Kurgans of the Eastern Kugitang piedmonts. Preliminary report on an archaeological surface survey in the 2022 season

Ku gans o he Eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s. P elimina y epo on an a chaeological su ace su ey in he 2022 season Jakub Ha lík– Vendula Dědko á– Kah amon Toshaliye ABSTRACT The eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s, sou he n Uzbekis an, ha e ecen ly shown o be apa icula ly ich egion in e ms o a chaeology. Among awide ange o a chaeological si es sp eading ch onologically om he Neoli hic o P e -Mode n pe iod, ku gan mounds u ned ou o be apa icula ly equen ea u e cha ac- e is ic o he a eas su ounding he na ow i e alleys. This epo p esen s new da a on he occu ence o ku gan mounds ga he ed by he Czech -Uzbekis ani a chaeological mission in he sp ing season 2022. By means o a a ge ed ex ensi e su ace su ey, he Czech -Uzbekis ani eam ocused on ou p incipal a eas: 1) no h o he illage o Ka abag, 2) eas o he illage o Khojaulkan, 3) he alley o Alamlisay, and 4) he a ea be ween he illages o Kha ak and Panjob. The su ey yielded in o al 188 ku gan mounds, no coun ing hund eds o o he a ious a chaeological ea u es iden i ied. The o al numbe o ku gans eco ded so a in he eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s exceeds ou hund ed, indica ing an in ensi e pas exploi a ion o he highland a eas o he nowadays Su khanda ya p o ince. This epo ocusses on he mo phology and spa ial dis ibu ion o newly de ec ed ku gan mounds and a emp s o pu hem in he con ex o p e ious esea ch. KEYWORDS Cen al Asia; No he n Bac ia; ku gans; cai ns; landscape a chaeology. INTRODUCTION Since 2014 he Czech -Uzbekis ani a chaeological mission has in a ious ways sys ema ically ocused on mapping and in es iga ing he pas cul u al landscape o he eas e n oo hills o he Kugi ang moun ain ange (Su khanda ya p o ince, sou he n Uzbekis an). The p ima y impe- us o he ini ia ion o long - e m ac i i ies in his a ea had been he disco e y o wo, so a un eco ded, ku gan ields nea he illages o Ka abag and Kay i , espec i ely (S ančoe al. 2014, 31–32). Al hough he main in e es quickly mo ed owa d he in es iga ion o se lemen si es da ed om he La e B onze Age o he Ea ly I on Age (S ančoe al. 2016; Kysela– Au- gus ino á– Kinas on 2018), An iqui y (S ančoe al. 2020; S ančo 2021), and Middle Ages (Damašeke al. 2020), he s udy o ku gan mounds emained cons an among he objec i es o he expedi ion, ei he as apa o he gene al su ace su ey ac i i ies (S ančoe al. 2018), o as asole ocus o aspecialised sub -p ojec conduc ed be ween 2017 and 2018 (Ha lík– S ančo– Ha líko á 2017; Ha lík– Ha líko á– S ančo 2018; Ha líke al. 2018). Up o 2018 hese e o s had esul ed in mo e han i e hund ed s one and/o ea hen -made s uc u es being eco ded. Mo e han wo hund ed o hem ha e been classi ied as ku gan mounds. In he sp ing o 2022, asmall eam o he Czech -Uzbekis ani mission ocused on su eying he a eas o he eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s, which had no been in es iga ed in de ail o a ious easons in he cou se o p eceding p ojec s. Going om he wes o he eas , hese STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVII/1, 203–236 204 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVII/1 a eas (Fig. 1) comp ise: 1) he a ea o he no h o Ka abag illage in he di ec ion o Za au say and Kyzyl Alma illage, 2) he a ea o he eas o Ka abag, be ween he illage i sel and he illage o Khojaulkan, 3) he alley o Alamlisay and i s su oundings, and 4) he a ea be ween he illages o Kha ak and Panjob. Based on he s udy o sa elli e image y and he ield su ey, he objec i e o he ield season was o comple e image o he dis ibu ion o ku gan mounds in he eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s, as well as o assess he a chaeological po en ial o hese a eas. Al hough he in es iga ion o ku gan mounds concen a es on asingle landscape ea u e ca ego y, in conjunc ion wi h o he ield p ojec s, i a emp s o con ibu e o he long - e m goal o he Czech -Uzbekis ani a chaeological mission, i.e., abe e unde s anding o he pas cul u al landscape o he oo hill s eppe zone as awhole. This epo ou lines he p elimina y esul s o he 2022 sp ing season and, ha ing no in en ion o p oposing i s de ailed analysis a his poin , in oduces he lis o eco ded ku gan mounds accompanied by ield obse a ions on hei dis ibu ion and mo phological cha ac e is ics. Following he local e minological p ac ice, he e m ku gan is h oughou his ex used o a egula , ci cula - o o al -shaped mound (cai n, umulus) o appa en an h opogenic o igin made o s one o ea h, ega dless o i s ac ual pu pose (sepulch al, i ual, e c.). Fig. 1: No he n pa o he eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s. Dis ibu ion o ku gans. Ku gans eco ‑ ded in 2022 a e ma ked whi e. Map by J. Ha lík. Basemap: Es i. 205JAKUB HAVLÍK– VENDULA DĚDKOVÁ– KAHRAMON TOSHALIYEV RESEARCH AREA AND BACKGROUND The Kugi ang moun ain ange wi h i s highes peak a Ai i Baba (3139 m.a.s.l.) is loca ed on he bo de lands o wo Cen al Asian epublics, Uzbekis an and Tu kmenis an. I s well -de ined idge op o ms aconside able pa o hei sou he nmos bo de line. The eas e n oo hills o Kugi ang sp ead ou owa ds he Su khanda ya dep ession in he e i o y o he Uzbekis ani p o ince o he same name, occupying aconside able pa o he She abad and Baysun dis ic s. A an al i ude o ca. 1200 m.a.s.l., he sha p idges a e al e na ed wi h he d y olling s eppe. The dis inc i ely hilly s eppe en i onmen is in e spe sed wi h i e alleys o med by he igh bank ibu a ies o She abad Da ya and Amu Da ya and adjacen la i e e aces and ele a ed pla eaux. E en hough hey a e no he only passable a eas in he piedmon s, he p edominan ly no hwes o sou heas o ien a ed i e alleys ep esen impo an na u al co ido s used equen ly by mode n a ic, aking ad an age o conc e e oads. The local clima e is semi -a id con inen al, cha ac e ised by d as ic empe a u e a ia ions be ween bo h day and nigh and summe and win e . While illage mic ooases wa e ed om nume - ous sp ings o e he oppo uni y o localised ho icul u e and small -scale ag icul u e, he as s eppe a eas beyond he illages a e o mos o he yea exploi ed o g azing, and only occasionally allow ain - ed ag icul u e in sui able loca ions. E en hough he piedmon zone o e s a chaeologis s amuch be e p ese ed landscape han he lowland a eas ans o med beyond ecogni ion by he So ie -pe iod collec i isa- ion (S ide 2004, 132–133; S ančo 2019a, 14–15; S ančo 2019b, 380–383; Ha líke al. 2022; c ., Man ellini– Be dimu ado 2019), he deg ee o mode n human impac on he olde cul u al landscape causes signi ican limi a ions o su ace su ey. The wa e way ne wo k and gene al e ain elie a e no a ec ed he e by mode n ag icul u e, as in he case o low- lands, ne e heless, ploughing o la pla eaux and i e e aces caused signi ican losses in mic o opog aphy, a ec ing many ea u es o he cul u al landscape, especially hose o smalle size, ku gan mounds among hem. Foo hill d y a ming has along adi ion in Su - khanda ya p o ince (Mae 1879a, 304–305; Mae 1879b, 92–94), eaching i s highes scale p obably igh be o e he ini ia ion o la ge -scale lowland i iga ion p ojec s in he 1960s. I he mois u e condi ions allow, ele a ed ields a e also being sown oday. In addi ion o he damage caused by ploughing, he p ese a ion o a ious s one s uc u es in he oo hill a ea su e s om he s one collec ion o building pu poses, usually wi hou any in e es o locals in obbing he indings hidden po en ially benea h he s uc u e. Cai ns and s one se ings loca ed nea dwellings and oads a e na u ally mos exposed o his h ea , howe e , wi h popula ion g ow h, he s one collec ion ac i i y a ec s an inc easingly la ge a ea mo e in ensi ely. Du ing he las en yea s, he eam membe s o he Czech -Uzbekis ani mission no iced a apid deg ee o disappea ance o s one -made a chaeological ea u es, ap essing impe us o in ensi y an a emp o map and documen as la ge numbe o endange ed objec s as possible be o e i is oo la e. Because he impo ance o his a ea has been ecognised ela i ely ecen ly, he a chaeo- logical mapping o he eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s canno p o i ex ensi ely om p e ious esea ch. Be o e launching se e al in e na ional esea ch p ojec s in he 2000s, he oo hill alleys we e subjec o only cu so y econnaissance su eys o small -scale exca a ions (R eladze 1974; Bobokhojae – Annae – Rakhmano 1990) ha had shown no g ea in e es in mino a chaeological ea u es such as ku gans, which emained unno iced (o unpublished) excep o J. Duke’sb ie men ion o his exca a ions o ku gan ield o Loyal- agan (Duke 1975). I is no wi hou in e es ha , in con as o neighbou ing egions, whe e a equen occu ence o a ious ku gan bu ial g ounds has been eco ded al eady du ing 206 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVII/1 he second hal o he 20 h cen u y (Mendelsh am 1975; Li inskiy– Sedo 1984, 104–120), he e idence o he occu ence o his peculia bu ial o m commonly associa ed wi h mobile pas o alis s o he Eu asian s eppe zone, is su p isingly sca ce in he a ea o he nowadays Su khanda ya p o ince as awhole (Li inskiy– Sedo 1984; Pugachenko a– R eladze 1990, 44; S e chko 2007, 9–15). Consequen ly, he mo i a ion o he Czech -Uzbekis ani a chaeological mission had become o shed mo e ligh on his phenomenon, especially in e- la ion o aspa ial co espondence be ween he ku gan concen a ions disco e ed a he ini ial s age o he in es iga ion and an excep ionally well p ese ed clus e o si es a ibu ed o he Yaz Icul u e (c ., Ha lík– S ančo– Ha líko á 2017; Ha lík– Ha líko á– S ančo 2018; Ha líke al. 2018). In some cases, he exca a ion o mounds con i med ha hey a e coe al wi h Yaz Icul u e se lemen , in he p e ailing numbe o mounds he ch onological clues a e a he unclea . Su p isingly, he exca a ion has no p o ed he ela ionship be ween he ku gans o he Kugi ang piedmon s wi h (a leas p ima y) sepulch al unc ion (Ha líke al. 2018; Ha lík– Ha líko á– S ančo 2018, 156–157), lea ing an a ea o u u e esea ch. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY Following up on he sub -p ojec ‘Ku gans o he Eas e n Kugi ang Piedmon s’ ha ook place in 2017–2018, he esea ch design o he 2022 in es iga ion closely e lec ed i s objec i es and me hodology (c ., Ha lík– S ančo– Ha líko á 2017; Ha lík– Ha líko á– S ančo 2018). To assess he cha ac e is ics o hei occu ence and po en ial ela ion o he su ounding physical and cul u al landscape, mapping ku gan mounds by means o ex ensi e su ace su ey became he main ocus o he 2022 season. Amajo di e ence om p e ious su ey seasons was he employmen o his o ical HEXAGON sa elli e image y o iden i y loca ions o asubsequen ield su ey. While combina ion o he CORONA and mode n eely a aila- ble image y (Google Ea h, Es i) used by he Czech -Uzbekis ani mission be o e 2022 has no p o ed o be pa icula ly sui able o iden i ica ion o a he small ea u es like ku gans in he ugged piedmon s eppe landscape, he high esolu ion HEXAGON image y (c ., Hamme – Fi zpa ick– U 2022 o i s employmen in a chaeology) depic ing he esea ch a ea in he ea ly 1970s has shown i sel o be well u ilisable o his pu pose, e ealing aconside able numbe o so a un eco ded po en ial ku gan mounds and o he e ain anomalies. Howe e , ce ain bias mus be expec ed in a ou o iden i ica ion o ku gan mounds in his o ically ploughed a eas, whe e ku gans and o he p o uding anomalies a e highligh ed by plough ma ks a oiding he pa icula ea u e, and hus o ming acha ac e is ic len icula shape well isible on he sa elli e image y (c ., Fig. 10). O he ac o s limi ing he ex en o he su eyed a ea we e he bo de s o he Uzbekis ani side o Kugi ang na u e ese e and he p esence o gua d dogs p o ec ing sheep olds, and also e y e ec i ely elimina ing he passabili y in hei su oundings. The ield su ey was conduc ed a p e -selec ed loca ions co e ing bo h a eas eme ging om emo e sensing as p omising in e ms o he occu ence o e ain anomalies and hose a eas which did no yield such da a, howe e , ha e no been su eyed in de ail by he Czech- -Uzbekis ani eam ye . Gi en he cha ac e o he piedmon a ea and i s expanse, he su ey ope a ed in an ex ensi e way, ocusing on e i ica ion in he ield o he p e iously iden i ied ea u es in combina ion wi h econnaissance -o ien a ed ield walking. E en hough no de- sc ibed in de ail in his epo , he o he a chaeological ea u es (s one se ings, ield e aces, abandoned co als, collapsed walls, ences, wa e channels, e c.) and a e ac sca e s we e eco ded as well o be e -examined and published sepa a ely. The iden i ied ku gan clus e s 207JAKUB HAVLÍK– VENDULA DĚDKOVÁ– KAHRAMON TOSHALIYEV we e su eyed in de ail in o de o map hem op imally o hei ull ex en and o collec any su ace ma e ial ha could gi e abe e idea o he da ing o pas human ac i i ies a apa - icula loca ion. The collec ion was conduc ed in anon -sys ema ic way o ake ap elimina y g ab sample as small as possible. Indi idual mounds we e spa ially eco ded using ahandheld GPS de ice, measu ed, and desc ibed in e ms o size, cons uc ion, s a e o p ese a ion, o ien a ion, and posi ion wi hin he clus e and su ounding e ain. A en ion was egula ly paid o he way o he ku gan clus e ing, possible s uc u al and spa ial pa e ns o he s udied ku gans, and o he ela ions be ween he ku gans and a ious o he ea u es in he landscape, bo h na u al (i.e., ca dinal di ec ions, e ain ea u es, i e beds, e c.) and an h opogenic (i.e., se lemen s, i iga ion, pe oglyphs, e c.) including hei isual (in e )connec i i y. SURFACE SURVEY AREA KARABAG ‑NORTH As he name gi en o his clus e sugges s, he Ka abag -No h ku gan ield is loca ed no h o he illage o Ka abag, which is commonly conside ed apa o he Pashkhu alley. This concen a ion was disco e ed in 2011 by L. S ančo and Sh. Shaydullae (S ančoe al. 2014, 31), and subsequen ly esu eyed in 2017 (Ha lík– S ančo– Ha líko á 2017, 174–179). Howe e , pa ly due o he bo de egime a ha ime, his a ea was no walked in i s en i e y in he no he n di ec ion, owa ds he illage o Kyzylalma. The iden i ied ku gans a e si ua ed on he igh bank o he Kyzylalma i e , on ele a ed e aces abo e he s eam. The e aces show clea signs o mechanised ag icul u e. Isola ed s ips o land ha e appa en ly been ploughed ecen ly. Fo p ac ical easons, he ku gan clus e Ka abag -No h has al eady been di ided in o wo sub -clus e s ollowing he spa ial g ouping in 2017. The o al o 21 ea u es was known un il 2017 while 16 mo e we e eco ded in 2022 (see Tab.1). The newly de ec ed ku gans la gely i o he p e ailing cha ac e is ics o he p e iously iden i ied ea u es in e ms o bo h dis ibu ion and mo phology: Excep o se e al mo e igh ly clus e ed lines consis ing o h ee o i e mounds, he ku gans a e a he spa sely dis ibu ed o e he e - aces ollowing oughly he o ien a ion o he Kyzylalma i e and i s nameless ibu a y. Gi en he la e ain, ahigh deg ee o in e isibili y wi hin he clus e may be obse ed, excep o he no he nmos iden i ied sub -clus e KAN_03 (Fig. 2, inse le ). Being asingle line o six mounds o a ious sizes, sub -clus e KAN_03 is loca ed on he lowe i e e ace su ounded by slopes on mos sides. All he newly de ec ed mounds a e o simple, a he low, p edominan ly s one cons uc ion (see Fig. 3). Wi h only se e al excep ions (o igina ing in ploughing damage?) all he ea u es a e o ci cula shape. No a ached ea u es o s one se ings we e eco ded. To he no h o KAN_03, acai n ield was iden i ied consis ing o mo e han adozen small- -sized (d. up o 1.5 m) s one concen a ions. Gi en he lichen coa ing and soil co e be ween indi idual s ones, hese ea u es do no seem o be o mode n da e, and a he hey a e ela - ed o small -sized sys em o wa e channels and ield(?) e aces, e lec ing highly p obably p emode n ag icul u al ac i i ies o unce ain da e. The a ea o sub -clus e KAN_01 yielded asmall assemblage o su ace ce amic ma e ial: wo po e y sca e s o limi ed ex en (c ., Fig.2) ga e a he uncon incing e idence in e ms o ch onology poin ing o (High?) Me - die al pe iod. Asingle she d o blue glazed pla e da ed om he High (p e -Mongol) Middle Ages ound in he icini y o ku gan KAN_01_024 co esponds o he assemblage collec ed a he no -name epa si e (c ., S ančoe al. 2014, 31; Ha lík– S ančo– Ha líko á 2017, 177), 208 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVII/1 Fig. 2: Ku gan dis ibu ion wi hin he Ka abag ‑No h a ea. Inse igh : no name epa mound. Map by J. Ha lík. Basemap: Es i. 209JAKUB HAVLÍK– VENDULA DĚDKOVÁ– KAHRAMON TOSHALIYEV i sel aligned wi h ku gan mounds. The associa ion o he su ace ce amic ma e ial wi h he ku gans may no be conside ed ce ain, a he i e lec s ac i i ies coe al o he supposed me- die al se lemen . The inspec ion o he nameless epa (Fig. 2, inse igh ) con i med p e ious da ing o i s occupa ion (whi e, whi e and black, and whi e and g een glazed po e y she ds a e abundan in he su ace ma e ial), and e ealed ha he eas e n ex ension o he epa, o akind o pla o m appa en on he sa elli e image y, is co e ed by o al -shaped s one enclo- su es. Judging om hei size and o ien a ion hese ea u es may be p elimina ily in e p e ed as an Islamic ceme e y, likely ch onologically co esponding wi h he occupa ion o he epa. AREA KHOJAULKAN The a ea o he wes o Khojaulkan (i.e., o he sou h -eas o Ka abag -No h clus e ), is cha - ac e ised by asmall numbe o iden i ied ea u es dis ibu ed wi hou apa icula spa ial pa e n o e a ela i ely la ge a ea. All mounds a e loca ed on he no he n edge o he ele- a ed pla eau, which is i sel si ua ed abo e in e mi en s eams ha un down h ough he alley in he di ec ion o he Khojaulkan illage. This discon inuous concen a ion consis s o en mounds in o al. Th ee o hem– Khj_001, 002, and 004– di e signi ican ly om he es , being, howe e , almos iden ical o mounds al eady eco ded in he alley o Loylagan (Ha lík– Ha líko á– S ančo 2018, 160–161). These h ee ea hen mounds a e con ex and almos pe ec ly ci cula in plan ( hei d. ange om 5 o 6.3 m, h. 0.5 m) and delimi ed a ound he pe ime e by ashallow di ch (w. 0.2 m; dep h 5–10 cm). The es o he ku gans signi ican ly ecall hose o he Ka abag clus e (ci cula shape, made o a he small s ones, diame e anges be ween 4.5 and 13(?) m); howe e , he s a e o p ese a ion is much wo se he e. Khojaulkan ku gans a e equen ly damaged by ploughing, and ecen ac i i ies a e also e idenced by s ones piled up on he op o he mounds, mos likely o make way o ac o s Fig. 3: Ku gan KAN_01_018, iew om he sou h. Pho o by V. Dědko á. 210 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVII/1 Tab.1: Ku gans o he Ka abag ‑No h a ea. Only ku gans eco ded in 2022 a e included. Code Longi ude La i ude Wid h N‑S (m) Leng h E‑W (m) Heigh (m) Max. s ones diame e (m) No e KAN_01_014 66.78563100 37.81904500 4.5 5.2 0.25 0.1 badly de ined edges; ci cula shape; mos ly ea hen-made, s ones only a ely on he su ace KAN_01_015 66.78546800 37.81930900 5.3 5.3 0.25 0.15  KAN_01_016 66.78487900 37.81981900 5.4 1.2 0.2 0.35 dis up ed on sides KAN_01_017 66.77716156 37.82157480 4.5 60.4 0.3 some s ones piled up ecen ly on he op o he olde s uc u e. KAN_01_018 66.77700855 37.82162532 5.5 60.2 0.4 a low mound; la ge gaps be ween s ones KAN_01_019 66.77713000 37.82161267 10 9 0.1 0.3 a e y low mound; dep ession in he cen al pa KAN_01_020 66.77687000 37.82168600 1.2 1.2 0.2 0.3 a small ci cula -shaped mound; compac and low; made mos ly o small s ones KAN_01_021 66.77424800 37.82251300 7 7 0.3 0.2  KAN_01_022 66.77350249 37.82331140 4.5 50.3 0.3 some s ones excep ionally la ge (d. up o 0.5 m) KAN_01_023 66.76655900 37.82555200 3 3 0.2 0.4 a small mound made o la ge s ones KAN_01_024 66.75855017 37.83147517 6 8.5 0.5 0.15 ela i ely la ge mound made o small s ones and ea h; se e al la ge s ones (d. a ound 0.5 m); a High Medie al she d disco e ed in he icini y KAN_03_001 66.74648300 37.83540300 6.45 6 0.4 0.3  KAN_03_002 66.74620000 37.83587200 10.5 11.1 0.5 0.3  KAN_03_003 66.74603000 37.83609700 2 2 0.2 0.3 a small ci cula -shaped ku gan; one la ge s one (0.45×0.45 m) on E side KAN_03_004 66.74602400 37.83628800 2.5 20.2 0.2 a small i egula -shaped ku gan KAN_03_005 66.74586733 37.83635633 2 2 0.2 0.3 a small i egula -shaped ku gan KAN_03_006 66.74580667 37.83643383 7 9 0.45 0.25 one la ge s one (0.5×0.5 m) loca ed in he cen al pa o he ku gan 211JAKUB HAVLÍK– VENDULA DĚDKOVÁ– KAHRAMON TOSHALIYEV Fig. 4: Ku gan dis ibu ion wi hin he Khojaulkan a ea. Map by J. Ha lík. Basemap: Es i. Fig. 5: Ku gan Khj_003, iew om he eas . Pho o by J. Ha lík. 218 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVII/1 Fig. 10: Cen al pa o he Kha ak ‑Panjob a ea as cap u ed by KH‑9 HEXAGON (1978/03/25). Black a ows indica e e ain anomalies iden i ied as ku gan mounds du ing he ield e i ica ion. G aph 1: Ku gan diame e equency o he Kha ak ‑Panjob clus e . The diame e co esponds o he a e age alue o wo (N–Sand E–W) measu ed alues. 219JAKUB HAVLÍK– VENDULA DĚDKOVÁ– KAHRAMON TOSHALIYEV So ie mili a y maps as Kalakoydy uins1 was also inspec ed ( epo in p epa a ion). Being c ossed by he di oad leading up o he saddle, his si e is loca ed on he sou he n bank o he Gazak, jus nea he go ge mou h. This a ea (ca. 200 × 200 m) is ma ked by well - isible emains o hick s one walls o ming la ge ec angula s uc u es. Collec ed su ace ma e ial indica es High Medie al (monoch ome whi e- o g een -glazed pla es) and P e -Mode n ( hick she ds wi h plas ic ishne deco a ion and linea combed incisions) occupa ion o his loca ion. Su eying his a ea in 2018, A. Augus ino á collec ed ce amic assemblage da ed p elimina ily o he Ea ly Middle Ages (5 h–6 h c. AD). Amino i y o su ace she ds was a ibu ed o he Achaemenid pe iod, howe e , e idence o his da ing has been conside ed a he uncon inc- ing (A. Augus ino á, pe sonal communica ion, July 17, 2023). Being he mos nume ous concen a ion o ku gans iden i ied in he eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s so a , he Kha ak -Panjob clus e consis s o 146 ku gans. In con as o he clus e s men ioned abo e, ku gan mounds o he Kha ak -Panjob a e o amuch mo e he e ogeneous na u e in e ms o he dis ibu ion o mounds in he landscape, as well as hei size and mo - phology. E en hough ace ain endency owa ds linea dis ibu ion may be obse ed, i seems ha he e is no de e mina i e o ien a ion among he ku gans o his g oup, and i is ha d o ind any (uni o m) dis ibu ional pa e n. The e a e se e al lines consis ing o h ee o ou ku gans o oughly NW–SE o ien a ion, ne e heless, in he eas e n pa o he clus e , he SW–NE o ien a ion p e ails. In his pa o he clus e , he ku gan dis ibu ion co esponds o he cou se o he di oad depic ed on he So ie opog aphic maps om he 1980s, which is nowadays a he ha d o ecognise in he ield. To some ex en , he Kha ak -Panjob clus e as awhole appea s o be aligned wi h he wo di oads ha un h ough he saddle (c ., Figs.9–10), which could hypo he ically sugges a ela ion o pas communica ions. 1 ‘разв. Калакойды’, c ., opog aphic map shee J-42-074-B; Fig. 9 below. Fig. 11: Ku gan KhP_103, iew om he eas . A ypical medium ‑sized s one ‑made ku gan. Pho o by V. Dědko á. 220 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVII/1 Fig. 12: Ku gan KhP_105, iew om he eas . Pho o by V. Dědko á. Fig. 13: Ku gan KhP_130, iew om he no h ‑wes . No e ha only pa o he o iginal mound is p ese ed. Pho o by V. Dědko á. 221JAKUB HAVLÍK– VENDULA DĚDKOVÁ– KAHRAMON TOSHALIYEV In e ms o mo phology, egula ly ounded conca e ku gans made p edominan ly o s ones o a ious sizes a e he mos cha ac e is ic (see Figs. 11–13). Thei diame e s ange om 3 o 10 m, wi h some la ge excep ions (KhP_087; 105; 145). These ku gans esemble hose eco ded by he Czech -Uzbekis ani mission h oughou he Kugi ang piedmon s, pa icula ly nea Kay i , Ka abag, and Loylagan (Ha lík– S ančo– Ha líko á 2017, Ha lík– Ha lík- o á– S ančo 2018, 151–157), o nea Khojaulkan and Alamli desc ibed abo e. Co espondingly o dis ibu ional p e e ences o he p e iously known clus e s, he e is ace ain endency owa ds linea i y. This is he case o asub -clus e KhP_007–014; KhP_037–041, which seems o ollow an abandoned di oad in SW–NE di ec ion, o NW–SE o ien ed KhP_143–145 si - ua ed on asligh ly ele a ed p ominence. The same o ien a ion may be obse ed in he case o KhP_098–106, which also consis s o smalle o badly p ese ed ku gans– mos ly due o equen ploughing, which causes he o e all bad s a e o p ese a ion o he mounds. Nex o he ploughing ma ks and ela ed o his ac i i y mode n ield clea ances loca ed equen ly on he op o ku gans, s oneless dep essions in he mounds cen al pa s ep esen ano he kind o damage, caused p obably along ime ago in an e o o obbing he ku gan mounds. Apeculia ype o ku gans is ep esen ed by egula ly ounded mounds o la ge diame e (19–40 m). Two ku gans o simila dimensions had been de ec ed be o e 2022 only in he alley o Gu jak (i.e., no h o Khojaulkan), being conside ed excep ionally la ge in he measu es o he eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s (Ha lík– Ha líko á– S ančo 2018, 169). The se en de ec ed mounds o his ype (KhP_025; 036; 062; 083; 131; 132; 146) a e dis ibu ed o e he saddle wi h- ou any clea pa e n wi h ela i ely la ge dis ances be ween each o he . Excep o KhP_036 which shows no signs o s one cons uc ion, he emains o well -laid s one ings a ound he pe ime e delimi each o hem. In mos cases, he s one ing is much be e p ese ed on he wes e n side o he mound (see Figs. 15, 17). Bo h he dimensions and cons uc ion (i.e., an ea hen mound wi h as one ing) o hese ku gans ecall Wusun (o Saka -Wusun) bu ial mounds o he las cen u ies BC in sou he n Kazakhs an (c ., Akishe – Kushae 1963, 235–245; Baipako – Taimagambe o 2006, 156–160; c ., Chang 2018, 27–29). Howe e , wi hou p ope exca a ion, no da ing can be a ibu ed o hese ku gans a his poin . In he cases o KhP_025 and KhP_146, he e is a egula ly ci cula s one -made mound loca ed in he cen al pa o he ea hen s uc u e. These s one ku gans on he op o he ea hen ones a e iden ical wi h he ype common h oughou he eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s (see abo e). I canno be uled ou ha , in he case o ku gans KhP_025 and KhP_146, we a e dealing wi h wo subsequen cons uc ion phases, pe haps a eu iliza ion o olde mounds? The eu iliza ion o he la ge mounds o Kha ak -Panjob is also e idenced in o he ways: A oughly 440 m long linea s uc u e (w. ca. 1 m; h. up o 0.3 m) is a ached om he sou h- -wes o he mound KhP_062. This s uc u e (abaulk o unce ain da e?), p obably la e han he cons uc ion o he mound i sel , cu es o he no h -wes , owa ds he nowadays di oad. This linea s uc u e di ides ield s ips ( he ploughing ma ks ollow he cou se o he s uc u e om bo h sides), p esumably enhancing he po en ial o ain - ed ag icul u e by ca ching wa e coming du ing ains down om he ocky slopes and gullies in he no h- wes . Asimila kind o wha seems o be a eu iliza ion o ala ge ku gan mound p esen s he KhP_025 and he a ea in i s immedia e p oximi y. The e a e wo s one lines (w. ca. 1 m, h. up o 0.4 m) a ached o he s one ing in he no h -wes di ec ion (see Fig. 16). Going pa allel o each o he and keeping adis ance o ca. 60 m, hese wo lines a e disce nible o almos 200 m leading owa ds he ocky moun ain slopes. A wo places a leas , he a ea de ined by he s one lines is pe pendicula ly di ided by wha appea o be ield e aces o unce ain da e, aking ad an age o wa e coming om he ocky slopes. 222 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVII/1 Fig. 14: Ku gans KhP_130–132 ( om le o igh ), iew om he no h ‑eas . Pho o by V. Dědko á. Fig. 15: Ku gan KhP_025 (d. o he s one ing: 24.3–26.6 m), iew om he no h ‑wes . Pho o by V. Dědko á. La ge ci cula ku gans, made ei he o s one o ea h, a e in he Kha ak -Panjob saddle su - ounded by nume ous smalle (d. less han 3 m, usually a ound 2 m) o less egula ku gan mounds. Gi en he ac i e mode n ag icul u al use o his a ea, i is equen ly ha d o assess o wha deg ee he obse ed mo phological cha ac e is ics e lec adi e en cons uc ion ype, o whe he he p esen -day shape is he esul o damage by ploughing. Excep o he isola ed ea u es o mounds occu ing wi hin aclus e o la ge mounds, he e a e wo dis inguishable cohe en sub -clus e s o small ku gans in Kha ak -Panjob: KhP_045–057 and KhP_064–082, consis ing o 13 and 19 indi idual mounds, espec i ely. Bo h a e loca ed on agen le ele a ion. In he case o KhP_064–082, he c escen -shaped s ip o land shows only mino o no signs o ploughing sugges ing adi e en pas ea men wi h his delimi ed a ea, 223JAKUB HAVLÍK– VENDULA DĚDKOVÁ– KAHRAMON TOSHALIYEV Fig. 16: One o he wo s one lines leading o he ku gan KhP_025 om he no h ‑wes e n di ec ion. Pho o by V. Dědko á. 224 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVII/1 jus ens o me e s o he no h om he baulk(?) going om KhP_062 desc ibed abo e. On he o he hand, igh he e, unc ion o hese mounds as ield clea ances may be sugges ed, lea ing he in e p e a ion o hei o iginal pu pose a he unce ain. In addi ion o ku gans, anumbe o o he ea u es ha e been eco ded in he Kha ak -Panjob a ea, which can be ela ed ei he o he pas i ual o economic land use wi h a e y limi ed chance o i s exac ch onological a ibu ion. Th ee s one ci cles we e iden i ied in he close icini y o he ku gan mounds. Ca. 120 m om KhP_025, he e is asligh ly ele a ed, almos egula ci cle (15 × 14 m) made o la ge s ones. Ve y simila , la ge , ci cle (d. 23.5 m) is loca ed in he close icini y (ca. 20 m o he wes ) o KhP_132, and jus a ound 80 m o he no h -eas , ano he small (d. 5 m) ci cle was de ec ed. O he han he spa ial ela ion o he s one ci cles o he la ges ca ego y o ku gan mounds canno be con i med a his poin .2 Nex o appa - en ly mode n ield clea ances sp ead o e he ields, he slopes bo de ing he saddle plain a e equen ly occupied wi h emains o abandoned ield e aces, enclosu es, and slope ields, which may e lec p eindus ial, bu also signi ican ly olde , ag icul u al ac i i ies he e. Thei equen occu ence illus a es a ela i ely in ensi e pas land use, opening space o u u e esea ch o he midland (uppe oo hill) en i onmen ep esen ed by he Kha ak Panjob saddle. CONCLUSIONS By in oducing new da a on he occu ence o ku gan mounds and hus supplemen ing he p edominan ly se lemen -o ien a ed esea ch ac i i ies, he 2022 su ace su ey season con ibu ed signi ican ly o along - e m mapping p og amme o he eas e n Kugi ang pied- 2 Simila , hough smalle , ci cles ha e been de ec ed wi hin ku gan clus e s in Kay i (Ha lík– S ančo– Ha líko á 2017, 165, 168) and Loylagan (Ha lík– Ha líko á– S ančo 2018, 154, 161). Use o simila s uc u es as aplace o (commemo a i e) o e ings was no in equen among Tu - kic peoples (c ., Okladniko a 1986, 81–88; Kuba e 2005, 16), howe e , hey ha e been iden i ied also as g a e ma ke s: Fo Kushan pe iod in sou he n Tajikis an see Mendelsh am 1975, 64–109. Simila ela ion could con i m also newly exca a ed Yuezhi pe iod bu ials in he alley o Loylagan (publica ion in p epa a ion by L. S ančo) ca 12 km as he c ow lies om Kha ak -Panjob a ea. Fig. 17: Ku gan KhP_146 (d. o he s one ing 39–40 m), iew om he no h ‑wes . Pho o by V. Dědko á. 225JAKUB HAVLÍK– VENDULA DĚDKOVÁ– KAHRAMON TOSHALIYEV mon s. Based on he ga he ed e idence and i s compa ison wi h he p e ious s a e o esea ch, se e al obse a ions can be made. Al hough he piedmon a ea clea ly does no ep esen alandscape un ouched by mode n ac i i ies, i s ill o e s a ela i ely good oppo uni y o s udy a ious ace s (economic, i ual, se lemen ) o he land use da ed p obably om long be o e he indus ial pe iod and complemen he a chaeological esea ch o no he n Bac ian lowlands. The 188 ku gan mounds iden i ied in 2022 make a o al numbe o 4063 mounds e- co ded in he eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s so a , showing hei dis ibu ion li e ally in e e y piedmon i e alley. The newly mapped ku gans bea simila i y o hose p e iously known: The s one -made oughly ci cula mounds o medium size (mos usually be ween 5 and 8 m in diame e ), ha e al eady been well e idenced in he alleys o Kay i , Ka abag, Loylagan, and elsewhe e, appea ing o be he bes de ined and well ep esen ed ype h oughou he eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s as awhole (c ., S e chko 2007, 9–15 o simila , less egula ku gans eco ded in he Baysun piedmon s). The loca ions a ou ed by he pas mound -builde s show ce ain egula i ies as well, ei he in he endency owa ds he use o ele a ed pla eaux and i e e aces, o in he p e e ence o linea clus e ing o ku gans, o en along wa e s eams and co ido s h ough he landscape (c . Ha lík– Shaydullae in p epa a ion). While hese common ai s indica e acohe en and con inuous pas a i ude owa ds he human exploi a ion o his a ea, he numbe and sp ead o mounds sugges a a he long pe iod o hei o ma ion. On he o he hand, he occu ence o excep ionally la ge and mo phologi- cally dis inc ea hen mounds in Kha ak -Panjob, e idenced so a only a one o he loca ion in he Kugi ang piedmon s (i.e., nea Gu jak), could sugges mo e complex dynamics o he ku gan landscape o ma ion. The p ecise da ing and pu pose o he mounds emain unclea , and he su ace su ey o e s only limi ed possibili ies o abe e unde s anding o hem. Gi en he ela i ely small sample size o he exca a ed ea u es (c ., Ha líke al. 2018), he ela ion o sepulch al use mus s ill be se iously conside ed, and he conduc ed su ey needs o be comple ed by exca a ions in he u u e o b ing mo e i m da a. Howe e , he ku gan mounds and dozens o o he a chaeological ea u es eco ded du ing asingle ex ensi e su ace su ey season ha e unde lined he unexploi ed po en ial o he a ea and he need o mo e de ailed, sys ema ic ways o i s u u e in es iga ion. As shown by he esul s o he su ey in he alley o Alamlisay and he saddle be ween he illages o Kha ak and Panjob, he emo e alleys o mino wa e s eams, as well as he a eas be ween indi idual i e alleys, dese e mo e a en ion o achie e amo e comple e and ep esen a i e co e age o he oo hill zone and e en ually be e unde s and he socioeconomic de elopmen o his a ea in along - e m pe spec i e. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This wo k was suppo ed by he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund p ojec ‘C ea i i y and Adap abili y as Condi ions o he Success o Eu ope in an In e ela ed Wo ld’ ( eg. no.: CZ. 02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000734) and p ojec no. PRIMUS/23/HUM/013 implemen ed a he Facul y o A s, Cha les Uni e si y. 3 No e ha F ench -Czech -Uzbekis ani exca a ion o wha appea ed o be wo sepa a ed ea u es, Kay i 01_003 and Kay i 01_004 (c . Ha lík– S ančo– Ha líko á 2017, 169) showed ha hese wo ea u es eco ded by asu ace su ey we e ac ually badly damaged emains o asingle s uc- u e consis ing o aci cula mound wi h awell -de ined s one ing and apa hway lined wi h la ge s ones o ien ed o he Eas ( epo in p epa a ion). 226 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVII/1 Tab.4: Ku gans o he Kha ak ‑Panjob a ea. Code Longi ude La i ude Wid h N‑S (m) Leng h E‑W (m) Heigh (m) Max. s ones diame e (m) No e KhP_001 66.87398100 37.98661900 4.5 5.6 0.4 0.4 one la ge s one (d. 0.5 m); unclea edges (maximum ex en 6.1×6 m?), badly de ined mound KhP_002 66.87448661 37.98076789 1.5 1.5 0.1 0.2 o al-shaped co e, p obably dis up ed by a ming; s ones sca e ed a ound KhP_003 66.87443900 37.98075400 1.6 1.6 0.2 0.2 a small, low ku gan made o small s ones KhP_006 66.87156317 37.98001367 1.6 1.6 0.2 0.4 a small, compac ku gan KhP_008 66.86807083 37.97867917 6.1 7.4 0.4 0.3 unclea edges KhP_009 66.86766050 37.97854167 4.6 4.6 0.4 0.3 a compac , medium-sized ku gan made o la ge s ones KhP_010 66.86693500 37.97795900 6.6 6.6 0.4 0.5 some la ge s ones; signs o ex ension in E-W di ec ion (d. 8.2 m?) KhP_011 66.86652400 37.97759500 4.1 3.6 0.4 0.2 e y close o KhP_012, c ea ing almos con inuous o al-shaped pla o m KhP_012 66.86652400 37.97755300 3.2 3 0.4 0.2 e y close o he KhP_011, o ming almos con inuous o al-shaped pla o m KhP_013 66.86652400 37.97765900 4.1 4.8 0.4 0.3 a compac ku gan made o la ge s ones; well- isible ci cle o la ge s ones delimi ing he edges KhP_014 66.86652400 37.97730300 2.9 3.5 0.3 0.4 dis up ed on sides by ploughing; some s ones piled up on he op ecen ly KhP_015 66.86652400 37.97952400 2.6 30.5 0.4 an o al-shaped ea u e KhP_016 66.86652400 37.98700600 5.8 6.1 0.4 0.4 some la ge s ones KhP_017 66.86652400 37.98415979 6.8 80.4 0.3  KhP_018 66.86652400 37.98406000 6 5.3 0.7 0.5  KhP_019 66.86652400 37.98393300 9.1 10.6 10.2 mos ly small s ones (d: 0.1–0.15) KhP_020 66.86652400 37.98466404 17.5 9.1 0.7 0.3 a la ge o al-shaped objec , unclea edges – unce ain; some la ge s ones 227JAKUB HAVLÍK– VENDULA DĚDKOVÁ– KAHRAMON TOSHALIYEV Code Longi ude La i ude Wid h N‑S (m) Leng h E‑W (m) Heigh (m) Max. s ones diame e (m) No e KhP_021 66.86652400 37.98207200 3 3.8 0.3 0.2 mos o he s ones seem o be piled up ecen ly KhP_022 66.86652400 37.98057267 2.2 3 0.2 0.1 a small, badly de ined ea u e KhP_023 66.86652400 37.97737500 1.9 2.1 0.2 0.3 a small cai n; unce ain, piled up ecen ly? KhP_024 66.86652400 37.97740900 2.7 2.3 0.3 0.15 a small cai n; unce ain, piled up ecen ly? KhP_025 66.86652400 37.97748700 26.6 24.3 2.5 0.3 a la ge ku gan cons is ing o wo pa s: soil-made mound wi h ing on he pe ime e made o small s ones (d. ca. 0.1 m) on S side; a s one-made mound (8.4×9.1 m) made o la ge s ones (d. up o 0.3 m) loca ed on he op; well- p ese ed; wo lines o s ones unning om he ea u e in he NW di ec ion KhP_026 66.86652400 37.97508400 3 3 0.3 0.1 dis up ed by ploughing KhP_027 66.86652400 37.97442528 4.5 6.8 0.3 0.3 dis up ed on sides by ploughing; ploughed ou s ones p obably collec ed on he op o he emaining mound in he ecen pas ; he e ain elie sugges s o iginally la ge ex en o he (ci cula ?) mound: 7 o e en 13.7 m? KhP_028 66.86652400 37.97437000 3 1 0.2 0.2 badly p ese ed; close o KhP_029 – o iginally a single objec ? KhP_029 66.86652400 37.97432500 3 1 0.2 0.2 badly p ese ed; close o KhP_028 – o iginally a single objec ? KhP_030 66.86652400 37.97322700 4.5 3.8 0.2 0.4 ploughing dis up ions KhP_031 66.86652400 37.97297300 6.8 9.9 0.4 0.2 i egula shape; pa ly des oyed on sides by ploughing KhP_032 66.86652400 37.97280800 8 8 0.2 0.2 a low mound; almos no s ones in he cen al pa KhP_033 66.86652400 37.97302583 9.9 10.6 1.7 0.25 a la ge ku gan wi h a s oneless dep ession in he cen al pa ; unclea edges (maximum dimensions: 15×14.4 m); emains o an associa ed ea u e – an oblong-shaped s one se ing o a s one pla o m (d. 2.5 m) 234 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXVII/1 Code Longi ude La i ude Wid h N‑S (m) Leng h E‑W (m) Heigh (m) Max. s ones diame e (m) No e KhP_132 66.86652400 37.97029368 29 31 1.3 0.25 Mino dis up ion caused by oad coming h ough he wes e n pa o he ku gan; on he wes e n side, clea signs o a s one ing/plin h consis ing o se e al lines o s ones. KhP_133 66.86652400 37.97026320 10 10 0.6 0.4 a signi ican dep ession in he cen al pa KhP_134 66.86652400 37.97131917 4 6 0.45 0.5 dis up ed by he di oad on he side KhP_135 66.86652400 37.97117505 3 2 0.2 0.25 a small compac mound KhP_136 66.86652400 37.97105092 4.5 30.5 0.4 damaged by ploughing on bo h sides KhP_137 66.86652400 37.97099000 3.5 20.3 0.3 damaged on sides by ploughing KhP_138 66.86652400 37.97192900 4 4 0.2 0.2 a low, incompac s one mound KhP_139 66.86652400 37.97296667 5 4 0.2 0.2 a s one line a ached o he wes e n side KhP_140 66.86652400 37.97315197 6 4.4 0.4 0.3  KhP_141 66.86652400 37.97341486 5 6 0.3 0.2  KhP_142 66.86652400 37.97352502 6 3.8 0.4 0.3  KhP_143 66.86652400 37.97414600 8.5 7.5 0.4 0.25 some o s one a ound he pe ime e a e excep ionally la ge (d. 0.5–0.6 m) KhP_144 66.86652400 37.97418600 6 7.5 0.3 0.3 some o s one a ound he pe ime e a e excep ionally la ge (d. 0.5–0.6 m) KhP_145 66.86652400 37.97433500 17 17 0.5 0.2 some la ge s ones (d. 0.4–0.5 m) KhP_146 66.86652400 37.97470050 40 39 3 0.3 mos ly ea hen-made mound; a s one-made ci cula ea u e (d. 8 m) loca ed on he op in he cen al pa ; emains o a pe ime e s one ing on he NW side 235JAKUB HAVLÍK– VENDULA DĚDKOVÁ– KAHRAMON TOSHALIYEV BIBLIOGRAPHY Akishe – Kushae 1963 = Акишев, К.А.– Кушаев, Г.А.: Древняя культура Саков иУсуней долины реки Или. 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Jakub Ha lík Ins i u e o Classical A chaeology Facul y o A s, Cha les Uni e si y Cele ná 20, P ague 1, CZ-110 00 jakub.ha lik@ .cuni.cz ladisla .s anco@ .cuni.cz Vendula Dědko á The Ci y o P ague Museum Kožná 1, P ague 1, CZ-110 00 dedko a@muzeump ahy.cz Kah amon Toshalie Te mez S a e Uni e si y 190100, 42, Fayzulla Khojae Te mez, Uzbekis an [email p o ec ed]