SUSTAINABLE HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE POSTAL SECTOR – EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT

Poš a, Telekomunikácie a Elek onický obchod DOI: 10.26552/p e.C.2020.1.13 ISSN 1336-8281 I/2020 82 SUSTAINABLE HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE POSTAL SECTOR – EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT Ma iana S eni ze o á1, Ka a ína Š almacho á2 Abs ac : The pos al sec o has a leading posi ion and many inno a ions in global co po a e sus ainabili y. Thanks o he success o he En i onmen al Measu emen and Moni o ing Sys em (EMMS), he sec o is conside ed a pionee in ca bon managemen . In o de o main ain his posi ion, he p og am mus ex end and align i s p og am and goals wi h he Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDG). 19 pos al companies, as p og am s akeholde s, launched he nex phase o he p og am - The Sus ainabili y Measu emen and Managemen Sys em (SMMS). In esponse, many pos al companies ha e al eady se s a egies and s a ed wo king on opics ha suppo sus ainable de elopmen goals. The pape p esen s bes p ac ices o pos al companies in mee ing he sus ainable de elopmen goals. Keywo ds: pos al sec o sus ainabili y, sus ainable de elopmen goals, sus ainable human esou ces managemen , employee engagemen In oduc ion Sus ainabili y aimed a mee ing cu en needs wi hou comp omising he abili y o u u e gene a ions o mee hei needs is a cu en opic o he 21s cen u y. The sus ainabili y concep , based on h ee pilla s, economic, en i onmen al and social, is also ele an o companies ope a ing in he pos al sec o . The sus ainabili y s a egy is an impo an pa o he de elopmen s a egy o many pos al companies. Today, he s a egic de elopmen goals o pos al companies a e no only conce ned wi h en i onmen al issues, bu also pay a en ion o he sus ainable human esou ces managemen . Employee heal h and sa e y, decen wo k, aining and employee de elopmen a e an impo an pa o he sus ainable de elopmen o pos al companies. Sus ainabili y in he pos al sec o The 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen , adop ed by all Uni ed Na ions Membe S a es in 2015, p o ides a sha ed bluep in o peace and p ospe i y o people and he plane , now and in o he u u e. A i s hea a e he 17 Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs), which a e an u gen call o ac ion by all coun ies - de eloped and de eloping - in a global pa ne ship. They ecognize ha ending po e y and o he dep i a ions mus go hand- 1 doc. Ing. Ma iana S eni ze o á, PhD., Žilinská uni e zi a Žiline, Fakul a p e ádzky a ekonomiky dop a y a spojo , Ka ed a spojo , Uni e zi ná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, el. 041 5133131, e-mail: [email p o ec ed] 2 Ing. Ka a ína Š almacho á, Žilinská uni e zi a Žiline, Fakul a p e ádzky a ekonomiky dop a y a spojo , Ka ed a spojo , Uni e zi ná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, el. 041 5133144, e-mail: ka a ina.s almacho a@ pedas.uniza.sk Poš a, Telekomunikácie a Elek onický obchod DOI: 10.26552/p e.C.2020.1.13 ISSN 1336-8281 I/2020 83 in-hand wi h s a egies ha imp o e heal h and educa ion, educe inequali y, and spu economic g ow h – all while ackling clima e change and wo king o p ese e ou oceans and o es s [1]. The pos al sec o has a leading posi ion and many inno a ions in he ield o global co po a e sus ainabili y. Thanks o he success o he En i onmen al Measu emen and Moni o ing Sys em (EMMS), he sec o is conside ed a pionee in ca bon managemen . Howe e , he message o he s akeholde s is clea : in o de o main ain his posi ion, he p og am needs o ex end and align i s p og am goals wi h he UN Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDG) [2]. IPC’s En i onmen al Measu emen and Moni o ing Sys em (EMMS) p og amme is a sec o -wide ini ia i e ac ing o mi iga e he pos al indus y’s con ibu ion o global wa ming. I akes a collabo a i e app oach o educing ca bon emissions and imp o ing ca bon managemen . The EMMS p og amme was de eloped in 2008 in esponse o s akeholde and CEO eques s o he pos al sec o o minimise i s ca bon oo p in . This was a esul o conce ns ega ding he con ibu ion o he sec o o g eenhouse gas emissions. The EMMS p og amme is a global ini ia i e, consis ing o 19 pa icipan s om ou egions – A ica, Asia-Paci ic, Eu ope and No h Ame ica: An Pos (I eland), Aus alian Pos al Co p (Aus alia), Aus ian Pos (Aus ia), bpos (Belgium), Co eos (Spain), CTT Po ugal Pos (Po ugal), Deu sche Pos DHL G oup (Ge many), Le G oupe La Pos e (F ance), New Zealand Pos G oup (New Zealand), POST Luxembou g (Luxembou g), Pos e I aliane (I aly), Pos en No ge (No way), Pos i (Finland), Pos NL (The Ne he lands), Pos No d (Denma k & Sweden), Royal Mail G oup (Uni ed Kingdom), Sou h A ican Pos O ice (Sou h A ica), Swiss Pos (Swi ze land), Uni ed S a es Pos al Se ice (Uni ed S a es). The o iginal EMMS a ge s we e se in 2009 ollowing a pilo in 2008. The o iginal 20 pa icipan s o he p og amme collec i ely se ambi ious a ge s o be achie ed by 2020, compa ed o he 2008 baseline:  To educe combined ca bon emissions om own ope a ions by 20% – achie ed in 2014.  To achie e a sco e o a leas 90% in ca bon managemen p o iciency – achie ed in 2018. Bo h a ge s we e me be o e he 2020 a ge yea . In 2014, he g oup achie ed i s ca bon emissions a ge , six yea s ahead o schedule. As o 2018, he g oup has educed annual Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 27% compa ed wi h 2008. Pa icipan s collec i ely ag eed on a deli e y e iciency a ge , measu ing he ca bon emissions associa ed wi h each deli e y, and also expanding he scope o include ou sou ced anspo :  To achie e a 20% educ ion in Scope 1, 2 and 3 ( om own ope a ions and ou sou ced anspo ) ca bon emissions pe le e mail and pe pa cel by 2025, om a 2013 baseline yea [3]. Sus ainabili y Measu emen and Managemen Sys em (SMMS) The global sus ainabili y agenda has e ol ed signi ican ly since he launch o he EMMS p og amme in 2008. De elopmen s such as he Pa is Ag eemen and he se ing o he UN Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs) demons a ed an appe i e o in e na ional coope a ion. Following en yea s o epo ing on ca bon emissions and ca bon managemen , he g oup now launch o he nex phase o he p og amme – he Sus ainabili y Moni o ing and Measu emen Sys em (SMMS). In esponse, many pos al companies ha e al eady se s a egies and begun wo king on hemes ha u he he aims o he SDGs. Toge he , Poš a, Telekomunikácie a Elek onický obchod DOI: 10.26552/p e.C.2020.1.13 ISSN 1336-8281 I/2020 84 s akeholde s and pa icipan s iden i ied he ollowing i e SDGs ha a e mos ele an o he pos al sec o : SDG 8 - Decen wo k and economic g ow h SDG 9 - Indus y, inno a ion and in as uc u e SDG 11 - Sus ainable ci ies and communi ies SDG 12 - Responsible consump ion and p oduc ion SDG 13 - Clima e ac ion Each SDG has se e al sub- a ge s. The pa icipan s ag eed on se en ope a ional a eas on which o ocus hei u u e p og amme:  Heal h and sa e y Decen wo k and economic g ow h (SDG 8)  Lea ning and de elopmen Decen wo k and economic g ow h (SDG 8)  Resou ce e iciency Indus y, inno a ion and in as uc u e (SDG 9)  Clima e change Clima e ac ion (SDG 13)  Ai quali y Sus ainable ci ies and communi ies (SDG 11)  Ci cula economy Sus ainable ci ies and communi ies (SDG 11)  Sus ainable p ocu emen Responsible consump ion and p oduc ion (SDG 12) [4]. Sus ainable human esou ces managemen – employee engagemen Employees o pos al companies ha e been ac i ely engaged in mee ing he sus ainabili y goals de ined in he sus ainabili y s a egies o indi idual pos al ope a o s. Employee in e es in hese ac i i ies is inc easing signi ican ly (Figu e 1). They ecei e aining, engage in sus ainabili y p ojec s sol ed, p omo e sus ainabili y awa eness [4]. Fig.1 Employee engagemen o pos al companies on he SMMS p og am [4] Deu sche Pos DHL G oup (DPDHL) has launched a aining p og amme o i s o e hal a million employees o accele a e a cul u al change wi hin he company and suppo he goal o becoming a ze o-emissions logis ics company by 2050. The aim o he p og amme "Mission 2050" is o educa e employees on he o e all con ex o clima e change, unde s and he G oup’s clima e p o ec ion s a egy and ac i ely con ibu e o achie ing he a ge . By 2025, DPDHL G oup plans o ain 80% o i s employees as Ce i ied GoG een Specialis s. The cu iculum is modula o accoun o di e en oles, wo king en i onmen s and knowledge le els. The ounda ion module is he same o e e yone; i con eys basic Poš a, Telekomunikácie a Elek onický obchod DOI: 10.26552/p e.C.2020.1.13 ISSN 1336-8281 I/2020 85 knowledge abou clima e change, he G oup’s clima e p o ec ion s a egy, he G oup-wide clima e p o ec ion p og amme GoG een and conc e e ac ions e e yone can ake o educe hei ca bon oo p in . The e a e addi ional, ad anced modules o di e en di isions and unc ions, which p o ide employees wi h speci ic knowledge on how o be mo e ca bon e icien in hei oles. The ision he G oup pu sues wi h he educa ional employee p og amme is o build a GoG een Specialis cul u e whe e employees a e inspi ed o adop a GoG een mindse and a e capable o suppo ing he achie emen o Mission 2050 [4]. Pos e I aliane empowe ing people h ough sus ainabili y insigh s. In 2017, Pos e I aliane’s co po a e Mobili y Managemen uni p oduced an e-book en i led Pe ché muo e si in modo sos enibile? (i.e. Why should we op o a sus ainable mobili y?). This e-book illus a es a se ies o bes p ac ices and economic ad an ages linked o mo e en i onmen ally sus ainable li es yles, aimed a p omo ing g ea e awa eness and sus ainable mobili y amongs Pos e I aliane’s employees. The e-book is ee and colleagues a e encou aged o sha e hese insigh s wi h hei communi ies, he eby empowe ing a g ea e numbe o people o make mo e sus ainable mobili y choices. In 2018, a second edi ion o he e-book is due o be eleased. This knowledge sha ing builds on Pos e I aliane’s 150-yea his o y and aligns i s epu a ion wi h p og ess, inno a ion and ca e o he communi y. Pos e I aliane has in oduced he ‘Pos e Pedala’ (Pos & Ride) ini ia i e o encou age no only bicycle commu ing o employees a i s head o ice in Rome, bu also he u he use o he bicycle in hei u ban mobili y. The ini ia i e p omo es sus ainable mobili y using an exis ing mobili y po al on he company’s in ane si e. The po al is in eg a ed wi h a mobile app o calcula e dis ances a elled and ank pa icipa ing employees, encou aging iendly compe i ion. I is es ima ed ha he ini ia i e could sa e a ound 54.1 onnes o CO2 emissions pe yea [3]. As one o Finland’s bigges employe s, Pos i can ha e a posi i e in luence on he local sus ainabili y agenda and ac as an example o o he s. As a la ge company, Pos i plays an impo an ole in p omo ing en i onmen ally- iendly logis ics. The company has a a ge o educe emissions by 30% by 2020. In he au umn o 2018, Pos i o ganised “Clima e wo kou ”, a clima e- hemed aining week, in coope a ion wi h he Helsinki En i onmen al Se ices Au ho i y (HSY). Du ing he week, s a ecei ed simple and inspi ing ad ice ia a ious digi al channels on clima e- iendly e e yday ac i i ies o mobili y, ood, li ing and consump ion. Employees ac oss he company pa icipa ed in he aining bo h in-pe son a Pos i’s headqua e s and emo ely. Du ing he week, employees we e in o med abou elec ic and gas ehicles, enewable uels, and we e able o es Pos i’s elec ic scoo e s and bikes. The e was also a small pop-up shop o cycling supplies in he lobby. O e 2,000 Pos i employees ook pa in he aining week [4]. Wi h o e 30,000 employees, Pos No d is one o he No dic egion’s la ges employe s and plays a majo ole in key social unc ions in he egion. Pos No d aims o o e an a ac i e, s imula ing wo kplace, o de elop employee commi men le els, and sa egua d employee heal h. The company also s i es o gende equali y, wi h a long- e m a ge o he unde ep esen ed gende o make up 40% o manage ial posi ions. The Pos No d D i e Academy p ojec ope a es in collabo a ion wi h he Swedish Public Employmen Se ice and wi h he suppo o he Swedish Agency o Economic and Regional G ow h. The pu pose o he p ojec is o build a model o achie ing sel -su iciency in d i e s, while p o iding s able employmen o disad an aged g oups. The Academy aims o ec ui long- e m unemployed and ecen immig an s. Women a e a g oup he company is speci ically ying o ec ui . In pa allel, wo king closely wi h ainee d i e s, he company is in es ing in an app-based Swedish language cou se called Lingio. The cou se is ocusing on he language used in anspo and logis ics and is in ended o help bo h ecen a i als and na i e speake s o imp o e hei language skills. Lingio will e en ually be made a ailable o o he companies ac oss he coun y. The D i e Academy opened in Oc obe 2018, ini ially aining 13 d i e s Poš a, Telekomunikácie a Elek onický obchod DOI: 10.26552/p e.C.2020.1.13 ISSN 1336-8281 I/2020 86 in he ci y o Ö eb o. The scheme is being olledou o en o he loca ions ac oss Sweden. Eigh pupils will comple e hei d i ing aining in Umeĺ in Sep embe 2019 and la e in he Au umn, 11 new d i e s will begin hei aining in Sunds all. Ini ial eedback has been posi i e [4]. In Oc obe 2017, bpos en e ed in o an inno a i e €300m e ol ing c edi acili y (RCF) ag eemen wi h a a iable in e es a e ha e lec s he o ganisa ion’s sus ainabili y pe o mance. The loan, he i s o i s kind in Belgium, is s uc u ed so ha he e is a co ela ion be ween bpos ’s sus ainabili y sco e (e alua ed by an independen hi d pa y) and he loan’s in e es a e. The e o e, bpos is incen i ised o u he imp o e i s sus ainabili y pe o mance in o de o lowe he in e es a e. In u ilising his lexible inancial ool, bpos ’s sus ainabili y agenda is u he embedded in o he o ganisa ion’s ope a ions and e hos. Based on a s akeholde consul a ion and ma e iali y assessmen , bpos has de ined i s wide Co po a e Social Responsibili y (CSR) s a egy and i s po en ial impac on he sus ainabili y sco e, a ound h ee main pilla s [3]:  People: ca e abou i s employees and engage hem wi h sus ainably;  Plane : s i e o educe i s impac on he en i onmen ;  P oximi y: engage wi h he communi y i se es. The aim is common alue c ea ion: business con inui y, employee sa is ac ion and engagemen , cus ome sa is ac ion (Figu e 2). Fig. 2 Embedding CSR and in oducing inno a i e p og ammes such as RCF in o co po a e ope a ions and cul u e o bpos [3] bpos , Belgium’s la ges pos al se ice, plays a majo ole in socie y, and i s i es o be an o ganisa ion i s cus ome s can us . Embedding i s CSR s a egy and in oducing inno a i e p og ammes like he RCF in o i s co po a e ope a ions and cul u e will help i each i s ambi ion o sus ainable g ow h and demons a ing sus ainabili y leade ship. Poš a, Telekomunikácie a Elek onický obchod DOI: 10.26552/p e.C.2020.1.13 ISSN 1336-8281 I/2020 87 As pa o i s goal o educe i s ca bon emissions, An Pos plans o ex end he use o elec ic ehicles in i s lee . The I ish pos al ope a o is in he p ocess o eplacing all i s diesel ehicles in he six majo I ish ci ies (Dublin, Kilkenny, Wa e o d, Co k, Lime ick and Galway) wi h elec ic ehicles, e ec i ely deli e ing ze o emission pa cel deli e y and e- comme ce se ices. An Pos has se i sel he goal o be he g eenes pos al se ice in Eu ope by 2030 and is he i s pos al se ice wo ldwide o achie e ISO50001 ce i ica ion o i s en i e ope a ions. I cu en ly deli e s 2m i ems o mail using a oad lee o ci ca 2,800 ehicles and 1,600 bicycles, and o e he nex ou yea s will eplace 750 diesel ehicles wi h elec ic ehicles (Figu e 3). The elec ic ehicles ha ha e al eady en e ed se ice ha e ealised sa ings o 12.2 kg CO2e pe 100km a elled and 25.2 kg CO2e pe 100km a e in es men in enewable elec ici y. The 220 ehicles needed o deli e ze o emissions in all I ish ci ies will sa e 1.13 GWh o ene gy pe annum a an a e age o 10,000 km pe ehicle, and a oid emissions equi alen o 554,400 kg CO2e a e in enewable elec ici y. Alongside he educ ion in CO2 emissions, elec ic ehicles also educe pollu ion and noise, while lowe se ice and main enance cos s (including oil, y es, b akes) educe cos s and payback ime o lee ope a ions [4]. In o de o add ess he en i onmen al impac o las -mile deli e ies, Spanish ope a o Co eos and Co eos Exp ess ha e joined o ces o implemen a sus ainable deli e y p og amme. The Co eos and Co eos Exp ess p og ammes in eg a ing e iciencies and new echnologies unde pin i s commi men o he en i onmen and capaci y o inno a ion. Co eos implemen ed ou e op imisa ion sys ems and de eloped new deli e y me hods such as he Ci yPaq se ice, an au oma ed collec ion poin . These ini ia i es ha e engaged and b ough sa is ac ion o employees, in oduced mo e sus ainable and cos -e ec i e anspo and educed he en i onmen al impac on local communi ies [3]. Fig. 3 An Pos deploying elec ic ehicles o d i e down emissions [4] Fo Le G oupe La Pos e, sus ainabili y and inno a ion go hand in hand. F ance’s pos al ope a o has de eloped c ea i e echnological deli e y solu ions including a emo e- con olled d one and an au oma ed mail ca named E ibo . This au oma ed mail ca was i s es ed in Ma ch 2017 in h ee ci ies, on i e deli e y ounds, wi h i e di e en mail ca ie s. Equipped wi h senso s and able o ca y up o 150 kg o pa cels and le e s, his au onomous ca accompanies he Pos man/ pos woman du ing his/he deli e y ound and acili a es he wo k, s opping when hey s op, ci cum en ing obs acles and ca e ully a oiding pedes ians. Poš a, Telekomunikácie a Elek onický obchod DOI: 10.26552/p e.C.2020.1.13 ISSN 1336-8281 I/2020 88 The E ibo is equipped wi h an elec ic ba e y and he e o e p oduces no noise o local pollu ion. The DPDg oup d one (Figu e 4) has ope a ed since 2016 and is comple ely au oma ed, wi h an a e age speed o 30 km/h, a 3 kg payload and a ange o 20 km. The DPDg oup d one simpli ies deli e ies in secluded o di icul o access a eas, and can acili a e deli e ies in eme gency si ua ions, such as deli e ing medicine. These sus ainable solu ions a e no only sa e o employees and mo e e icien o cus ome s. They a e pa o he new and inno a i e echnologies ha can help deli e en i onmen al bene i s and imp o e employees’ wo king condi ions [3]. Fig. 4 The DPDg oup d one simpli ies deli e ies in secluded o di icul o access a eas [3] The single la ges sou ce o g eenhouse gas emissions in No way is he anspo sec o . Pos en No ge belie es ha collabo a ion ac oss indus ies is necessa y o educe ci y emissions while a he same ime mee ing inc easing anspo needs. The company aims o educe emissions om hea y goods ehicles and minimise local pollu ion by elec i ying ehicles used in u ban a eas. In 2017, Pos en No ge se a goal o be using only enewable ene gy sou ces in i s ehicles by 2025. Pos en No ge has en e ed in o a pa ne ship wi h was e managemen ope a o Ragn-Sells and o he companies unde he #Elskedby (belo ed ci y) scheme in se e al ci ies in No way and Sweden. The companies es ablish a join ci y cen e hub and collabo a e by sha ing elec ic ehicles (Figu e 5). Each day, join s a will d i e ully-loaded ehicles in o he ci y o deli e pos , and use he same ehicle o collec was e, o en om he same cus ome s. By u ilising common ehicles, emissions, a ic and noise a e educed. The #Elskedby scheme began in S ockholm in 2017 and has been expanded o Malmö. In No way, he coope a ion s a ed in Oslo in Ap il 2019. The e is no igid ime ame, bu he scheme is ongoing, and he aim is o implemen he concep in o he ci ies ac oss No way and Sweden. In S ockholm, he scheme is well-es ablished and has esul ed in a 73% educ ion in CO2 emissions. The Oslo scheme is s ill in i s ea ly s ages, bu hopes a e high ha simila emission educ ions can also be ealised in he No wegian capi al [4]. Poš a, Telekomunikácie a Elek onický obchod DOI: 10.26552/p e.C.2020.1.13 ISSN 1336-8281 I/2020 89 Fig. 5 Sus ainable ci y logis ics in No way [4] Conclusion The majo end which is likely o ha e a signi ican e ec on he u u e o he pos al sec o , is sus ainable g ow h and en i onmen al policy. The pos al sec o a ec s he en i onmen h ough a leas wo channels: he consump ion o pape on he one hand, and CO2 emissions om anspo a ion and buildings' ene gy consump ion on he o he hand [5]. The pos al companies a e awa e o hei esponsibili y no only owa ds he socie y and en i onmen bu also owa ds employees and engage in sus ainable human esou ce managemen . In pa icula , hey conside he c ea ion o he bes wo king condi ions o sa e y, heal h, social backg ound and con inuous educa ion o employees. Pos al companies a e making conside able e o s o con inually imp o e sa e y and heal h a wo k. Equally in he implemen a ion o educa ion and in he consis en applica ion o he p inciples o di e si y and equal oppo uni ies. An open communica ion cul u e ha encou ages employee in ol emen in hese p ocesses and ac i i ies is, o cou se, a ma e o pos al companies. E e y yea , EMMS and SMMS demons a e new and inno a i e ways o engaging employees in sus ainabili y issues. Employee ini ia i es can ha e a combined e ec ha will bene i no only pos al companies bu also he wo k o ce i sel , hus suppo ing he SDG 8 - decen wo k and economic g ow h. Pos al sec o is in es ing in he de elopmen o al e na i e se ices, inno a i e new ea u es and he p omo ion o e icien deli e y o pos al i ems in o de o mee e ol ing social, en i onmen al and economic challenges. By p o iding sus ainable employmen and educing he ecological oo p in he pos al sec o can c ea e solu ions ha mee cus ome needs bo h oday and in he u u e. Re e ences [1] Sus ainable De elopmen Goals. In: h ps://sus ainablede elopmen .un.o g/sdgs Poš a, Telekomunikácie a Elek onický obchod DOI: 10.26552/p e.C.2020.1.13 ISSN 1336-8281 I/2020 90 [2] STRENITZEROVA, M., ACHIMSKY, K. (2019). Employee Sa is ac ion and Loyal y as a Pa o Sus ainable Human Resou ce Managemen in Pos al Sec o . In SUSTAINABILITY Volume: 11 Issue: 17. DOI: 10.3390/su11174591 [3] IPC Pos al Sec o Sus ainabili y Repo 2018. A ailable online: h ps://www.ipc.be/abou -ipc/ epo s-lib a y/ipc- epo s.../s 2018 [4] IPC Pos al Sec o Sus ainabili y Repo 2019. A ailable online: h ps://www.ipc.be/sec o -da a/sus ainabili y. [5] BOLDRON, F., BORSENBERGER, C., CREMER, H. ET AL. (2010). Sus ainable g ow h and he pos al sec o : uni e sal se ice e sus en i onmen al p o ec ion. In Cen e - o -Resea ch-in-Regula ed-Indus ies (CRRI) - 18 h Con e ence on Pos al and Deli e y Economics Loca ion: Po oo, FINLAND, REINVENTING THE POSTAL SECTOR IN AN ELECTRONIC AGE Book Se ies: Ad ances in Regula o y Economics, pp. 351-365. G an suppo VEGA 1/0152/18 Business models and pla o ms in digi al space