Commission opinion on the status of Greenland. Comission communication presented to the Council on 2 february 1983. Supplement 1/83 Bulletin of the European Communities

Bulle in OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Supplemen 1/83 Commission opinion on he s a us o G eenland Commission o he Eu opean Communi ies Supplemen s 1983 1183 Commission opinion on he s a us o G een/and Bulle in o he Eu opean Communi ies Supplemen 1/83 S a us o G eenland Commission opinion Commission communica ion p esen ed o he Council on 2 Feb ua y 1983 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Commission This publica ion is also a ailable in he ollowing languages: DA ISBN 92-825-3714-5 DE ISBN 92-825-3715-3 GR ISBN 92-825-3718-8 FR ISBN 92-825-3717-X IT ISBN 92-825-3719-6 NL ISBN 92-825-3720-X Ca aloguing da a can be ound a he end o his publica ion Luxembou g: O ice o O icial Publica ions o he Eu opean Communi ies, 1983 ISBN 92-825-3716-1 Ca alogue numbe : CB-NF-83-001-EN-C A icles and ex s appea ing in his documen may be ep oduced eely in whole o in pa p o iding hei sou ce is men ioned. P in ed in Belgium con en s I - Memo andum 5 Danish Go e nmen p oposal o he amendmen o he T ea ies es ablishing he Eu opean Communi ies wi h a iew o G een- land's wi hd awal om he Communi ies and he applica ion o G eenland o he special associa ion a angemen s in Pa Fou o he EEC T ea y 6 II - Commission opinion 9 In oduc ion 10 Opinion 10 Annexes 13 Annex A - Fac ual si ua ion 14 Annex Β - Ins i u ional and legal analysis 38 Annex C - D a amendmen s o T ea ies 40 I - Danish Go e nmen memo andum o 19 May 1982 G ounds On Denma k's en y in o he Eu opean Commu- ni y on 1 Janua y 1973 G eenland was included in he Communi y as pa o Denma k. The idea o al e ing G eenland's associa ion wi h he Communi y became a opical issue wi h he es ablishmen o G eenland's home go e nmen sys em. The home go e nmen sys em, which is es ablished wi hin he amewo k o he Danish na ional communi y, en ails he g adual ans e o ce ain a eas o legisla ion and adminis a ion om Danish o home go e nmen con ol. The hen Minis e o Ex e nal Economic A ai s, I a Nø gaa d, made a s a emen on behal o he go e nmen conce ning G eenland o he Council on 15 July 1975. In ha s a emen a en ion was d awn o he ac ha a new si ua ion would a ise wi h ega d o he ques ion o G eenland's associa ion wi h he Communi y in he e en o a home go e nmen sys em being es ablished in G eenland. I was u he s essed ha he go e nmen had no desi e o oppose 'a possible wish on he pa o G eenland o a e ision o G eenland's associa ion wi h he EEC, should he e be a majo i y opinion in G eenland in a ou o such a measu e'. The G eenland home go e nmen sys em en e ed in o o ce on 1 May 1979 and on 3 Ap il 1981 he G eenland Pa liamen ag eed o hold a consul a- i e e e endum on whe he he Eu opean Com- muni y T ea ies should con inue o apply in G eenland. In he consul a i e e e endum on 23 Feb ua y 1982, a majo i y (52%) o ed in a ou o G eenland wi hd awing om he Communi y, and 46.1 96 in a ou o i s con inued membe - ship. The ou come o he e e endum was laid be o e he G eenland Pa liamen a he la e 's sp ing session, and on 26 Ma ch 1982 i ag eed ha he go e nmen should be asked o open nego ia ions wi h he Eu opean Communi y in o de ha he Communi y's T ea ies should cease o apply o G eenland and wi h a iew o achie ing G een- land's con inued co e age by he Communi y's egula ion on he o e seas coun ies and e i- o ies (OCTs). G eenland s a es ha i s desi e o change i s s a us is-à- is he Eu opean Communi y should no be ega ded as being di ec ed agains he Commu- ni y. Fo G eenland's pa , i would like he bes possible ela ions wi h he Communi y o con- inue. Ne e heless, G eenland conside s ha home go e nmen in G eenland can bes de elop ou side ac ual membe ship. I is desi ed ha he amendmen o G eenland's s a us should ake place wi h e ec om 1 Janua y 1984. P oposal Wi h e e ence o A icle 96 o he T ea y es ablishing he Eu opean Coal and S eel Com- muni y (ECSC T ea y), A icle 236 o he T ea y es ablishing he Eu opean Economic Communi y (EEC T ea y) and A icle 204 o he T ea y es ablishing he Eu opean A omic Ene gy Com- muni y (Eu a om T ea y), he go e nmen he eby wishes o submi a p oposal: (i) amending he p o isions which de ine he geog aphical scope o he T ea ies (A icle 79 o he ECSC T ea y, A icle 227 o he EEC T ea y and A icle 198 o he Eu a om T ea y), so ha hese T ea ies and he legal ac s adop ed pu suan he e o do no apply in o o G eenland ollowing he en y in o o ce o he amending T ea y; (ii) amending he EEC T ea y, so ha he p o isions he ein conce ning he associa ion o o e seas coun ies and e i o ies (A icles 131 o 136) may apply o G eenland wi h e ec om he en y in o o ce o he amending T ea y, and so ha G eenland may a he same ime be included in he lis in Annex IV o he EEC T ea y conce ning o e seas coun ies and e i o ies. The go e nmen 's p oposal o a T ea y is annex- ed he e o. Pu suan o he p ocedu e laid down o dealing wi h p oposals o amending he T ea ies, he go e nmen will eques he Council o se in ain consul a ion o he Pa liamen and he Commission in o de ha he Council may decide in a ou o calling a con e ence o ep esen a- i es o he go e nmen 's o he Membe S a es o he pu pose o de e mining by common acco d he amendmen s o be made o he T ea ies. Copenhagen. 19 May 1982 S. 1/83 P oposal o a T ea y be ween he Kingdom o Belgium, he Kingdom o Denma k, he Fede al Republic o Ge many, he F ench Republic, he Hellenic Republic, I eland, he I alian Republic, he G and Duchy o Luxem- bou g, he Kingdom o he Ne he lands and he Uni ed Kingdom o G ea B i ain and No he n I eland, amending he T ea ies es ablishing Anxious o main ain he economic ela ions be ween G eenland and he Eu opean Economic Communi y. Ha e decided o es ablish by common ag eemen he amendmen s o be made o he T ea ies es ablishing he Eu opean Coal and S eel Com- muni y, he Eu opean Economic Communi y and he Eu opean A omic Ene gy Communi y, and o his end ha e designa ed as hei Plenipo en ia ies: His Majes y he King o he Belgians, he Eu opean Coal and S eel Communi y, he Eu opean Economic Communi y, he Eu opean A omic Ene gy Communi y, wi h a iew o amending G eenland's s a us in he Eu opean Communi ies. e c. Who, ha ing exchanged hei Full Powe s ound in good and due o m. Ha e ag eed as ollows: His Majes y he King o he Belgians, He Majes y he Queen o Denma k, he P esiden o he Fede al Republic o Ge many, he P esiden o he F ench Republic, he P esiden o he Hellenic Republic, he P esiden o I eland, he P esiden o he I alian Republic, His Royal Highness he G and Duke o Luxembou g, He Majes y he Queen o he Ne he lands, He Majes y he Queen o he Uni ed Kingdom o G ea B i ain and No he n I eland, Ha ing ega d o A icle 96 o he T ea y es ab- lishing he Eu opean Coal and S eel Communi y, Ha ing ega d o A icle 236 o he T ea y es ablishing he Eu opean Economic Commu- ni y, Ha ing ega d o A icle 204 o he T ea y es ablishing he Eu opean A omic Ene gy Com- muni y, Conside ing ha he Kingdom o Denma k has eques ed ha he T ea ies cease o apply in espec o G eenland. Conside ing ha he Kingdom o Denma k has eques ed ha he special ules in Pa Fou o he T ea y es ablishing he Eu opean Economic Com- muni y should apply o G eenland, Conside ing ha G eenland o ms pa o he Kingdom o Denma k, A icle I The ollowing pa ag aph shall be added o subpa ag aph (a) o he second pa ag aph o A icle 79 o he T ea y es ablishing he Eu opean Coal and S eel Communi y: 'This T ea y shall no apply o G eenland.' A icle 2 The ollowing pa ag aph shall be added o A icle 227(5Xa) o he T ea y es ablishing he Eu opean Economic Communi y: This T ea y shall no apply o G eenland.' A icle 3 The ollowing pa ag aph shall be added o subpa ag aph (a) o he hi d pa ag aph o A icle 198 o he T ea y es ablishing he Eu opean A omic Ene gy Communi y: 'This T ea y shall no apply o G eenland.' A icle 4 I. Denma k shall be added o he Membe S a es speci ied in he i s sen ence o A icle 131 S. 1/83 Annex A Fac ual si ua ion G eenland's posi ion: backg ound Geog aphical, demog aphic and economic da a The ha sh clima e, he geog aphical expanse and he low popula ion densi y a e majo cons ain s on mos economic ac i i ies in G eenland. Uns able wea he condi ions pa icula ly a ec ishing, G eenland's chie economic ac i i y (some 4096 o GDP, including ish-p ocessing indus ies), he s ock o he a ious species o ish depending on ma ginal changes in empe a u e. The ishing lee has expanded conside ably since 1977 bu is pe haps no su icien ly well equipped o high-sea ishing on a la ge scale. Al hough he o al ish ca ch has mo e han doubled in he las 10 yea s, i can luc ua e, wi h a conside able impac on o e all economic ac i i y, gi en he ishing indus y's ela i e impo ance. Ca le a ming is conside ed imp ac icable, bu he e is some sheep a ming in pa s o sou he n G eenland. I s economic alue has emained low, howe e , because o he limi ed g azing land and he inadequa e supply o odde in win e . In he pas , he ex ac i e indus y chie ly comp ised coal (mine closed in 1972) and c yoli e (exhaus ion owa ds he end o he decade). Lead and zinc mining s a ed in 1974, om one mine only. Explo a ion has s a ed o a ious o he mine als, pe oleum and gas, bu p esen indica- ions do no ye jus i y ex ac ion, o he high ini ial de elopmen cos and he di icul ies in anspo ing p oduc s mean ha ai ly la ge deposi s a e equi ed o comme cial p oduc ion. A p elimina y es ima e indica es ha he ex ac- i e indus y is con ibu ing some 15 96 o GDP. The lack o s a is ics makes i di icul o e alua e he o he sec o s o he economy. Acco ding o he mos ecen igu es a ailable (1976), employ- men in manu ac u ing indus y, cons uc ion, and he wholesale and e ail ades has been ela i ely s agnan as a p opo ion o o al em- ploymen since 1970. Gene al go e nmen and se ices (educa ion, heal h, social se ices) ha e inc eased hei sha e in o al employmen by o e one hi d du ing he same pe iod a he expense o he p ima y sec o .' A la ge pa o a ailable esou ces has been alloca ed o de eloping he economic and social in as uc u e. The inc easing d i o he owns and he d i e o imp o e employmen oppo uni- ies ha e necessi a ed a majo in es men e o (almos one hi d o GDP) which la gely depends on impo s. Public expendi u e has g own in esponse o he need o imp o e public se ices and in as uc- u es. P i a e consump ion has been sus ained by he apid g ow h o eal ea nings, which is pa ly due o he g ow h o expo s. A e age axable income in 1980 was DKR 60 130 (7 682 ECU), o DKR 42 770 (5 464 ECU) o na i e G eenlande s and DKR 106 650 (13 627 ECU) o people bo n ou side G eenland (chie ly employees om he sou h o Denma k). The e is a wide gap be ween local wages and wages paid o pe sons bo n ou side G eenland. Taxable income should no be used as a measu e o GDP. A ough es ima e p oduced by Commis- sion depa men s shows ha pe capi a GDP was close on wo hi ds o a e age axable income (app oxima ely 5 200 ECU) in 1980. On hese igu es, G eece, I eland and I aly had a lowe s anda d o li ing in 1980 han G eenland. One o he chie p oblems acing G eenland is how o c ea e su icien pe manen job oppo uni- ies o a popula ion whose pa icipa ion a e has isen conside ably.' In addi ion, owing o he popula ion inc eases o he 1960s almos 30 96 o he popula ion was in he 10-19 yea g oup in 1981 and hese young people will come on o he labou ma ke in he las hal o he decade. Ano he p oblem is he scope o inc easing labou p oduc i i y so ha eal ea nings can ise u he . This highligh s he con inuing need o in es men , in o de o adap and de elop he economic in as uc u e despi e he p e ailing na u al handicaps, he main objec i e being o di e si y exis ing ac i i ies and educe he luc u- a ions caused by economic condi ions. An impo an aspec o he p oblem o c ea ing paid employmen is he enhancemen o human capi al. T aining acili ies ha e inc eased consid- See Table 1. page 23. 14 S. 1/83 e ably in ecen yea s, and hey will need u he expansion wi h he de elopmen o new echnol- ogies and hei use in he mining and p ocessing o p ima y p oduc s. Sociological, poli ical and legal da a The Eskimo popula ion (app oxima ely 40 000) is o he mos pa s ill employed in he adi ional sec o s o ishing, hun ing and sheepb eeding. In an e o o p ese e i s sepa a e iden i y by de ending i s language and special social s uc- u e, i conside s i sel as o ming pa o a cul u al communi y which includes he Eskimos o Alaska and Canada. This desi e o emain di e en explains he changing poli ical and legal s a us o G eenland. Al hough i has o med an in eg al pa o he Kingdom o Denma k since 1954 - when he e i o y ceased o ha e colonial s a us and o al equali y o igh s was g an ed o he G eenlande s - G eenland has enjoyed a special s a us since he Home Rule Ac , which was adop ed by he Danish Pa liamen and hen submi ed by e e en- dum o he local popula ion o hei app o al, en e ed in o o ce on 1 May 1979. Combining he p inciple o main enance o he uni y o he Danish S a e and o na ional so e eign y exe cised by he Copenhagen au ho - i ies and he in oduc ion o a ype o sel -go e n- men , home ule is based on a di ision o esponsibili ies. Thus, de ence, ex e nal ela ions and cu ency ma e s in pa icula a e he esponsibili y o he cen al au ho i ies, whe eas, o example, axa ion, he ac i i ies o ishing, hun ing, ag icul u e and s ock a ming, employ- men and social a ai s, he supply and anspo o goods, ade legisla ion and he p o ec ion o he en i onmen and o animal li e a e ma e s which he G eenland Go e nmen may alone decide. This alloca ion o esponsibili ies can, howe e , be changed by a subsequen decision o he cen al go e nmen wi h he ag eemen o he G eenland au ho i ies. I is speci ically s ipula ed, mo eo e , ha measu es o e which he local au ho i ies ha e ju isdic ion mus ne e heless, i hey ha e a de ini e impac on in e na ional ela ions, be discussed wi h he Copenhagen au ho i ies be o e hey a e adop ed. The Home Rule Ac con e s on he indigenous popula ion o G eenland ' undamen al igh s o e he na u al esou ces' o he coun y and p o ides o a p ocedu e whe eby he ag eemen o bo h he cen al and local au ho i ies is equi ed be o e mine al esou ces may be p ospec ed o and exploi ed. Al hough he undamen al p o isions o he Home Rule Ac in his ield a e essen ially a decla a ion o p inciple, hey can be in e p e ed as en i ling he popula ion, h ough i s local ep e- sen a i es, o ake pa in de e mining he objec i es and ime able o he implemen a ion o a policy and o p o ec he en i onmen and he adi ional way o li e. Las ly, he Home Rule Ac con ains a p o ision equi ing he Danish Go e nmen , in consul a- ion wi h ha o God håb, o make a angemen s o sa egua ding G eenland's special in e es s wi hin he Eu opean Communi ies. E ec s o G eenland's membe ship o he Communi y The e ec s o G eenland's membe ship o he Communi y can be judged om he de oga ions om he p o isions o Communi y law made necessa y by he speci ic si ua ion o G eenland, he aid g an ed by he Communi y o ha egion, he in luence exe ed he e by ce ain policies, he de elopmen o comme cial exchanges and he impac o G eenland's posi ion on he Commu- ni y's ela ions wi h i s in e na ional pa ne s. De oga ions om he applica ion o Communi y law 77ie T ea ies A icle 1 o P o ocol No 4 o he Ac o Accession makes he exe cise o eedom o es ablishmen in he case o ce ain comme cial ac i i ies subjec , o an unlimi ed pe iod, o he condi ion o a six- mon h pe iod o esidence in G eenland, while a he same ime p o iding o he possibili y o subsequen libe aliza ion by he Council, which has ye o be ac ed on. A icle 101 o he Ac o Accession ex ends o 12 sea miles, in he case o G eenland, he limi o wa e s wi hin which he coas al S a e may es ic ishing.' 1 By he same p o ision, his ex ension applies also o he zones associa ed wi h Denma k. F ance. I eland and he Uni ed Kingdom. S. 1/83 15 Seconda y legisla ion Apa om ce ain measu es conce ning ishing, all he eques s made o he exclusion o G eenland, o he adap a ion o Communi y legisla ion o he speci ic condi ions o G eenland ha e been g an ed. The exemp ion om he applica ion o VAT, p o ided o in he Six h Di ec i e,1 is also o some impo ance. O he de oga ions ha e an impac , mo e limi ed in p ac ice bu no negligible in p inciple. Thus, G eenland was excluded om he scope o he Eu opean Con en ion o he P o ec ion o Animals kep o Fa ming Pu poses by Council Decision 78/923/EEC o 19 June 1978,2 om ha o Di ec i e 79/409/EEC on he conse a- ion o wild bi ds3 and om ha o Regula ion (EEC) No 348/81 on he impo a ion o whales o o he ce acean p oduc s4 (see lis o all such p o isions on page 37). Limi ed applica ion o ce ain p o isions Besides hese speci ic de oga ions, a numbe o p o isions, pa icula ly hose ela ing o eedom o es ablishmen and ee mo emen o wo ke s, appea o ha e la gely gone unheeded o pu ely ac ual easons owing o he lack o mig an wo ke mo emen s be ween G eenland and Membe S a es o he han Denma k. Re iew o Communi y inancial assis ance gi en o G eenland O e all app aisal o Communi y aid Apa om he impo ance o he ishing indus- y, he main ea u es o G eenland's economy a e he p edominance o he public sec o , and i s e y hea y dependence on aid om ou side, chie ly Denma k. The la ges en e p ises like he shipya ds, enginee- ing and ish-p ocessing plan s a e S a e-con ol- led, and p i a e en e p ise - essen ially hun e s, ishing-boa owne -ope a o s, sheep- a me s, c a smen and ade s - has ecei ed subs an ial suppo om o icial sou ces (loans, subsidies and S a e gua an ees). Since joining he Communi y, G eenland has ecei ed aid om he s uc u al unds, owa ds i s main economic objec i es o aising he gene al s anda d o li ing, de eloping in as uc u es, di e si ying p oduc ion s uc u es and imp o ing oca ional aining o he labou o ce in an a ack on unde employmen . In he case o he main unds (Eu opean Social Fund (ESF), Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund (ERDF), G eenland is ega ded as a p io i y egion; p ojec s he e a e he e o e gi en p io i y ea men and a e g an ed highe a es o aid. The de elopmen o he inancial ins umen s clea ly shows a g owing concen a ion in a ou o he p io i y egions, and pa icula ly in a ou o G eenland (see Table 8, page 28). The a e age aid pe inhabi an (in 1981 nine imes he a e age Communi y aid o he p io i y egions) is he highes in he Communi y. I is less signi ican o G eenland han o o he egions owing o he small numbe o inhabi an s. Howe e , he agg ega e igu es a e so high in ela i e e ms (amoun ing in 1981 o almos a i h o he aid g an ed o No he n I eland) ha i can be asse ed ha assis ance o G eenland has been mo e concen a ed han in any o he o he p io i y egions. In he new Commission p opo- sals on he Regional Fund,5 pu suan o he guidelines se ou in he manda e,6 G eenland emains a p io i y egion whe e ERDF e o s a e o be concen a ed. I may also be no ed ha G eenland is he only Communi y egion which was no made subjec o he ceilings on egional aid g an ed by Membe S a es. Eu opean Social Fund (ESF) G eenland is one o he six Communi y egions gi en p io i y in he g an ing o ESF assis ance, which, in his egion, is alloca ed mainly o oca ional aining. F om 1976 o 1981 he a e age amoun o aid pe pe son employed almos quad upled and eached 19 100 people - abou 1196 o he labou o ce - each yea . The o al aid g an ed om 1973 o 1981 amoun s o OJL145. 13.6.1977. OJL323, 17.11.1978. OJ L 103, 25.4.1979. OJL39. 12.2.1981. Supplemen 4/81 - Bull. EC. Supplemen 1/81 - Bull. EC. 16 S. 1/83 app oxima ely 30 million ECU. In 1981 i accoun ed o some 3096 o he aid gi en o Denma k (see Table 4, page 25). EAGGF Guidance Sec ion Aid has been g an ed unde he Eu opean Ag icul u al Guidance and Gua an ee Fund (EAGGF), Guidance Sec ion, o he building o pu chase o ishing essels based in o using po s in G eenland. This assis ance has amoun ed o a li le mo e han 2 million ECU (see Table 5, page 26) and has had a eal in luence on he de elopmen o G eenland's lee (see 'Back- g ound', poin (a), on pages 17 and 18). As a as indi ec ac ions a e conce ned, a p og amme was adop ed on he de elopmen o sheep a ming in G eenland in acco dance wi h Council Regula- ion (EEC) No 1821/80 o 24 June 1980.' An amoun o 500 000 ECU has been se aside in he 1982 budge o his pu pose. p og ess and which comp ises a geophysical and ae omagne ic su ey o he Con inen al Shel (in ol ing app oxima ely 3.5 million ECU). Two u anium p ospec ing p ojec s ha e been success- ully ca ied ou wi h Communi y assis ance o some 750 000 ECU (see page 27). The a ious esea ch p ojec s ca ied ou show ha G eenland is a po en ial majo supplie o u anium. Eu opean In es men Bank loans Eu opean In es men Bank (EIB) loans o p ojec s in G eenland o e he pe iod 1973-81 o al 52.2 million ECU and ela e mainly o he mode niza ion o he ai po s o God håb and Na ssa ssuaq and he po s o F ede ikshaab, Na ssaq and Julianeshaab, he de elopmen o elecommunica ions and he me chan lee and he cons uc ion o he mal powe s a ions (see Table 7, page 28). These loans ep esen some 1096 o he public in es men s in G eenland. Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund (ERDF) Fo ERDF pu poses, G eenland is also ega ded as one o he op p io i y egions in he Communi y. Mo e han 300 p ojec s ha e been adop ed o e he pe iod 1975-81. All o he aid has gone o in as uc u e p ojec s ; h ee o hese in ol ed in es men s o mo e han 10 million ECU each, namely he cons uc ion o an ai po a God håb (assis ance gi en in 1976 and 1979) and he building o powe s a ions a God håb (1976) and Hols einsbo g (1980). The o al assis- ance g an ed has almos eached 55 million ECU, i.e. 7996 o he amoun s commi ed in espec o Denma k (see Table 6, page 27) and 1596 o he amoun o public in es men s in G eenland. Resea ch and ene gy p ojec s Aid o esea ch has been channelled mainly in o p ospec ing o mine al aw ma e ials in G een- land, pa icula ly h ough emo e sensing. The o al amoun in ol ed is some 2 million ECU, o which wo hi ds ela ed o u anium explo a ion con ac s and a small p opo ion o he exploi a- ion o such esou ces (see page 27). In he case o he ene gy policy measu es, e o s ha e concen a ed mainly on a hyd oca bons explo a ion p ojec (NAD p ojec ) which is s ill in Ag icul u e and ishe ies Ag icul u e The e has been no expendi u e on sheepmea in Denma k as a whole by he EAGGF Gua an ee Sec ion, and sheep a ming is he only o m o ag icul u e which is o any ex en de eloped in G eenland; so we can conclude ha apa om he EAGGF Guidance Sec ion measu es e e ed o abo e (see his page) expendi u e in G eenland has been negligible. Fishe ies Backg ound The s a is ics gi en in Tables 11 o 16 (pages 32- 37) show he size o he ish s ocks and he de elopmen o G eenland ishe ies o e he las ew yea s. T e la ges s ocks a e cod, ed ish and p awn and cape in o animal eedings u s. (a) Since 1978 G eenland's ishe ies ha e de el- oped e y apidly, as he local lee , encou aged by Communi y assis ance, has g own by 5596 in 1 OJL180. 14.7.1980. S. 1/83 17 h ee yea s (see Table 8); he p awn ishing lee ose om 1 800 o 5 500 g be ween 1978 and 1980. O e he same pe iod G eenland landings expanded subs an ially, om abou 35 000 in 1973 o abou 90 000 in 1981; hey consis ed mainly o cod and p awns, species o high comme cial alue. This de elopmen has aken place in acco dance wi h he Communi y's policy o educing ishing by non-Communi y coun ies o a minimum, and gi ing p e e ence o local ishing wi hin he limi s o exis ing esou ces; i has made possible a la ge expansion in expo s om G eenland, which g ew by almos 5096 be ween 1979 and 1980, pa allel wi h he inc ease in ca ches (see Table 12). (b) G eenland wa e s bo de on Canadian wa e s on he wes and Icelandic and No wegian wa e s on he eas ; hey link wo a eas o he ocean which a e adjacen bu ecologically dis inc . G eenland wa e s ac as a mig a ion ou e in he biological cycle o ce ain bo om-dwelling s ocks, as a eeding g ound o young salmon du ing hei mig a ion o and om hei home i e s, which a e sp ead o e he Communi y (F ance, I eland and he Uni ed Kingdom) and No h Ame ica (Canada and he USA), and as a b eeding g ound o ce ain ma ine mammals; he main li ing esou ces a e hus dependen bo h on he coas al wa e s o he neighbou ing non-Commu- ni y coun ies and on hei 'home S a es'. (c) Fishing occupies a e y impo an place in he G eenland economy, employing a qua e o he labou o ce, no coun ing ac i i ies ela ed o seal-hun ing and he like. The bulk o he indus y's ou pu is expo ed a e p ocessing ( ille ing, deep eezing, d ying and o he p ese - a ion p ocesses), and ishe ies he e o e gene - a ed a e y la ge balance-o -paymen s su plus, h ee qua e s o i on ade wi h Communi y Membe S a es. The alue o ou pu , a e p ocessing and no including ma ine mammals, amoun s o 100 million ECU, o mo e han 4096 o GNP. Al hough he o al ese ed o G een- land ishe men is smalle han ha o o he Communi y ishe men, he alue o hei ca ches is much highe (see Table 13). Cons ain s on de elopmen (a) On he p oduc ion side he ishing indus y is ob iously dependen on he le el o s ocks, and on he policies ollowed by in e na ional o gan- iza ions and, in he case o mixed s ocks, by he non-Communi y coun y in ol ed ( o example, Canada in he case o p awns and halibu , and Iceland and No way in he case o capelin). The se ing o o al allowable ca ches (TACs), on he basis o scien i ic ad ice, has been accompa- nied by quo a p oposals which also ake accoun o G eenland ishe men's g owing s ake in he ishe ies (see Table 15). Thus ca ches by G eenland ishe men o cod and p awns, he wo mos impo an species, ebled in he pe iod be ween 1973 and 1981. Fishing o G eenland halibu and ed ish and o salmon emained mo e o less unchanged, while capelin ishing ell sligh ly. Wi h p e e ence being gi en o local ishe men, ishing by non-G eenlande s has been educed, wi h he excep ion o ed ish in he case o he Fede al Republic o Ge many. In 1981 Ge man ca ches o cod, by-ca ches o he mos pa , amoun ed o only 4596 o ca ches in 1973. The imp o emen in cod s ocks means o 1982 a eal imp o emen o he ac i i ies o G eenland ishe men on his s ock. In he case o non-Communi y coun ies he e has in e e y case been a d as ic all, in some cases o ze o, om 1978 onwa ds (see Table 14). In he case o salmon, local ishing will be able o con inue only wi hin he limi s se by in e na- ional obliga ions, which en us managemen o he ishing and conse a ion o s ocks o he s ocks' home S a es. Ou pu has hus le elled o a 1 190 pe yea . In acco dance wi h he accep ed in e na ional ules, he majo oles played by Canada and ce ain EEC Membe S a es lea e no oom o signi ican de elopmen he e, bu would a he end o lead o a igh ening o he echnical es ic ions on mesh sizes, he leng h o he ishing season, e c. (b) On he ma ke ing side, p oduc ion ac i i ies depend di ec ly on ou le s; and he bulk o hese a e ou side he e i o y i sel , wi h 9096 o ou pu being expo ed. The Communi y cu en ly akes 80 96 o expo s, by weigh and by alue, wi h he majo pa passing ia Denma k; his in a-Communi y ade is exemp om Common Cus oms Ta i du ies, and bene i s unde he ules and mechanisms o he common o ganiza ion o ma ke s. I may be poin ed ou ha , whils G eenland ou pu has so 18 S. 1/83 a sca cely de i ed any bene i om in e en ion by he EAGGF p ice suppo mechanism, he ad an ages o ha mechanism ne e heless make hemsel es el indi ec ly in he p ices ob aining on he ma ke s in he o he egions o he Communi y when he p oduc s a e sold. Communi y aid In addi ion o he aid co e ed by he a ious inancial ins umen s e e ed o abo e, and especially by he EAGGF Guidance Sec ion, i should be poin ed ou ha as a esul o he Council Decision o 1978 Denma k ecei ed in ull, on behal o G eenland, he sum o 10 million ECU de e mined by he Council o he su eillance o ishing zones. Wi h his, G een- land was able o commission se en helicop e s o su eillance and escue a sea and an insho e su eillance essel, and o modi y and upda e wo essels al eady in se ice. De elopmen o comme cial exchanges he consequences o he possible wi hd awal o G eenland om he Communi y on pages 22 and 23): (i) As an in eg al pa o he Communi y, G eenland, co e ed by he OCT, bene i s om Communi y p e e en ial a i a angemen s (such as gene alized p e e ences) and om Communi y libe aliza ion a angemen s adop ed unila e ally o by ea y ( o example, EFTA). (ii) G eenland's ishe y esou ces cons i u e one o he ac o s aken in o conside a ion in ag ee- men s concluded by he Communi y wi h ce ain non-membe coun ies (No way, he Fae oes, Sweden, Canada). (iii) G eenland's special cha ac e is ics ha e o a ce ain deg ee had an impac on he Communi y's ex e nal policy on he en i onmen by slowing down i s accession o in e na ional unde akings, sho o excluding G eenland speci ically om hem ( o example, in he case o he Bonn Con en ion on Mig a o y Species). In he pe iod 1973-81 G eenland's expo s o he Communi y (excluding Denma k) ose signi i- can ly. While o al expo s expanded du ing ha pe iod a an annual a e o 29 96 in alue e ms, expo s o Denma k ose by 2696, hose o he es o he Communi y climbed by 49 96 and hose o non-membe coun ies by 25 96. The sha e o G eenland's expo s going o Denma k ell om close on 6296 in 1973 o jus o e 5096 in 1981, while he sha e accoun ed o by he o he coun ies o he Communi y ose om 8 96 o nea ly 26 96, wi h he bulk going o he Uni ed Kingdom, he Fede al Republic o Ge many and F ance. Expo s a e made up almos exclusi ely o p oduc s o he ishing indus y, hun ing and sheep a ming (5896 o he o al) and lead and zinc o e (3896). The ishing indus y and i s pa ially p ocessed p oduc s ha e enabled G een- land o un a ade su plus wi h he o he membe s o he Communi y o a numbe o yea s (some DKR 145 million in 1981). T ade wi h Denma k, howe e , shows a huge de ici (DKR 780 million in 1981).' Ex e nal ela ions Desc ip ion o he ules applicable o he o e seas coun ies and e i o ies On he basis o A icles 132 and 133 o he EEC T ea y, Council Decision 80/1186/EEC o 16 Decembe 19802 laid down he de ails o and he p ocedu e o he associa ion o he o e seas coun ies and e i o ies wi h he Communi y o he pe iod 1 Ma ch 1980 o 28 Feb ua y 1985; hese a angemen s ollow almos en i ely he p o isions o he Lomé Con en ion. The p inciple unde lying he a angemen s go e ning ade in p oduc s is exemp ion om all cus oms du ies and cha ges ha ing equi alen e ec o impo s in o he Communi y o p oduc s o igina ing in he o e seas coun ies and e i- o ies. Special p o isions apply, howe e , o he p od- uc s lis ed in Annex II o he T ea y which a e subjec o a common o ganiza ion o he ma ke The ollowing should be no ed o he eco d ( his poin is co e ed om he s andpoin o examining 1 See Table 3. page 24. 2 OJL361. 31.12.1980. S. 1/83 19 o o speci ic ules unde he common ag icul u al policy (CAP);' wo si ua ions a e en isaged: (i) I no o he measu es, apa om cus oms du ies, a e p o ided o in espec o hose p oduc s in he Communi y, he p oduc s a e au oma ically exemp . (ii) Fo o he p oduc s, each case is examined indi idually; he Communi y has ied o ake s eps o ensu e mo e a ou able ea men han is acco ded o hi d coun ies enjoying mos - a ou- ed-na ion s a us. These a angemen s conce n he ollowing p od- uc s: bee and eal, ishe y p oduc s, a s and oils, ce eals, ice, p oduc s p ocessed om ce eals and ice, esh and p ocessed ui and ege ables, ce ain p oduc s esul ing om he p ocessing o ag icul u al p oduc s, aw obacco and li ing plan s. In ce ain cases (bee and eal, ice, ui and ege ables, aw obacco) o al o pa ial exemp- ion om impo du ies on p oduc s coming om ACP S a es/OCTs is subjec o ce ain condi ions, and limi ed o ce ain annual o plu iannual quan i ies.2 The Communi y has also unde aken no o apply quan i a i e es ic ions o measu es ha ing equi- alen e ec . These a angemen s a e simila o hose acco ded o he ACP S a es and ha e esul ed in he comple e libe aliza ion o impo s o a e y la ge p opo ion o ag icul u al p oduc s om he ACP coun ies, including ishe y p od- uc s.3 Mo eo e , i he applica ion o he ade a ange- men s in ol es se ious dis u bances on he Communi y ma ke , he Communi y may ake, o au ho ize one o i s Membe S a es o ake, he necessa y sa egua d measu es ( he scope o hese sa egua d clauses, and he p ocedu e o gi ing e ec o hem, a e de ined p ecisely by A icle 13 o he OCT Decision). The o e seas coun ies and e i o ies, howe e , may e ain o in oduce, in so a as he Communi y is conce ned, any cus oms du ies o quan i a i e es ic ions hey conside necessa y o hei de elopmen , subjec only o: (i) he p ohibi ion o any disc imina ion be ween Membe S a es; (ii) he p ohibi ion o less a ou able ea men o he Membe S a es han ha acco ded o hi d coun ies ha ing he same economic s uc u e. The ules applicable o he OCTs do no hem- sel es con ain any p o ision o encou aging eedom o es ablishmen o Communi y ci izens in he OCTs. The only obliga ion on he OCT is o ensu e o Membe S a es ea men iden ical wi h, o a leas as a ou able as, ha g an ed o non-membe S a es. As ega ds access o economic ac i i ies gene ally, especially ishing, he Communi y enjoys no p e e en ial ea men . Thus, i may happen in p ac ice ha an OCT, o he Membe S a e wi h which i is associa ed, g an s a non-membe coun y g ea e acili ies han hose acco ded o he o he Membe S a es.4 As ega ds he mo emen o wo ke s, on he basis o A icle 135 o he EEC T ea y, any eedom depends on a unanimous decision o he Membe S a es. The o al amoun o inancial assis ance gi en by he Communi y du ing he pe iod o he OCT Decision ( i e yea s) is 109 million u.a., o which 15 million u.a. came om he Eu opean In es - men Bank in he o m o loans. A sum o 60 million u.a. was made a ailable in he o m o special subsidies and loans o indi idual p ojec s (a e deduc ion o egional coope a ion measu es, eme gency aids, in e es - a e subsidies on EIB loans, isk capi al and S abex capi al). This sum o 60 million u.a. was di ided equally be ween he F ench, Du ch and B i ish OCTs, 20 million going o each ca ego y. This decision is a comp omise be ween he Membe S a es and akes no accoun o he pe capi a GNP and he ela i e po e y o he OCTs. 1 70 % o p oduc s coming om G eenland a e co e ed by he CAP (see Table 16. page 37). 2 Special p o isions apply o um. bananas and suga . ' The Communi y has ne e heless insis ed on e y s ic ules as ega ds o igin in he case o ishe y p oduc s. The e is a special Council decla a ion conce ning he o igin o OCT ishe y p oduc s. 4 See he concessions g an ed by F ance o Japan as ega ds ishing in New Caledonian wa e s. 20 S. 1/83 E ec s on he Communi y o G een- land's wi hd awal ules, a leas in espec o Communi y wo ke s employed in G eenland a he ime o wi hd awal. I G eenland ceased o be a membe and wi hd ew om he e i o y o he Communi y, he mu ual igh s and obliga ions a p esen assumed by he Communi y and by Denma k in i s capaci y as G eenland's ep esen a i e in e na- ionally and a Communi y le el would au oma i- cally e mina e.' Howe e , he acquis canno be igno ed; i mus be bo ne in mind ha he Communi y has g an ed subs an ial aid o G een- land, ega ding i as one o i s leas - a ou ed egions, wi h a iew o acili a ing i s economic in eg a ion, and ha a pa e n o ade has been es ablished. T ansi ional measu es Financial aid commi ed o o be commi ed I would appea ha any solu ion adop ed mus e lec bo h he conce n ha G eenland be ea ed in he same way as he o he egions o he Communi y so long as i emains a pa o i and he need o esol e he si ua ion as soon as i ceases o be a membe and wi hou p ejudice o he g an ing, in o he o ms, o ce ain aid de e mined by i s new legal s a us. The de ac o si ua ion in ela ion o he a ious inancial ins umen s and he possibili y o ea - ma king annual anches o mos p ojec s should p eclude any signi ican di icul ies. Re en ion o es ed igh s P o ision should be made o app op ia e meas- u es o p o ec companies and pe sons who ha e exe cised he igh o es ablishmen as well as Communi y wo ke s employed in G eenland. The ex emely small numbe o pe sons a ec ed and he case-law o he Cou o Jus ice ha has al eady been es ablished in a ou o he e en ion o pension igh s acqui ed by wo ke s du ing pe iods o employmen in a e i o y which has subsequen ly ceased o belong o he Communi y gi e no eason o suppose ha he e will be any majo di icul ies in his a ea, e en i he u u e s a us o G eenland we e o ule ou he p inciple o ee mo emen . I would, howe e , be p e e - able o e ain he subs ance o he Communi y Guidelines o be applied in he de ini ion o new ules P oblems in ol ed in he applica ion o he ules go e ning o e seas coun ies and e i o ies (a) As ega ds he de elopmen philosophy, i is essen ial o bea in mind he p inciples go e ning he associa ion wi h he Communi y o coun ies and e i o ies which ha e a special ela ionship wi h ce ain Membe S a es. O iginally concei ed as a means o aking in o accoun he ac ha ce ain Membe S a es had colonial possessions, he ules go e ning o e seas coun ies and e i o ies ha e o en o med a s epping-s one owa ds o he ypes o ela ion- ship. The p inciples, se ou in he p eamble o he T ea y and in he Associa ion Decision i sel , a e hose o solida i y be ween he indus ialized and he de eloping coun ies wi h a iew o achie ing a mo e jus and balanced economic o de . The associa ion o o e seas coun ies and e i o ies wi h he Communi y alls wi hin he gene al con ex o No h-Sou h ela ions and is in keeping wi h he spi i o he mos ad anced example o such ela ions, he Lomé Con en ion, as is e iden om one o he eci als o he Council Decision o 16 Decembe 1980 conce ning he associa ion: 'Whe eas hese p o isions o m pa o he Eu opean Economic Communi y's e o s o es ablish, in pa icula by means o he Second ACP-EEC Con en ion, signed a Lomé on 31 Oc obe 1979 ... a new model o ela ions be- ween de eloped and de eloping egions ...'. This explici e e ence in he ules on o e seas coun ies and e i o ies o he Lomé Con en ion is a clea indica ion o he ype and scope o he ela ions which he Communi y in ended o es ablish in i s associa ion wi h he o e seas coun ies and e i o ies. 1 I mus be emphasized ha he case has no eal p eceden . The wi hd awal o Alge ia occu ed in comple ely di e en ci cums ances, and i s s a us as a pa o he Communi y was no eplaced by a esh s a us. S. 1/83 21 (b) I would be ex emely haza dous o p edic he olume o ans e s om he Eu opean De elopmen Fund o which G eenland would be eligible, since hese a e no di ec ly linked o economic conside a ions.' (c) Excep whe e he e a e speci ic p o isions such as hose adop ed in espec o impo s o pe oleum p oduc s om he Ne he lands An illes, he e is an inhe en imbalance in he ules on o e seas coun ies and e i o ies. Des- igned o p omo e de elopmen , hey p o ide di ec ly o indi ec ly o he almos o al libe aliz- a ion o ade o p oduc s om he o e seas coun ies and e i o ies, wi h no co esponding concessions o he Communi y. Howe e , p od- uc s om G eenland a e much mo e compe i i e han hose om he o e seas coun ies and e i o ies. (d) OCT s a us does no au oma ically p o ide o non- ecip ocal a i - ee access o he Com- muni y. The ques ion o wha p ac ical a ange- men should apply o G eenland expo s (o ishe ies in pa icula ) o he Communi y, a e wi hd awal, is o be decided in he ligh o all ele an conside a ions. ela i e con ol (subjec o consul a ions wi h hi d coun ies) o mixed s ocks, wi h he possible loss o ee access o he Communi y ma ke , which abso bs 90% o i s p oduc ion, and he loss o all o pa o he inancial suppo g an ed by he Communi y. I will be necessa y o ake ully in o accoun in any e en ual a angemen : (i) Communi y ishing pa e ns in G eenland wa e s; (ii) he ques ion o he p ope con ol o G een- land ishing by in e cep ion o salmon o Commu- ni y o igin. Raw ma e ials and ene gy G eenland has conside able na u al esou ces, al hough hey a e s ill di icul o e alua e and e y unde exploi ed; his si ua ion lea es open he possibili y o u u e oppo uni ies o coope a ion in his ield. Ex e nal ela ions The Communi y in e es s o be aken in o accoun Common ishe ies policy Special a en ion should be paid o he ishe ies sec o , which ep esen s he mos sensi i e aspec o ade be ween he Communi y and G eenland and o Communi y access o G eenland's esou - ces. Unde he new ules, i he la e es ic ed Communi y access o G eenland's ishing wa e s o e en included he loss o ishing igh s in ha a ea, he Communi y would ha e o e iew i s supply equi emen s aking in o accoun i s own ishing lee 's ope a ing bases and condi ions, in he ligh o he speci ic equi emen s o coas al egions which a e pa icula ly dependen on such ac i i ies. I would also ha e o gi e special p o ec ion o addi ional possible sou ces (in pa icula in F ench Guiana and Sain Pie e and Miquelon). The possible coun e balance o his om he s andpoin o G eenland would be G eenland's e e ing o au onomous con ol o i s s ocks and On he basis ha he CCT, he p e en ial a i a angemen s and he Communi y libe aliza ion a angemen s adop ed unila e ally o by ea y would no longe be applicable unde he new ules, he Danish au ho i ies would ha e o nego ia e, on a mul ila e al (GATT) and bila e al basis, a new ex e nal a i and new libe aliza ion a angemen s o G eenland. The ee ade ag eemen s concluded by he Communi y wi h he EFTA coun ies, which a p esen enjoy exemp ion om cus oms du ies and ee access wi hou quan i a i e es ic ions o he G eenland ma ke , would au oma ically cease o apply o G eenland. The ques ion whe he he Communi y would ha e o nego ia e wi h i s pa ne s compensa ion o he igh s and bene i s which hose coun ies would lose as a esul o he 'sh inking' o he Communi y would no a ise i he same igh s and bene i s we e g an ed by G eenland. 1 As an example, he Ne he lands An illes is he mos a ou ed coun y in e ms o he alloca ion o a ailable esou ces, namely 20 million ECU o e a pe iod o i e yea s o a popula ion i e imes ha o G eenland. 22 S. 1/83 The e is a simila bu mo e speci ic p oblem wi h ishe ies ag eemen s concluded wi h some non- membe coun ies: (i) i s ly wi h No way and he Fae oes, which implies ecip ocal ishing ela ions in he wa e s o he con ac ing pa ies, he eby including access o he wa e s o G eenland; (ii) secondly wi h Canada, which implies a ela ionship be ween access o wa e s and access o ma ke s, whe e he balance o concessions is assessed by compa ison wi h he p e e en ial sys ems g an ed in espec o EFTA membe s, pa icula ly Iceland. The change in he s a us o G eenland would ce ainly, o he ex en ha i cas s doub on he a angemen s o ishing in coas al wa e s and on he ade sys em, esul in an al e a ion in he balance in hese ishe ies ela ionships as a whole wi h he coun ies in ques ion and gi e ise o e ision o some ishe ies ag eemen s. Table 1 Popula ion 1965 1970 1981 To al popula ion Bo n in G eenland 39 600 46 531 50 643 88.7% 83.6% 81.9% B eakdown by sex and by age Bo n ou side G eenland 11.3% 16.4% 18.1% (%) Ms üe Female 0-4 5-14 15-19 20-64 yea s yea s yea s yea s 65 and o e 1965 51.4 48.6 19.3 26.9 7.6 43.8 2.4 1970 52.5 47.5 15.2 28.2 7.7 46.2 2.7 1981 54.4 45.6 8.6 20.0 12.5 55.3 3.6 B eakdown o popula ion by sec o o economic ac i i y (%> 1. Fishing, hun ing, sheep a ming, e c. 2. Mining and qua ying 3. Manu ac u ing 4. Building and cons uc ion 5. Wholesale and e ail ades 6. T anspo 7. Adminis a ion and o he se ices Pa icipa ion 1965 1970 1976 27.5 19.2 15.1 2.3 0.8 1.8 11.7 14.3 14.9 11.7 15.1 14.5 11.6 11.3 10.1 10.0 10.2 8.6 25.2 29.1 35.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.4 39.2 43.1 Table 2 Danish Go e nmen cu en and capi al ans e s o G eenland (million DKR) Cu en ans e s Capi al ans e s To al 1972 285 270 555 1973 311 266 577 1974 353 349 702 1975 419 317 736 1976 474 353 827 1977 536 400 936 1978 616 452 1 068 1979 660 559 1 219 1980 820 538 1 358 1981 847 585 1 432 S. 1/83 23 Table 9 (con inued) Loans Mezzogio no I eland No he n I eland G eenland FODs G eece To al Mezzogio no I eland No he n I eland G eenland FODs G eece To al Mezzogio no I eland No he n I eland G eenland FODs G eece To al 1973 5.50 7.15 - 139.3 - - 5.16 149 194 - 3 790 - - 140 11.3 2.3 - 0.7 - - 14.3 1974 12.64 15.83 3.17 107.1 - - 11.61 260 325 65 2 200 - - 238 17.5 3.9 0.4 0.4 - - 24.2 1975 16.19 12.73 - - - - 13.49 238 163 - - - - 173 15.6 2.0 - - - - 17.5 1976 1977 Pe capi a loans (in 14.86 18.25 - - - - 13.20 21.93 25.03 18.03 144.3 - - 20.61 1978 ECU) 35.55 36.44 - 229.7 - - 31.21 Pe capi a loans (EUR 10 = 100) 178 218 - - - - 156 243 277 200 1 600 - - 228 325 333 - 2 100 - - 286 Pe cen age o o al Ioana (EUR 10) 13.3 2.7 - - - - 16.0 17.4 3.3 1.1 0.3 - - 22.1 24.3 4.1 - 0.4 - - 28.8 1979 34.21 108.20 50.23 205.3 - - 42.16 267 843 392 1 600 - - 328 19.8 10.6 2.3 0.3 - - 39.0 1980 42.54 110.29 53.03 95.91 - - 50.08 271 703 340 612 - - 320 23.0 9.2 2.0 0.1 - - 32.4 1981 63.4 101.4 6.8 138.8 - 16.4 50.0 453 724 49 991 - 117 357 33.9 9.3 0.3 0.2 - 4.2 47.8 30 S. 1/83 Table ¡O B eakdown o s uc u al subsidies and loans o egions wi h highes p io i y (million ECU) P io i y egions 1980 Mezzogio no I eland No he n I eland G eenland F ench o e s, dep . To al ( i e egions) 1981 Mezzogio no I eland No he n I eland G eenland F ench o e s, dep . G eece To al (six egions) EAGGF Guid., indi . p oj. 98.7 10.6 2.9 0.0 0.2 112.4 111.9 21.4 4.9 0.1 0.4 17.4 156.1 ESF 172.7 79.7 45.0 5.7 29.1 332.2 209.8 105.7 52.9 7.4 28.9 29.9 434.6 ERDF 489.7 77.8 29.6 7.8 31.3 636.2 722.0 108.9 51.7 14.3 20.7 250.2 1 167.8 EMS in e es - a e subsidies 102.9 67.2 170.1 91.3 66.6 157.9 To al sub- sidies' 864.0 235.3 77.5 13.5 60.6 1 250.9 1 135.0 302.6 109.5 21.8 50.0 297.5 1 916.4 EIB 793.8 334.4 81.5 4.7 1 214.4 879.3 325.3 10.5 6.8 159.2 1 381.1 ECSC Eu a om NCI 66.7 1.0 - 41.7 1.0 - 108.4 26.6 - 383.6 10.9 - 17.3 37.5 - 400.9 To al loans 860.5 377.2 81.5 4.7 1 323.9 1 289.5 353.5 10.5 6.8 159.2 1 819.5 1 No including EAGGF Guidance Sec ion (indi ec measu es) o he ECSC budge . S. 1/83 31 Table 11 The G eenland lee has inc eased ai ly subs an ially in ecen yea s, pa ly because o EAGGF inance (la ines) Mo o essels - o al B eakdown 5- 49,9 g 50- 99.9 g 100- 149.9 g 150- 499.9 g 500- 999,9 g 1 000-1 999.9 g 2 000 g and o e 1978 Numbe 310 282 12 5 5 6 - — g 11 886 4 321 820 610 1 806 4 329 - — 1979 Numbe 321 288 12 7 8 6 - — To al g 12 792 4 322 820 907 2 414 4 329 - — 1980 Numbe 330 291 12 7 14 6 - — To al g 14 573 4 339 826 907 4 172 4 329 - - 1981 Numbe 383 335 13 8 19 8 - — To al g 18 354 4 786 893 1055 5 553 6 067 - — The able shows ha he o al numbe o essels inc eased by 23.5% om 310 in 1978 o 383 in 1981. The inc ease is mos ma ked as ega ds small coas al essels. The numbe o essels in he 150-499.9 g ca ego y, mainly sh impe s, wen up om 5 o 19. hus e lec ing he subs an ial g ow h in sh imp ishing. The eason why he G eenland lee is so impo an o he coun y's economy is ha abou 25 % o he ac i e popula ion wo ks in ishe ies. Table 12 Sales by ype o p oduc Fish and ish p oduc s - o al F esh, chilled F ozen o which: ozen ile s Sal ed, d ied, smoked Shell ish ( esh, chilled, sal ed, d ied, ozen) Canned Meal Oil O he p oduc s 1979 Quan i y ( onnes) 32 386 - 10716 7 292 7 872 9 545 1 680 1 477 86 1 010 Value ('000 DKR) 510 576 - 145 677 82 107 69 734 214 482 63 204 3213 141 14 125 1980 Quan i y ( onnes) 42 760 128 11 039 7 278 8 477 18 190 2 900 1 457 - 569 Value ('000 DKR) 774 773 1864 171659 94 856 85 780 401 923 101 859 2 892 - 8 796 32 S. 1/83 Table 13 Es ima e o he alue o Ashing possibili ies in G eenland in 1981 Species Cod Red ish G eenland halibu Halibu Sh imp Roundnose g enadie Ca ish Salmon Capelin' To al % A e age (ECU/ ) 602 720 482' 1 5022 1 259 743 363* 6 258 743 Quo a o G eenland ishe men ( onnes) ECU) 51 000 30.7 4 500 3.2 7 500 3.6 700 1.1 29 000 36.5 1000 0.1 4 000 1.5 1 190 7.5 - 84.2 55.40 Quo a o o he Communi y ishe men ( onnes) ECU) 7 000 4.2 52 800 38.0 26 000 12.5 0 0 3 200 4.0 5 400 0.4 2 000 0.7 — - 10 000 (0,7) 59.8 39.34 Quo a o hi d coun ies ( onnes) ECU) 0 0 0 0 1 500 0.7 0 0 5 800 7.3 0 0 0 0 140 000 (10.3) 8.0 5.26 G and o al 152.0 100 ' 80% o he alue o cod. ' 250% o he alue o cod. 1 Value/ onne indus ial landings in Denma k. 1977 ( oundnose g enadie mainly used o indus ial pu poses in G eenland). 4 60% o he alue o cod. 5 Excluded om economic calcula ions and o als o his able. S. 1/83 33 Table 14 Ca ches in G eenland wa e s Cod Halibu Sh imps Red ish Salmon Capelin 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 GR NAFO 1 17 715 19 932 19314 16 282 24 220 37 470 46 384 46 606 51408 3 655 4 054 3 436 3 546 6 110 5 985 5 273 5 307 4 959 8 135 10 244 9 789 9 778 14 881 13 131 20 027 24 203 26 850 1 112 2 405 1 046 2 696 1 098 671 251 1 205 533 1 585 1 162 1 171 1 175 1420 984 1 389 1 194 1 264 3 214 3 471 1034 474 322 297 261 298 - XIV 191 68 224 372 1833 1 347 2 755 1453 1442 4 2 1 1 4 6 - - - - - - - - - - - 1004 - - - 129 1 3 - - - - - - - 6 8 5 - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - DK NAFO 1 — - - - - - - - - 5 - 2 3 - - - - - 196 308 1 142 2717 5 842 3 382 1 327 872 996 — - - - - - - - - 385 505 382 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 555 XIV _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — - - — - - 711 581 — - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 574 - NAFO 1 5 944 1 681 10 842 5 842 2 069 1057 1 344 1 104 332 65 2 24 93 590 4 965 12 784 1 175 10 - - - - 31 - - - - 2 078 568 3 120 5 074 29 379 7 369 8 592 6 287 5 132 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — D XIV 9 262 2 309 1 552 7 075 3 564 3 936 1062 3 193 7 264 7 0 64 191 224 2 156 6 227 2 146 2 994 - - - - - - - - - 4 491 2 632 4 979 4 403 13 347 19 085 15 393 30 245 38 337 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — F NAFO 1 38 - - - - - 139 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 803 924 805 353 247 556 - - - - - 4 1 - 314 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — XIV _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - - 57 353 - - - - - - 490 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — EC 9 (exe NAFO 1 6 475 2 947 11001 5 997 2 609 1057 1482 1 104 332 71 20 35 96 590 4 965 12 784 1 175 10 196 308 1 142 3 520 6 766 4 187 1680 1 119 1560 2 094 642 3 163 5 077 29 379 7 373 8 596 6 287 5 446 385 505 382 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 555 GR) XIV 9 923 2 808 1 552 8 589 4 957 3 979 1062 4 646 7 264 8 1 66 196 235 2 157 6 231 2 146 2 994 - - - - - - - 768 934 4 566 2 759 5 035 4 692 13 969 19 098 15 883 30 245 38 337 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 574 - EC 10 (ind NAFOI 24 190 22 879 30 315 22 279 26 829 38 527 47 830 47 710 51740 3 726 4 074 3 471 3 642 6 700 10 950 18 057 6 482 4 969 8 231 10 552 10 931 13 298 21647 17318 21 707 25 322 28 390 3 206 3 047 4 569 7 773 30 477 8 044 8 847 7 492 5 979 1 970 1 667 1 553 1 275 1420 984 1 389 1 194 1 264 3 214 3 471 1034 474 322 297 261 298 555 GR) XIV 10 114 2 876 1 776 8 960 6 790 5 326 3 817 3 197 8 706 12 3 67 197 239 2 163 6 231 2 146 2 994 - - - - - - - 768 1 938 4 566 2 759 5 035 4 821 14 433 19 101 15 883 30 245 38 337 - - - - 6 8 5 - - - 1 1 1 1 - - 12 574 — 34 S. 1/83 ( onnes) The Fae oes NATO 1 4 499 4911 5 355 3 460 7 346 38 _ -24 34 77 2 1 371 2 023 5 300 11 179 12612 8 070 6 867 3 554 8 - - - - 6 33 171 110 260 - - - - - — XIV 167 652 581 440 1 407 6 - - - - - - - - - -8 - 4 113 13 43 1 3 19 - - - - - - 798 - - — No way NAFO 1 15 567 3 506 3 068 2 825 1 683 4 - 35 12 37 7 11 5 2 940 5917 8 678 11 658 7 353 8 959 4 639 2 502 56 81 45 38 44 3 200 140 217 - - - - - — XIV _ - 1 864 364 537 17 0 _ - - - 2 3 - - - -24 - 267 2 558 _ -65 5 112 2 - - - _ - 16 539 77 840 74 251 — USSF NAFO 1 120 576 214 137 1 086 - - 2913 8 650 19 775 6 944 1 389 - - 6 033 6 468 - - - - 43 192 3 982 L XIV _ - -127 16 - - 776 1 762 1 634 74 - - 101 - - - - - — 64 118 9 830 5 825 101 000 390 - - - - 39 15 - - - — 251 - - - - - - - - - — Spai NAFOI 10 235 5 897 4017 2 090 - - - _ - - - - - - 6 948 6 925 - - - — _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - — XIV _ - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - — _ - - - - - - - - _ - - - - — Po ugal NAFO 1 8 331 10 166 4 940 2 495 1052 - - _ 32 41 95 - - - - - - - - - _ -33 62 - - - - - - - - - - — XIV — - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - — _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - — Iceland NAFO 1 — - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - — _ - - - - - - - — - - - - - — XIV 1 446 3 009 785 3 133 25 13 3 19 3 1 0 2 - 2 - - - - 367 519 617 2 144 9 777 5 632 7 410 81 151 89 - - 20 160 70 302 168 392 114 584 108 543 — Non-membe coun ies NAFO 1 XIV 38 752 1638 25 056 3 679 27 594 4 149 11 007 4 066 11 167 1 985 36 3 19 3 702 12 707 9 295 28 086 19 909 19 560 7 240 76 1 812 2 1 2 4311 7 940 101 26 959 - 36 376 - 19 965 24 17 029 375 11751 783 6 646 7 318 113 3 333 277 11219 4 420 20 294 5 925 108 835 434 464 9 153 33 - 89 371 250 - 477 - 39 - 15 20 160 70 302 - 185 689 - 192 404 - 203 387 "" — S. 1/83 35 Table 15 TACs and quo as donnes) Cod Sh imps Red ish Halibu 1 1 848 EC 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 ' A o al o 20 500. T^/- NAFO 1 - - - 50 000 65 000 40 000 29 500 29 500 30 000 30 000 13 000 28 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 25 000 25 000 25 000 20 000 20 000 XIV. Va _ - - 8 000 15 000 - - - 8000 5 500 80 000 70 000 65 000 85 000 42 000 20 000 15000 15 000 15 000 3 950 Quo a GR NAFO 1 25 000 - 50 000 50 000 50 000 13 500 16 500 22 000 27 600 27 850 5 000 - 4 000 6 000 4 000 7 500 - 7 500 13 350 6 000 XIV. Va 3 000 - 3 000 1000 3 500 - - - - 2 000 500 — 500 - 500 - - - - 1 NAFO 1 _ - - - 3 000 5 025 I 310 400 400 - - - - - - - - MC XIV. Va _ - - - - — - 2 900 525 - - - 500 - - - 1 140 50 c NAFO 1 _ - - - 11000 - - - - 6 500 - 5 800 4 000 5 400 14 500 - 12 150 5 700 1 200 ι XIV. Va _ - - 3 000 10 000 - - - - 20 000 - 34 000 42 000 40 800 18 500 - 9 250 1 860 3 000 NAFO 1 _ - — — - 1675 ι 310 400 400 - - - - - — - - F XIV. Va _ _ _ _ - - - - 900 525 2 - - - — — - - UK NAFO 1 _ _ _ _ 1000 _ - - - 3 - _ 100 _ _ - — 50 XIV. Va _ _ _ _ I 500 _ — - - 2 — _ _ 100 _ _ 5 750 150 Non-membe coun ies NAFO 1 _ _ _ _ - 19 500 11 182 7 880 1 600 1 350 1 497 200 500 3000 5 350 750 12 750 XIV. Va _ _ _ _ - _ expe . ishing 4 200 2 450 _ _ 30 500 42 500 500 1 500 _ 12 000 750 Κ Table 16 Communi y impo s om G eenland Impo s To al o which: Fish, c us aceans, molluscs Fish p oduc s Sal , sulphu , clay, s one, e c. Lead and zinc o es Skins and u s 1978 onnes 151 456 8 673 3 548 53 606 82 644 49 '000 ECU 54 487 13018 17 243 1 856 16 245 1 922 1979 onnes 154 025 16 068 4 567 45 933 84 446 72 000 ECU 80 067 26 528 24 530 2 354 20 345 2 498 1980 onnes 191 172 21 939 5 884 67 056 92 673 86 '000 ECU 105 174 37 953 34 181 3 479 22 887 3 404 Annex A, Supplemen 3 Legal ins umen s con aining de oga ion wi h espec o G eenland Di ec i e on manu ac u ed obacco Council Di ec i e 79/32/EEC o 18 Decembe 1978 (OJ LIO, 16.1.1979) does no apply o G eenland (A icle 9(2)). Common o ganiza ion o he ma ke in ishe y p oduc s Council Regula ion (EEC) No 100/76 o 19 Janua y 1976 (OJ L 20, 28.1.1976). I is ecog- nized ha by i ue o A icle 2 o P o ocol No 4 o he Ac conce ning he condi ions o Den- ma k's accession o he Eu opean Communi y, he common o ganiza ion o ma ke s in he ishe ies sec o (in pa icula he egula ion ixing p ices) does no apply o G eenland. Labelling and p esen a ion o oods u s Council Di ec i e 79/112/EEC o 18 Decembe 1978 (OJ L33, 8.2.1979) does no apply o G eenland (A icle 25). Conse a ion o wild bi ds Council Di ec i e 79/409/EEC o 2 Ap il 1979 (OJ L 103, 25.4.1979) does no apply o G een- land (A icle 1(3)). VA Τ di ec i e Council Di ec i e 77/388/EEC o 17 May 1977 (OJ L 145, 13.6.1977) does no apply o G een- land (A icle 3(2)). Di ec i e on axes on manu ac u ed obacco Council Di ec i e 77/805/EEC o 19 Decembe 1977 (OJ L338, 28.12.1977) does no apply o G eenland (A icle 4). Coo dina ion o p ocedu es o he awa d o public supply con ac s Council Di ec i e 80/767/EEC o 22 July 1980 (OJ L215, 18.8.1980), supplemen ing Di ec i e 77/62/EEC, ep esen s he Eu opean Commu- ni y's ollow-up as ega ds in e na ional a ange- men s o he Ag eemen on Go e nmen P ocu e- men . KGH, GTO and wo o he ins i u ions a e lis ed among he p ocu emen en i ies subjec o he Ag eemen . Howe e , oo no e 1 s a es ha S. 1/83 37 p oduc s o esale a e no included in he case o Annex Β KGH. Summe ime Council Di ec i e 80/737/EEC o 22 July 1980 (OJ L205, 7.8.1980) makes a de oga ion o G eenland (A icle 3). P o ec ion o employees in he e en o he in- sol ency o hei employe Council Di ec i e 80/987/EEC o 20 Oc obe 1980 (OJ L283, 28.10.1980) does no apply o G eenland since he G eenland labou ma ke di e s om ha o he o he pa s o he Communi y because o he geog aphical si ua ion and cu en job s uc u es (A icle 1(3)). Ins i u ional and legal analysis /. The pu pose o his Annex is o p o ide u he elemen s o an app ecia ion om a legal and ins i u ional poin o iew. 2. I should be ecalled i s o all ha as he Commission was seised by he Council o a eques o an opinion on he applica ion o G eenland o OCT s a us, i was o necessi y equi ed, bo h by o mal and by logical conside a- ions, o examine i s o all whe he G eenland ul ils he condi ions unde he EEC T ea y o access o OCT s a us and whe he he exis ing p o isions, subjec o he possibili y o de oga ion he e om in a manne compa ible wi h he gene al sys em o OCT s a us, allowed su icien accoun o be aken o he objec i es laid down o he es ablishmen o a new ela ionship be ween he Communi y and G eenland. 3. The subs an i e condi ions ega ding access o OCT s a us a e limi ed pu suan o A icle 131 o he EEC T ea y o he ollowing ac o s: (i) he coun y o e i o y conce ned mus ha e special ela ions wi h a Membe S a e; (ii) ha coun y o e i o y mus be non- Eu opean; (iii) ha coun y o e i o y mus display he cha ac e is ics o a de eloping coun y. The o mal condi ion is he amendmen o he EEC T ea y unde he p ocedu e laid down in A icle 236 he eo a he ini ia i e o a Membe S a e o o he Commission and upon a a ou - able opinion o he Council equi ing he assen o he Membe S a es and a i ica ion in acco dance wi h hei espec i e cons i u ional equi emen s. 4. I is he Commission's opinion ha he subs ance o he new sys em o be ins i u ed wi h espec o G eenland as desc ibed in he opinion is no incompa ible wi h he gene al sys em o OCT s a us in ha i in ol es ei he p o isions subs an- ially iden ical o hose applicable o he OCTs o speci ic p o isions ela ing o p oblems di e en om hose c ea ed by he si ua ion o he p esen OCTs ( ishe ies). 38 S. 1/83 5. Fu he mo e, i should be emphasized ha ecou se o a known legal o mula does in p inciple ha e he ad an age o legal cla i y and ce ain y by compa ison wi h he solu ion in- ol ing he ins i u ion o an ad hoc sys em; in he p esen case, he desi e o a oid he p oli e a ion, a he le el o he T ea ies, o ins ances o special s a us ein o ces he p e e ence o he use o OCT s a us;1 subjec o he conside a ions se ou unde poin 2. 6. As ega ds he ins i u ional mechanisms a ising om he use o OCT s a us, i should be ecalled ha he implemen ing measu es all wi hin he compe ence o he Council, ac ing unanimously (second pa ag aph o A icle 136 o he EEC T ea y) on a p oposal om he Commis- sion. This is he e o e an au onomous Commu- ni y decision-making p ocess.2 1 I should be no ed ha his line o hough coincides wi h conside a ions o a mo e poli ical na u e which end o minimize he 'p eceden ' which he solu ion adop ed o G eenland migh cons i u e; he OCT o mula, applied in conjunc ion wi h s ic ly limi ed special p o isions, ules ou i s use o a Eu opean e i o y and es ic s he possibili y - which is in heo y in ini e i ad hoc o mulas a e used - o speci ic applica ion which a Membe S a e migh claim o a non-Eu opean e i o y wi h which i has special ela ions. 2 Howe e , he special p o isions o be laid down wi h ega d o access by Communi y ishe men o G eenland wa e s in ol e, wha e e he legal amewo k, he conclusion o a bila e al ag eemen be ween he Communi y and he au ho i y esponsible o G eenland on he basis o A icle 43 o he EEC T ea y. S. 1/83 39 Eu opean Communi ies - Commission Commission opinion on he s a us o G eenland Supplemen 1/83-Bull. EC Luxembou g: O ice o O icial Publica ions o he Eu opean Communi ies 1983 - 43 pp. - 17.6 χ 25.0 cm DA, DE, GR, EN, FR, IT, NL ISBN 92-825-3716-1 Ca alogue numbe : CB-NF-83-0O1-EN-C P ice (excluding VAT) in Luxembou g ECU 2 BFR 90 IRL 1.50 UKL 1.20 USD 2 Following he e e endum in G eenland o ganized by he local go e nmen in Feb ua y 1982 (which showed a majo i y o he elec o a e in a ou o wi hd awing om he Communi y), he Danish Go e nmen asked ha he T ea ies be amended so as o b ing G eenland wi hin he p o isions go e ning he associa ion o o e seas coun ies and e i o ies. The Commission s a ed i s iews on his eques in a o mal opinion which is ep oduced in his Supplemen . 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