Challenges for the youth Olympic games, summer and winter

165 CHALLENGES FOR THE YOUTH OLYMPIC GAMES, SUMMER AND WINTER Jim Pa y *S e ie Lucida me Facul y o Physical Educa ion and Spo Cha les Uni e si y in P ague José Ma ího 31, 162 52 P aha 6, Czech Republic [email p o ec ed] *Depa men o Mo emen and Spo Sciences Ghen Uni e si y, Belgium [email p o ec ed] Abs ac This pape looks a he de elopmen o he You h Olympic Games, i s held in Singapo e in Augus 2010, om he Eu opean You h Olympic Fes i al (EYOF), i s held in B ussels in 1991. Wi h abou 3500 a hle es be ween 14 and 18 yea s o age om all 205 Na ional Olympic Commi ees, a ull Olympic spo s p og amme, a You h Olympic Village, and a Cul u e and Educa ion P og amme (CEP), he YOG is a e y signi ican de elopmen , equi ing in es iga ion and conside a ion. We shall look a he Spo s P og amme, some new spo s o ms, disciplines and e en s (such as FIBA33, moon-li di ing, mixed e en s o gende and na ion), inno a i e equipmen (such as lase pis ols), p oblems o pa icipa ion and equal oppo uni y, age and ai ness, imma u i y and ha m, alen iden i ica ion, ea ly specialisa ion, and possible exploi a ion. We shall also b ie ly examine he inno a i e CEP, no ing i s e y exis ence as ema kable, and en e ing some ca ea s. Finally, we p esen a b ie desc ip ion o he up-coming Innsb uck Win e YOG, and o he hopes and aspi a ions o u u e edi ions o he YOG. In oduc ion In 1990, he P esiden o he Eu opean Associa ion o Na ional Olympic Commi ees, Jacques Rogge, inaugu a ed he Eu opean You h Olympic Fes i al (EYOF), held o he i s ime in B ussels in 1991. The a hle es we e be ween 15 and 18 yea s, om 33 di e en coun ies, and compe ed in 10 summe spo s. Two yea s la e he i s EYOF o win e spo s was held in Aos a (I aly), and since hen he e en has aken place bo h in summe and win e e e y wo yea s. Du ing he IOC session in Gua emala Ci y in July 2007 he IOC, now wi h Jacques Rogge as P esiden , decided o in oduce a new spo ing e en o young a hle es – he You h Olympic Games – i s held in Singapo e, 14-26 Augus 2010, wi h abou 3500 a hle es be ween 14 and 18 yea s o age (bi h yea s 1992-1995) om all 205 Na ional Olympic Commi ees. The spo s p og am encompasses all 26 spo s on he p og am o he London 2012 Summe Games, albei wi h a limi ed numbe o disciplines. Innsb uck is he enue o he i s Win e YOG in 2012, and u u e edi ions o he YOG will ollow he adi ional cycle o ou yea s, wi h Summe YOG in he yea o he senio Win e Olympic Games and Win e YOG in he yea o he senio Summe Olympic Games. 166 The ision o he YOG is o educa e, engage and inspi e young people a ound he wo ld o pa icipa e in spo s and adop he Olympic Values. Ob iously, he aim will be o b ing oge he he mos alen ed a hle es om a ound he wo ld o pa icipa e in high-le el compe i ions, pe haps as a s epping-s one o he Olympic Games. Bu he idea is also ha he spo ing compe i ions should be held in an educa ional and cul u al en i onmen , so he a hle es s ay a he You h Olympic Village, by analogy wi h he Olympic Games, and he e is an educa ional and cul u al p og amme o p o ide expe iences and o suppo lea ning. No wi hs anding he good in en ions he IOC has in c ea ing he YOG, i would be su p ising i he e we e no p oblems o i on ou , o no unin ended and undesi able consequences. Le us conside a ew possibili ies. 1 The Spo s P og amme 1.1 Pa icipa ion and equali y o oppo uni y One o he main aims o he YOG is o gi e he wo ld’s alen ed youngs e s he oppo uni y o compe e agains hei pee s om a ound he wo ld and gain in e na ional compe i i e expe ience. I looks as hough e e yone in he wo ld could ( heo e ically) aim o pa icipa e, since he coho is o 4 age yea s (14-18), and an Olympiad is a pe iod o 4 yea s. Bu , as he egula ions s and now, no e e y young alen ed a hle e can ake pa in he YOG.. Fo a s a , he e we e no age g oups including 14-yea -olds. Secondly, he YOG will be held e e y ou yea s, and by limi ing he age g oups o each e en o maximum wo bi h yea s, he e will always be wo bi h yea s ha a e excluded om pa icipa ion. Fo example, in 2010 he age g oup o owing was limi ed o he bi h yea s 1992 and 1993. Supposing hese age g oups o be kep in 2014, only a hle es bo n in he yea s 1996 and 1997 will be allowed o pa icipa e. Thus, all alen ed owe s bo n in 1994 and 1995 will ne e ha e a chance o ake pa in he YOG. Fo oo ball his es ic ion was e en igh e , since only playe s bo n in 1995 we e allowed in he eams in Singapo e. Almos ce ainly, he IOC has chosen hese es ic ions o limi he numbe o pa icipan s. Howe e he e we e o he possibili ies. Fo ins ance he IOC could ha e decided o limi he numbe o spo s. 1.2 Selec ion o spo s o he p og amme The e a e some spo s ha could ha e been omi ed because o hei unsui abili y o you h ul pa icipan s. I may be said ha boxing is s ill a iolen spo , ha weigh li ing and ia hlon a e ex eme physically exac ing spo s, ha shoo ing has e hical objec ions and ha mode n pen a hlon needs excellence in i e e y di e en spo s, which one canno expec om a young a hle e. 1.3 Age and Fai ness Ano he possible eason o limi ing he age g oups ( o wo bi h-yea s) may be o ensu e ha age di e ences will ha e less e ec on he ou comes o he compe i ions. I all he YOG e en s we e accessible o 14-18 yea s, i is ob ious ha he olde would ha e an ad an age. The na owe he age g oups a e, he mo e likely we a e o ha e ai and equi alen compe i ions. Howe e , we a e s ill le wi h he p oblems o ea ly-yea bi hs and ea ly ma u e s. I is equen ly obse ed ha eenage s bo n in he i s mon hs o he calenda yea a e o e - ep esen ed in mos you h spo compe i ions; and ea ly ma u e s ha e an ad an age in age-limi ed con es s. Consequen ly he e is a high p obabili y ha du ing he YOG he ch onologically olde and/o he ea ly ma u e s will be o e - ep esen ed and go home wi h he medals. 167 1.4 Imma u i y and Ha m On he o he hand he e a e some spo s whe e la e ma u e s a e a ou ed. This is especially he case in gymnas ics. In he 80’s and 90’s i ually all emale gymnas s compe ing a an in e na ional (adul ) le el we e be ween 14 and 18 yea s o age. In o de o compe e a his le el, gymnas s had o s a se ious aining o 20 o 35 hou s a week by abou 6 yea s o age. As a esul , mos gymnas s e i ed by he age o 19 because hey had ained o oo many hou s a oo young an age, which made hem wo n ou , plagued by inju ies and psychologically exhaus ed. Thanks o he e o s o ede a ions and he IOC, cu en ly gymnas s mus be a leas 16 yea s o age o compe e in senio -le el e en s, and many in e na ional gymnas s a e now compe ing h ough o hei la e wen ies wi h success. By c ea ing he YOG he e is a eal isk ha some na ions, na ional ede a ions, clubs, coaches, and e en pa en s could ake gymnas ics back o he eigh ies. 2 Spo Fo ms (disciplines and e en s) Many alues a e exp essed h ough spo o ms, and YOG o ganise s s o e o come up wi h some s iking inno a ions. The e ollow jus a ew examples. 2.1 FIBA33 This is a 3-on-3 o m o baske ball played on a hal -cou wi h one baske and i e-minu e play pe iods. Wi h non-s op music, as -paced ac ion and a game las ing less han 15 minu es, his was a game o m designed o appeal o you h, and was one o he mos popula spo s o he YOG. Repo s claim ha he e a e plans o include 3-on-3 baske ball on Copacabana Beach a he Rio 2016 Olympics. 2.2 Fi s Moonli Di e I has usually been hough ha di ing a nigh in an ou doo pool was impossible, o a leas undesi able. In Singapo e, i was shown o be no only possible, bu also desi able, and his could change he spo . Obse e s commen ed on he shee beau y o he e en , bu he e is mo e o i han ha . The e we e wo ies ha swimme s would ha e ouble judging he pool’s su ace unde a i icial ligh , bu ha p oblem was sol ed wi h he use o sp ays o agi a e he wa e . Ins ead, di ing a nigh added a echnical bene i . A b igh day can spell ouble o di e s who can mis ake he blue o he sky o he colou o he wa e . Bu , unde he s a s, he e was be e con as be ween he sky and he pool, which helped he di e s. 2.3 Gymnas ics The FIG planned ce ain di e ences be ween he YOG and he Olympic Games, ci ing sa e y g ounds. The compe i ion ules and di icul y le el o he ou ines o be pe o med by he male and emale gymnas s a he You h Olympic Games ha e been modi ied in o de o sa egua d he heal h and p ope de elopmen o he a hle es. In pa icula , he equi ed di icul y elemen s we e educed in numbe , and di icul y alue es ic ions we e imposed. This means ha he young a hle es we e only allowed o pe o m easie and sa e aul s, bu i also had he ‘child p o ec ion’ consequence ha hei aine s would ha e no gain in o cing enhancemen o he di icul y le el, al hough hey would s ill be able o ocus on imp o ing pe o mance. 168 2.4 Fi s Ho se D aw Fo he i s ime in Olympic his o y, a ho se d aw was conduc ed o he ide s a he Singapo e Tu Club Riding Cen e. The assigned ho se/ ide combina ions we e o apply h oughou he compe i ion o he indi idual and eam e en s. O cou se, he e a e objec ions o such a p ocedu e. Adjus ing o an un amilia ho se is a no el challenge o many o he ide s, and migh aise sa e y conce ns – bu a leas i is he same challenge o all. Also, d awing ho ses by lo migh seem o make a lo e y o he ou come, i you hink ha a good ho se is wha makes a winne – bu a leas i ules ou he possibili y ha one migh be able o buy success, simply by buying he bes ho se. The ho se d aw seems o me o make i mo e likely ha he bes ide will win, and his is wha we should be looking o . I ’s abou bo h he ide and he ho se, o cou se – bu i should be p ima ily abou he ide , i i is o be an Olympic spo . This is one case o he mo e gene al poin : each spo should ind ways o es ing he a hle e, no his equipmen . The ja elin is a con es o ind ou who is he bes h owe , no who has he bes ja elin. 2.5 Pis ol Shoo ing New lase echnology was used o he i s ime in he spo ’s his o y a he YOG, eplacing he s anda d pelle - i ing ai pis ols. The issues he e a e cos , sa e y and gende . The cos o shoo ing is cu by wo- hi ds, since lase guns a e ligh e and equi e no pelle s (ammuni ion being he majo i em o expendi u e in he spo ), and so mo e people and mo e coun ies will be able o compe e. Since sa e y issues will no longe be a majo conce n, compe i ions can be held in pa ks, ga dens and e en shopping malls, hus inc easing he isibili y and popula i y o he spo . And ligh e guns means ha he e should be no eason why shoo ing should no become a mixed gende spo . So success ul was his expe imen a he YOG ha i has been announced ha lase guns will be used in he mode n pen a hlon compe i ion a he London 2012 Olympics. 2.6 Mixed Teams (gende and na ionali y) Many a gue ha he ocus o he Olympic Games should be compe i ions be ween indi iduals, no coun ies, and ha he p oblems o chau inism and excessi e na ionalis in luence would be educed i i we en’ o he medals ables and in e -na ional i al y. Bu ano he way o coun e ing he e ec s o na ionalism is by o ganising mixed eam e en s. A e he indi idual e en s, doubles e en s o con inen al eam e en s ook place in encing (whe e he inal was be ween Bangladesh/Spain and Tu key/Singapo e), ennis and able ennis, a hle ics, ia hlon and swimming. Fencing and a che y, amongs o he s, held mixed gende e en s, oo, hus again aising he gene al issue o open compe i ions. 3 P oblems Wi h Young A hle es 3.1 Talen ID and Ea ly Specialisa ion. By in oducing a high-le el compe i ion o you h aged 14-18, he YOG p esen a se ious isk o ein o cing he p ac ice o ea ly alen iden i ica ion and ea ly specialisa ion. Mos coun ies wo ldwide a emp o de elop s uc u es o iden i y excep ionally gi ed a hle es a an ea ly age in o de o ocus hei esou ces on hese pa icula ly p omising indi iduals. As he e o s and esou ces in es ed in hese p og ams ha e escala ed in ecen decades, he p essu e on policymake s, aine s and coaches o ‘c ea e’ mo e success ul a hle es has 169 mul iplied. All hese s akeholde s could in e p e he new YOG as an endo semen o app o al o ea ly alen iden i ica ion and ea ly specialisa ion, despi e he ac ha ea ly selec ion and ea ly specialisa ion ca y isks o he heal h o he child en: o e use auma, g ow h epe cussions, di e se nu i ional de iciencies and psychological p oblems. 3.2 Exploi a ion o Young A hle es The esponsibili y o hese young a hle es is la gely in hands o hei na ional delega ion, hei aine s and hei pa en s. I is likely ha a leas some na ions will seek o excel a he YOG in o de o ad ance hei own s a us, glo y and na ional p ide. I is likely, oo, ha we shall also see he ‘achie emen -by-p oxy’ synd ome – pa en s and coaches who p ojec hei own ambi ions on o hei young a hle es. So he dange exis s ha na ions, aine s and pa en s wan o achie e excellence a any cos – and we ha e seen examples o excessi e aining, he obliga o y use o d ugs, and he o ging o iden i ica ion pape s. Fo he young a hle es, i is almos impossible o s and up agains hese o ms o dishones y and abuse. 4 Educa ion The e is he e o e a g ea need o an e ec i e educa ional ini ia i e. In his sho pape we shall no be able o e lec upon p obably he mos impo an de elopmen o he YOG – i s educa ional and cul u al p og ammes. Le me jus make ou posi i e obse a ions:  The e was a p og amme (and his is sensa ional enough in i sel ). Migh we look o wa d o some hing simila one day in he Olympic Games?  Somebody had gi en much hough and planning o i – in e ms o bo h con en and me hod – and esou ces we e commi ed o i .  The e was a genuine a emp o each ou beyond he o una e ew o be di ec ly in ol ed, o he gene al public (and o you h in pa icula ), using inno a i e me hods, including ‘new media’.  The educa ional and cul u al p og ammes we e genuinely and explici ly o ganized acco ding o Olympic alues and p inciples. Those esponsible dese e g ea c edi o his. And inally some ca ea s:  The e should be some a emp o spell ou wha concep o ‘educa ion’ is being employed, and his should be mo e han simple in o ma ion- ansmission, o ideological indoc ina ion.  Any hing ha calls i sel ‘Olympic Educa ion’ mus d aw a en ion o he educa i e alue o spo ing compe i ion i sel . I is no enough o see he YOG as a me ely con enien enue o educa ion – ways should be ound o also highligh ing he in e nal alues o spo .  I is no clea jus how much o he p og amme is accessible by how many o he a hle es, and wha i s e ec on hem ac ually has been, gi en di e ences in mo i a ion, educa ional le el, language compe ence, e c.  The educa ion o a child o a you h akes place o e a e y long pe iod o ime. No ma e how d ama ic o powe ul a sho YOG expe ience migh be, Olympic Educa ion equi es he pa icipa ion o many people a ound he a hle e in his o ma i e yea s: coaches, pa en s, eache s, iends. Ways mus he e o e be ound o in luencing hese g oups, oo. 170 Conclusion Young a hle es (e en child a hle es) ha e always pa icipa ed in he Olympic Games, bu he YOG ep esen s a new s ep owa ds he sys ema ic dis ibu ion o eli e spo in o he child popula ion. This b ings wi h i se ious e hical isks, and so i s e ec s should be ca e ully moni o ed, and se ious e o s mus be made owa ds an e ec i e educa ion p og amme. Whils some no el issues a e h own up by a ‘You h’ edi ion o he Olympic Games, many o he issues co e ed simply highligh al eady-exis ing challenges o he Olympic Mo emen in a no el o m. I will be in e es ing o see wha he Fi s Win e You h Olympic Games has in s o e o us in Innsb uck in 2012. Pos sc ip : Win e YOG A he Libe ec con e ence1 in Feb ua y 2011, we we e only 11 mon hs away om he Opening Ce emony o he i s edi ion o he Win e You h Olympic Games. Innsb uck WYOG 2012 will hos o e 1,000 young a hle es ep esen ing hei coun ies in he se en spo s on he p og amme: bia hlon, bobsleigh, cu ling, ice hockey, luge, ska ing and skiing, wi h a limi ed numbe o disciplines and e en s. Jus as wi h Singapo e 2010, some new disciplines and e en s ha e been in oduced in o he spo s p og amme: o example, he e will be a combined discipline o c oss coun y and bia hlon, as well as he i s e e Olympic inclusion o women’s ski jumping. In mos spo s he e will be mixed eam e en s (gende and/o na ion). The age g oups a e 14-18 yea s, wi h a speci ic wo-yea age g oup pa icipa ing in a spo o discipline (al hough some sou ces sugges ha , again, he e will be no 14-yea -olds). As in Singapo e, he e will be a Cul u e and Educa ion P og amme, wi h wo kshops and o ums on he Olympic alues, heal hy li es yles, an i-doping, e c, designed o de elop a new gene a ion o a hle es wi h a highe awa eness o socie al issues and p oblems linked di ec ly o hei p ac ice o spo . Communica ion wi h you h is ano he key ea u e, h ough in e ne o ums, cha s and blogs, and o he new media. In i s o icial publica ion, he IOC exp esses high hopes o he YOG, as he ‘ lagship’ o he IOC’s you h s a egy. I s aims o he spo ing and educa ional/cul u al p og ammes a e:  o b ing enewed li e and igou o he Olympic Mo emen  o inspi e young people a ound he wo ld o ake up spo  o c ea e a ue communi y be ween he you h o he wo ld and he pa icipan s  o help a hle es o become be e human beings, ue spo spe sons, ambassado s in socie y o spo and he Olympic alues This is a lo o ask om a small coho o youngs e s om a ound he wo ld, bu i seems o me ha he YOG a e b inging new ideas and se ing new s anda ds o he Olympic Games. To anyone in e es ed in Olympic Educa ion, hey a e a b ea h o esh ai . As Colin Moynihan, ano he speake a his con e ence, says: “The bene i s a e a wide and g ea e han pu ely he expe ience gained on he ield o play. You h Olympic e en s a e ocused on combining high-le el spo ing compe i ion wi h an en i onmen whe e young a hle es a e encou aged o lea n, sha e and build iendships. To gain an in-dep h knowledge and espec o he Olympic alues o excellence, espec and iendship whils aspi ing o hei own goals, is unique o he Olympic Mo emen .” [17] 1 Con e ence EUROPE-YOUTH-OLYMPISM in Libe ec, Czech Republic, 10-12 Feb ua y 2011, p io o he Eu opean You h Olympic Win e Fes i al, 12-19 Feb ua y, 2011 171 I will be in e es ing o see he ex en o which hese hopes and aspi a ions a e me in u u e edi ions o he YOG, bo h summe and win e . Li e a u e [1] ANG, J. His o ic Fi s Ho se D aw in Olympics [online]. [quo ed 2011-03-27]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://www.singapo e2010.sg/public/sg2010/en/en_news/en_s o ies/en_20100814_his o ic_ i s _ho se_d aw_in_olympics-.h ml> [2] ANG, J. Wo ld’s Fi s Moonli Di e Imp esses All [online]. [quo ed 2011-03-27]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://www.singapo e2010.sg/public/sg2010/en/en_news/en_s o ies/en_20100823_wo lds_ i s _moonli _di e_imp esses_all.h ml> [3] BBC SPORT. Chinese con iden o e age checks o gymnas s [online]. [quo ed 2011- 03-27]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://news.bbc.co.uk/spo 1/hi/o he _spo s/gymnas ics/8866162.s m> [4] HULA, E. Fi s You h Olympics Medals; New Look o Baske ball; B i s Ra e o Singapo e [online]. [quo ed 2011-03-27]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://a ound he ings.com/a icles/ iew.aspx?id=35381> [5] IOC. The You h Olympic Games. Lausanne : IOC, 2007. [6] IOC. Fac shee : The You h Olympic Games. Lausanne : IOC, 2009. [7] IOC. Spo s compe i ions p og amme and quali ica ion sys ems o he i s YOG in 2010 [online]. [quo ed 2009-5-2]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://www.olympic.o g/uk/includes/common/a icle_p in _uk.asp?id=2886> [8] IOC. The YOG a a glance [online]. [quo ed 2011-03-27]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://www.olympic.o g/en/con en /You h-Olympic-Games/P esen a ion> [9] IOC. The Fi s Win e You h Olympic Games in 2012. Lausanne : IOC, 2011. [10] LEE, Min Kok. Lase Pis ols To Be Used A London 2012 [online]. [quo ed 2011-03- 27]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://www.singapo e2010.sg/public/sg2010/en/en_news/en_s o ies/en_20100823_las e _pis ols_ o_be_used_a _london_2012.h ml> [11] LIN, Xinyi. A hle es Lea ning In aluable Lessons away om Compe i ion [online]. [quo ed 2011-03-27]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://www.singapo e2010.sg/public/sg2010/en/en_news/en_s o ies/en_20100823_a h le es_lea ning_in aluable_lessons_away_ om_compe i ion.h ml> [12] LIN, Xinyi. Bes pa ne ship: Gu Yu ing and Adem Hman [online]. [quo ed 2011-03- 27]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://www.singapo e2010.sg/public/sg2010/en/en_news/en_s o ies/en_20100825_Be s _pa ne ship_Gu_Yu ing_and_Adem_Hman.h ml> [13] LIN, Xinyi. YOG No Jus Abou Winning: Phelps [online]. [quo ed 2011-03-27]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://www.singapo e2010.sg/public/sg2010/en/en_news/en_s o ies/en_20100821_yo g_no _jus _abou _winning_phelps.h ml> [14] MACKAY, D. Exclusi e: Rio 2016 wan s o s age 3-on-3 baske ball on Copacabana Beach [online]. [quo ed 2011-03-27]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://inside hegames.biz/summe -olympics/ io-2016/10361-exclusi e- io-2016- wan s- o-s age-3-on-3-baske ball-on-copacabana-beach> [15] MACKAY, D. T ia hlon hope mixed elay has aken i s s ep on oad o Rio 2016 [online]. [quo ed 2011-03-27]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://inside hegames.biz/you h-olympics/singapo e-2010/10339- ia hlon-hope- mixed- elay-has- aken- i s -s ep-on- oad- o- io-2016> 172 [16] MAES M. Talen and E hics. In VANDEN AUWEELE, Y. (Ed.). E hics in You h Spo . Analyses and Recommenda ions. Leu en : Lannoo, 2004, p. 199. [17] MOYNIHAN, C. You h Olympic e en s o e mo e han jus oppo uni y o youngs e s o shine [online]. [quo ed 2011-03-27]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://inside hegames.biz/blogs/11953> [18] SYOCOG websi e. [quo ed 2011-03-27]. Re ie ed om WWW: h p://www.singapo e2010.sg/public/sg2010/en/en_abou _us.h ml> [19] SYOGOC. 2010 You h Olympic Games - Spo s p og amme and summa y o quali ica ion sys ems [online]. [quo ed 2009-2-2]. Re ie ed om WWW: <h p://www.singapo e2010.sg/spo s.h ml> ___________________________________________________________________________ D . Jim Pa y, S e i Lucida me 173 VÝZVY PRO LETNÍ I ZIMNÍ OLYMPIJSKÉ HRY MLÁDEŽE Ten o článek se ěnuje Olympijským h ám mládeže, k e é se pop é konaly Singapu u s pnu 2010 a k e é se y inuly z E opského olympijského es i alu mládeže (EYOF), jenž se pop é konal B uselu oce 1991. Vzhledem k účas i 3500 spo o ců e ěku 14 až 18 le z 205 Ná odních olympijských ýbo ů a p og amem zah nujícím komple ní Olympijský p og am a kul u ní a ýcho ný p og am (CEP) jsou Olympijské h y mládeže ýznamnou událos í yžadující zamyšlení. V ex u se podí áme na spo o ní p og am, něk e é no é spo o ní o my, disciplíny a sou ěže (např. FIBA33, skoky do ody za měsíčního s i u), mixo é sou ěže p o hochy a dí ky a mixo é sou ěže p o zás upce ůzných NOV, echnické ino ace (např. lase o é pis ole), p oblémy s účas í zhledem k ěku a o né příleži os i, nez alos a poškozo ání, iden i ikaci alen ů a možné zneuží ání. Budeme se aké s učně zabý a no ým kul u ním a ýcho ným p og amem, zdů azníme důleži os jeho exis ence a zmíníme jeho p oblémy. Nakonec s učně předs a íme nadcházející Zimní olympijské h y mládeže Innsb ucku, dále pak naděje a aspi ace p o budoucí Olympijské h y mládeže. HERAUSFORDERUNGEN FÜR DIE OLYMPISCHEN JUGEND- SOMMER- UND WINTERSPIELE Diese A ikel widme sich den Olympischen Jugendspielen, die e s mals im Augus 2010 in Singapu s a anden und sich aus dem Eu opäischen Olympischen Jugend es i al (EYOF) en wickel ha en, das e s malig im Jah e 1991 in B üssel s a and. In Anbe ach eine Teilnehme zahl on 3500 Spo le n im Al e zwischen 14 und 18 Jah en aus 205 Na ionalen Olympischen Komi ees und eines P og amms, welches das olympische P og amm sowie das Kul u - und Bildungsp og amm (CEP) um ass , sind die Olympischen Jugendspiele ein bedeu endes E eignis, das zum Nachdenken an eg . Im Tex wi d Folgendes be ach e : das Spo p og amm, einige neue Fo men des Spo s, Disziplinen und We bewe be (z.B. FIBA-33-Baske ball, Wasse sp ingen bei Mondschein), gemisch e We bewe be ü Jungen und Mädchen und gemisch e We bewe be ü Ve e e e schiedene NOKs, echnische Inno a ionen (z.B. Lase pis olen), P obleme im Zusammenhang mi de Teilnahme bezüglich des Al e s und de Chancengleichhei , die Un ei e und Benach eiligung, die Iden i izie ung on Talen en und mögliche Missb äuche. Wi we den uns auch ku z mi dem neuen Kul u - und Bildungsp og amm be assen, die Wich igkei seine Exis enz he o heben und seine P obleme ansp echen. Zu gu e Le z s ellen wi ku z die be o s ehenden Olympischen Jugend- Win e spiele in Innsb uck und die Ho nungen ü und E wa ungen an kün ige Olympische Jugendspiele o . WYZWANIA DLA LETNICH I ZIMOWYCH IGRZYSK OLIMPIJSKICH MŁODZIEŻY Niniejszy a ykuł poświęcony jes Olimpiadzie Młodzieży, k ó a po az pie wszy odbyła się w Singapu ze w sie pniu 2010 oku. Pows ała na bazie Eu opejskiego Fes iwalu Olimpijskiego Młodzieży (EYOF), k ó y odbył się po az pie wszy w B ukseli w 1991 oku. Ze względu na udział 3500 spo owców w wieku od 14 do 18 la z 205 Na odowych Komi e ów Olimpijskich i p og am obejmujący kompleksowy p og am olimpijski o az p og am kul u alno-edukacyjny Olimpiada Młodzieży s anowi ważne wyda zenie wymagające głębszej analizy. W a ykule analizowany jes p og am spo owy, niek ó e nowe o my spo u, dyscypliny i konku encje (np. FIBA33, skoki do wody p zy świe le księżyca), konku encje mix dla dziewczą i chłopców o az konku encje mix dla p zeds awicieli óżnych NKO, innowacje echniczne (np. pis ole y lase owe), p oblemy z udziałem ze względu na wiek i ówne szanse, niedoj załość, iden y ikacja alen ów i możliwe nadużycia. W k ó kim za ysie uwagę poświęcono ównież nowym p og amom kul u alnym i edukacyjnym, podk eślono znaczenie ich is nienia o az wymieniono p oblemy z ym związane. W zakończeniu p zeds awiono k ó ko p zyszłą Zimową Olimpiadę Młodzieży w Innsb ucku o az nadzieje i aspi acje związane z p zyszłymi olimpiadami młodzieżowymi.