Determining factors of the benefits derived from the implementation of EN 9100 Standards

69 1, XX, 2017 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2017-1-005 In oduc ion The ae ospace sec o is one o he mos impo an in global economy. The in oicing o he i s 100 ae ospace companies wo ldwide was in 2011 665,970 million dolla s, which ep esen s 5% o he wo ld’s g oss domes ic p oduc (PwC, 2012). In Spain, his sec o is equally impo an , since acco ding o he da a o he yea 2011 (DBK, 2012), i ep esen s he i h indus y o he sec o in he Eu opean Union, bo h due o he employmen le el (40,200 employees) and he annual in oicing (6,715 million eu os, which ep esen app oxima ely 6% o Eu ope’s o al in oicing). Ae ospace sec o is clea ly expo s-o ien ed, since nea ly 75% o i s o al in oiced in he yea a ises om expo ing. By con as , he p og essi e complexi y o he sys ems employed in his sec o , and he g ea e impo ance o he p ojec s o be unde aken ha e caused ha nowadays he e is a lack o end-p oduc manu ac u e s ( ha is ai planes, helicop e s, sa elli es, e c.). On he con a y, he de elopmen o hese p oduc s is he esul o he collabo a ion o a numbe o sys ems and subsys ems manu ac u e s, oge he wi h o he specialized companies, which leads o conside able subcon ac ing ela ions, as well as a p og essi e in e na ionaliza ion o manu ac u ing and de elopmen ac i i ies (TEDAE, 2010). This deg ee o complexi y, subcon ac ing and in e na ionaliza ion, along wi h he ac ha “secu i y” is a basic elemen suppo ing he ac i i y o his sec o , implies ha ae ospace p oduc s a e subjec o high demands ega ding quali y and eliabili y issues; hence he s anda ds o quali y in he sec o a e some o he mos demanding in he indus ial i eld (G ijalbo & P ida, 2005). S anda diza ion is a mechanism ha a o s exchange and in e na ional ade in oday’s global economy, emo ing he obs acles ha a ise om each coun y p ac ices (He as & Boi al, 2013) and p o iding answe s o he in e na ional cha ac e o he join p ojec s among companies loca ed in di e en coun ies ha a e common in his indus y. The pu pose o Quali y Managemen Sys ems (QMS) is he quali y con inuous imp o emen no only in p oduc s/se ices, bu also in all he p ocesses in he i ms, allowing cus ome s sa is ac ion and encou aging he e o s and esponsibili y o e e yone in he o ganiza ion (Fonseca, 2013). Among hese QMS we can ci e he quali y assu ance s anda ds, being he ISO 9000 s anda d he mos widesp ead. This s anda d is a se ies o no ms ha s i e o s anda dize p ocesses, unc ions, and oles bu do no necessa ily p esc ibe goals o esul s (Gule e al., 2002; B aun, 2005). The main pu pose o ISO 9001 is o gi e con i dence in he o ganiza ion’s abili y in o de o p o ide consis en ly con o ming p oduc s o he equi emen s o i s cus ome s (Pawliczek & Piszczu , 2013). In iew o all he o egoing, quali y assu ance s anda ds in he ae ospace sec o a e ce ainly widesp ead, bo h he ISO 9001 S anda ds, and he se ies o EN 9100 S anda ds, ha akes in o accoun speci i c aspec s o his indus y wi h espec o ISO 9001, which is o mo e gene ic na u e. The implemen a ion o hese s anda ds o quali y assu ance is associa ed wi h a se ies o empo a y and o ganiza ional mone a y in es men s, bo h ini ial and main enance in es men s, which is expec ed o maximize i s e u n (Whi o d & Bi d, 1996). None heless, hese in es men s a e no always o se wi h posi i e esul s, which some imes may be sca ce as indica ed by p e ious s udies abou ISO 9001 (Quazi e al., 2002; Ma ínez-Cos a e al., 2009; Boi al & Ama a, 2009). All his seems o indica e ha i is no enough o ob ain he ce i i ca ion associa ed o hese S anda ds, DETERMINING FACTORS OF THE BENEFITS DERIVED FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EN 9100 STANDARDS Ca los del Cas illo-Peces, Ca melo Me cado-Idoe a, Camilo P ado-Román EM_1_2017.indd 69EM_1_2017.indd 69 13.3.2017 16:58:4913.3.2017 16:58:49 70 2017, XX, 1 Ekonomika a managemen none heless he e a e ce ain ac o s ha may condi ion hese posi i e esul s (Lee e al., 2009; Psomas e al., 2010; Boi al, 2011). Logically, he implemen a ion o EN 9100 supposes highe cos s han hose de i ed om implemen ing ISO 9001 gene ic s anda ds, since i includes a numbe o addi ional equi emen s cha ac e is ic o he ae ospace sec o . In heo y, o be adhe ed o said s anda ds should be compensa ed by ea ning highe p o i s, as compa ed o hose ha could a ise om implemen ing ISO 9001. P e ious s udies in he i eld o EN 9100 S anda ds a e no e y nume ous; some o hem ocus on desc ibing he s anda ds’ gene al cha ac e is ics, as well as hei main di e ences wi h espec o IS0 9001 (Bel an, 2002; Juny, 2005; Gu ie ez, 2008); o he s desc ibe he le el o implemen a ion o he EN 9100 S anda ds, which in majo manu ac u e s and supplie s o he sec o is widesp ead, while i is mo e unequal in second and hi d le el supplie s (G ijalbo & P ida, 2005); o he s udies include models and guidelines o adhe e o hese s anda ds (IAT, 2003). Finally, o he s udies desc ibe how was EN 9100 implemen ed in some o he majo ae ospace companies, as EADS, SENER, e c. (Mu ga, 2002; Vila , 2003; Muga a, 2005). Howe e , none o hem analyzes speci i cally he bene i s de i ed om he implemen a ion o EN 9100, no hei de e mining ac o s. Rega ding ISO 9001 S anda ds, which was i s p edecesso in he sec o , i has indeed been subjec o mul iple s udies, al hough none o hem makes speci i c e e ence o he ae ospace sec o . Based on he o egoing, his esea ch aims o begin co e ing he i ual lack o s udies abou he esul s a ising om he implemen a ion o quali y assu ance s anda ds in his sec o . In pa icula , he objec i e o he esea ch in ol es analyzing whe he he appea ance o he a ious posi i e e ec s ha may a ise as a esul o implemen ing EN 9100 S anda ds is in l uenced by he ollowing ac o s: a) size o he company; b) implemen a ion o EN 9100 senio i y; c) p e ailing ype o mo i a ion (ex e nal and/o in e nal) o adhe e o such s anda ds. Following his in oduc ion, which p o ides a con ex o he basic elemen s o he s udy, he e is a desc ip ion o he heo e ical amewo k o he esea ch unde he second heading, including basic aspec s o quali y managemen in he ae ospace indus y and a e iew o he li e a u e a ailable ha is ele an o hese s anda ds. In he hi d sec ion he e is a desc ip ion o he samples and me hodology used, and de ailed in o ma ion o esul s and conclusions is p o ided in sec ions ou and i e espec i ely. 1. Concep ual F amewo k Cu en ly, he high le els o compe i i eness and globaliza ion applicable o almos all sec o s, ha e led o an ex ensi e de elopmen o he quali y managemen concep as a s a egic app oach o add ess quali y in a company, which is based on cus ome -o ien ed, con inuous imp o emen , ocus on people and global ision p inciples o he o ganiza ion (Camison e al, 2009). Ul ima ely, quali y managemen sys ems enable companies o implemen managemen ools in o de o es ablish policies and esponsibili ies, alloca e esou ces, and iden i y key ac i i ies (C iado & Cal o, 2009). 1.1 Quali y Managemen in he Ae ospace Sec o As a o emen ioned, he ae ospace indus y has always been a he o e on o he de elopmen o quali y managemen sys ems, since hei s anda ds a e signi i can ly highe han hose ound in o he indus ial sec o s, wi h he excep ion o he au omo i e sec o (Gu ie ez, 2008). The “Sel -assessmen scheme” cons i u ed he i s s ep in he e olu ion o quali y sys ems in he indus y. Subsequen ly, companies in he sec o ha e used he “second pa schemes”, which consis on audi ing supplie s’ quali y sys ems based on each cus ome ’s own c i e ia and me hods. This sys em in ol es ele a ed cos s o he sec o , since he same company may be audi ed egula ly by se e al en i ies, hus mul iplying he cos s ha a e incu ed. In o de o inc ease e i ciency, a endency owa ds he de elopmen and adop ion o sys ems based on “ hi d pa schemes” ook place du ing he nine ies, among hem s ands ou he ISO 9001 S anda ds ha sp ead wi hin he sec o as he only quali y managemen sys em ha should be aken in o conside a ion. Ne e heless, hese s anda ds did no en i ely apply o he speci i ci ies o he ae ospace indus y, hence he majo i y o he mos impo an companies in he sec o con inued o p oduce hei own supplemen s EM_1_2017.indd 70EM_1_2017.indd 70 13.3.2017 16:58:4913.3.2017 16:58:49 71 1, XX, 2017 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen o he s anda ds, wi h he consequen p oli e a ion o he equi emen s es ablished o he p o ide s, which again caused he same p oblems esul ing om he second pa schemes (G ijalbo & P ida, 2005). In Decembe 1998 he la ges p o ide s, manu ac u e s and comme cial associa ions o Ame ica, Eu ope and Asia join oge he o o m he In e na ional Ae ospace Quali y G oup (IAQG), ha in 1999 p omo ed he EN 9100 S anda ds amily, wi h he pu pose o s anda dizing he addi ional equi emen s o he sec o a a mo e conc e e le el han ISO 9001. The EN 9100 S anda ds (AS 9100 in Ame ica and SIAC 9100 in Asia), includes bo h he equi emen s de i ed om he ISO 9001 and 83 speci i c addi ional equi emen s o he ae ospace indus y, gi ing special impo ance o he a eas ha we e conside ed could ha e a highe impac on secu i y and eliabili y o ae ospace p oduc s, such as: design, pu chasing, p ocess con ol, inspec ion and es ing, and con ol o non-compliances. These addi ional equi emen s aim a he educ ion o a iabili y in he p oduc ion o goods, o which companies mus ha e con inuous imp o emen sys ems ha enable a mo e solid in e ac ion be ween p ocesses, and he e o e educe he chances ha he p oduc is ou side p e- es ablished limi s. In Decembe 2012 he OASIS da abase o IAQG, whe e he companies ha ha e implemen ed hese s anda ds we e egis e ed, hold 14,300 headqua e s o ce i i ed companies a ound he wo ld, o which 448 we e loca ed in Spain (OASIS da abase con ained ce i i ed headqua e s, hence a company wi h se e al o i ces will appea mo e han once, which is common o la ge companies; he e o e, he numbe o ce i i ca ions on he da abase exceeds he o al numbe o companies in his sec o bo h globally and in Spain). The g oup o EN 9100 S anda ds o gene ic con en , issued by he IAQG, is composed by he ollowing (IAQG, 2009):  EN 9100 – Model o quali y assu ance in design, de elopmen , p oduc ion, ins alla ion and se icing.  EN 9110 – Ae ospace Se ies, Model o quali y assu ance applicable o main enance o ganiza ions.  EN 9120 – Ae ospace Se ies, Model o quali y assu ance applicable o S ockis Dis ibu o s. 1.2 Li e a u e Re iew As speci i ed in he in oduc ion, he e a e ew pape s ela ed o EN 9100 S anda ds, and none o hem e e s o he e ec i e esul s de i ed om hei implemen a ion. Rega ding ISO 9001 S anda ds amily, i has been subjec o mul iple s udies, al hough none o hem makes speci i c e e ence o he ae ospace sec o . Gi en he objec i e o his esea ch, a e ision has been made o he main s udies ha speci i cally o among o he issues, e e o he posi i e e ec s gene a ed by he adhe ence o ISO 9001, and especially wha may be he in l uence o he ac o s ha shall be conside ed in ega ds o EN 9100, i.e., he size o he company, he senio i y in he implemen a ion o hese s anda ds, as well as he p e ailing ype o mo i a ion [ex e nal an o in e nal] o adhe e o such s anda ds. a) Posi i e E ec s Gene a ed when Implan ing ISO 9001 S anda ds In gene al, i may be no ed ha mos s udies conclude ha ISO 9001 en ails bene i cial e ec s o he companies; no wi hs anding he o egoing, and e en hough hey a e a mino i y, he e a e o he s udies ha do no e l ec hese posi i e e ec s, o a leas no in all cases o ci cums ances (Quazi e al., 2002; Ma ínez- Cos a e al., 2009; Boi al & Ama a, 2009). In ega ds o he posi i e esul s gene a ed by he adhe ence o he s anda ds, i should be ema ked ha di e se s udies (Sampaio e al., 2009; Ta i e al., 2012), classi i ed hem in o posi i e e ec s conce ning “in e nal aspec s”, and “ex e nal aspec s”. Based on he conclusions o hese s udies, hese posi i e e ec s could be i emized as p esen ed on able 1. Compa ing he ela i e impo ance o he wo ypes o bene i s associa ed wi h he implemen a ion o ISO 9001, he e a e some p e ious esea ches ha p io i ize he posi i e e ec s on in e nal aspec s (Bhuiyan & Alan, 2005; Ma ínez-Cos a e al., 2008; Lo e al., 2009), whe eas o he s udies emphasizes hose ela ed o ex e nal aspec s (Benne & Veloso, 2008; Dick e al., 2008). No wi hs anding he o egoing, mos o he p e ious s udies e eal posi i e esul s bo h o in e nal and ex e nal na u e (Rod íguez-Escoba e al., 2006; Calisi , 2007; Lo & Chang, 2007). EM_1_2017.indd 71EM_1_2017.indd 71 13.3.2017 16:58:4913.3.2017 16:58:49 72 2017, XX, 1 Ekonomika a managemen b) In l uence o he Companies’ Size Fac o on he Posi i e E ec s De i ed om Implemen ing ISO 9001 S anda ds P e ious esea ches a e no conclusi e conce ning he in l uence o companies’ size ac o on he bene i cial e ec s o implemen ing ISO 9001. In his ega d, he e a e s udies which indica e ha in smalle companies i is mo e di i cul o ob ain posi i e esul s, since hey usually lack ce ain in e nal esou ces which a e impo an o ha e a success ul adhe ence (a leas wi h espec o in e nal bene i s), and u he mo e, he ini ial cos s and in es men s necessa y o ob ain he ce i i ca ion a e p opo ionally mo e signi i can in compa ison wi h la ge companies (Gus a sson e al., 2001; Rod íguez-Escoba e al., 2006). Ne e heless, i is also possible o i nd nume ous s udies which indica e ha he bene i s a e simila ega dless o he size, since he condi ions o ob ain hese bene i s a e mo e ela ed o he in ensi y o he implemen a ion o ISO 9001 han o he size o he companies, al hough in smalle companies i could be slowe (Te zio ski e al., 2003; B iscoe e al., 2005; Psomas e al., 2010), and in some cases he bene i s pe cei ed in hese companies may be e en highe aking in o conside a ion ha he s a ing poin in he i eld o quali y managemen ends o be lowe , hence he oppo uni ies o imp o emen a e g ea e (Go zamani & Tsio as, 2001). c) In l uence o he Time Fac o (S anda ds Adhe ence Senio i y) on he Posi i e E ec s De i ed om Implemen ing ISO 9001 S anda ds Once again, p e ious esea ches a e no conclusi e conce ning he in l uence o his ac o on he bene i cial e ec s o implemen ing ISO 9001. In his ega d, he e a e s udies which e eal ha ime is a posi i e ac o o he appea ance o he a o emen ioned bene i cial e ec s caused by he adhe ence o ISO 9001 (Climen , 2005; Ma inez-Cos a e al., 2008; Lo e al., 2009). Acco ding o hese s udies, he p inciples unde lying ISO 9001 as a quali y managemen sys em need ce ain ime o be in e nalized wi hin he companies, and ob ain he bene i s sough in all o hei in ensi y. Ne e heless, he e a e o he s udies which s a e ha ime has no in l uence whe he companies ob ain posi i e e ec s om ISO 9001, o a leas no in all cases (Te zio ski e al., 2003; Go zamani e al., 2006; Lee e al., 2009), o ha i may e en cause a educ ion on he ini ial bene i s de i ed om he implemen a ion o said s anda ds (Casadesus & Ka ape o ic, 2005; Sampaio e al., 2009; Ka ape o ic e al., 2010). Acco ding o hese s udies, when he in ended pu pose is almos exclusi ely o ob ain he ce i i ca ion in o de o he company no o be excluded om he ma ke , his bene i appea s immedia ely a e implemen ing hese s anda ds. d) In l uence o he P e ailing Mo i a ion (Ex e nal o In e nal) o he Adhe ence o ISO 9001 S anda ds Fac o , on he Posi i e E ec s De i ed om Thei Implemen a ion Acco ding o p e ious esea ches, he mo i a ions o he adhe ence may e e o “ex e nal aspec s”, such as image imp o emen INTERNAL ASPECTS Rela ed o o ganiza ional p ocesses P oduc ion managemen con ol, de i ni ion o esponsibili ies and ules, p ocess documen a ion, e c. Rela ed o ope a ional execu ion E i cien use o esou ces, inspec ion and logis ic cos dec ease, decline in noncon o mi y, e c. Rela ed o HR Job sa is ac ion, wo k eam dynamics, employee sugges ion sys ems, e c. EXTERNAL ASPECTS Rela ed o i nance and ma ke ing Sales olume, ma ke sha e, sales-pe -employee a io, e c. Rela ed o cus ome ela ions Clien e en ion, numbe o complain s, public image, e c. Sou ce: own Tab. 1: Typology o posi i e e ec s esul ing om adhe ence o ISO 9001 EM_1_2017.indd 72EM_1_2017.indd 72 13.3.2017 16:58:4913.3.2017 16:58:49 73 1, XX, 2017 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen and ma ke posi ion o he company, aspec s ega ding comme cial, i nancial and cus ome s’ ela ions na u e, as well as “in e nal aspec s” such as he imp o emen o o ganiza ional, execu ion o ope a ions, and human esou ces managemen p ocesses o he company (Boi al & Ama a, 2009; Sampaio e al., 2009). Fu he mo e, i has been no ed ha he e is a majo i y o esea ches whe e he mo i a ions ela ed o “ex e nal aspec s” a e he ones ha p e ail (Bhuiyan & Alam, 2005; Rod íguez- Escoba e al., 2006; Ma ínez-Cos a e al., 2008), compa ed o hose which conside ed ha bo h ypes o aspec s a e balanced, o e en hose whe e “in e nal aspec s” p e ail (Chang & Lo, 2005; Magd, 2008; Fo opoulos & Psomas, 2010). Likewise, a en ion mus be d awn o he ac ha , in ega ds wi h p e ious s udies ela ed o ISO 9001 on he possible ela ion be ween he p e ailing ype o mo i a ion o ob aining he adhe ence [ex e nal and/o in e nal], and he esul s, he s udies s a ing ha a highe le el o ex e nal mo i a ion en ails a g ea e le el o bene i s a e an excep ion (Bhuiyan & Alam, 2005), gi en ha , in gene al he e is an ag eemen in which i he adhe ence o he s anda ds is due o an a emp o imp o e in e nal aspec s o he company, ins ead o an ex e nal p essu e (cus ome s/ egula o s), o o ob ain imp o emen on me ely ex e nal aspec s (image imp o emen / ollowing a end), he global bene i s obse ed a e he implemen a ion o ISO 9001 a e g ea e (Rod íguez-Escoba e al., 2006; Sampaio e al., 2009; P ajogo, 2011). Acco ding o hese esea ches, i he only mo i a ions o he adhe ence o ISO 9001 a e hose o ex e nal cha ac e , he e is a high isk ha he company shall no acqui e new capaci ies no ob ain no sus ainable compe i i e ad an age, excep o no seeing i sel excluded om he ma ke hanks o he ce i i ca ion; ne e heless, when mo i a ions o in e nal ype exis , hese a e he ones ha can gene a e a g ea e le el o implemen a ion o he p inciples o hese s anda ds, which should ende ope a i e and o ganiza ional imp o emen s, which de i e in an imp o emen o quali y and cus ome s sa is ac ion, which shall la e esul in i nancial imp o emen s. 2. Resea ch Me hodology 2.1 Sample The esea ch was add essed o he Spanish ae ospace sec o , hence based on he c i e ia lis ed he ea e ; he popula ion subjec o he in es iga ion was de i ned by 317 companies. This sec o is composed o a g ea di e si y o companies, bo h ega ding size and business specializa ion, so in o de o elabo a e he census o he companies o be s udied, he Na ional Classi i ca ion o Economic Ac i i ies (CNAE acco ding o i s Spanish ac onym), could no be employed since i lacks one o mo e ca ego ies ha compile all he companies belonging o he sec o . The e o e, i has been necessa y o eso o a compila ion o speci i c da abases comp ising he companies o he sec o . The i s census o be conside ed was TEDAE which a he end o 2010 was he co ne s one associa ion in Spain, since i s 52 membe s, which include he mos impo an companies o he ae ospace sec o , combined 91% o he u no e s. The second da abase ha was aken in o conside a ion was OASIS ( his da abase egis e s all he ae ospace companies adhe ed o EN 9100). Finally, o he da abases ela ed o his indus y ha e been conside ed o complemen a y pu pose. A e elimina ing duplica ions, he i nal popula ion subjec o he analysis is e l ec ed on able 2, de ailed he eina e : CENSUS FIRMS IN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY AUXILIARY BUSINESSES TOTAL AVIATION SUBSECTOR AEROSPACE SUBSECTOR TEDAE 34 6 12 52 OASIS 96 7 57 160 OTHER 83 5 17 105 TOTAL 211 18 85 317 Sou ce: own Tab. 2: Su ey popula ion b eakdown acco ding o census EM_1_2017.indd 73EM_1_2017.indd 73 13.3.2017 16:58:4913.3.2017 16:58:49 74 2017, XX, 1 Ekonomika a managemen 2.2 Ques ionnai e In o de o de elop he ques ionnai e, he i s s ep was o elabo a e a d a analyzing p e ious esea ches conce ning he ISO 9001 (Go zamani & Tsio as, 2001; Me cado e al., 2005), classi ying he possible mo i a ions o adhe ence o EN 9100, as well as he posi i e e ec s pe cei ed om he implemen a ion, based on he di e en “in e nal” and “ex e nal” aspec s e l ec ed on able 1. This d a was subjec o a p e es elabo a ed by expe s in he i eld belonging o wo o he pa icipa ing companies (Ai bus Spain and Ibe ia LAE Main enance); an in-dep h in e iew was held wi h bo h expe s. Once hei opinions we e inco po a ed, he i nal e sion o he ques ionnai e was se o h. Subsequen ly, he ques ionnai e was sen by pos al mail and e-mail o he di ec o s o quali y o all he 317 selec ed companies. A e i nishing he p ocess o ques ionnai e ecep ion, i was de e mined ha he e we e 126 alid companies, which ep esen s 39.7% o he o al popula ion (317 companies). Fu he mo e, i should be no ed ha he EN 9100 S anda ds a e widely implemen ed on he o ganiza ions ha ha e comple ed he ques ionnai e (72.2% o he companies, ha is 91 o hem), wi h an adhe ence senio i y highe han i e yea s in 88% o he cases, and an ele a ed le el o in ensi y in he implemen a ion, since 75% o he companies ha e adhe ed all hei p ocesses o he s anda ds. Bo h aspec s, senio i y and in ensi y o he implemen a ion, ein o ce he alidi y o he answe s ob ained in he ques ionnai es ecei ed. A e wa ds, he da a shee o he s udy con ained in able 3 was elabo a ed based on all his in o ma ion: 2.3 Va iables and Model P oposed To be able o analyze he in l uence o he di e en ac o s conside ed in his esea ch on he appea ance o he di e en posi i e e ec s de i ed om he implemen a ion o EN 9100 S anda ds, a mul iple linea eg ession model has been designed; he a iables conside ed a e he ollowing ones: Dependen Va iables Y: di e en bene i s de i e om he EN 9100 S anda ds, acco ding o he ypology con ained on he able 1 o his s udy. Acco ding o he answe s ob ained in he ques ionnai e p o ided o he pa icipa ing companies, hese a iables can ake he ollowing alues: 1 – e y low, 2 – low, 3 – medium, 4 – high and 5 – e y high: Va iable Y1: in e nal posi i e e ec s ela ed o o ganiza ional p ocesses (O gEN). Va iable Y2: in e nal posi i e e ec s con- ce ning execu ion o ope a ions (ExecEN). Va iable Y3: in e nal posi i e e ec s ela ed o human esou ces (H EN). Va iable Y4: ex e nal posi i e e ec s ela- ed o i nancial and comme cial aspec s (FinComEN). Va iable Y5: posi i e ex e nal e ec s ela ed o aspec s o cus ome s’ ela ionship (ClienEN). Uni e se Spanish i ms in he ae ospace indus y Sampling echnique Random: he su ey was sen o all en i ies in he uni e se Me hodology Mail and online su ey Indi iduals ecei ing he su ey Di ec o o Quali y Assu ance o equi alen Popula ion 317 Sample size 126 Con i dence le el 95% [z = 1.96; p = q = 0.5] Sampling e o 6.8% Time pe iod F om Oc obe 1, 2011 o Janua y 31, 2012 Sou ce: own Tab. 3: Da a shee EM_1_2017.indd 74EM_1_2017.indd 74 13.3.2017 16:58:4913.3.2017 16:58:49 75 1, XX, 2017 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen Independen a iables X: Va iable x1: Size o he company (Size). Acco ding o he answe s ob ained in he ques ionnai e p o ided o he pa icipa ing companies, his a iable can ake he ollowing alues: 1 – small, 2 – medium, 3 – la ge (based on he c i e ia o he EU ecommenda ion 2003/361/EC). Va iable x2: Senio i y in he adhe ence o EN 9100 S anda ds (Sen). Acco ding o he answe s ob ained in he ques ionnai e p o ided o he pa icipa ing companies, hese a iables can ake he ollowing alues: 1 – Senio i y no exceeding 3 yea s, 2 – Senio i y exceeding 3 yea s. Va iable x3: P e ailing ype o mo i a ion (ex e nal and/o in e nal) o he adhe ence (TypeMo ). Acco ding o he answe s ob ained in he ques ionnai e p o ided o he pa icipa ing companies, hese a iables can ake he ollowing alues: 1 – i he “ex e nal” mo i a ions a e p edominan , 2 – i “in e nal” mo i a ions a e p edominan . Based on hese a iables he ollowing model o mul iple linea eg essions has been designed, including he a iable ui ha is he s a is ic e o : Yi = β0 + β1 * x1,i + β2 * x2,i + + β3 * x3,i + ui (1) E ec I = β0 + β1 * Size1,i + β2 * * Sen2,i + β3 * TypeMo 3,i + ui (2) Dependen a iable Independen a iable Non s anda dized coe i cien s S anda dized coe i cien s Sig. Be a S anda d e o Be a O gEN [Cons an ] 0.428 0.546 0.784 0.436 Size 0.051 0.112 0.450 0.454 0.651 Senio i y 1.132 0.259 0.437 4.379 0.000 Type o mo i a ion 0.320 0.172 0.185 2.855 0.067 ExecEN [Cons an ] 0.070 0.614 0.114 0.910 Size 0.216 0.126 0.168 1.713 0.091 Senio i y 0.800 0.291 0.274 2.751 0.007 Type o mo i a ion 0.693 0.194 0.356 3.575 0.001 H EN [Cons an ] 0.781 0.565 1.381 0.171 Size -0.195 0.116 -0.163 -1.679 0.097 Senio i y 0.606 0.268 0.222 2.265 0.026 Type o mo i a ion 0.744 0.178 0.410 4.171 0.000 FinComEN [Cons an ] 2.314 0.493 4.696 0.000 Size -0.049 0.101 -0.053 -0.488 0.627 Senio i y 0.525 0.233 0.247 2.252 0.027 Type o mo i a ion 0.218 0.155 0.154 1.406 0.164 ClienEN [Cons an ] 1.875 0.458 4.093 0.000 Size -0.041 0.094 -0.046 -0.440 0.661 Senio i y 0.664 0.217 0.323 3.063 0.003 Type o mo i a ion 0.277 0.144 0.202 1.920 0.059 Sou ce: own Tab. 4: Resul s ob ained o he model: independen a iable coe i cien s EM_1_2017.indd 75EM_1_2017.indd 75 13.3.2017 16:58:5013.3.2017 16:58:50 76 2017, XX, 1 Ekonomika a managemen 3. Resul s Table 4 p esen s he esul s ob ained om he model, in pa icula he coe i cien s o he independen a iables (size, senio i y, and ype o mo i a ion) ega ding he dependen a iables (each o he posi i e e ec s). In his able we include he coe i cien s s anda dized and he non-s anda dized o ou model a iables; hese coe i cien s indica e he weigh o he independen a iables ega ding each dependen a iable, ha is, each posi i e e ec om he S anda d. We include oo, he alue ( ) and he signi i ca ion (sig.); hese indica e i each independen a iable is signi i can o no ega ding each dependen a iable. The a iables a e signi i can i he alue ( ) is bigge han wo ( > 2) and a signi i ca ion (sig.) smalle o equal han 0.05. The i nal model wi h he signi i can a iables would be as ollows: O gEN = 0.428 + 0.437 (Sen) + + 0.185 (TypeMo ) + u (3) ExecEN = 0.070 + 0.274 (Sen) + + 0.356 (TypeMo ) + u (4) H EN = 0.781 + 0.222 (Sen) + + 0.410 (TypeMo ) + u (5) FinComEN = 2.314 + 0.247 (Sen) + u (6) ClienEN = 1.875 + 0.323 (Sen) + +0.202 (TypeMo ) + u (7) The e o e, able 4 e eals he ollowing esul s ega ding he independen a iables o he model: The “size o he company” is a a iable wi h a < 2 o he aised models, hence i is accep ed ha his a iable is non-signi i can o each one o he in e nal posi i e e ec s (o ganiza ional, execu ion o ope a ions, and human esou ces managemen p ocesses), as well as o he ex e nal ones ( i nancial-comme cial, and cus ome s managemen p ocesses), hus i has been excluded om he eg ession model elabo a ed. The “senio i y o he adhe ence o EN 9100” is a a iable wi h a > 2 o he aised models, hence i is accep ed ha his a iable is signi i can o each one o he in e nal posi i e e ec s (o ganiza ional, execu ion o ope a ions, and human esou ces managemen p ocesses), as well as o he ex e nal ones ( i nancial- comme cial, and cus ome s managemen p ocesses). When ob aining a posi i e sign, an inc ease o his independen a iable shall p oduce an inc ease (in a e o g ow h) on he dependen a iable, being he es cons an . Tha is, an inc ease in 1 uni in he “senio i y o he adhe ence o EN 9100” shall p oduce an inc ease o 43.70% on he in e nal e ec “O gEN”, o 27.40% on he in e nal e ec “ExecEN”, o 22.22% on he in e nal e ec “H EN”, o 24.70% on he ex e nal e ec “FinComEN” and o 32.30% on he ex e nal e ec “ClienEN”. The highe he alue o he a iable, he g ea e he in e nal and ex e nal e ec s shall be. The “p e ailing ype o mo i a ion (ex e nal and/o in e nal) o he adhe ence” is a a iable wi h a > 2, hence i is accep ed ha his a iable is signi i can o each one o he in e nal posi i e e ec s (o ganiza ional, execu ion o ope a ions, and human esou ces managemen p ocesses), as well as o he ex e nal ones ega ding cus ome s managemen . When ob aining a posi i e sign, an inc ease o his independen a iable shall p oduce an inc ease (in a e o g ow h) on he dependen a iable, being he es cons an . Tha is, an inc ease in 1 uni in he “p e ailing ype o mo i a ion” shall p oduce an inc ease o 18.50% on he in e nal e ec “O gEN”, o 35.60% on he in e nal e ec “ExecEN”, o 41.00% on he in e nal e ec “H EN”, and o 20.20% on ex e nal e ec “ClienEN” (we accep ype o mo i a ion on ex e nal e ec “ClienEN” because i has a e y nea 2). The highe he alue o he a iable, which means in e nal mo i a ions p e ail, he g ea e he in e nal and ex e nal e ec s shall be. On he con a y, he “p e ailing ype o mo i a ion [ex e nal and/o in e nal] o he adhe ence” is a a iable wi h one < 2 ( = 1.406), only o i nancial-comme cial ex e nal e ec s, hence i is conside ed ha his a iable is non-signi i can o he dependen a iable “FinComEN”. Table 5 p esen s an o e iew o he signi i cance o a iables in he model. Finally, able 6 con ains he co esponding coe i cien o de e mina ion (R2); his is a numbe ha indica es how he da a i in ou model. I p o ides a measu e o he pe cen age o a iabili y o each dependen a iable (in e nal and ex e nal “posi i e e ec ”), ha is explained by each signi i can independen a iable. Based on he esul s desc ibed in his able, he coe i cien o de e mina ion R2 has a alue ha l uc ua es be ween 20% and EM_1_2017.indd 76EM_1_2017.indd 76 13.3.2017 16:58:5013.3.2017 16:58:50 77 1, XX, 2017 Business Adminis a ion and Managemen Dependen a iable Independen a iable Sig. O gEN Size x Senio i y √ Type o mo i a ion √ ExecEN Size x Senio i y √ Type o mo i a ion √ H EN Size x Senio i y √ Type o mo i a ion √ FinComEN Size x Senio i y √ Type o mo i a ion x ClienEN Size x Senio i y √ Type o mo i a ion √ Sou ce: own Dependen a iable Independen a iable S anda dized coe i cien s R² Co ela ion be ween dependen and inde- penden a iable Explained Va iance O gEN Size 0.450 25.30% 0.029 no signi i can Senio i y 0.437 0.467 20.41% Type o Mo i a ion 0.185 0.258 4.77% ExecEN Size 0.168 25.80% 0.155 no signi i can Senio i y 0.274 0.328 8.99% Type o Mo i a ion 0.356 0.399 14.20% H EN Size -0.163 27.80% -0.174 no signi i can Senio i y 0.222 0.296 6.57% Type o Mo i a ion 0.410 0.449 18.41% FinComEN Size -0.052 20.10% -0.062 no signi i can Senio i y 0.247 0.274 20.10% Type o Mo i a ion 0.154 0.196 no signi i can ClienEN Size -0.046 27.00% -0.058 no signi i can Senio i y 0.323 0.358 11.56% Type o Mo i a ion 0.202 0.256 5.17% Sou ce: own Tab. 5: Signi i cance o e iew Tab. 6: Coe i cien o de e mina ion EM_1_2017.indd 77EM_1_2017.indd 77 13.3.2017 16:58:5013.3.2017 16:58:50