion esul ed in less han 4% o ejec ed epochs) and
EEG epochs co esponding o inco ec esponses (omissions o alse ala ms) we e
excluded. A e age ERPs ime-locked o ma ching and non-ma ching s imuli we e
compu ed sepa a ely o each pa icipan .
The ERP da a we e examined by empo al P incipal Componen s Analysis
( PCA) o ensu e co ec iden i ica ion o LPC. This analysis is ecommended o
iden i ying and quan i ying ERP componen s independen ly o he in luences o
adjacen o subjacen componen s (Chapman and McC a y, 1995; Dien, 1998). I also
enables iden i ica ion o hidden ERP componen s and p e en s possible
misin e p e a ions ha occu wi h adi ional isual inspec ion o g and a e ages. The
PCA p o ides wo ma ices, one o ac o loadings and ano he o ac o sco es. The
i s shows he load o each ac o o e ime, and he second p o ides in o ma ion abou
he ex en o which each ac o is p esen in he a e aged ERPs a each elec ode si e.
The ac o sco es a e ans o med alues o he o iginal ol ages, which may be
conside ed as “clean ampli udes” and hus can be used as a measu e o he ampli ude.
A co a iance-ma ix-based PCA was applied o bo h condi ions (ma ching and
non-ma ching s imuli). The decision ega ding selec ion o he numbe o componen s

Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
15
(o ac o s) was based on he esul s o he sc ee es (Ca ell, 1966). The numbe o da a
poin s ( ac o s) abo e he “b eak” in he sc ee es was es ed by unning mul iple ac o
analyses and manually se ing he numbe o ac o s o be e ained. Nine ac o s, which
accoun ed o 94.8% o he o al a iance, we e inally selec ed. Ex ac ed ac o s we e
hen submi ed o P omax o a ion. P omax o a ion was used because i minimizes
miscalcula ions due o, e.g., misalloca ion o a iance (Dien, 1988). The empo al and
spa ial cha ac e is ics o he componen s indica ed ha ac o 1 (explained a iance:
59%; la ency: 625ms) co esponded o he LPC. The nine empo al ac o s ex ac ed a e
shown in Fig. 3.
Inse Figu e 3 abou he e
The ac o sco es co esponding o LPC om bo h ma ching and non-ma ching
s imuli we e o ganized in o h ee egions, each wi h six elec odes: on al (F3, Fz, F4,
FC3, FCz, FC4), cen al (C3, Cz, C4, CP3, CPz, CP4) and pa ie al (P3, Pz, P4, PO3,
POz, PO4). P elimina y s a is ical analyses we e pe o med wi h he Gende ac o
included, and once i was e i ied ha he e we e no majo gende e ec s o
in e ac ions, his ac o was no conside ed in he design. A mixed model ANOVA wi h
ou ac o s was used o he s a is ical analysis, wi h one be ween-subjec s ac o and
h ee wi hin-subjec ac o s. The be ween-subjec s ac o was G oup (BD and con ol)
and he wi hin-subjec ac o s we e Ma ch Condi ion (ma ching and non-ma ching
s imuli), Region ( on al, cen al and pa ie al) and Elec ode (six channels).
An expe imen -wise alpha le el o 0.05 was used. Whene e app op ia e,
deg ees o eedom we e co ec ed by he conse a i e G eenhouse-Geisse es ima e.
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
16
All pos -hoc pai compa isons we e pe o med wi h he Bon e oni adjus men o
mul iple compa isons, also wi h an alpha le el o 0.05.
2.4.3. eLORETA analysis. On he basis o he scalp- eco ded elec ic po en ial
dis ibu ion, he exac low esolu ion b ain elec omagne ic omog aphy (eLORETA)
so wa e (publicly a ailable ee academic so wa e, a
h p://www.uzh.ch/keyins /lo e a.h m) was used o compu e he co ical h ee-
dimensional dis ibu ion o cu en densi y a LPC o ma ching ials in bo h g oups.
The eLORETA me hod is a dis ibu ed, linea weigh ed minimum no m in e se
solu ion. The weigh s endow he omog aphy wi h he p ope y o exac localiza ion o
es poin sou ces, yielding images o cu en densi y wi h exac localiza ion, albei wi h
low spa ial esolu ion (i.e. neighbo ing neu onal sou ces will be highly co ela ed). The
me hod and he p oo o i s exac ze o-e o localiza ion p ope y a e desc ibed in
Pascual-Ma qui, 2007 and 2009.
I is also impo an o emphasize ha eLORETA has no localiza ion bias e en in
he p esence o s uc u ed noise. In his sense, eLORETA is an imp o emen o e
p e iously de eloped omog aphies (LORETA: Pascual-Ma qui e al., 1994), and o e
he s anda dized e sion, sLORETA (G eenbla e al., 2005; Pascual-Ma qui, 2002;
Sekiha a e al., 2005).
The p e iously de eloped ela ed omog aphies LORETA and sLORETA
(Pascual-Ma qui e al., 1994, 2002) ha e been alida ed in se e al s udies combining
LORETA wi h o he mo e es ablished localiza ion me hods such as unc ional Magne ic
Resonance Imaging ( MRI, Mule e al., 2004; Vi acco e al., 2002), s uc u al MRI
(Wo ell e al., 2000), Posi on Emission Tomog aphy (PET, Die ks e al., 2000;
Pizzagalli e al., 2004; Zums eg e al., 2005), and in asi e implan ed elec odes
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
17
eco dings (Zums eg e al., 2006). The esul s o hese s udies also alida e eLORETA,
owing o i s imp o ed localiza ion p ope ies. I is wo h emphasizing ha deep
s uc u es such as he an e io cingula e co ex (ACC, Pizzagalli e al., 2004) and mesial
empo al lobes (Zums eg e al., 2006) can be co ec ly localized wi h his me hod.
Compu a ions we e made in a ealis ic head model (Fuchs e al., 2002), wi h he
MNI152 empla e (Mazzio a e al., 2001), and wi h he h ee-dimensional solu ion
space es ic ed o co ical g ay ma e . The in ace eb al olume is pa i ioned in 6239
oxels a 5 mm spa ial esolu ion. Thus, eLORETA images ep esen he elec ic
ac i i y a each oxel in neu oana omic Mon eal Neu ological Ins i u e (MNI) space as
he exac magni ude o he es ima ed cu en densi y. Ana omical labels such as
B odmann a eas a e also epo ed using MNI space.
The g and mean LPC eLORETA images we e compu ed by i s calcula ing he
eLORETA solu ion o each subjec in he ma ching condi ion, and hen a e aging he
cu en densi y alues ac oss all subjec s o each g oup (BD and con ol).
The eLORETA so wa e was hen used o pe o m oxel-by- oxel be ween-
g oup compa isons o he LPC cu en densi y dis ibu ion. Speci ically, in o de o
iden i y possible di e ences in he b ain elec ical ac i i y in ma ching ials be ween
g oups (BD and con ol), nonpa ame ic s a is ical analyses o unc ional eLORETA
images (S a is ical non-Pa ame ic Mapping; SnPM) we e pe o med wi h a log-F- a io
s a is ic o independen g oups. The esul s co espond o maps o log-F- a io s a is ics
o each oxel, o co ec ed P<0.05. As explained in he e iew by Nichols and Holmes
(2002), he SnPM me hodology co ec s o all mul iple compa isons, and a he same
ime does no equi e any assump ion o Gaussiani y.
3. Resul s
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
18
3.1. Beha io al esul s
The beha io al da a o each g oup a e summa ized in Table 2. No signi ican
di e ences be ween he con ol and BD g oups we e obse ed o RTs, pe cen age o
co ec esponses, alse ala ms o omissions.
Inse Table 2 abou he e
3.2. Elec ophysiological esul s
The g and a e ages o he ERPs eco ded in he con ol and BD g oups a e shown in
Figs. 4 and 5 espec i ely. The LPC was iden i ied by PCA, o bo h ma ching and non-
ma ching condi ions. The la ency was app oxima ely 625 ms, and maximum ac o
sco es we e ob ained a cen al and pa ie al loca ions.
Inse Figu es 4 and 5 abou he e
Analysis o he LPC e ealed ha Ma ch Condi ion (ma ching o non-ma ching
s imuli) had a signi ican e ec [F(1,91) = 4.02, P<0.05]. The LPC ac o sco es we e
signi ican ly la ge in he ma ching han in he non-ma ching condi ion. The analysis
also e ealed ha Region had a signi ican e ec [F(2,182) = 116.19, P<0.001], wi h
highe ac o sco es in pos e io han an e io egions: Pa ie al>F on al (P<0.001) and
Cen al>F on al (P<0.001). The Ma ch Condi ion x G oup in e ac ion showed
signi ican e ec s [F(1,91) = 4.85, P<0.05] wi h la ge LPC ac o sco es in he Con ol
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
19
han in he BD g oup in ma ching condi ion (see Fig. 6). Al hough he e we e no
signi ican in e ac ions in ol ing Region, sepa a e analyses we e pe o med o each
egion, and showed ha he di e ence be ween he wo g oups was only signi ican a
he F on al [F(1,91) = 5.48, P>0.05] and Cen al [F(1,91) = 4.57, P>0.05] egions.
Inse Figu e 6 abou he e
3.3. eLORETA esul s
The eLORETA b ain maps ep esen ing co ical egions whe e BD and con ol subjec s
showed maximal ac i a ion a LPC o he ma ching condi ion a e shown in Fig. 7.
Inse Figu e 7 abou he e
In he compa isons be ween he wo g oups, signi ican di e ences we e ound
in ma ching ials. Signi ican ly less ac i a ion was obse ed in he BD g oup han in
he con ol g oup o ma ching s imuli in he igh an e io p e on al co ex (aPFC)
(B odmann a ea 10) (Log-F- a io = -2.85, co ec ed P<0.05). The eLORETA s a is ical
nonpa ame ic maps compa ing elec ical neu onal ac i i y o BD and con ol subjec s
o ma ching s imuli a LPC a e shown in Fig.8. Those b ain egions whe e he SnPM
Log-F- a io s a is ic o independen g oups was s a is ically signi ican a e lis ed, along
wi h he MNI coo dina es, in Table 3.
Inse Figu e 8 and Table 3 abou he e

Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
20
4. Discussion
Li le is known abou he neu ocogni i e e ec s o epea ed and in e mi en excessi e
consump ion o alcohol o e sho pe iods o ime (BD) in human adolescen s and
young adul s. In he p esen s udy, ERPs we e eco ded in a g oup o young BD and
con ol uni e si y s uden s du ing he execu ion o a isual wo king memo y ask, and
he LPC was analyzed. The co ical sou ces o he LPC we e modeled and analyzed by
eLORETA so wa e. The speci ic aims we e o es ablish whe he he LPC di e s
be ween binge d inke s and con ol uni e si y s uden s and o examine possible BD-
ela ed di e ences in LPC neu al ac i a ion du ing p ocessing in a isual wo king
memo y ask.
The esul s e ealed a educ ion in he LPC and hypoac i a ion o he aPFC in
he BD g oup in ma ching ials du ing he execu ion o he wo king memo y ask,
al hough no beha io al di e ences be ween BD and con ol g oups we e obse ed.
Ve y ew ERPs s udies ha e been ca ied ou in ela ion o BD. Ehle s e al.
(2007) assessed ERPs du ing he execu ion o a acial emo ional exp ession
disc imina ion ask in h ee g oups o Sou hwes Cali o nia Indians: Adul s wi h no
egula BD du ing adolescence (mean in ake pe occasion be o e 18 was < i e d inks -
o 14 g o alcohol- pe occasion) and no diagnosed d ug dependence; adul s wi h his o y
o BD du ing adolescence (mean in ake pe occasion be o e 18 was > i e d inks pe
occasion) wi h no diagnosed li e- ime d ug dependence, and adul s wi h his o y o BD
du ing adolescence and diagnosed d ug dependence como bidi y. The esul s e ealed
ha adul s wi h his o y o BD adolescence wi h no diagnosed li e- ime d ug dependence
showed a lowe ampli ude o a la e subcomponen o P3 (P450) han adul s wi h no
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
21
egula BD du ing adolescence and no d ug dependence. Howe e , he dec ease in he
ampli ude canno be a ibu ed exclusi ely o BD du ing adolescence, because amily
his o y o alcohol and conduc diso de o an isocial pe sonali y diso de we e no
excluded and we e signi ican co a ia es in he analysis. Recen ly, Mau age e al.
(2009) compa ed young adul binge d inke s (mo e han 10 d inks o 10 g o alcohol a
leas 2 imes a week) wi h ma ched pai ed con ols (bo h we e i s -yea uni e si y
s uden ), in a es - e es pa adigm o e a nine mon h pe iod. In his s udy, he po en ially
biasing a iables we e con olled and he subjec s included in he s udy had o mee
s ic selec ion c i e ia: no posi i e his o y o alcoholism, o al absence o pas o cu en
d ug consump ion (including obacco and medica ion), no his o y o psychia ic
diso de and no mode a e o high dep ession-anxie y sco es. The esul s e ealed ha
al hough he wo g oups did no di e in any psychological, beha io al o
elec ophysiological measu es in he i s session (be o e he subjec s s a ed binge
d inking habi s), nine mon hs la e , he binge d inke s displayed signi ican ly delayed
la ency in he P1, N2 and P3 componen s elici ed by emo ional audi o y s imuli in a
disc imina ion ask, ela i e o con ols, s ill wi h no beha io al di e ences be ween he
wo g oups.
These s udies ha e e ealed ha young binge d inke s show elec ophysiological
anomalies in he p ocessing o emo ional s imuli, and he esul s o he p esen s udy
sugges ha elec ophysiological anomalies also occu du ing WM p ocesses. In ac ,
anomalous elec ophysiological pa e ns associa ed wi h binge d inking du ing he
execu ion o his WM ask do no only a ec LPC. In a p e ious epo by ou esea ch
g oup (C ego e al., 2009) wi h he same subjec s and ask as in he p esen s udy, binge
d inke s showed anomalies in he N2 and P3 componen s. The N2 componen elici ed
by ma ching s imuli in cen al and pa ie al egions was signi ican ly la ge in he BD
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
22
han in he con ol g oup; he P3 componen , which was la ge in he ma ching han in
he non-ma ching condi ion in he on al, cen al and pa ie al egions in he con ol
g oup, did no di e signi ican ly be ween condi ions in he BD g oup. Thus, al hough
ERPs s udies on BD a e s ill sca ce, and despi e he di e en na u e o he asks used,
he esul s o he s udy by Mau age e al. (2009), ou p e ious s udy (C ego e al., 2009)
and he p esen s udy appea o con i m ha heal hy binge d inke s (wi h no
psychopa hological como bidi ies, AUDs, abuse o dependence on o he illegal d ug, o
amily his o y o alcoholism) may display anomalies in he elec ophysiological
esponses when p ocessing in o ma ion, e en in he absence o beha io al impai men .
Al hough i is no en i ely clea which cogni i e p ocesses a e associa ed wi h
he LPC, his componen is mainly ela ed o he ca ego ical esponse, possibly
associa ed wi h execu i e unc ions in he p e on al co ex (Ki ino e al., 2000). In ac ,
o e oke LPC, i appea s necessa y o use high load p ocessing asks in which he
subjec s ha e o do mo e han de ec a gi en s imulus and, o example, mus use WM
o ca y ou a ask wi h a sub-goal ask. This componen appea s o be pa icula ly
closely ela ed o WM and any synch onized ope a ion immedia ely ollowing a ge o
ma ch de ec ion (Ga cía-La ea and Cézanne-Be , 1998), such as selec ion o a
esponse ca ego y and e alua ion o he success o a ca ego y- ela ed decision o
memo y ma ch (Schendan and Mahe , 2009).
The esul s o he p esen s udy e ealed ha he LPC was la ge in ma ching
han in non-ma ching ials, sugges ing ha , in his ask, he LPC may indica e WM
ecogni ion and he de ec ion o memo y ma ch. The e o e, he signi ican educ ion in
he ac o sco es o he LPC in ma ching ials ound in he BD g oup in compa ison
wi h he con ol g oup may e eal anomalies in he elec ophysiological p ocessing
Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
23
unde lying wo king memo y and memo y ma ch p ocesses in young binge d inking
uni e si y s uden s.
Neu opsychological s udies ha e e ealed ha adolescen s and young people
wi h AUD pe o m wo se in wo king memo y asks (B own e al., 2000; Tape e al.,
2002; B own and Tape , 2004). Howe e , s udies wi h heal hy you hs and adolescen s
wi h a BD pa e n a e sca ce and he beha io al e ec s in wo king memo y asks a e no
clea . Weissenbo n and Duka (2003) compa ed BD and non-BD s uden s and ound ha
he pe o mance o he binge d inke s in a spa ial wo king memo y es was
signi ican ly poo e han ha o he non-binge d inke s. Simila ly, Townshend and
Duka (2005) also ound ha emale binge d inke s pe o med wo se in a spa ial
wo king memo y ask han he co esponding con ol subjec s. In con as , Ha ley e al.
(2004) did no ind any beha io al di e ences be ween binge and non-binge d inke s
wi h he same spa ial wo king memo y ask. I is impo an o no e ha he subjec s in
he i s wo s udies we e be ween 18 and 30 yea s old and he binge d inke s consumed
la ge quan i y quan i ies o alcohol e e y week, whe eas subjec s in he la e s udy
we e younge s uden s (aged 18-23 yea s) who consumed smalle amoun s o alcohol
pe week, and pe haps hei d inking may no ha e eached he h eshold o du a ion
needed o show beha io al impai men s.
As ega ds he neu oana omical basis o he elec ophysiological dys unc ion
ound in he p esen s udy, be ween-g oup compa isons o eLORETA da a e ealed
BD- ela ed hypoac i a ion o he igh aPFC in he ma ching ials. Al hough
alcoholism- ela ed co ical changes ha e been documen ed h oughou he b ain, mos
s udies ha e consis en ly ound he on al lobes, especially PFC, o be mo e ulne able
o alcohol- ela ed b ain damage han o he ce eb al egions (Chen e al., 2007; Demi e
al., 2002; Gansle e al., 2000; P e e baum e al., 2001; Volkow e al, 1992, 1994).
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Pos p in ( inal d a pos - e ee ing)
Table 3. B ain a eas wi h signi ican ly lowe ac i a ion associa ed o LPC in he binge d inking
han in he con ol g oup o ma ching s imuli.
Ana omical egion (BA)
MNI coo dina es
Log-F- a io
An e io P e on al Co ex (aPFC)
Supe io F on al Gy us (10)
(20, 65, 10)
-2.88*
Medial F on al Gy us (10)
(15, 65, 15)
-2.86*
(10, 65, 15)
-2.85*
* co ec ed P<0.05; BA: B odmann a ea; MNI: Mon eal Neu ological Ins i u e.
Table 3_ e ised

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