Measurement of Υ production in pp collisions at √s=2.76TeV

Eur. Phys. J. C (2014) 74:2835 DOI 10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-2835-1 Regular Article - Experimental Physics Measurement of ϒproduction in pp collisions at √s=2.76 TeV The LHCb Collaboration CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Received: 12 February 2014 / Accepted: 25 March 2014 / Published online: 29 April 2014 © CERN for the benefit of the LHCb collaboration 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The production of ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S) mesons decaying into the dimuon final state is studied with the LHCb detector using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.3pb −1collected in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s=2.76TeV. The differential production cross-sections times dimuon branching fractions are measured as functions of the ϒtransverse momentum and rapidity, over the ranges pT<15 GeV/c and 2.0<y<4.5. The total cross-sections in this kinematic region, assuming unpolarised production, are measured to be σ(pp →ϒ(1S)X)×Bϒ(1S)→μ+μ− =1.111 ±0.043 ±0.044 nb, σ(pp →ϒ(2S)X)×Bϒ(2S)→μ+μ− =0.264 ±0.023 ±0.011 nb, σ(pp →ϒ(3S)X)×Bϒ(3S)→μ+μ− =0.159 ±0.020 ±0.007 nb, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. 1 Introduction Studies of the production of heavy quark-antiquark bound systems, such as the bb states ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S) (indicated generically as ϒin the following) in hadronhadron interactions probe the dynamics of the colliding partons and provide a unique insight into quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The total production cross-sections and spin configurations of these heavy quarkonium states are currently not reproduced by the theoretical models. These include the colour singlet model [1–5], recently improved by adding higher-order contributions [6,7], the colourevaporation model [8], and the non-perturbative colour octet mechanism [9–11], which is investigated in the framework e-mail: Dmytro.V[email protected] of non-relativistic QCD. The first complete next-to-leading order calculation of ϒproduction properties [12], based on the non-relativistic QCD factorisation scheme, provides a good description of the measured differential cross-sections at large transverse momentum, pT, but overestimates the data at low pT. The production of ϒmesons in proton–proton (pp) collisions occurs either directly in parton scattering or via feeddown from the decay of heavier prompt bottomonium states, like χb[13–16], or higher-mass ϒstates. The latter source complicates the theoretical description of bottomonium production [17,18]. The Large Hadron Collider provides a unique possibility to study bottomonium and charmonium hadroproduction in pp interactions at different collision energies and discriminate between various theoretical approaches. This study presents the first measurement of the inclusive production cross-sections of the three considered ϒmesons in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s=2.76 TeV. The measurements are performed as functions of the ϒtransverse momentum and rapidity, y, separately in six bins of pTin the range pT<15 GeV/cand five bins of yin the range 2.0<y<4.5. The results are reported as products of the cross-sections and the branching fractions of ϒmesons into the dimuon final state. This analysis is complementary to those performed by the ATLAS [19], CMS [20] and LHCb [21,22] collaborations and allows studies of the ϒproduction cross-section at forward rapidities as a function of the centre-of-mass energy. 2 Detector and data sample The LHCb detector [23] is a single-arm forward spectrometer covering the pseudorapidity range 2 <η<5, designed for the study of particles containing b or c quarks. The detector includes a high-precision tracking system consisting of a silicon-strip vertex detector surrounding the pp interaction region, a large-area silicon-strip detector located upstream 123 2835 Page 2 of 11 Eur. Phys. J. C (2014) 74:2835 of a dipole magnet with a bending power of about 4 Tm, and three stations of silicon-strip detectors and straw drift tubes placed downstream. The combined tracking system provides a momentum measurement with relative uncertainty that varies from 0.4 % at 5 GeV/cto 0.6 % at 100 GeV/c, and impact parameter resolution of 20 μm for tracks with large transverse momentum. Different types of charged hadrons are distinguished by information from two ring-imaging Cherenkov detectors [24]. Photon, electron and hadron candidates are identified by a calorimeter system consisting of scintillating-pad and preshower detectors, an electromagnetic calorimeter and a hadronic calorimeter. Muons are identified by a system composed of alternating layers of iron and multiwire proportional chambers [25]. The analysis is carried out using a sample of data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.3pb −1collected in pp collisions at √s=2.76 TeV. Events of interest are preselected by a trigger consisting of a hardware stage, based on information from the calorimeter and muon systems, followed by a software stage, which applies a full event reconstruction. The presence of two muon candidates with the product of their pTlarger than 1.68 (GeV/c)2is required in the hardware trigger. At the software stage, the events are required to contain two well reconstructed tracks with hits in the muon system, having total and transverse momenta greater than 6 and 0.5GeV/c, respectively. The selected muon candidates are further required to originate from a common vertex and have an invariant mass larger than 4.7GeV/c2. To determine the acceptance, reconstruction and trigger efficiencies, fully simulated signal samples are reweighted to reproduce the multiplicity distributions for reconstructed primary vertices, tracks and hits in the detector observed in the data. The simulation is performed using the LHCb configuration [26]ofthePythia 6.4 event generator [27]. Here, decays of hadronic particles are described by EvtGen [28]in which final-state photons are generated using Photos [29]. The interaction of the generated particles with the detector and its response are implemented using the Geant4 toolkit [30,31] as described in Ref. [32]. 3 Signal selection and cross-section determination The selection strategy used in the previous LHCb studies on ϒproduction [21,22] is applied here. It includes selection criteria that ensure good quality track and vertex reconstruction. In addition, the muon candidates are required to have p>10 GeV/cand pT>1GeV/c. To further reduce background contamination, a set of additional requirements is employed in this analysis. It consists of tightened criteria on track quality [33], muon identification [34] and a good quality of a global fit of the dimuon vertex with a primary vertex constraint [35]. 910 11 12 13 1 10 2 10 3 10 Fig. 1 Invariant mass distribution of selected ϒ→μ+μ−candidates with pT<15 GeV/cand 2.0<y<4.5. The result of the fit described in the text is illustrated with a red solid line, while the signal and background components are shown with magenta dotted and blue dashed lines, respectively. The three peaks correspond to the ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S) and ϒ(3S)mesons (from left to right) The invariant mass distribution of the selected ϒ→μ+μ− candidates is shown in Fig. 1for the full kinematic range. The distribution is described by a function similar to the one used in the previous studies on ϒproduction [21,22]. It models the signal component using the sum of three Crystal Ball functions [36], one for each of the ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S) signals, and includes an exponential component to account for combinatorial background. The position and width of the Crystal Ball function describing the ϒ(1S)meson are allowed to vary, while the mass differences between ϒstates are fixed to their known values [37] along with parameters describing the radiative tail, as determined from simulation studies. The widths of the ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S)peaks are constrained to the value of the width of the ϒ(1S)signal scaled by the ratio of their masses to the ϒ(1S)mass. In total, five parameters are extracted from the fit for the signal component: the yields of ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S)states, the ϒ(1S) mass resolution and its peak position. The latter is found to be consistent with the known mass of the ϒ(1S)meson [37], while reasonable agreement is observed between the data and simulation for the ϒ(1S)mass resolution. The ϒproduction cross-sections are measured separately in six bins of pTand five bins of ysince the limited amount of data does not allow a measurement of double differential cross-sections. For a given pTor ybin, the differential crosssection for the inclusive ϒproduction of the three different states decaying into the dimuon final state is determined as dσ(pp →ϒX) dpT×Bϒ→μ+μ−=Ncorr ϒ L×pT ,(1a) 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2014) 74:2835 Page 3 of 11 2835 dσ(pp →ϒX) dy×Bϒ→μ+μ−=Ncorr ϒ L×y,(1b) where Ncorr ϒis the efficiency-corrected yield of ϒ→μ+μ− decays, Lstands for the integrated luminosity and pT(y) denotes the pT(y)bin size. For the mass fits in individual pT and ybins, the ϒ(1S)peak position is fixed to the value obtained from the fit for the full kinematic range, while the ϒ(1S)mass resolution is parameterised with a function of pTand yusing simulation. The total observed signal yields and their statistical uncertainties for ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S) and ϒ(3S)mesons obtained by summation over pT(y)bins are 1139 ±37 (1145 ±37), 271 ±20 (270 ±20)and 158 ± 16 (156 ±16), respectively. These results are in good agreement with the total signal yields obtained from the fit to the reconstructed dimuon invariant mass for the full kinematic range. Based on the mass fit results in individual bins, the efficiency-corrected yield for each kinematic region is determined as Ncorr ϒ= i wϒ i εtot i ,(2) where wϒ iis a signal weight factor, εtot iis the total signal event efficiency and the sum runs over all candidates i.Thewϒ ifactor accounts for the background subtraction and is obtained from the fit using the sPlottechnique [38]. The total signal event efficiency is calculated for each ϒ→μ+μ−candidate as εtot =εacc ×εrec ×εtrg ×εµID,(3) where εacc is the detector acceptance, εrec is the reconstruction and selection efficiency, εtrg is the trigger efficiency and εµID is the efficiency of muon identification. The efficiencies εacc,εrec and εtrg are determined using simulation and further corrected using data-driven techniques to account for small differences in muon reconstruction efficiency between data and simulation [33,34,39]. The efficiency εµID is measured directly from data using a tag-and- probe method on a large sample of J/ψ→μ+μ−decays. The total efficiency-corrected signal yields obtained by summation over pT(y)bins for ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S)mesons are 3678 ±144 (3684 ±143), 875 ±76 (869 ±75)and 527 ±65 (515 ±64), respectively. The integrated luminosity of the data sample is estimated with the beam-gas imaging method [40–44]. It is based on the beam currents and the measurements of the angles, offsets and transverse profiles of the two colliding bunches, which is achieved by reconstructing beam-gas interaction vertices. 4 Systematic uncertainties Previous LHCb studies of ϒproduction [21,22] showed that the signal efficiency depends on the initial polarisation of ϒmesons. This property was measured in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV by the CMS collaboration at central rapidities and large pTand was found to be small [45]. Polarisation of other vector quarkonium states, such as J/ψand ψ(2S) mesons was studied in pp collisions at √s=7TeV by the LHCb [46,47] and ALICE [48] collaborations and was also found to be small. This analysis is performed assuming zero polarisation of ϒmesons and no corresponding systematic uncertainty is assigned. The systematic uncertainties affecting the ϒcross-section measurements presented in this paper are summarised in Table 1. These uncertainties are strongly correlated between bins. The largest contribution arises from the absolute luminosity scale, which is determined with a 2.3 % uncertainty. It is dominated by the vertex resolution of beam-gas interactions and detector alignment [44]. The influence of the signal extraction technique is studied by varying the fit range and the signal and background parameterisations used in the fit model. The fits are also performed with floating mass and resolution of the ϒ(1S)peak and without constraints for the ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S)masses. The spread of the extracted signal yields between these scenarios is taken as the corresponding systematic uncertainty. It ranges from 0.4 to 33 % for different pT(y)bins and amounts to 0.5, 1.0 and 2.3 % for the ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S)cross-section measurements in the full kinematic region, respectively. The possible mismodeling of bremsstrahlung simulation for the radiative tail and its effect on the signal shape was addressed in the previous LHCb analysis [22]. It leads to an additional uncertainty of 1.0 %. Table 1 Relative systematic uncertainties (in %) affecting the ϒproduction cross-section measurements in the full kinematic region. The total uncertainties are obtained by adding the individual effects in quadrature Source ϒ(1S)ϒ(2S)ϒ(3S) Luminosity 2.3 2.3 2.3 Fit model and range 0.5 1.0 2.3 Data-simulation agreement Radiative tails 1.0 1.0 1.0 Multiplicity reweighting 0.6 0.4 2.0 Efficiency corrections 0.7 1.0 1.0 Track reconstruction 2 ×0.42×0.42×0.4 Selection variables 1.0 1.0 1.0 Trigger 2.0 2.0 2.0 Total 3.6 3.7 4.7 123 2835 Page 4 of 11 Eur. Phys. J. C (2014) 74:2835 Several systematic uncertainties are related to the determination of the total efficiency components in Eq. (3). The detector acceptance, reconstruction and selection efficiencies are determined using simulated samples. These are corrected using an iterative procedure to match the multiplicity distributions for reconstructed primary vertices, tracks and hits in the detector with those observed in data. The systematic uncertainty associated with this reweighting procedure is assessed by varying the number of iterative steps. It ranges from 0.4 to 4.8 % for different pT(y)bins and is found to be 0.6, 0.4 and 2.0 % for the ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S) cross-section measurements in the full kinematic region, respectively. The εrec efficiency is corrected using data-driven techniques for a small difference in the muon reconstruction efficiency between data and simulation [33,34]. The εµID efficiency is determined from data using alternative methods, based on a tag-and-probe approach on a large sample of J/ψ→μ+μ−decays. The difference between these methods is taken as the corresponding systematic uncertainty. It is combined with the uncertainties associated with the correction factors discussed above and propagated to the ϒcross-section measurements using 400 pseudo-experiments. The resulting uncertainty ranges from 1.0 to 13 % for different pT(y)bins and amounts to 0.7, 1.0 and 1.0 % for the ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S) cross-section measurements in the full kinematic region, respectively. To account for differences between the actual tracking efficiency and that estimated with simulation using datadriven techniques [33,39], a systematic uncertainty of 0.4 % is assigned per track. Good agreement between the data and reweighted simulation is observed for all selection variables used in this analysis, in particular for the χ2of the dimuon vertex fit and the χ2of the global fit [35]. The discrepancies do not exceed 1.0 %, which is conservatively taken as a systematic uncertainty to account for the disagreement between the data and simulation. The systematic uncertainty associated with the trigger requirements is assessed by studying the performance of the dimuon trigger, described in Sect. 2, for events selected using the single muon high-pTtrigger [49]. The fractions of signal ϒ(1S)events selected using both trigger requirements are compared for the data and simulation in bins of dimuon pT, and a systematic uncertainty of 2.0 % is assigned. 5 Results The integrated ϒproduction cross-sections times dimuon branching fractions in the kinematic region pT<15 GeV/c and 2.0<y<4.5 are measured to be σ(pp →ϒ(1S)X)×Bϒ(1S)→μ+μ− =1.111 ±0.043 ±0.044 nb, σ(pp →ϒ(2S)X)×Bϒ(2S)→μ+μ− =0.264 ±0.023 ±0.011 nb, σ(pp →ϒ(3S)X)×Bϒ(3S)→μ+μ− =0.159 ±0.020 ±0.007 nb, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. The single differential cross-sections times dimuon branching fractions are shown as functions of pTand y in Fig. 2and summarised in Table 2. The total uncertainties of the results are dominated by statistical effects in all pTand ybins. In addition to the data, Fig. 2reports theoretical predictions, based on the next-to-leading order non-relativistic QCD calculation [18], for the ϒdifferential cross-sections in the kinematic region 6 <pT< 15 GeV/cand 2.0<y<4.5. The long-distance matrix elements used in the calculations are fitted to CDF [50] and D0 [51] results for ϒ(1S)production in pp collisions at √s=1.8 and 1.96 TeV. The predictions include the feed-down contributions from higher excited S-wave and P-wave bb states. Good agreement between the data and predictions is found for all three ϒstates. The dependence of the ϒcross-sections on yis found to be more pronounced than at higher collision energies [21,22], which is in line with theoretical expectations presented for example in Ref. [52]. Figure 3illustrates the ratios of the ϒ(2S)to ϒ(1S), R2S/1S, and ϒ(3S)to ϒ(1S),R3S/1S, cross-sections times dimuon branching fractions as functions of pTand y. Here, most of the systematic uncertainties on the cross-sections cancel, while the statistical uncertainties remain significant. The ratios are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding results obtained in the previous analyses on ϒ production at √s=7 and 8 TeV [21,22]. The measured R2S/1S and R3S/1S are also consistent with theoretical predictions presented in Refs. [52–54], where the ϒ(3S)meson is considered as a mixture of normal bb and hybrid bbg states. Table 3lists R2S/1S and R3S/1S for each pTand ybin. To provide a reference for a future LHCb measurement of ϒproduction with pPb collisions at √sNN =5 TeV, the ϒ cross-sections are measured in the reduced kinematic region pT<15 GeV/cand 2.5<y<4.0. The corresponding integrated cross-sections times dimuon branching fractions in this kinematic region are σ(pp →ϒ(1S)X)×Bϒ(1S)→μ+μ− =0.670 ±0.025 ±0.026 nb, 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2014) 74:2835 Page 5 of 11 2835 0510 15 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 1 22.5 33.5 4 4.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 05 10 15 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 2 2.5 33.5 4 4.5 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0510 15 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Fig. 2 Differential cross-sections for ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S) mesons times dimuon branching fractions as functions of pT(left)and y(right). The inner error bars indicate the statistical uncertainty, while the outer error bars indicate the sum of statistical and systematic uncertainties in quadrature. The next-to-leading order non-relativistic QCD predictions [18]areshownbythesolid yellow band σ(pp →ϒ(2S)X)×Bϒ(2S)→μ+μ− =0.159 ±0.013 ±0.007 nb, σ(pp →ϒ(3S)X)×Bϒ(3S)→μ+μ− =0.089 ±0.010 ±0.004 nb. 6 Conclusions The production of ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S)mesons is observed for the first time in pp collisions at a centre-of- mass energy of √s=2.76 TeV at forward rapidities with 123 2835 Page 6 of 11 Eur. Phys. J. C (2014) 74:2835 Table 2 Cross-sections for ϒ(1S),ϒ(2S)and ϒ(3S) mesons times dimuon branching fractions (in nb) in bins of pT and ywithout normalisation to the bin sizes. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic pT[GeV/c]ϒ(1S)→μ+μ−ϒ(2S)→μ+μ−ϒ(3S)→μ+μ− 0–2 0.257 ±0.021 ±0.011 0.066 ±0.012 ±0.007 0.023 ±0.007 ±0.002 2–3 0.167 ±0.014 ±0.007 0.028 ±0.007 ±0.002 0.024 ±0.008 ±0.002 3–4 0.154 ±0.016 ±0.009 0.038 ±0.008 ±0.002 0.023 ±0.008 ±0.001 4–6 0.277 ±0.023 ±0.013 0.065 ±0.011 ±0.003 0.038 ±0.010 ±0.002 6–10 0.212 ±0.019 ±0.008 0.048 ±0.010 ±0.002 0.033 ±0.008 ±0.001 10–15 0.043 ±0.008 ±0.003 0.020 ±0.007 ±0.001 0.018 ±0.006 ±0.002 yϒ(1S)→μ+μ−ϒ(2S)→μ+μ−ϒ(3S)→μ+μ− 2.0–2.5 0.404 ±0.034 ±0.022 0.101 ±0.019 ±0.005 0.061 ±0.016 ±0.003 2.5–3.0 0.321 ±0.018 ±0.012 0.086 ±0.010 ±0.004 0.053 ±0.008 ±0.003 3.0–3.5 0.227 ±0.013 ±0.008 0.050 ±0.007 ±0.002 0.029 ±0.005 ±0.001 3.5–4.0 0.124 ±0.011 ±0.005 0.025 ±0.005 ±0.001 0.007 ±0.003 ±0.001 4.0–4.5 0.035 ±0.008 ±0.002 0.001 ±0.003 ±0.001 0.005 ±0.004 ±0.001 0510 15 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 22.5 33.5 4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 05 10 15 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Fig. 3 Ratios of the ϒ(2S)to ϒ(1S)and ϒ(3S)to ϒ(1S)cross-sections times dimuon branching fractions as functions of pTand y.Theerror bars indicate the total uncertainties of the results obtained by adding statistical and systematic uncertainties in quadrature a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.3 pb−1.Theϒdifferential production cross-sections times dimuon branching fractions are measured separately as functions of the ϒtransverse momentum and rapidity for pT<15 GeV/cand 2.0<y<4.5. The theoretical predictions, based on the next-to-leading order non-relativistic QCD calculation, provide a good description of the data at large pT. The ratios of the ϒ(2S)to ϒ(1S)and ϒ(3S)to 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2014) 74:2835 Page 7 of 11 2835 Table 3 Ratios of the ϒ(2S)to ϒ(1S)and ϒ(3S)to ϒ(1S)crosssections times dimuon branching fractions as functions of pTand y. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic pT[GeV/c]R2S/1S R3S/1S 0–2 0.257 ±0.053 ±0.009 0.090 ±0.030 ±0.006 2–3 0.165 ±0.044 ±0.007 0.141 ±0.050 ±0.010 3–4 0.244 ±0.056 ±0.007 0.148 ±0.055 ±0.006 4–6 0.233 ±0.043 ±0.007 0.138 ±0.037 ±0.005 6–10 0.227 ±0.051 ±0.006 0.157 ±0.041 ±0.004 10–15 0.474 ±0.179 ±0.031 0.413 ±0.155 ±0.029 y 2.0–2.5 0.249 ±0.051 ±0.007 0.152 ±0.042 ±0.006 2.5–3.0 0.266 ±0.033 ±0.007 0.164 ±0.026 ±0.007 3.0–3.5 0.219 ±0.032 ±0.004 0.129 ±0.025 ±0.003 3.5–4.0 0.204 ±0.046 ±0.004 0.060 ±0.026 ±0.003 ϒ(1S)cross-sections times dimuon branching fractions as functions of pTand yare found to be in agreement with the corresponding results obtained at higher collision energies. Acknowledgments We thank G. Bodwin, L. S. Kisslinger, A. K. Likhoded and A. V. Luchinsky for fruitful discussions about bottomonium production. In addition, we are grateful to K.-T. Chao, H. Han and H.-S. Shao for the next-to-leading order non-relativistic QCD predictions for prompt ϒproduction at √s=2.76 TeV. We also express our gratitude to our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC. We thank the technical and administrative staff at the LHCb institutes. We acknowledge support from CERN and from the national agencies: CAPES, CNPq, FAPERJ and FINEP (Brazil); NSFC (China); CNRS/IN2P3 and Region Auvergne (France); BMBF, DFG, HGF and MPG (Germany); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); FOM and NWO (The Netherlands); SCSR (Poland); MEN/IFA (Romania); MinES, Rosatom, RFBR and NRC “Kurchatov Institute” (Russia); MinECo, XuntaGal and GENCAT (Spain); SNSF and SER (Switzerland); NAS Ukraine (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); NSF (USA). We also acknowledge the support received from the ERC under FP7. 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