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ACC JOURNAL 2019, Volume 25, Issue 3 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/004/2019-3-003
TRANSFORMATION OF THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION IN TERMS
OF THE ECONOMY OF THE FUTURE
Te yana Slyozko1; Lyudmila Ku ilo2; Oleksand a Mazina3
1 Science and Resea ch Ins i u e o Social and Economic De elopmen ,
Golosії skiy, 98/2, о . 55; Kyi , 03040, Uk aine
2 Na ional Uni e si y o Kyi -Mohyla Academy, Facul y o Economic Sciences,
Depa men o Ma ke ing and Business Managemen ,
Sko o ody, 2, Kyi , 04070, Uk aine
3 Uni e si y o he S a e Fiscal Se ice o Uk aine, Facul y o Economics,
Depa men o Accoun ing,
Uni e sy e ska, 31, I pin, Kyi ska obl, 08200, Kyi , Uk aine
e-mail: 1 .sly[email p o ec ed]; 2lyudmila.ku [email protected]; 3oleksand [email protected]
Abs ac
This s udy examines he ans o ma ion o he accoun ing p o ession ha will occu unde he
in luence o he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion o he economy o he u u e. The p esen ed
pape i s ly shows how he e olu ion may d as ically change accoun ing as well as he
accoun ing p o ession; secondly, he possibili ies o accoun ing me hods in accoun ing
p ac ice unde he in luence o he ac o s o he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion; hi dly, he
obo iza ion o accoun ing p ocedu es; ou hly, accoun ing p ocedu es he o ganiza ion o
which is no subjec o obo ics. Finally, despi e signi ican changes in he accoun ing
p o ession, i is p o en ha i will emain he same, especially in pa o he o ganiza ion’s
p ocesses, since a i icial in elligence o obo ics canno make manage ial decisions on he
o ganiza ion o accoun ing appa a us, canno pe o m ce ain accoun ing wo k and apply
accoun ing me hods in accoun ing p ocesses.
Keywo ds
Accoun ing; Economy; Me hods; P ocedu es; The ou h indus ial e olu ion.
In oduc ion
The apid de elopmen o he economy and socie y d i en by he up- o-da e compu e
echnology and he mos mode n means o communica ion has pa ed he way o he Fou h
Indus ial Re olu ion ha has occu ed in he de eloped coun ies o se e al yea s. This
e olu ion may d as ically change accoun ing as well as he accoun ing p o ession. On he one
hand, peculia i ies o hese changes consis in he impo an ole o accoun ing as an
in o ma ion sys em, which collec s and summa izes da a on he economic ac i i y o
en e p ises and g ow h o he economy. The accoun ing and i analy ical unc ion is
pe o med h ough speci ic p ocedu es and me hods being inhe en only o accoun ing such as
documen a ion and s ock- aking, alua ion and calcula ion, accoun s and double en y, a
balance shee and epo ing. All hese me hods ha e a ma hema ical ea u e ha has gi en
hem an oppo uni y o be subjec o compu e iza ion, o unc ion wi hin any in o ma ion
echnology, and, as a esul , o p o ide anspa en accoun ing in o ma ion o any use . Bu ,
a he same ime, he use o compu e s, obo ics, and a i icial in elligence may eplace
accoun an s. Consequen ly, his p o ession may be o ced ou om he labo ma ke a all.
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The e o e, he ques ion a ises whe he hese changes will be a esul o o al ic o y o he
Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion in economies o all coun ies in he i s and in he second cases.
In his a icle, he au ho s sea ch o an answe o he posed ques ion.
1 Resea ch Objec i e
The pu pose o his a icle is o examine he in luence o he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion o
Indus y 4.0 on impo ance o he accoun ing and analy ical unc ion o managemen in he
p ocess o o ma ion o in o ma ion o es ablishmen s and use s, o indica e he ole o he
accoun ing p o ession unde hese new condi ions ela ed o apid de elopmen o he
economy o he u u e.
Ob iously, he accoun ing is one o he mos impo an ins umen s o managing social and
economic sys ems, which consis s in p o iding in e nal and ex e nal use s wi h eliable and
ele an in o ma ion and is decisi e o de elopmen o an economy and socie y. Meanwhile,
indus ial p ocesses apidly e ol e. The Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion, which is al e na i ely
e e ed o as Indus y 4.0, has been occu ing o 5 yea s. Accoun ing is in ol ed in his
p ocess. Applying he newes compu e echniques and he mos mode n communica ion
means, accoun ing adap s o online banking, online ade, elec onic decla ing and axa ion,
mobile paymen s, e c. Simul aneously, accoun ing emains a single sys em o o ma ion o
ac ual in o ma ion on economic ac i i y o en e p ises, Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion, and
companies.
The accoun ing and analy ical unc ion o managemen enables o collec , egis e , speci y,
sys ema ize, and gene alize da a, o ansmi hem o consume s in he o m o a ious epo s.
Di e en ypes o accoun an s pe o m all hese asks. The Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion
cons i u es a se ious h ea o job losses o accoun an s, as o o he ep esen a i es o so-called
“o ice plank on”. Bo g, A. [1] and Sh ab, K. [2] conside he ollowing h ea ening
endencies: an oppo uni y o wo k in any coun y wi hou lea ing home; an oppo uni y o
wo k wi hou p esence a an o ganiza ion o en e p ise; an oppo uni y o plan wo king ime
independen ly; sel -discipline; ins abili y o incomes and absence o social gua an ees, which
will lead o demands o ei he highly quali ied wo k and high sala y o he low-skilled wo k
and low sala y (a he same ime, middle class ep esen a i es, who include accoun ing s a ,
will be no longe equi ed). Wha will happen o he accoun ing p o ession and he e y
accoun ing wo k, which has been pe o med by an accoun an o many cen u ies? Sea ch o
an answe o he posed ques ions s ipula es w i ing his a icle.
2 Da a and Me hods
To o m an answe o he posed ques ions, he e is a need o d aw on a leas wo blocks o
scien i ic esea ch. The Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion block encompasses publica ions, which
allow de ining he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion o Indus y 4.0 and explain i s main
cha ac e is ics and consequences o he economy and socie y. This block includes scien i ic
pape s o o eign and Uk ainian au ho s, pa icula ly Bo g, A. [1], Sh ab, K. [2], Dacin, M.
T., Goods ein, J., Sco , W. R. [3], Domb owski, U., Wagne , T. [4], Illiashenko, S. M.,
Illiashenko, N. S. [5], Kapoo , M. [6], Kon ze T. [7], Mikhailo О. М. [8], Opanasiuk A. S.
[9], Pa lenko, А. [10], Ski sko, V. I. [11], Tan ik, E., Ande l, R. [12], and o he s. The second
block comp ises scien i ic pape s which examine issues conce ned wi h o ma ion o
accoun ing in o ma ion and also he socio-economic Ins i u e, h ough which Regula ion o
en e p ises’ ac i i ies is ca ied ou . Le ’s add some mo e publica ions ha we ha e ecen ly
seen: B andas, C., Megan, О., Did aga, O. [13], T igo, A., Bel o, F., Es ébanez, R. P. [14],
Bu ns, J., Scapens, R. W. [15], Zuk, V. M. [16]. The e a e dozens o such pape s. The au ho s
o his a icle ha e s udied he men ioned pape s o yea s. Ne e heless, nei he o hese
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scien i ic pape s discloses he ole o he accoun ing ins i u ion and he accoun ing p o ession
in he economy unde condi ions o he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion. This idea has become
subjec o esea ch in his a icle.
3 The Main Resea ch Resul s
P ima ily, i is impo an o ge acquain ed wi h he e y no ion o his e olu ion, which
occu s in he mos de eloped wo ld economies, pa icula ly in he USA and Ge many, and is
o ced by la ge indus ial companies and scien i ic cen e s in o de o a ain he objec i es
men ioned by Ski sko, V. I. [11]. P o essionals asse ha he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion is
a esul o implemen a ion o new in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies in he
economy. These p ocesses ha e he g ea es in luence on he ep esen a i es o accoun ing,
which occupy an impo an place in he managemen sys em. The e a e i e unc ions o
managemen business unc ions: planning, accoun ing, analysis, egula ion and con olling.
The unc ion o accoun ing, he unc ion o con ol and he analysis unc ion a e o en
pe o med by accoun an s. I is p ecisely in on o accoun an s ha he Fou h Indus ial
Re olu ion poses a di icul p oblem: will hey emain in he u u e economy? I is also
no iceable o endencies which will signi ican ly a ec he p o ession o accoun ing
p o essionals. The endencies conce ned wi h a labo ma ke we e ou lined abo e. Howe e ,
he e a e o he endencies and issues ha will be discussed nex in his s udy.
3.1 T ends in Scien i ic Li e a u e and in Theo y
In gene al, li e a u e sou ces p opose o di ide he main endencies o he Fou h Indus ial
Re olu ion in o he ollowing g oups: a) de elopmen o echnologies o cus ome expe ience
managemen ; b) ansi ion om mass p oduc ion o he same p oduc s o “mass
cus omiza ion” (mass p oduc ion o indi idual o de s); c) “glocaliza ion” is subs i u ed o
globaliza ion, i.e. “ hink globally – ac locally”; d) de elopmen o echnologies such as The
In e ne o Things (ІоТ); e) an oppo uni y o emo e con ol o e e y hing, including
p oduc ion; ) 3D-p in ; g) sma objec s, sma de ices, sma senso s; h) pe o ming wo ks a
home, i.e. de elopmen o au oma iza ion and obo iza ion elimina e ad an ages o labo
esou ce cheapness; i) adhe ence o global s anda ds becomes necessa y and obliga o y e en
in local ma ke s; j) s able de elopmen and g ow h o a popula ion, an economy, science,
echnologies on he one hand and s eadily inc easing ecological p oblems on he o he hand
Mikhailo , О. М. [8].
Illiashenko, S. M. and Illiashenko, N. S. [5] in hei wo k “P ospec s and h ea s o he Fou h
Indus ial Re olu ion and hei aking in o accoun when choosing s a egies o inno a i e
g ow h” poin o he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion as comple e i h echnological ways and
he beginning o he ansi ion o he six ways (2020-2025 yea s). This way – hey poin ou –
i is in hose coun ies ha ha e a powe ul esea ch, educa ion and in ellec ual po en ial,
en ep eneu s and p o essionals ha a e able o quickly adap , lea n and e ain, use hei
knowledge and abili y o ealize hemsel es in he new en i onmen . These a e he p omising
di ec ions, which a e al eady o ming and will con inue o o m he six h echnological way.
They basically di ide i in o wo blocks: he i s is all new echnologies and ma e ials, which
ha e a isen and con inue o a ise and ac i ely dissemina e and de elop; he second is all he
inno a ions ha a e di ec ly ela ed o he pe son, hei ole and meaning in his wo ld. Abo e
all hey conclude he e should be a new, mo e ad anced in elligence o he ansi ion o
ad ance de elopmen . I is he sou ce and mechanism o ad anced de elopmen and i
includes: bio echnology and nano echnology, gene ic enginee ing, eco echnology,
in o ma ion echnology, lase echnology, a new le el o he educa ional sys em, a i icial
in elligence, p oduc ion “wi hou people” and obo ics [5]. All hese ac o s signi ican ly
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in luence he p o ession o an accoun an since all mode n accoun ing has been ansla ed in o
he la es in o ma ion echnology. This end ex ends o p ac ice oday, which will be
discussed la e in his a icle.
3.2 T ends in P ac ice o Accoun ing
A majo i y o hese endencies a e ela ed o accoun ing because i pe o ms he unc ion o a
egis a o all occu ing economic ansac ions (p ocesses o sales in ade, he in low o
ou low o ma e ial and inancial esou ces, p oduc ion and dis ibu ion, wage paymen ,
de e mina ion o cos s and esul s o ac i i y, e c.). The accoun ing sys em p epa es
in o ma ion o in e es ed use s: ins i u ions (au ho i ies o iscal se ices, banks, s a is ics
se ices, social insu ance unds); owne s, c edi o s, coun e agen s, manage ial s a ,
en e p ise employees and audi o s. They gain his in o ma ion in he o m o di e en ypes o
s a emen s ( inancial, ax, s a is ic, and manage ial), p epa a ion o which is egula ed by
highe ins i u ions (legisla i e and execu i e) ha es ablish ules and equi emen s o eco d
keeping. These equi emen s a e simul aneously equi emen s o business. The e o e, he
accoun ing and analy ical suppo o en e p ise ac i i y becomes an ins umen o he
egula ion o his business.
I is h ough he in o ma ional capabili ies o accoun ing ha co ec applica ion by he
en ep eneu s o he " ules o he game" can be checked, which a e se by he ins i u ions as a
equi emen o accoun ing. Based on hese ules, i mus p o ide accoun ing in o ma ion
compliance wi h he equi emen s, which ha e been es ablished by ins i u ions ( inancial,
axa ion) – in a ious ypes o epo s. This is due o he ac ha only in he sys em
accoun ing is egis e ed and accumula es all he in o ma ion abou he asse s and liabili ies o
he en e p ise, business ansac ions wi h hem e e y day in he mode o i s con inuous display
in he calenda sequence wi h he help o special me hods. The e a e eigh o al e na i ely
ou bina ies: documen a ion and in en o y, e alua ion and calcula ion, accoun s and double
en y, balance summa izing and epo ing.
These me hods eme ged mo e han i e hund ed yea s ago ( he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion
ea ise on he accoun s was published by Luca Pacioli in 1494) and u ned ou o be so
ma hema ical (accoun s, double en y, an accoun ing balance shee ) ha we e amenable o
con empo a y p og amming. This enabled o ansla e manual accoun ing in he machine y
language mo e han 60 yea s ago. Nowadays, accoun ing in o ma ion is p omp ly ansmi ed
h ough he In e ne . This allows con olling ansac ions o any en e p ise in he online
egime. Mode n p og ams o au oma iza ion o accoun ing acili a e such p ocesses. Due o
his, accoun ing me hods can be pe o med by a i icial in elligence unde he condi ions o
he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion, which will be conside ed u he mo e.
3.2.1 Oppo uni ies o he Me hods o he Accoun ing in Accoun ing P ac ice unde
he In luence o Fac o s o he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion
I should be no ed ha among he me hods men ioned abo e in his s udy, pa o hem in
e ms o he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion will be comple ely obo ical while o he s will
su i e, howe e , in a e ised o m. So, oday he e a e wo pai s o me hods ully
compu e ized: accoun s and double en y, balance summa izing and epo ing. Howe e , he
i s wo pai s o me hods by any condi ions o in o ma iza ion and obo ics canno be ca ied
ou wi hou an accoun an .
The i s and second me hods a e ca ied ou only wi h he pa icipa ion o esponsible
pe sons – accoun an s o in en o s. This si ua ion is due o he ac ha in he i s case, he
p ima y documen s a e o med only i conc e e pe sons (legal o physical) en e in o a
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con ac be ween hemsel es o he implemen a ion o a pa icula business ansac ion.
Unde he in en o y me hod, he ans e o alues should also be ca ied ou only unde he
con ol o a ep esen a i e o he managemen appa a us, including a ep esen a i e o he
accoun ing depa men . The same si ua ion applies o he ollowing wo me hods - es ima ion
and calcula ion. He e i is also possible o es ima e o calcula e he cos o objec s only by a
specialis , who inspec s and measu es a pa icula objec , de e mines he le el o i ness, e c.
O cou se, obo ics s ill canno pe o m such unc ions.
Fo example, in espec o such an elemen o he accoun ing me hod as alua ion,
accoun an s conduc alua ion wi h ega d o in angible asse s (know-how, pa en s,
adema ks (a b and), design pa en s, so wa e, in o ma ion and so wa e, means o
communica ion and connec ion, manage ial echnologies) h ough a p ocedu e o es ing
unde condi ions o in o ma ion echnologies. Owing o in o ma ion sys ems o echnology
ans e and in o ma ion esou ces, accoun an s exe cise quan i a i e and quali a i e alua ion
(o capi aliza ion oppo uni ies) o in en o ies, de elopmen esul s, ideas and o he ypes o
in ellec ual asse s, using access o he In e ne . In he p ocess o posi ioning o he men ioned
asse s in such in o ma ion sys ems, expe s gain esul s o es ing being analogues o esul s o
sociological su eys and expe es ima ion wi h elemen s o he ecommenda ion me hod.
Such ope a ions can pe o m only specialis s (accoun an s o app aise s) bu no a i icial
in elligence o obo . In all cases, accoun ing will always ha e he impo an place o a
egis a o ansac ions and objec s a an en e p ise. Fo his accoun ing has no only special
me hods, as discussed abo e, bu also a se o special p ocedu es.
3.2.2 Robo iza ion o Accoun ing P ocedu es
Be o e e alua ing accoun ing p ocedu es in e ms o obo izing, le us look a ou sel es.
These a e he p ocedu es wi h he use o which a consis en display o objec s and business
p ocesses “ om o a balance shee and o a balance shee ” is a ec ed. In gene al, i is his
sequence ha is called an accoun ing p ocedu e o an accoun ing p ocess. I is a sequen ial
execu ion o he ollowing p ocedu es: (a) opening o accoun s on he ledge s, au oma ically
o manually; (b) egis a ion o ansac ions o business ope a ions in hem using he double
en y me hod; (c) pos ing o hese ope a ions is done on syn he ic and analy ical accoun s
be ween which (d) double-en y con ol is ca ied ou . Based on he abo e, we come up o
app oach he summing up, ha is, d a ing o a ial balance shee . Be o e his o pa allel is
ca ied ou closing o indi idual accoun s. Thus, accoun ing p ocedu es end in d a ing o a
balance shee and epo ing.
To launch he p ocess o collec ion, egis a ion and o ganiza ion o in o ma ion, all o hese
p ocedu es should be o ganized, in pa icula , he ollowing mus be ca ied ou : (1)
o ganiza ion o documen a ion o business ope a ions; (2) o ganiza ion o da a p ocessing,
eco ded in p ima y documen s; (3) o ganiza ion imely and accu a e display o all
ansac ions on he ledge accoun s in o de o gene a e epo s; (4) o ganiza ion wo k o
Accoun ing Depa men and o i s s a ; (5) o ganiza ion complex collabo a ion o employees
o he accoun ing depa men wi h o he uni s ( inancial, planning, moni o ing, analy ical) and
wi h o he cen e s o esponsibili y. F om wha was shown abo e, we will y o ind ou
which p ocedu es can be pe o med by a i icial in elligence, and which will emain unde he
guidance o accoun an s. I should be no ed ha almos all o hese p ocedu es can be
pe o med by a i icial in elligence. To implemen hese s eps al eady oday he e a e he
ollowing in o ma ion esou ces which will signi ican ly sa e ime (money) and help o e i y
an idea o p o o ype: Be aLis , Ja elin Expe imen Boa d, QuickMVP. Howe e , o ganiza ion
p ocedu es will be no pe o med by a i icial in elligence because he o ganiza ion is ca ied
ou by people – in his case, accoun ing o ice s.

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3.2.3 P ocedu es o Accoun ing he O ganiza ion o which Is No Subjec o Robo ics
Le us begin wi h he concep in which he o ganiza ion o accoun ing de ined as a se o
ac ions o c ea e an in eg a ed accoun ing sys em, he unc ioning o which is aimed a
ensu ing he in o ma ion needs o use s o accoun ing in o ma ion. The key wo ds he e a e:
he o ganiza ion, se o ac ions, c ea ion. Tha is, wo k (human o machine) can be o ganized
only by pe son who does some ac ion o se o ac ions. In ou case – an o ganiza ion o
ac ions aimed a collec ing in o ma ion, i s e i ica ion, accoun ing p ocessing, gene aliza ion
and sys ema iza ion and in e p e a ion o he equi emen s o use s. In he p ac ice o
business all hese ac ions a e o ganized by he ep esen a i es (subjec s) o managemen .
In he o ganiza ion o accoun ing, ep esen a i es (subjec s) o his o ganiza ion a e he
leade s o he en e p ise (company) – he di ec o and he chie accoun an , who a e
esponsible o accoun ing and p o ision made by ixing all business ansac ions in he
p ima y documen s, sa ing documen s p ocessed, egis e s and epo s wi hin he p esc ibed
pe iod, bu no less han h ee yea s. In he i s place, such esponsibili y is assigned o he
owne (owne s) o he au ho ized body (o icial), who now manages in acco dance wi h he
law and ounding documen s. He e we see ano he keywo d – he esponsibili y – ha can
only be bo ne by people, no by machines o obo s. The nex keywo d is he me hod o
o ganiza ion – i is he ways and me hods in which he e is an o ganiza ion o accoun ing
p ocess, including he cons uc ion o inancial se ices, he de elopmen o di e en kinds o
cha s o accoun s made o wo k (documen managemen , in en o y, in o ma ion abou
comple ed egis a ion in he lowe le els o he highe links o o he s).
The whole o ganiza ion o accoun ing would be no hing i i was no subo dina ed o any
pa icula pu pose. The e o e, he e he nex key wo d becomes he pu pose. Tha he pu pose
o accoun ing managemen sys em now is o p e en undesi able ou comes and impac s o i s
ope a ions on he basis o imely eco ding o all business ansac ions ha occu on i
con inuously lowing in e nal con ols and a gene aliza ion o epo ing. F om his i can be
seen ha a obo canno gi e he pu pose o he o ganiza ion o accoun ing wo k, because i is
wha only people can, in ou case, his is done by people, in pa icula , he company's
accoun ing and managemen s a . Howe e , in any case, he con inuous compu e iza ion o
accoun ing and he use o a i icial in elligence in i , unde he guidance o he ep esen a i es
o he accoun ing appa a us, a e now helping o comba he shadow economy.
4 The Compu e iza ion o Accoun ing and he Use o A i icial In elligence –
Accoun ing Becomes an Obs acle Res aining he G ey Economy
Owing o such an app oach o c ea ion o in o ma ion, accoun ing becomes an obs acle
es aining he g ey economy. This will enable o unde ake one o he mos impo an
economic e o ms, which consis s in ensu ing anspa ency o da a a all s ages o c ea ion o
he social p oduc : p oduc ion, exchange, dis ibu ion, and consump ion. To achie e his
objec i e, all economic ansac ions should be ca ied ou exclusi ely in he non-cash o m.
Such paymen s will allow accoun an s o egis e ope a ions in he egime o anspa ency. In
addi ion, his egime should be conce ned wi h en e p ises as well as ci izens all he mo e so
because all o hem ob ain sala y, pensions, and social aids h ough banking ca ds. Banking
ca ds ha e o become a single means o paymen s, including in e ail ade, a en e p ises o a
oodse ice sec o , and p o iding se ices. Any paymen o goods o se ices a hese
en e p ises will pass h ough special e minals o ca d paymen s and cash egis e s.
Med ede , M. [17] has p oposed a complex o p ocedu es based on a compu e o m, which
will assis o implemen his e o m, which encompass a compu e ne wo k, cessa ion o cash
ansac ions, egis a ion o legal en i ies, ope a ional da abases, necessa y echnical
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equipmen , consolida ion o balances, cancela ion o a comme cial sec ecy, egis a ion o
ag eemen s (con ac s), con ol o e pe o mance o ag eemen s, egis a ion o condi ional
ag eemen s, e mina ion o ag eemen s, decla ing a commodi y p ice, penal ies, condi ional
obliga ions, esponsibili y o non-op imal pu chase, axa ion, cessa ion o legal en i ies, a
p o ession [17, pp. 679-714].
In addi ion, expe s p ognos ica e ha applica ion o Bi coin digi al cu ency and blockchain
[18], [19] echnology o acking ansac ions and managemen o dis ibu ed da abases will
gua an ee absolu e anspa ency o he da a. In e ms o hese echnologies, an accoun an will
use a common ledge , which may no be “con igu ed” by e o s o one pe son. The expe s
hink ha go e nmen s may begin o use blockchain echnology in he p ocess o ax
collec ion in 2023. In 2025, app oxima ely 30% o co po a e audi ing will be conduc ed,
using maximally unbiased a i icial in elligence [20, 21].
Thus, ans o ma ions o accoun ing and analy ical unc ion o managemen occu unde
condi ions o de elopmen o knowledge economy and an in o ma ion socie y. Wha ’s going
on wi h he accoun ing p o ession? An answe is disappoin ing. The p o ession is in luenced
by se ious changes. These changes ha e begun wi h au oma iza ion o accoun ing, when he
Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion p og amme appea s. Nowadays, he p o ession alls in o wo
p o essions: a p og amme and an accoun an . The o me ansla es knowledge om
accoun ing o he machine language, c ea ing so wa e. The la e ypes da a and a compu e
p og am au oma ically egis e s ac s o economic ac i i y, de ails, and sys ema izes hem,
gene alizing in a ious ypes o s a emen s a eques o di e en use s.
Due o he men ioned easons, a mode n accoun an u ns in o an ope a o . A he same ime, a
p og amme is an expe in accoun ing me hodology. Unde condi ions o en i e
au oma iza ion o collec ion o accoun ing in o ma ion a he momen o economic ope a ion
execu ion, i s au oma ic ansmission o a single p ocessing cen e , applica ion o a i icial
in elligence, mobile communica ion, cloud echnologies, and applica ions o mobile phones
a hese s ages, when he e is a need only o a special e minal on he way ou , which will
wi hd aw a co esponding amoun wi h a elephone, an en e p ise does no e en need an
ope a o .
Ob iously, ha accoun an , who wo ks a an en e p ise now, will no exis in he u u e
economy. New specialis s, who will espond o demands o a labo ma ke o he u u e
economy, will eplace an accoun an . Possibly, a pa icula pa o accoun an s will y o
s udy p og amming, becoming a p og amme and accoun an simul aneously. Ne e heless,
eal p og amme s will o ce hem ou om he labo ma ke . A pa icula pa o he
p o ession will emain in he o m o p o essional accoun an s, audi o s, and inancie s.
Howe e , hei unc ions may change because he e is demand o inancial analys s and
accoun ing analys s a la ge companies and Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion.
Comple ely new p o essions, namely an accoun ing no a y and c ea i e accoun an , will
supplemen a no ed lis . The abo e men ioned Med ede , М. [17] has p oposed hem o he
Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion ime. In he chain o au oma ic collec ion o accoun ing da a, he
accoun ing no a y will ha e o conclude ypical and especially non- ypical ag eemen s.
Ins i u ions o law do no p ecisely de ine he e y non- ypical ag eemen s. Ne e heless, non-
ypical ag eemen s should become an accoun ing en y. Thus, accoun ing no a ies (as a
disin e es ed pa y) can exe cise his igh [18, p. 712]. C ea i e accoun an s will implemen
c ea i e accoun ing, which will p ognos ica e achie emen s o an en e p ise in he economic
li e. Consequen ly, he accoun ing p o ession unde he in luence o he Fou h Indus ial
Re olu ion endencies is modi ying and will exis in an upda ed o ma in he immedia e
u u e as can be seen in Figu e 1.
41
Sou ce: Own de elopmen o he au ho s
Fig. 1: Va ie y o he accoun ing p o ession in he con empo a y and u u e economy
5 The Sys ema iza ion o Accoun ing P o essions in Mode ni y and in he Fu u e
Economy
In Figu e 1 he accoun an p o ession is di ided in o wo g oups: he i s one, he Fou h
Indus ial Re olu ion, comp ises mode n ypes o he p o ession based on accoun ing
knowledge; he second one comp ises mode n as well as possible ypes o he p o ession,
which will d aw on he knowledge o accoun ing. Cu en and u u e needs o knowledge o
accoun ing s ipula e such sys ema iza ion. E en he mos con empo a y echnical means will
no collec , sys ema ize, and de ail in o ma ion on ac i i y o an en e p ise wi hou usage o
accoun ing me hods, p ocedu es, and p inciples in he p ocess o so wa e p og am c ea ion.
The e o e, he u u e o he accoun ing p o ession implies i s en i e modi ica ion, which
Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion cons i u es abso p ion by o he p o essions as happened wi h an
audi o o a inancie . In wes e n socie y audi o s ha e exis ed o many decades (mo e han
15 yea s in ou coun y). They a e he bes expe s in accoun ing because hei ask consis s in
e i ica ion o accoun ing. The same can be said abou a inancie , unc ions o whom chie
accoun an s o en e p ises o hei depu ies ha e pe o med. They ha e p o ided he en i e
p ocedu e o accoun ing “ om a balance shee o a balance shee ”.
In e ms o he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion, his p ocedu e will be in an in eg a ed da abase
o accoun ing da a, which can be a sou ce o any in o ma ion a any ime. Ne e heless, use s
should be able o ex ac and use such in o ma ion. In he u u e economy, expe s o any
economic sphe e can become hese use s, e.g. a ious manage s and economis s, who ha e o
analyze ac i i y o hei depa men s o uni s o managemen . To achie e his goal, hey
should be awa e o a p og am algo i hm as well as he main p inciples and me hods o
accoun ing in o de o ind he beginning o c ea ion o in o ma ion and o unde s and why a
esul is as i is and no ano he .
Conclusion
The ou lined asse ions ha e enabled o d aw he ollowing conclusions. The Fou h Indus ial
Re olu ion, he accoun ing and analy ical unc ion unde condi ions o in o ma ion
Accoun ing p o ession: i s con empo a y and u u e ypes
1. Con empo a y ypes o he
p o essions based on knowledge o
accoun ing
1.2. chie accoun an
1.4. audi o
1.5. inancie
1.1. accoun an
1.6. accoun ing da a
en y ope a o
1.3. p og amme
2.2.1.accoun ing analys
2.2.3.accoun an
p og amme
2.2.5. accoun ing no a y
2.2.6. c ea i e accoun an
2.2.4. manage s, economis s
wi h knowledge o
accoun ing
2.2.2. inancial analys
2. Con empo a y and possible ypes o he
p o essions based on knowledge o accoun ing
o he u u e economy unde condi ions o he
ou h indus ial e olu ion
2.1.
Mode n
p o essi
ons
among
con em
po a y
ones:
1.2,
1.3,
1.4.
2.2. Possible ypes o he
p o essions in he u u e economy
42
echnologies o he Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion emains an impo an ins umen o
p o iding use s wi h necessa y in o ma ion on he s a e and de elopmen o economic
sys ems. The ma hema ical componen o accoun ing pe o ms his unc ion despi e he
de elopmen o social and economic ela ions and changes in a socie y.
Secondly, he accoun ing p o ession will be signi ican ly modi ied unde he in luence o he
new e olu ion. Ob iously, he p o ession o an accoun an in he con empo a y o m will
disappea in he labo ma ke . I will be mos likely abso bed by o he p o essions which need
he knowledge o accoun ing. These p o essions encompass p og amme s, audi o s, analys s,
inancie s, economis s, manage s, inancial analys s, accoun ing no a ies, and c ea i e
accoun an s.
Thi dly, in spi e o he signi ican ans o ma ions o he p o ession o an accoun an , he
p o ession will emain he same, especially in pa o he p ocesses o he o ganiza ion,
because a i icial in elligence o obo ic canno accep manage ial decisions on he
o ganiza ion o he accoun ing appa a us and he pe o mance o ce ain accoun ing wo k, he
applica ion o accoun ing me hods o accoun ing p ocesses. Such speci ic ac ions can only be
pe o med by people. These people a e he o ganize s o accoun ing.
Since issues o he ole o accoun ing in he u u e economy, which will eme ge owing o he
Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion, and he impo ance o he p o ession o an accoun an in he
u u e a e new, he ques ions posed in his a icle will p o oke a lo o discussion. This
s ipula es he necessi y o conduc new esea ch o his subjec .
Li e a u e
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2016. A ailable om WWW: h ps://www.we o um.o g/agenda/2016/01/how-will- he-
ou h-indus ial- e olu ion-a ec -economic-policy. Russian ansla ion a ailable om
WWW: h p://h ylya.ne /analy ics/economics/ liyanie-che e oy-indus ialnoy-
e olyu sii-na-ekonomicheskuyu-poli iku.h ml
[2] SCHWAB, K.: The Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion: Challenges and oppo uni ies.
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indus ial- e olu ion-challenges-oppo uni ies-pa -1/,
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oppo uni ies-pa -2/ Russian ansla ion a ailable om WWW:
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ozmozhnos i.h ml
[3] DACIN, M. T.; GOODSTEIN, J.; SCOTT, W. R.: Ins i u ional Theo y and Ins i u ional
Change: In oduc ion o he Special Resea ch Fo um. The Academy o Managemen
Jou nal. 2002, Vol. 45, Issue 1, pp. 45–56. DOI: 10.2307/3069284. A ailable om
WWW: h ps://www.js o .o g/s able/3069284
[4] DOMBROWSKI, U.; WAGNER, T.: Men al S ain as Field o Ac ion in he 4 h
Indus ial Re olu ion. P ocedia CIRP. 2014, Vol. 17, pp. 100–105.
DOI: 10.1016/j.p oci .2014.01.077