Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Physics Le e s B
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Measu emen o he cha ge asymme y in op-qua k pai p oduc ion in
associa ion wi h a pho on wi h he ATLAS expe imen
.The ATLAS Collabo a ion
a i c l e i n o a b s a c
A icle his o y:
Recei ed 21 Decembe 2022
Recei ed in e ised o m 17 Feb ua y 2023
Accep ed 14 Ma ch 2023
A ailable online 20 June 2023
Edi o : M. Dose
A measu emen o he cha ge asymme y in op-qua k pai ( ¯
) p oduc ion in associa ion wi h a pho on
is p esen ed. The measu emen is pe o med in he single-lep on ¯
decay channel using p o on–p o on
collision da a collec ed wi h he ATLAS de ec o a he La ge Had on Collide a CERN a a cen e-o -mass-
ene gy o 13 TeV du ing he yea s 2015–2018, co esponding o an in eg a ed luminosi y o 139 b−1.
The cha ge asymme y is ob ained om he dis ibu ion o he di e ence o he absolu e apidi ies o
he op qua k and an iqua k using a p ofile likelihood un olding app oach. I is measu ed o be AC=
−0.003 ±0.029 in ag eemen wi h he S anda d Model expec a ion.
©2023 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY license
(h p://c ea i ecommons .o g /licenses /by /4 .0/). Funded by SCOAP3.
1. In oduc ion
The op qua k is he hea ies known elemen a y pa icle and
he only qua k ha decays be o e had onisa ion, which allows
di ec access o i s p ope ies in p oduc ion and decay. Measu e-
men s o op-qua k p ope ies, p edic ed by he S anda d Model
(SM), p o ide impo an inpu o es heo e ical calcula ions and
ha e he po en ial o e eal de ia ions om he SM p edic ions.
One o he ele an p ope ies is ela ed o he sligh di e ence be-
ween he apidi y dis ibu ions o op qua ks and op an iqua ks
p oduced in pai s ( ¯
). This asymme y, e e ed o as cha ge asym-
me y, is defined in p o on–p o on collisions as ollows [1–4]:
AC=N(|y |>|y¯
|)−N(|y |<|y¯
|)
N(|y |>|y¯
|)+N(|y |<|y¯
|),
whe e Nis he numbe o e en s and y (y¯
) he apidi y o he
op qua k ( op an iqua k). The p oduc ion o ¯
e en s is p edic ed
o be symme ic unde he exchange o op qua k and an iqua k,
i.e. AC=0, a leading-o de (LO) accu acy in pe u ba i e QCD.
Howe e , a nex - o-leading o de (NLO), qua k–an iqua k-ini ia ed
¯
p oduc ion is asymme ic in he op-qua k apidi y dis ibu ion,
owing o in e e ence be ween p ocesses wi h ini ial- and final-
s a e gluon emission and be ween he Bo n diag am and he box
diag am a O(α4
s). The o al asymme y om he sum o all e ec s
is expec ed o be posi i e [5].
P e ious measu emen s o he asymme y in ¯
p oduc ion by
he ATLAS and CMS Collabo a ions a cen e-o -mass ene gies (√s)
o 7, 8 and 13 TeV [6–16]ag ee wi h he SM expec a ion. The mos
E-mail add ess: a las -publica ions @ce n .ch.
ecen measu emen o he inclusi e and di e en ial cha ge asym-
me y a 13 TeV by he ATLAS Collabo a ion [17] epo ed e idence
o a non-ze o asymme y in ¯
p oduc ion (measu ed as AC=
0.0068 ±0.0015 and in ag eemen wi h he SM p edic ion [17,18]).
While ACa he LHC co esponds o a cen al– o wa d asymme-
y, he ¯
p oduc ion asymme y mani es s i sel as a o wa d–
backwa d asymme y a he Te a on. Ea ly measu emen s o his
asymme y showed de ia ions om NLO QCD p edic ions, pa -
icula ly a la ge alues o he ¯
in a ian mass [19]. Howe e ,
mo e ecen esul s by he CDF and D0 Collabo a ions [20–22]a e
compa ible wi h he imp o ed SM p edic ions including NLO elec-
oweak (EW) and highe -o de QCD co ec ions [23,24].
The ¯
cha ge asymme y is dilu ed a he LHC owing o he
la ge ac ion o gluon–gluon-ini ia ed ¯
e en s, which a e sym-
me ic unde he exchange o he op qua k and an iqua k. How-
e e , i is enhanced in o he opologies whe e he ac ion o
qua k–an iqua k-ini ia ed p oduc ion is la ge , such as in associ-
a ed p oduc ion o ¯
wi h a pho on ( ¯
γ)[1,2]. In e e ence e -
ec s among QCD diag ams a NLO, simila o hose in ¯
e en s,
a e p edic ed in ¯
γp oduc ion. Howe e , he dominan con i-
bu ion o he asymme y in ¯
γa ises om in e e ence be ween
QED ini ial-s a e adia ion, Fig. 1(le ), and final-s a e adia ion,
Fig. 1( igh ), which yields a la ge asymme y o nega i e sign.
In addi ion, o he QCD–EW highe -o de con ibu ions can ha e a
sizeable e ec on he obse ed asymme y [25]. The o e all asym-
me y in ¯
γa √s=13 TeV is expec ed o ha e a nega i e alue,
o 1%–2% depending on he phase space, acco ding o SM p edic-
ions [25,26]and
can be modified by ‘beyond- he-SM’ con ibu-
ions. Con ibu ions om an s-channel colou oc e o a Zboson
would, o ins ance, esul in a smalle ACabsolu e alue [1].
These sou ces o asymme y a e only p esen in he ¯
γe en s
whe e he pho on is adia ed om an ini ial-s a e pa on o one o
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.physle b.2023.137848
0370-2693/©2023 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY license (h p://c ea i ecommons .o g /licenses /by /4 .0/). Funded by
SCOAP3.
The ATLAS Collabo a ion Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
Fig. 1. Example Feynman diag ams o ¯
γp oduc ion con ibu ing o he cha ge
asymme y.
he op qua ks (he ea e e e ed o as ¯
γp oduc ion). The asym-
me y is dilu ed by ¯
γe en s whe e he pho on a ises om any
o he cha ged decay p oduc s o he ¯
sys em ( ¯
γdecay in he
ollowing). The e o e, only ¯
γp oduc ion e en s a e conside ed as
signal in his analysis.
This pape p esen s he fi s measu emen o he cha ge asym-
me y o he op-qua k pai s in ¯
γp oduc ion in ¯
single-lep on
final s a es, which ha e one high-pTlep on and a leas ou je s,
wo o which a ise om b-qua ks. I is pe o med using he ull
139 b−1da a se eco ded wi h he ATLAS de ec o be ween 2015
and 2018 a √s=13 TeV, e e ed o as Run 2. In o de o ex ac
he asymme y, he op qua ks a e econs uc ed using a kinema ic
likelihood fi . The sepa a ion be ween signal and backg ound p o-
cesses is enhanced using a neu al ne wo k (NN) app oach. The
ou pu dis ibu ion o he NN is used o define wo egions, one
en iched in backg ound e en s and one in signal e en s. The AC
alue is de e mined by means o a maximum-likelihood fi o he
dis ibu ion o he di e ence o absolu e apidi ies o he op qua k
and an iqua k. This is also e e ed o as ‘maximum-likelihood un-
olding’.
The pape is o ganised as ollows. The ATLAS de ec o is b iefly
in oduced in Sec ion 2. The simula ion o signal and backg ound
p ocesses is summa ised in Sec ion 3. The e en econs uc ion, se-
lec ion, and es ima ion o he backg ound p ocesses a e p esen ed
in Sec ions 4and 5. The sys ema ic unce ain ies a e desc ibed in
Sec ion 6. The analysis s a egy is discussed in Sec ion 7, ollowed
by he esul in Sec ion 8. Finally, a summa y is gi en in Sec ion 9.
2. ATLAS de ec o
The ATLAS [27–29]de ec o is a mul ipu pose de ec o wi h
a o wa d–backwa d symme ic cylind ical geome y wi h espec
o he LHC beam axis.1The inne mos laye s consis o acking
de ec o s in he pseudo apidi y ange |η| <2.5. This inne de ec-
o (ID) is su ounded by a hin supe conduc ing solenoid ha
p o ides a 2T axial magne ic field. I is enclosed by he elec o-
magne ic and had onic calo ime e s, which co e |η| <4.9. The
ou e mos laye s o ATLAS consis o an ex e nal muon spec om-
e e wi hin |η| <2.7, inco po a ing h ee la ge o oidal magne ic
assemblies wi h eigh coils each. The field in eg al o he o oids
anges be ween 2.0 and 6.0 Tm o mos o he accep ance. The
muon spec ome e includes p ecision acking chambe s and as
de ec o s o igge ing. A wo-le el igge sys em [30] educes
he eco ded e en a e o an a e age o 1kHz. An ex ensi e so -
wa e sui e [31]is used in da a simula ion, in he econs uc ion
1ATLAS uses a igh -handed coo dina e sys em wi h i s o igin a he nominal in-
e ac ion poin (IP) in he cen e o he de ec o and he z-axis along he beam pipe.
The x-axis poin s om he IP o he cen e o he LHC ing, and he y-axis poin s
upwa ds. Cylind ical coo dina es ( , φ) a e used in he ans e se plane, φbeing he
azimu hal angle a ound he z-axis. The pseudo apidi y is defined in e ms o he po-
la angle θas η=− ln an(θ/2), and he apidi y as y =(1/2)[(E+pz)/(E−pz)].
Angula dis ance is measu ed in uni s o R ≡(η)2+(φ)2.
and analysis o eal and simula ed da a, in de ec o ope a ions, and
in he igge and da a acquisi ion sys ems o he expe imen .
3. Simula ion o signal and backg ound p ocesses
Mon e Ca lo (MC) e en gene a o s we e used o es ima e he
con ibu ions om he expec ed signal and backg ound p ocesses.
The esponse o he ATLAS de ec o was simula ed [32]wi h
Gean 4[33]. A as simula ion (A lFas -II), which elies on a pa-
ame e isa ion o he calo ime e esponse [34], was used in sam-
ples employed o es ima e unce ain ies ela ed o he ¯
and Wγ
modelling. The addi ional pp collisions in he same o neighbou -
ing bunch c ossings, e e ed o as pile-up, we e gene a ed wi h
Py hia 8.186 [35]using
a se o uned pa ame e s called he A3
une [36] and he NNPDF2.3lo pa on dis ibu ion unc ion (PDF)
se [37].
The signal ¯
γp oduc ion e en s we e simula ed wi h Mad-
G aph5_aMC@NLO 2.7.3 [38]as
a 2 →3 p ocess a NLO accu acy
in QCD. The in e e ence e ec s be ween ini ial-s a e and final-
s a e pho on adia ion we e conside ed in his p ocess. The final-
s a e op qua ks in he ¯
γp oduc ion sample a e on-shell and
we e decayed a LO using MadSpin [39,40] o p ese e spin co e-
la ions.
The backg ound ¯
γdecay e en s, whe e he pho on a ises
om any o he decay p oduc s o he op qua ks o one o he on-
shell op qua ks, we e simula ed wi h he same e sion o Mad-
G aph5_aMC@NLO bu a LO p ecision as a 2 →2 p ocess ollowed
by he decay o he op qua ks, also simula ed a LO p ecision.
Bo h samples we e gene a ed using he NNPDF3.0nlo [41]PDF se
and in e aced o Py hia 8.240 [42], which used he A14 une [43]
and he NNPDF2.3lo PDF se o model he pa on showe , had o-
nisa ion, agmen a ion and unde lying e en . The eno malisa ion
and ac o isa ion scales we e se o 0.5 ×im2
i+p2
T,i, whe e mi
and pT,ia e he masses and ans e se momen a o he pa icles
gene a ed om he ma ix elemen (ME) calcula ion. Pho ons a e
equi ed o ha e pT>15 GeV and o be isola ed acco ding o a
smoo h-cone had onic isola ion c i e ion wi h δ0=0.1, γ=0.1
and n =2, defined in Re . [44], which a oids in a ed di e gences.
The op-qua k mass in he ¯
γsample and all o he samples in-
ol ing op qua ks was se o 172.5 GeV and he decays o bo om
and cha m had ons we e simula ed using he E Gen 1.6.0 p o-
g am [45].
The ¯
γp oduc ion sample is no malised o he NLO c oss sec-
ion gi en by he MC simula ion, while he no malisa ion o he
¯
γdecay sample is co ec ed by a NLO/LO inclusi e K- ac o o
1.5. This K- ac o was de i ed by compa ing he no malisa ion o
he sum o he NLO ¯
γp oduc ion sample and he LO ¯
γdecay
sample wi h he no malisa ion o a LO inclusi e 2 →7 ¯
γsample
co ec ed wi h he K- ac o ob ained in Re . [46]using he calcu-
la ion desc ibed in Re . [47].
The ¯
e en s we e simula ed a NLO accu acy in QCD us-
ing Powheg Box 2[48–50]and he NNPDF3.0nlo PDF se . The
pa on showe was gene a ed wi h Py hia 8.230 using he A14
une [51]. The ¯
e en s a e no malised o a c oss-sec ion alue
calcula ed wi h he Top++ 2.0 p og am a nex - o-nex - o-leading
o de (NNLO) in pe u ba i e QCD, including so -gluon esumma-
ion o nex - o-nex - o-leading-loga i hm o de (see Re . [52] and
e e ences he ein).
The Wγe en s we e gene a ed a LO accu acy wi h he Mad-
G aph5_aMC@NLO 2.7.3 gene a o in he fi e-fla ou scheme. To
simula e his p ocess, wo complemen a y samples we e gene -
a ed; one as a 2 →3 p ocess assuming a s able op qua k and he
o he as a 2 →2 p ocess, whe e he pho on is adia ed om any
o he cha ged final-s a e pa icle. To a oid in a ed di e gences, he
pho on was equi ed o ha e pT>15 GeV and |η| <5.0 and o be
2
The ATLAS Collabo a ion Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
sepa a ed by R >0.2 om any pa on. Bo h samples make use o
he NNPDF2.3lo PDF se and we e in e aced o Py hia 8.212 o
pa on showe ing using he A14 une.
Single- op-qua k s- and -channel p oduc ion and inclusi e W
p oduc ion we e simula ed a ME le el a NLO in QCD wi h
Powheg Box 2 and he NNPDF2.3lo PDF se . The e en gene a-
o was in e aced o Py hia 8.230, which used he A14 une. The
e en s a e no malised o he NNLO c oss sec ion [53–55].
E en s wi h Wγand Zγfinal s a es (wi h addi ional je s)
we e simula ed wi h She pa 2.2.8 [56]a NLO in QCD using he
NNPDF3.0nnlo PDF se . The samples a e no malised o he c oss
sec ions gi en by he MC simula ion. The She pa gene a o pe -
o ms all s eps o he e en gene a ion, om he ha d p ocess o
he obse able pa icles. E en s wi h inclusi e W- and Z-boson
p oduc ion in associa ion wi h addi ional je s we e simula ed wi h
She pa 2.2.1 [56,57]a
NLO in QCD. The NNPDF3.0nlo PDF se was
used oge he wi h a dedica ed une p o ided by he She pa au-
ho s. The samples a e no malised o he NNLO c oss sec ion in
QCD [58].
Diboson p ocesses, WW, WZ and ZZ, we e gene a ed wi h
She pa 2.2.2 (lep onic decays) and 2.2.1 (non-lep onic final s a es)
a LO in QCD. The NNPDF3.0nnlo PDF se was used wi h a dedi-
ca ed une p o ided by he She pa au ho s. The samples a e no -
malised o NLO c oss sec ions in QCD [59].
E en s wi h a ¯
pai and an associa ed Wo Zboson ( ¯
V)
we e simula ed a NLO a he ME le el wi h MadG aph5_aMC@NLO
using he NNPDF3.0nlo PDF se . The ME gene a o was in e aced
o Py hia 8.210, o which he A14 une was used in conjunc ion
wi h he NNPDF2.3lo PDF se . The samples a e no malised o NLO
in QCD and elec oweak heo y [60].
A p ocedu e was applied o emo e he o e lap be ween he
samples in which e en s we e gene a ed a ME le el wi hou ex-
plici ly including a pho on in he final s a e and he dedica ed
samples whe e pho ons we e included in he ME-le el e en -
gene a ion s ep ( ¯
γand Wγfinal s a es, as well as Wγand
Zγfinal s a es wi h addi ional je s). E en s in he inclusi e sam-
ples a e disca ded i hey con ain a pa on-le el pho on ha ulfils
pT(γ) >15GeV and R(γ, ) >0.2, whe e pT(γ)is he ans e se
momen um o he pho on and R(γ, ) is he angula dis ance be-
ween he pho on and any cha ged lep on.
Co ec ions o he pile-up p ofile, he igge , econs uc ion
and selec ion efficiencies, and he ene gy scales and esolu ions,
a e applied o he MC simula ion samples o imp o e he desc ip-
ion o he da a.
4. E en econs uc ion and selec ion
The analysis uses a da a se ha passes s ingen quali y
equi emen s and co esponds o an in eg a ed luminosi y o
139 b−1collec ed wi h he ATLAS de ec o du ing Run 2 o he
LHC. E en s a e equi ed o ha e a leas one p ima y e ex e-
cons uc ed om a leas wo associa ed acks, and only e en s
whe e a leas one single-elec on [61]o single-muon [62] igge
was fi ed a e selec ed.
Muons a e econs uc ed by combining a ack in he muon
spec ome e wi h a ack in he ID sys em. The econs uc ion,
iden ifica ion and calib a ion me hods a e desc ibed in Re . [63].
The muon ack is also equi ed o o igina e om he p ima y col-
lision e ex. Muons a e equi ed o be isola ed acco ding o mea-
su emen s o nea by ack pTand calo ime e ene gy. Only muons
wi h calib a ed pT>25 GeV and |η| <2.5 and passing ‘medium’
quali y equi emen s a e conside ed.
Elec ons a e econs uc ed om ene gy deposi s in he elec o-
magne ic calo ime e (ECAL) associa ed wi h econs uc ed acks
in he ID sys em. The o igin o he elec on ack also has o
be compa ible wi h he p ima y e ex. Elec ons a e iden ified
wi h a combined likelihood echnique [64]using a ‘ igh ’ wo king
poin , and a e equi ed o be isola ed acco ding o measu emen s
o nea by calo ime e ene gy and ack pT. Elec ons a e calib a ed
wi h he me hod desc ibed in Re . [64] and a e selec ed i hey ul-
fil pT>25GeV and |ηclus| <2.47, excluding he ECAL ba el/end-
cap ansi ion egion 1.37 <|ηclus| <1.52, whe e ηclus e e s o he
pseudo apidi y o he calo ime e ene gy clus e associa ed wi h
he elec on.
Pho ons a e econs uc ed om ene gy deposi s in he cen-
al egion o he ECAL [64]. Pho ons a e equi ed o ulfil igh
iden ifica ion and isola ion equi emen s. The la e is defined
as Eiso
T
R<0.4<0.022 ·ET(γ) +2.45GeV in conjunc ion wi h
piso
T
R<0.2<0.05 ·ET(γ), whe e Eiso
T e e s o he calo ime e
isola ion wi hin a cone o size R =0.4a ound he di ec ion
o he pho on candida e and piso
Tis he ack isola ion wi hin
a R =0.2 cone [65]. Pho ons a e equi ed o ha e ans e se
ene gy ET>20GeV and |ηclus| <2.37, excluding he calo ime-
e ansi ion egion. They a e sepa a ed in o wo ca ego ies, one
whe e he clus e is no ma ched o any econs uc ed ack in he
ID sys em (uncon e ed pho ons) and he o he whe e he clus e
is ma ched o one o wo econs uc ed acks ha a e consis en
wi h o igina ing om a pho on con e sion and, in addi ion, a con-
e sion e ex can be ound (con e ed pho ons).
Je s a e econs uc ed using he an i-k algo i hm [66]in he
Fas Je implemen a ion [67]wi h
a dis ance pa ame e R =0.4.
Thei econs uc ion is pe o med on pa icle-flow objec s [68]. The
je ene gy scale and je ene gy esolu ion a e calib a ed using an
ene gy- and η-dependen calib a ion scheme based on simula ion
wi h in si u co ec ions ob ained om da a [69]. Only je s wi h
pT>25GeV and |η| <2.5a e conside ed in he analysis. Je s wi h
a la ge con ibu ion om pile-up e ices a e iden ified wi h he
je e ex agge (JVT) [70] and ejec ed.
Je s a ising om b-qua k had onisa ion, e e ed o as b-je s, a e
iden ified using he DL1 b- agging algo i hm [71], which is based
on an a ificial deep neu al ne wo k combining in o ma ion om
o he algo i hms using ack impac pa ame e s and seconda y
e ices, and a mul i- e ex econs uc ion algo i hm. The fla ou -
agging efficiency o b-je s, as well as o c-je s and ligh -fla ou
je s, is calib a ed as desc ibed in Re . [72]. The wo king poin used
o selec he b-je s co esponds o a selec ion efficiency o 77% in
simula ed ¯
e en s.
The magni ude o he econs uc ed missing ans e se momen-
um (Emiss
T)[73,74]is calcula ed om he nega i e ec o sum o
he pTo all calib a ed physics objec s and he emaining unclus-
e ed ene gy, also called he so e m. This e m is es ima ed om
low-pT acks associa ed wi h he p ima y e ex bu no wi h any
econs uc ed objec .
An o e lap emo al p ocedu e is implemen ed o a oid he e-
cons uc ion o he same ene gy clus e s o acks as di e en
objec s. Elec on candida es ha sha e hei ack wi h a muon
candida e a e emo ed and je s wi hin a R =0.2 cone a ound
any o he emaining elec ons a e excluded. I he dis ance be-
ween an elec on and any emaining je is R <0.4, he elec on
is subsequen ly emo ed. In he nex s ep, muon candida es wi hin
R =0.4o a je a e emo ed i he je has mo e han wo as-
socia ed acks, o he wise he je is disca ded. In he final s ep,
pho ons wi hin a R =0.4 cone a ound any emaining elec on o
muon a e excluded and hen je s wi hin a R =0.4 cone a ound
any emaining pho on a e emo ed.
E en s a e selec ed i hey ha e exac ly one elec on o one
muon ha is ma ched o he co esponding igge -le el objec .
The pT h esholds o he lep ons a e 25 GeV in 2015 da a, 27 GeV
in 2016 da a, and 28 GeV in 2017 and 2018 da a, which a e a leas
1 GeV abo e he pT h esholds o he single-lep on igge s. This is
done o a oid di e ences due o he calib a ion o he objec s used
in he igge logic, and objec s used in he physics analysis. Only
3
The ATLAS Collabo a ion Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
e en s con aining exac ly one econs uc ed pho on ulfilling he
condi ion R(, γ) >0.4a e conside ed in he measu emen . Ad-
di ionally, e en s whe e he in a ian mass o he elec on–pho on
sys em is wi hin 5GeVo he Z-boson mass a e ejec ed. The
e en is also equi ed o ha e a leas ou je s and a leas one
o hem mus be b- agged.
The kinema ic p ope ies, in pa icula he apidi ies o he op
qua k and an iqua k, a e de e mined by means o a cons ained
kinema ic fi ing algo i hm, KLFi e [75], based on a maximum-
likelihood app oach applied o he ou -momen a o he selec ed
lep on and up o fi e leading je s (pT-o de ed) and Emiss
T, ep e-
sen ing he ans e se momen um o he neu ino. The likelihood
is cons uc ed as he p oduc o ans e unc ions ha ela e he
ene gies o he econs uc ed objec s and pa on-le el objec s and
B ei –Wigne dis ibu ions ha ma ch he selec ed objec s o he
Wbosons and he op qua ks. The fi is cons ained o econ-
s uc wo Wbosons, each wi h a mass o 80.4 GeV. In addi ion,
he econs uc ed masses o he op qua k and an iqua k a e con-
s ained o 172.5 GeV. The combina ion o je s ha gi es he high-
es likelihood is selec ed and he je s a e used o econs uc he
had onically and lep onically decaying op qua k o an iqua k. In
he case o lep onic op-qua k decay, he in a ian mass o he
lep on–neu ino sys em is cons ained o be he W-boson mass
and a quad a ic equa ion o he neu ino’s longi udinal momen-
um is ob ained. Fo eal solu ions o he equa ion, he solu ion
ha esul s in he op-qua k mass close o 172.5 GeV is chosen,
while in he case o complex solu ions, he eal pa o he solu-
ion is conside ed. The ac ion o op qua ks ha a e econs uc ed
wi hin R =1.0o he pa on-le el op qua ks is abou 64% o
had onically decaying op qua ks and 72% o lep onically decaying
op qua ks.
5. Backg ound es ima ion
Each backg ound p ocess is assigned o one o se e al ca -
ego ies depending on he o igin o he econs uc ed pho on,
whe he i is a p omp pho on o whe he ano he objec mimics
a pho on signa u e. The es ima ion o backg ound e en s om di -
e en sou ces closely ollows he me hods employed in Re . [46].
A e he e en selec ion, he la ges backg ound con ibu ion is
ha o ¯
γdecay e en s (abou 30% o he o al numbe o e en s).
The p omp γbackg ound ca ego y, which con ains any o he ype
o backg ound p ocess wi h a p omp pho on, cons i u es abou
15% o he selec ed e en s. Bo h con ibu ions a e es ima ed us-
ing MC simula ion. Ag eemen be ween da a and simula ion o he
p omp γbackg ound was alida ed in dedica ed egions. A ali-
da ion egion en iched in he Zγp ocess is defined by selec ing
e en s wi h exac ly one pho on, wo same-fla ou opposi e-sign
lep ons, ewe han ou je s and no b- agged je s. E en s in he
Wγ alida ion egion ulfil he same lep on and pho on equi e-
men s as in he signal egion. The simula ion o Wγis known
o unde es ima e he numbe o e en s wi h hea y-fla ou je s in
da a. Thus, o define a egion o hogonal o he signal egion while
selec ing e en s wi h hea y-fla ou con en , he e en s in he al-
ida ion egion a e addi ionally equi ed o ha e ewe han ou
je s and a leas one mus pass he b- agging wo king poin wi h
a selec ion efficiency o 85% bu ail he one wi h 70% efficiency in
simula ed ¯
e en s. The expec ed ac ions o Zγand Wγe en s
in he co esponding con ol egions a e abou 95% and 50%, e-
spec i ely.
Ano he significan con ibu ion a ises om p ocesses wi h an
elec on mimicking a pho on signa u e in he de ec o , e e ed o
as e- ake. This backg ound con ibu ion amoun s o 16% o he o-
al numbe o selec ed e en s and i is es ima ed om da a by
applying a ag-and-p obe me hod o Z→e+e−e en s [65]. Two
con ol egions a e defined in o de o de e mine he e- ake pho-
on a e in da a and simula ion: one egion con ains e en s wi h
an elec on–posi on pai and he o he , en iched in e- ake pho on
e en s, con ains e en s wi h an elec on and a pho on sa is ying
he objec selec ion c i e ia desc ibed in Sec ion 4. Addi ionally,
he in a ian mass o he pai o objec s is equi ed o be in he
ange [40, 140] GeV, and hei angula sepa a ion in φmus ex-
ceed 2.62 ad o supp ess he con ibu ions om e en s whe e he
pho on is adia ed om he elec on. Backg ound con ibu ions no
o igina ing om Z-boson e en s a e sub ac ed in da a wi h a fi o
he in a ian mass dis ibu ion. The Z→e+e−γcon ibu ion wi h
p omp pho ons whe e one o he elec ons is no econs uc ed
o iden ified is sub ac ed using simula ion. The e- ake pho on a e
is ob ained as he a io o he e en yield a e backg ound sub-
ac ion in he e- ake-en iched con ol egion o he yield in he
elec on–posi on con ol egion. The calcula ed a io is binned in
he pT( h ee bins) and |η|( ou bins) o he pho on in he eγ
e en s and ei he he elec on o he posi on in he e+e−e en s,
selec ed andomly o a oid biasing he selec ion, and sepa a ely o
con e ed and uncon e ed pho ons. Scale ac o s a e calcula ed o
co ec he e- ake backg ound es ima e in he signal egion, based
on a compa ison be ween he e- ake pho on a es ob ained using
ei he da a o simula ion. The sys ema ic unce ain ies in he scale
ac o s accoun o possible mismodelling o he signal and back-
g ound p ocesses in he fi . The alues o he scale ac o s a y
om 0.8 o 1.4 wi h unce ain ies be ween 5% and 20%.
The backg ound con ibu ion om e en s whe e he pho on
signa u e a ises om had onic ene gy deposi ions in he ECAL o
om had on decays such as π0→γγ, gene ically e e ed o as
h- ake, cons i u es abou 7% o he e en s. The h- ake backg ound
is es ima ed om da a by using he so-called ABCD me hod. Th ee
o hogonal egions en iched wi h h- ake pho on e en s a e defined
by in e ing he pho on isola ion selec ion and he equi emen s
on ou a iables ela ed o he showe shape in he fi s laye o
he ECAL, which a e pa o he pho on igh iden ifica ion c i e-
ia. They a e chosen because o hei small co ela ion wi h he
pho on isola ion and hei powe o disc imina e be ween p omp
and h- ake pho ons. E en s a e selec ed o egions A and B i
hei pho on ails a leas wo ou o ou iden ifica ion equi e-
men s, while sa is ying all o he iden ifica ion c i e ia, and pass
o ail he isola ion equi emen s, espec i ely. Region C con ains
e en s whe e he pho ons ail he isola ion equi emen s bu sa -
is y he igh iden ifica ion c i e ia. Addi ionally, he sum o he pT
o all acks wi hin R =0.2o he pho on is equi ed o be la ge
han 3GeV o u he supp ess he p omp -pho on con ibu ion in
egions B and C. The h- ake backg ound con ibu ion in he sig-
nal egion is measu ed as he p oduc o he numbe s o e en s
in egions A and C di ided by he numbe o e en s in egion B.
The es ima e is co ec ed o he co ela ion be ween he c i e ia,
which is ob ained using MC simula ions. The scale ac o s a e ob-
ained sepa a ely o con e ed and uncon e ed pho ons and as a
unc ion o he pho on pT( wo bins) and |η|( ou bins). The con-
side ed sou ces o sys ema ic unce ain y in he h- ake backg ound
con ibu ion include he modelling o he ¯
p ocess, which con-
ibu es abou 90% o he h- ake e en s, he showe shapes, and
he no malisa ion unce ain ies o he backg ound p ocesses. The
scale ac o s ange om 0.6 o 1.5, wi h unce ain ies o 30%–60%.
The con ibu ion om e en s wi h a non-p omp o misiden i-
fied lep on, e e ed o as lep on ake, is ob ained using he da a-
d i en app oach e e ed o as he ma ix me hod [76]. E en s a e
sepa a ed in o wo ca ego ies ha a e based on igh e o loose
lep on iden ifica ion and isola ion equi emen s, and hus en iched
in e en s wi h eal lep ons o non-p omp / ake lep ons, espec-
i ely. The con ibu ion in he signal egion is es ima ed om he
da a e en s passing loose lep on selec ion equi emen s, co ec ed
by a weigh ha depends on he eal- and ake-lep on efficiencies
ob ained om he wo e en ca ego ies desc ibed abo e. The e -
4
The ATLAS Collabo a ion Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
ficiencies a e pa ame e ised as a unc ion o he lep on kinema ic
p ope ies. The unce ain ies a e es ima ed by using di e en pa-
ame e isa ions and igh e con ol egions, and by including he
no malisa ion unce ain y o he p omp -lep on backg ound. This
backg ound con ibu ion amoun s o a ound 1% o all selec ed
e en s, domina ed by e en s wi h a misiden ified elec on.
6. Sys ema ic unce ain ies
The p ecision o he ob ained asymme y ACis a ec ed by se -
e al sou ces o sys ema ic unce ain y, a ising om de ec o e ec s
o heo e ical assump ions, as well as unce ain ies due o he lim-
i ed numbe o e en s in he MC simula ions. The di e en sou ces
o sys ema ic unce ain y, discussed in he ollowing, a ec he
e en yields, he dis ibu ion shape o he obse able o in e es ,
o bo h. The sou ces o sys ema ic unce ain y a ec ing he shape
o he dis ibu ion ypically ha e a la ge impac on he p ecision
o he esul because global no malisa ion unce ain ies cancel ou
in he a io o e en yields ha defines AC.
The expe imen al sys ema ic e ec s include unce ain ies in he
in eg a ed luminosi y and he simula ion o pile-up e en s, as well
as e ec s ela ed o he econs uc ion and iden ifica ion o he
physics objec s in he analysis.
The unce ain y in he o al in eg a ed luminosi y is es ima ed
o be 1.7% [77], using he LUCID-2 de ec o [78] o he p ima y lu-
minosi y measu emen s. The unce ain y associa ed wi h he mod-
elling o pile-up is de e mined by a ying he pile-up eweigh ing
in he simula ion wi hin i s unce ain ies.
The pho on and lep on iden ifica ion and isola ion efficiencies,
momen um scale and esolu ion [79,80], and lep on igge effi-
ciencies in simula ion a e co ec ed using scale ac o s o be e
desc ibe he co esponding alues in da a. These co ec ions, which
ypically depend on pTand η, a e a ied wi hin hei unce ain ies
o es ima e he co esponding sys ema ic unce ain y.
The je ene gy scale (JES) unce ain y is de i ed om a
combina ion o simula ions, es -beam da a and in si u mea-
su emen s [69]. Con ibu ions om je -fla ou composi ion, η-
in e calib a ion, punch- h ough, single-pa icle esponse, calo ime-
e esponse o di e en je fla ou s, and pile-up a e also aken
in o accoun , yielding a o al o 30 unco ela ed JES unce ain y
subcomponen s, o which 29 a e non-ze o in a gi en e en de-
pending on he ype o simula ion used. The je ene gy esolu ion
in simula ion is smea ed by i s co esponding unce ain y [81]spli
in o eigh unco ela ed sou ces. The unce ain y associa ed wi h
he JVT disc iminan o pile-up je ejec ion is ob ained by a y-
ing he efficiency co ec ion ac o s.
The unce ain ies in he b-je agging calib a ion a e de e -
mined sepa a ely o b-je s, c-je s and ligh -fla ou je s [82–84].
Fo each je ca ego y, he unce ain ies a e decomposed in o se -
e al unco ela ed componen s.
The unce ain y in Emiss
Ta ises om he p opaga ion o he en-
e gy scales and esolu ions o pho ons, lep ons and je s, and he
modelling o i s so e m [74].
The signal and backg ound modelling unce ain ies include
hose owing o he choice o QCD scales, pa on showe , amoun
o QCD ini ial-s a e adia ion (ISR), and PDF se .
The e ec o he QCD scale unce ain y o each o he ¯
γ,
Wγand ¯
p ocesses is e alua ed independen ly by sepa a ely
hal ing and doubling he eno malisa ion and ac o isa ion scales
ela i e o he de aul scale choice. The unce ain y om he pa -
on showe and had onisa ion o hose p ocesses is es ima ed
by compa ing he nominal simula ed samples in e aced wi h
Py hia 8 wi h al e na i e samples in e aced o He wig 7[85,86].
Unce ain ies due o he alue o αsused in he ISR pa on showe
modelling a e es ima ed by compa ing he nominal ¯
γ, Wγand
¯
simula ions wi h al e na i e samples simula ed wi h highe o
lowe adia ion pa ame e se ings in he A14 une, con olled by
he a 3c pa ame e implemen ed in Py hia 8. An addi ional ISR
unce ain y is ob ained o he ¯
p ocess by compa ing he nom-
inal sample wi h an addi ional one wi h he hdamp pa ame e ,
which con ols he pTo he fi s addi ional emission, a ied by
a ac o o wo [87]. The unce ain y in he PDFs o he signal and
backg ound ¯
γp ocesses is es ima ed using he 30 PDF a ia ions
o he PDF4LHC15 p esc ip ion [88]. The PDF a ia ions a e p op-
aga ed by using al e na i e gene a o weigh s and each o hem is
conside ed as a sepa a e nuisance pa ame e in he fi .
Fo he e- ake, h- ake, and lep on- ake backg ound con ibu-
ions, he o al unce ain ies associa ed wi h he co ec ions ob-
ained using da a a e p opaga ed o he final esul . A no malisa-
ion unce ain y o 20% is assigned o he ¯
γdecay p ocess, based
on he es ima ed unce ain y in he NLO K- ac o [46], and a 50%
no malisa ion unce ain y is assigned o Wγ, based on he di e -
ences be ween da a and simula ion obse ed in he dedica ed con-
ol egion, and o he mino backg ound p ocesses con ibu ing
o he p omp -pho on ca ego y, i.e. single op qua k, ¯
V, diboson,
and Zγ.
7. Signal disc imina ion
A mul i a ia e analysis using a neu al ne wo k is pe o med o
u he sepa a e he ¯
γsignal om he backg ound p ocesses. The
NN is ully connec ed and consis s o h ee hidden laye s. The fi s
wo laye s consis o 96 nodes and a e ollowed by a ba ch no -
malisa ion laye . The hi d laye has 16 nodes. The hidden laye s
use a pa ame ic ReLU ac i a ion unc ion, while he ou pu node
uses a sigmoid ac i a ion unc ion. The aining is pe o med wi h
Ke as [89]wi h he Tenso Flow [90] backend wi h bina y c oss-
en opy as a loss unc ion. The o e all e en s a e spli in o a ain-
ing and alida ion se (85%) and a es ing se (15%). The fi s se
o e en s is used in a 5- old c oss- alida ion: E en s a e spli an-
domly in o 5 olds, he model is ained on 4 olds and one old is
used o alida ion o he NN configu a ion. This p ocedu e is e-
pea ed 5 imes. The e en weigh s a e applied o he e en s in he
aining, es ing and alida ion samples. The NN uses a o al o 21
a iables ela ed o he kinema ic p ope ies o indi idual objec s,
such as he pho on pTand η, e en shape a iables (e.g. Emiss
Tand
he scala sum o he pTo he je s in he e en ), he numbe
o b- agged je s, he pseudo-con inuous binned b- agging disc im-
inan [72], he pho on con e sion ype, and in a ian masses and
angula sepa a ions o di e en objec s in he e en (e.g. he in-
a ian mass and Ro he lep on o he pho on and he closes
b- agged je ). Example a iables om among hose wi h he mos
disc imina ing powe a e shown in Fig. 2. The MC simula ion de-
sc ibes he da a wi hin he unce ain ies. The la ges con ibu ions
o he MC unce ain y band a e he no malisa ion unce ain ies as-
socia ed wi h he backg ounds wi h p omp pho ons.
The esul ing NN disc iminan ou pu , ONN, shown in Fig. 3, is
used o di ide he e en s in o a backg ound-en iched egion and
a signal-en iched egion, defined by ONN <0.6and ONN ≥0.6,
espec i ely. This h eshold was op imised o gi e he smalles ex-
pec ed unce ain y in AC. The obse ed and expec ed signal and
backg ound e en yields in he wo egions a e summa ised in Ta-
ble 1. The sligh unde es ima e o he da a by he SM p edic ion,
obse ed in Fig. 2, is eflec ed in Fig. 3a la ge alues o ONN be-
cause i is expec ed o pa ially come om he no malisa ion o
he ¯
γp oduc ion simula ion, which is a ee pa ame e in he
p ofile likelihood un olding desc ibed in he ollowing.
8. Resul s
The alue o ACis ex ac ed om he |y | −|y¯
|dis ibu ion
in a fiducial egion defined a pa icle le el. The op qua k and
5

The ATLAS Collabo a ion Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
Fig. 2. Dis ibu ions o pho on pT(le ), angula sepa a ion o he lep on and he closes b- agged je (middle), and ans e se mass o he lep onically decaying Wboson
( igh ) be o e he fi . The unce ain y band includes all expe imen al and modelling sys ema ic unce ain ies (c . Sec ion 6) added in quad a u e. O e flow e en s a e included
in he las bin o each dis ibu ion. The lowe pa o he plo shows he a io o he da a o he p edic ion.
Fig. 3. Dis ibu ion o he NN ou pu disc iminan be o e he fi . The unce ain y
band includes all expe imen al and modelling sys ema ic unce ain ies (c . Sec-
ion 6) added in quad a u e. The lowe pa o he plo shows he a io o he da a
o he p edic ion.
an iqua k a e defined a pa on le el in he MC simula ion a e
final-s a e adia ion bu be o e decay. The fiducial egion a pa -
icle le el is defined by applying selec ion equi emen s simila
o hose a econs uc ion le el o he s able pa icles a e he
e en gene a ion and be o e he de ec o simula ion. The fiducial
phase space is defined by equi ing exac ly one pho on, exac ly
one elec on o muon, and a leas ou je s, o which a leas
one mus be a b-je , defined as ollows. Pho ons a e equi ed
o no o igina e om a had on decay, o ha e ET>20GeV and
|η| <2.37, and o be isola ed such ha he sum o ans e se
momen a o all cha ged pa icles su ounding he pho on wi hin
R ≤0.2mus be less han 5% o i s own pT. Muons and elec-
Table 1
E en yields be o e he p ofile likelihood un olding a e he
ull selec ion in he wo egions defined by he NN dis-
c iminan alue. The quo ed unce ain ies co espond o all
s a is ical and sys ema ic unce ain ies (c . Sec ion 6) added
in quad a u e.
ONN <0.6ONN ≥0.6
¯
γp od (signal) 6660 ±350 6910 ±340
¯
γdecay 14100 ±3100 1900 ±560
h- ake γ3400 ±1400 790 ±360
e- ake γ6420 ±860 1480 ±260
P omp γ6400 ±2000 1300 ±400
Lep on ake 410 ±110 57 ±35
To al 37400 ±4500 12400 ±1100
Da a 38527 13763
ons mus ha e pT>25 GeV and |η| <2.5, and mus no o igina e
om had on decays. The momen a o nea by pho ons, wi hin a
R =0.1 cone, a e added o he lep on be o e applying he selec-
ion. Je s a e clus e ed wi h he an i-k algo i hm wi h a adius
pa ame e o R =0.4. All s able pa icles a e conside ed in he
clus e ing, excep o he selec ed elec ons, muons and pho ons,
and he neu inos o igina ing om he op qua ks. Je s a e equi ed
o ha e pT>25 GeV and |η| <2.5. A pa icle-le el je is iden i-
fied as a b-je i a had on wi h pT>5GeV con aining a b-qua k
is ma ched o he je h ough a ghos -ma ching me hod [91]. Je s
wi hin R =0.4o lep on o isola ed pho on candida es a e e-
mo ed.
The AC alue is ob ained by means o a simul aneous maximum-
likelihood un olding o he |y | −|y¯
|dis ibu ions in he wo
egions defined by he NN ou pu disc iminan . The efficiency o
selec ing and econs uc ing an e en ha is gene a ed in he fidu-
cial phase space is abou 30% in he wo egions, while he ac ion
o e en s ha ulfil he selec ion a econs uc ion le el bu ail
he pa icle-le el equi emen s is abou 20%. The ac ion o e en s
ha a e econs uc ed in he |y | −|y¯
|bin whe e hey we e gene -
a ed is app oxima ely 75%. The pa ame e s o in e es , which floa
eely in he fi , a e he signal s eng h o he bin |y | −|y¯
| >0 and
AC, which eplaces he signal s eng h o he o he bin, using he
ollowing exp ession: AC=(μ+T+−μ−T−)/(μ+T++μ−T−). The
signal s eng h μ+(μ−)is defined as he a io o he measu ed
c oss sec ion o he expec ed alue gi en by he SM simula ion in
6
The ATLAS Collabo a ion Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
Fig. 4. The dis ibu ions o |y | −|y¯
|a e he fi in he wo egions defined by he NN ou pu . Unde flow and o e flow e en s a e included in co esponding bins o he
dis ibu ions. The unce ain y band ep esen s he o al pos -fi unce ain ies. Co ela ions among unce ain ies a e aken in o accoun as de e mined in he fi . The lowe
pa o he plo shows he a io o he da a o he p edic ion.
he bin |y | −|y¯
| >0(< 0)a gene a o le el. The a iable T+/−
ep esen s he numbe o ¯
γp oduc ion e en s a pa icle le el
in he co esponding bin. No egula isa ion is applied. The sys em-
a ic unce ain ies a e aken in o accoun ia nuisance pa ame e s
in he likelihood unc ion. They a e symme ised, aking hal o
he di e ence be ween he upwa d and downwa d a ia ions as
he unce ain y. I bo h a ia ions ha e he same sign, he a e age
o he di e ence be ween each a ia ion and he nominal alue
is chosen as he wo-sided unce ain y. I only one a ia ion is
a ailable (e.g. he unce ain y om he pa on showe o he PDF
unce ain ies) he di e ence om he nominal alue is aken as
bo h he upwa d and downwa d a ia ions o he co esponding
sou ce. In addi ion, a p uning p ocedu e is implemen ed in o de
o emo e he smalles sys ema ic unce ain ies.
In addi ion o he NLO/LO K- ac o applied o co ec he no -
malisa ion o he ¯
γdecay p ocess, he |y | −|y¯
| empla e is
eweigh ed o accoun o he asymme y in ¯
p oduc ion. The
weigh is ob ained a pa on le el by conside ing he cen al
alue o he p edic ion o he inclusi e ¯
asymme y, AC ¯
=
0.0064+0.0005
−0.0006, calcula ed a NNLO accu acy in QCD wi h EW co -
ec ions a NLO [17,18]. The weigh is hen p opaga ed o he dis-
ibu ion a econs uc ion le el. Fo consis ency, he MC empla es
ob ained wi h he NLO ¯
samples a e also eweigh ed o ma ch
ha asymme y alue. To p obe he obus ness o he me hod, and
in pa icula o e i y ha he un olding p ocedu e does no bias
he esul owa ds he asymme y in he signal MC simula ion, he
measu emen was epea ed wi h pseudoda a. Se e al pseudoda a
se s we e ob ained by eweigh ing he |y | −|y¯
|dis ibu ion o
he signal ¯
γp oduc ion sample o co espond o di e en AC
alues and by adding he backg ound con ibu ions. The un olding
p ocedu e was epea ed using he nominal simula ion. The esul -
ing alues o he asymme y a e in ag eemen wi h he ue AC
asymme y o each pseudoda a se wi hin he s a is ical p ecision
and do no indica e any bias.
The pos -fi |y | −|y¯
|dis ibu ions in he wo egions a e
shown in Fig. 4. The ACo he ¯
γp oduc ion p ocess is expec ed
o ha e a nega i e sign, while he asymme y o he backg ound
con ibu ions wi h a op-qua k pai , i.e. ¯
γdecay and ¯
, is ex-
pec ed o be posi i e as discussed in Sec ion 1. Good ag eemen is
obse ed be ween he da a and he p edic ion a e he fi . As a e-
Table 2
Summa y o he impac o he sys ema ic un-
ce ain ies on ACg ouped in o di e en ca e-
go ies. The quo ed unce ain ies a e ob ained
by epea ing he fi wi h ce ain se s o nui-
sance pa ame e s fixed o hei pos -fi al-
ues, and calcula ing he squa ed unce ain ies
as he di e ence o he squa es o he ull-
fi and epea ed-fi unce ain ies. The ca ego y
O he expe imen al includes unce ain ies associ-
a ed wi h lep ons, pile-up and luminosi y.
To al unce ain y 0.029
S a is ical unce ain y 0.024
MC s a is ical unce ain ies
Backg ound p ocesses 0.008
¯
γp oduc ion 0.004
Modelling unce ain ies
¯
γp oduc ion modelling 0.003
Backg ound modelling 0.002
P omp backg ound no malisa ion 0.002
Expe imen al unce ain ies
Je 0.009
Fake-lep on backg ound es ima e 0.005
Emiss
T0.005
Fake-pho on backg ound es ima es 0.003
Pho on 0.001
b- agging 0.001
O he expe imen al 0.004
sul o he fi , a ew nuisance pa ame e s a e sligh ly cons ained:
he unce ain ies in he no malisa ion o he ¯
γdecay and Wγ
backg ounds a e educed by 30% and 15%, espec i ely. In all cases,
he bes -fi alues o he nuisance pa ame e s a e well wi hin one
s anda d de ia ion o hei ini ial alues.
The asymme y is ound o be AC=−0.003 ±0.029 =−0.003 ±
0.024(s a ) ±0.017(sys ), assuming he SM ¯
cha ge asymme y o
A ¯
C=0.0064 [18]. The sys ema ic unce ain y is de i ed om i s
squa ed alue, calcula ed as he di e ence o he squa es o he
o al unce ain y and he s a is ical unce ain y, ob ained om a
fi wi hou sys ema ic unce ain ies. The AC alue is compa ible
wi h he alue ob ained om he MadG aph5_aMC@NLO MC sim-
7
The ATLAS Collabo a ion Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
ula ion in he same phase space, AC=−0.014 ±0.001(scale). The
p ecision o he esul is limi ed by he s a is ical unce ain y. The
impac o he di e en sou ces o sys ema ic unce ain y, g ouped
in ca ego ies, is summa ised in Table 2. The mos ele an sou ces
o sys ema ic unce ain y a e he MC s a is ical unce ain y o
he p omp -pho on backg ound and he expe imen al sys ema ic
sou ces ela ed o je s and Emiss
T. The dependence o he mea-
su ed ¯
γACon A ¯
Cis es ima ed by epea ing he measu emen
o di e en alues o he ¯
asymme y in he ange be ween 0
and 2 ×A ¯
C. The dependence is ound o be linea and can be pa-
ame e ised as AC=−0.57 ×A ¯
C+0.0005.
9. Conclusion
This pape p esen s a measu emen o he op-qua k pai
cha ge asymme y in ¯
γe en s using 139 b−1o pp colli-
sion da a a a cen e-o -mass ene gy o 13 TeV collec ed by
he ATLAS expe imen a he LHC. The selec ed e en s ha e ex-
ac ly one pho on, one lep on, and a leas ou je s, o which
a leas one is b- agged. The inclusi e cha ge asymme y yields
AC=−0.003 ±0.029 =−0.003 ±0.024(s a ) ±0.017(sys ), which
is compa ible wi h he S anda d Model p edic ion wi hin he un-
ce ain ies. The p ecision is limi ed by he s a is ical unce ain y.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing finan-
cial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o
influence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Da a a ailabili y
Da a will be made a ailable on eques .
Acknowledgemen s
We hank CERN o he e y success ul ope a ion o he LHC,
as well as he suppo s a om ou ins i u ions wi hou whom
ATLAS could no be ope a ed efficien ly.
We acknowledge he suppo o ANPCyT, A gen ina; Ye PhI, A -
menia; ARC, Aus alia; BMWFW and FWF, Aus ia; ANAS, Aze bai-
jan; CNPq and FAPESP, B azil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN;
ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia;
MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denma k; IN2P3-
CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, F ance; SRNSFG, Geo gia; BMBF, HGF and
MPG, Ge many; GSRI, G eece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF
and Benoziyo Cen e , Is ael; INFN, I aly; MEXT and JSPS, Japan;
CNRST, Mo occo; NWO, Ne he lands; RCN, No way; MEiN, Poland;
FCT, Po ugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MESTD, Se bia; MSSR, Slo akia;
ARRS and MIZŠ, Slo enia; DSI/NRF, Sou h A ica; MICINN, Spain;
SRC and Wallenbe g Founda ion, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Can-
ons o Be n and Gene a, Swi ze land; MOST, Taiwan; TENMAK,
Tü kiye; STFC, Uni ed Kingdom; DOE and NSF, Uni ed S a es o
Ame ica. In addi ion, indi idual g oups and membe s ha e e-
cei ed suppo om BCKDF, CANARIE, Compu e Canada and CRC,
Canada; PRIMUS 21/SCI/017 and UNCE SCI/013, Czech Republic;
COST,ERC, ERDF, Ho izon 2020 and Ma ie Skłodowska-Cu ie Ac-
ions, Eu opean Union; In es issemen s d’A eni Labex, In es isse-
men s d’A eni Idex and ANR, F ance; DFG and A H Founda ion,
Ge many; He aklei os, Thales and A is eia p og ammes co-financed
by EU-ESF and he G eek NSRF, G eece; BSF-NSF and MINERVA,
Is ael; No wegian Financial Mechanism 2014–2021, No way; NCN
and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Founda ion, CERCA P o-
g amme Gene ali a de Ca alunya and PROMETEO and GenT P o-
g ammes Gene ali a Valenciana, Spain; Gö an Gus a ssons S i -
else, Sweden; The Royal Socie y and Le e hulme T us , Uni ed
Kingdom.
The c ucial compu ing suppo om all WLCG pa ne s is ac-
knowledged g a e ully, in pa icula om CERN, he ATLAS Tie -1
acili ies a TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denma k, No way, Sweden),
CC-IN2P3 (F ance), KIT/G idKA (Ge many), INFN-CNAF (I aly), NL-
T1 (Ne he lands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL
(USA), he Tie -2 acili ies wo ldwide and la ge non-WLCG esou ce
p o ide s. Majo con ibu o s o compu ing esou ces a e lis ed in
Re . [92].
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T. Pauly 36, J. Pea kes142, M. Pede sen124, R. Ped o129a, S.V. Peleganchuk37, O. Penc36, E.A. Pende 52,
C. Peng64b, H. Peng62a, K.E. Penski108, M. Penzin37, B.S. Pe al a81d, A.P. Pe ei a Peixo o60,
L. Pe ei a Sanchez47a,47b, D.V. Pe epeli sa29,al, E. Pe ez Codina155a, M. Pe gan i10, L. Pe ini70a,70b,∗,
H. Pe negge 36, S. Pe ella36, A. Pe e oo 112, O. Pe in40, K. Pe e s48, R.F.Y. Pe e s100, B.A. Pe e sen36,
T.C. Pe e sen 42, E. Pe i 101, V. Pe ousis131, C. Pe idou151, , A. Pe ukhin140, M. Pe ee17a,
N.E. Pe e sson36, A. Pe ukho 37, K. Pe ukho a132, A. Peyaud134, R. Pezoa136 , L. Pezzo i36,
G. Pezzullo171, T.M. Pham 169, T. Pham 104, P.W. Phillips133, M.W. Phipps 161, G. Piacquadio144,
E. Piano i17a, F. Piazza70a,70b, R. Piegaia30, D. Pie eanu27b, A.D. Pilking on100, M. Pinamon i68a,68c,
J.L. Pin old2, B.C. Pinhei o Pe ei a129a, C. Pi man Donaldson95, D.A. Pizzi34, L. Pizzimen o75a,75b,
A. Pizzini113, M.-A. Pleie 29, V. Plesano s54, V. Plesko 132, E. Plo niko a38, G. Podda 4, R. Poe gen97,
L. Poggioli126, I. Pog ebnyak106, D. Pohl24, I. Pokha el55, S. Polacek132, G. Polesello72a, A. Poley141,155a,
R. Poli ka131, A. Polini23b, C.S. Polla d125, Z.B. Pollock118, V. Polych onakos29, E. Pompa Pacchi74a,74b,
D. Ponoma enko37, L. Pon eco o36, S. Popa27a, G.A. Popeneciu27d, D.M. Po illo Quin e o155a,
S. Pospisil131, P. Pos olache 27c, K. Po amianos125, I.N. Po ap38, C.J. Po e 32, H. Po i1, T. Poulsen 48,
J. Po eda 162, M.E. Pozo As iga aga36, A. P ades Ibanez162, M.M. P apa46, J. P e el54, D. P ice 100,
M. P ima e a69a, M.A. P incipe Ma in 98, R. P i a a121, M.L. P offi 137, N. P oklo a127, K. P okofie 64c,
G. P o o75a,75b, S. P o opopescu29, J. P oud oo 6, M. P zybycien84a, J.E. Pudde oo 138, D. Pudzha37,
P. Puzo 66, D. Pya iizbyan se a37, J. Qian 105, D. Qichen100, Y. Qin 100, T. Qiu 93, A. Quad 55,
M. Quei sch-Mai land100, G. Que an 56, G. Rabanal Bolanos 61, D. Ra anoha ana54, F. Ragusa 70a,70b,
J.L. Rainbol 39, J.A. Raine 56, S. Rajagopalan29, E. Ramako i37, K. Ran 48,14d, N.P. Rapheeha33g,
V. Raskina126, D.F. Rasslo 63a, S. Ra e 99, B. Ra ina55, I. Ra ino ich168, M. Raymond36, A.L. Read124,
N.P. Readio 138, D.M. Rebuzzi72a,72b, G. Redlinge 29, K. Ree es45, J.A. Reidels u z170, D. Reikhe 150,
A. Reiss99, A. Rej140, C. Rembse 36, A. Rena di48, M. Renda27b, M.B. Rendel109, F. Renne 48,
A.G. Rennie59, S. Resconi70a, M. Ressego i 57b,57a, E.D. Resseguie17a, S. Re ie36, J.G. Reyes Ri e a106,
B. Reynolds118, E. Reynolds17a, M. Rezaei Es ab agh170, O.L. Rezano a37, P. Reznicek 132, E. Ricci77a,77b,
R. Rich e 109, S. Rich e 47a,47b, E. Rich e -Was84b, M. Ridel126, P. Rieck116, P. Riedle 36,
M. Rijssenbeek144, A. Rimoldi72a,72b, M. Rimoldi48, L. Rinaldi23b,23a, T.T. Rinn 29, M.P. Rinnagel108,
G. Ripellino143, I. Riu13, P. Ri adenei a48, J.C. Ri e a Ve ga a164, F. Riza dino a120, E. Riz i93, C. Rizzi56,
B.A. Robe s 166, B.R. Robe s17a, S.H. Robe son103,y, M. Robin48, D. Robinson32,
C.M. Robles Gaja do136 , M. Robles Manzano99, A. Robson59, A. Rocchi75a,75b, C. Roda73a,73b,
S. Rod iguez Bosca63a, Y. Rod iguez Ga cia22a, A. Rod iguez Rod iguez54, A.M. Rod íguez Ve a155b,
S. Roe36, J.T. Roeme 159, A.R. Roepe-Gie 119, J. Roggel170, O. Røhne124, R.A. Rojas164, B. Roland54,
C.P.A. Roland67, J. Rolo 29, A. Romaniouk37, E. Romano72a,72b, M. Romano23b,
A.C. Rome o He nandez161, N. Rompo is91, L. Roos126, S. Rosa i74a, B.J. Rosse 39, E. Rossi4,
E. Rossi71a,71b, L.P. Rossi57b, L. Rossini48, R. Ros en118, M. Ro a u27b, B. Ro le 54, D. Rousseau66,
D. Rousso32, G. Ro elli72a,72b, A. Roy161, A. Rozano 101, Y. Rozen 149, X. Ruan33g, A. Rubio Jimenez162,
A.J. Ruby91, V.H. Ruelas Ri e a18, T.A. Rugge i1, F. Rüh 54, A. Ruiz-Ma inez162, A. Rummle 36,
Z. Ru iko a54, N.A. Rusako ich38, H.L. Russell164, J.P. Ru he oo d7, K. Rybacki90, M. Ryba 132,
E.B. Rye124, A. Ryzho 37, J.A. Saba e Iglesias56, P. Saba ini 162, L. Sabe a74a,74b, H.F-W. Sad ozinski135,
F. Sa ai Teh ani74a, B. Sa a zadeh Samani145, M. Sa da i142, S. Saha103, M. Sahinsoy109, M. Saimpe 134,
M. Sai o152, T. Sai o152, D. Salamani36, G. Salamanna76a,76b, A. Salniko 142, J. Sal 162,
A. Sal ado Salas 13, D. Sal a o e43b,43a, F. Sal a o e 145, A. Salzbu ge 36, D. Sammel54,
D. Sampsonidis151, , D. Sampsonidou62d,62c, J. Sánchez162, A. Sanchez Pineda 4, V. Sanchez Sebas ian162,
H. Sandake 124, C.O. Sande 48, J.A. Sandesa a102, M. Sandho 170, C. Sando al22b, D.P.C. Sankey133,
A. Sansoni53, L. San i74a,74b, C. San oni40, H. San os129a,129b, S.N. San pu 17a, A. San a168,
K.A. Saoucha138, J.G. Sa ai a129a,129d, J. Sa dain7, O. Sasaki82, K. Sa o156, C. Saue 63b, F. Saue bu ge 54,
E. Sau an4, P. Sa a d 154,ai, R. Sawada152, C. Sawye 133, L. Sawye 96, I. Sayago Gal an162, C. Sba a23b,
A. Sb izzi23b,23a, T. Scanlon 95, J. Schaa schmid 137, P. Schach 109, D. Schae e 39, U. Schä e 99,
A.C. Scha e 66, D. Schaile108, R.D. Schambe ge 144, E. Schane 108, C. Scha 18, M.M. Sche e 19,
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J. Schmeing170, M.A. Schmid 170, K. Schmieden99, C. Schmi 99, S. Schmi 48, L. Schoe el134,
A. Schoening63b, P.G. Schole 54, E. Schop 125, M. Scho 99, J. Scho anco a36, S. Sch amm56,
16

The ATLAS Collabo a ion Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
F. Sch oede 170, H-C. Schul z-Coulon63a, M. Schumache 54, B.A. Schumm135, Ph. Schune134,
A. Schwa zman142, T.A. Schwa z 105, Ph. Schwemling134, R. Schwienho s 106, A. Sciand a135,
G. Sciolla26, F. Scu i73a, F. Scu i 104, C.D. Sebas iani91, K. Sedlaczek 49, P. Seema18, S.C. Seidel111,
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A.S. Sha ma163, P. Sha ma 79, S. Sha ma 48, P.B. Sha alo 37, K. Shaw145, S.M. Shaw 100, Q. Shen62c,5,
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S. Shi abe60, M. Shiyako a38, J. Shlomi168, M.J. Shoche 39, J. Shojaii104, D.R. Shope124, S. Sh es ha118,am,
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Dj. Sijacki15, R. Siko a84a, F. Sili 89, J.M. Sil a 20, M.V. Sil a Oli ei a36, S.B. Sil e s ein47a, S. Simion66,
R. Simoniello36, E.L. Simpson59, N.D. Simpson97, S. Simsek21d, S. Sindhu55, P. Sine o154, V. Sine ckii37,
S. Singh141, S. Singh154, S. Sinha48, S. Sinha33g, M. Sioli23b,23a, I. Si al36, S.Yu. Si okloko 37,∗,
J. Sjölin47a,47b, A. Ska 55, E. Sko da97, P. Skubic119, M. Slawinska 85, V. Smakh in 168, B.H. Sma 133,
J. Smiesko36, S.Yu. Smi no 37, Y. Smi no 37, L.N. Smi no a 37,a, O. Smi no a97, A.C. Smi h41,
E.A. Smi h39, H.A. Smi h125, J.L. Smi h91, R. Smi h142, M. Smizanska90, K. Smolek131, A. Smykiewicz85,
A.A. Snesa e 37, H.L. Snoek 113, S. Snyde 29, R. Sobie164,y, A. So e 150, C.A. Solans Sanchez36,
E.Yu. Solda o 37, U. Solde ila 162, A.A. Solodko 37, S. Solomon 54, A. Soloshenko38, K. Solo ie a54,
O.V. Solo yano 37, V. Solo ye 37, P. Somme 36, A. Sonay13, W.Y. Song 155b, A. Sopczak131, A.L. Sopio95,
F. Sopko a 28b, V. So hilingam63a, S. So oco nola72a,72b, R. Soualah115b, Z. Soumaimi35e, D. Sou h48,
S. Spagnolo69a,69b, M. Spalla109, F. Spanò 94, D. Spe lich54, G. Spigo36, M. Spina145, S. Spinali90,
D.P. Spi e i59, M. Spous a132, E.J. S aa s34, A. S abile70a,70b, R. S amen63a, M. S amenko ic113,
A. S ampekis20, M. S andke24, E. S anecka 85, M.V. S ange 50, B. S anislaus17a, M.M. S ani zki48,
M. S ankai y e125, B. S ap 48, E.A. S a chenko37, G.H. S a k135, J. S a k101,ac, D.M. S a ko155b,
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P. S einbe g29, A.L. S einhebel122, B. S elze 141,155a, H.J. S elze 128, O. S elze -Chil on155a, H. S enzel58,
T.J. S e enson145, G.A. S ewa 36, M.C. S ock on36, G. S oicea27b, M. S ola ski129a, S. S onjek109,
A. S aessne 50, J. S andbe g143, S. S andbe g47a,47b, M. S auss119, T. S eble 101, P. S izenec28b,
R. S öhme 165, D.M. S om122, L.R. S om48, R. S oynowski44, A. S ubig47a,47b, S.A. S ucci29,
B. S ugu16, J. S upak119, N.A. S yles48, D. Su 142, S. Su 62a, W. Su 62d,137,62c, X. Su 62a,66, K. Sugizaki 152,
V.V. Sulin37, M.J. Sulli an91, D.M.S. Sul an77a,77b, L. Sul analiye a37, S. Sul ansoy3b, T. Sumida86,
S. Sun105, S. Sun169, O. Sunnebo n Gudnado i 160, M.R. Su on145, M. S a os130, M. Swia lowski 155a,
T. Swi ski165, I. Syko a28a, M. Syko a132, T. Syko a 132, D. Ta 99, K. Tackmann48,x, A. Ta a d159,
R. Tafi ou 155a, J.S. Ta oya Va gas66, R.H.M. Taibah126, R. Takashima 87, K. Takeda83, E.P. Take a52,
Y. Takubo 82, M. Talby101, A.A. Talyshe 37, K.C. Tam 64b, N.M. Tami 150, A. Tanaka152, J. Tanaka 152,
R. Tanaka 66, M. Tanasini57b,57a, J. Tang62c, Z. Tao 163, S. Tapia A aya80, S. Tapp ogge99,
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S. Todo o a-No a132, S. Tod 50, M. Togawa82, J. Tojo 88, S. Toká 28a, K. Tokushuku82, R. Tombs32,
M. Tomo o82,110, L. Tompkins142, , K.W. Topolnicki 84b, P. To nambe102, E. To ence122, H. To es50,
E. To ó Pas o 162, M. Toscani 30, C. Tosci i 39, M. Tos 11, D.R. To ey138, A. T aee 16, I.S. T andafi 27b,
T. T e zge 165, A. T icoli29, I.M. T igge 155a, S. T incaz-Du oid 126, D.A. T ischuk26, B. T ocmé60,
A. T o ymo 66, C. T oncon70a, L. T uong33c, M. T zebinski85, A. T zupek85, F. Tsai 144, M. Tsai105,
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E.G. Tskhadadze148a, M. Tsopoulou151, , Y. Tsujikawa86, I.I. Tsuke man37, V. Tsulaia 17a, S. Tsuno82,
O. Tsu 149, D. Tsybyche 144, Y. Tu 64b, A. Tudo ache27b, V. Tudo ache27b, A.N. Tuna36, S. Tu chikhin38,
I. Tu k Caki 3a, R. Tu a70a, T. Tu u shin 38,z, P.M. Tu s 41, S. Tzama ias 151, , P. Tzanis 10, E. Tzo a a99,
17
The ATLAS Collabo a ion Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
K. Uchida152, F. Ukegawa 156, P.A. Ulloa Poble e136c, E.N. Umaka80, G. Unal36, M. Unal11, A. Und us29,
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L. Vaca an 101, V. Vacek 131, B. Vachon103, K.O.H. Vadla124, T. Va eiadis36, A. Vai kus 95,
C. Valde anis108, E. Valdes San u io47a,47b, M. Valen e155a, S. Valen ine i23b,23a, A. Vale o162,
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T. Vazquez Sch oede 36, J. Vea ch31, V. Vecchio100, M.J. Veen102, I. Veliscek125, L.M. Veloce154,
F. Veloso129a,129c, S. Veneziano74a, A. Ven u a69a,69b, A. Ve by skyi109, M. Ve ducci73a,73b, C. Ve gis24,
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M. Vessella102, M.C. Ve e li141,ai, A. Vgenopoulos151, , N. Viaux Mai a136 , T. Vickey 138,
O.E. Vickey Boe iu138, G.H.A. Viehhause 125, L. Vigani63b, M. Villa23b,23a, M. Villaplana Pe ez162,
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I. Vi a elli145, V. Vladimi o 166, E. Voe odina109, F. Vogel 108, P. Vokac 131, J. Von Ahnen 48,
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N. Wa ack59, A.T. Wa son20, H. Wa son59, M.F. Wa son20, G. Wa s137, B.M. Waugh95, A.F. Webb11,
C. Webe 29, H.A. Webe 18, M.S. Webe 19, S.M. Webe 63a, C. Wei 62a, Y. Wei 125, A.R. Weidbe g125,
J. Weinga en49, M. Wei ich99, C. Weise 54, C.J. Wells 48, T. Wenaus 29, B. Wendland49, T. Wengle 36,
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D.M. Williams41, H.H. Williams127, S. Williams32, S. Willocq102, P.J. Windischho e 125,
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J. Woll a h159, M.W. Wol e 85, H. Wol e s129a,129c, V.W.S. Wong163, A.F. Wongel48, S.D. Wo m48,
B.K. Wosiek85, K.W. Wo´zniak85, K. W aigh 59, J. Wu14a,14d, M. Wu64a, M. Wu112, S.L. Wu169, X. Wu56,
Y. Wu 62a, Z. Wu134,62a, J. Wue zinge 125, T.R. Wya 100, B.M. Wynne52, S. Xella42, L. Xia14c, M. Xia14b,
J. Xiang64c, X. Xiao105, M. Xie62a, X. Xie62a, S. Xin14a,14d, J. Xiong17a, I. Xio idis145, D. Xu14a, H. Xu62a,
H. Xu62a, L. Xu 62a, R. Xu127, T. Xu 105, W. Xu 105, Y. Xu 14b, Z. Xu62b, Z. Xu14a, B. Yabsley146,
S. Yacoob33a, N. Yamaguchi88, Y. Yamaguchi 153, H. Yamauchi156, T. Yamazaki 17a, Y. Yamazaki 83,
J. Yan 62c, S. Yan125, Z. Yan 25, H.J. Yang62c,62d, H.T. Yang62a, S. Yang 62a, T. Yang 64c, X. Yang62a,
X. Yang14a, Y. Yang 44, Z. Yang62a,105, W-M. Yao 17a, Y.C. Yap 48, H. Ye 14c, H. Ye55, J. Ye 44, S. Ye29,
X. Ye 62a, Y. Yeh 95, I. Yele skikh38, B.K. Yeo 17a, M.R. Yexley90, P. Yin 41, K. Yo i a 167, S. Younas27b,
C.J.S. Young54, C. Young142, M. Yuan105, R. Yuan62b,l, L. Yue95, X. Yue63a, M. Zaazoua35e, B. Zabinski85,
E. Zaid52, T. Zaka eish ili148b, N. Zakha chuk34, S. Zambi o56, J.A. Zamo a Saa136d,136b, J. Zang152,
D. Zanzi54, O. Zapla ilek131, S.V. Zeißne 49, C. Zei ni z170, J.C. Zeng161, D.T. Zenge J 26, O. Zenin37,
T. Ženiš 28a, S. Zenz 93, S. Ze adi35a, D. Ze was66, B. Zhang 14c, D.F. Zhang138, G. Zhang 14b, J. Zhang 62b,
J. Zhang6, K. Zhang 14a,14d, L. Zhang 14c, P. Zhang 14a,14d, R. Zhang 169, S. Zhang105, T. Zhang 152,
X. Zhang62c, X. Zhang62b, Y. Zhang 62c,5, Z. Zhang 17a, Z. Zhang 66, H. Zhao137, P. Zhao 51, T. Zhao 62b,
Y. Zhao 135, Z. Zhao62a, A. Zhemchugo 38, X. Zheng62a, Z. Zheng142, D. Zhong161, B. Zhou105,
C. Zhou169, H. Zhou7, N. Zhou62c, Y. Zhou 7, C.G. Zhu62b, C. Zhu14a,14d, H.L. Zhu62a, H. Zhu14a,
J. Zhu105, Y. Zhu 62c, Y. Zhu 62a, X. Zhuang 14a, K. Zhuko 37, V. Zhulano 37, N.I. Zimine38, J. Zinsse 63b,
M. Ziolkowski140, L. Ži ko i´
c15, A. Zoccoli 23b,23a, K. Zoch56, T.G. Zo bas 138, O. Zo mpa46, W. Zou 41,
L. Zwalinski36
1Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Adelaide, Adelaide; Aus alia
2Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Albe a, Edmon on AB; Canada
3(a)Depa men o Physics, Anka a Uni e si y, Anka a;
(b)Di ision o Physics, TOBB Uni e si y o Economics and Technology, Anka a; Tü kiye
4LAPP, Uni . Sa oie Mon Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy; F ance
18
The ATLAS Collabo a ion Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
5APC, Uni e si é Pa is Ci é, CNRS/IN2P3, Pa is; F ance
6High Ene gy Physics Di ision, A gonne Na ional Labo a o y, A gonne IL; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
7Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o A izona, Tucson AZ; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
8Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Texas a A ling on, A ling on TX; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
9Physics Depa men , Na ional and Kapodis ian Uni e si y o A hens, A hens; G eece
10 Physics Depa men , Na ional Technical Uni e si y o A hens, Zog a ou; G eece
11 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Texas a Aus in, Aus in TX; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
12 Ins i u e o Physics, Aze baijan Academy o Sciences, Baku; Aze baijan
13 Ins i u de Física d’Al es Ene gies (IFAE), Ba celona Ins i u e o Science and Technology, Ba celona; Spain
14 (a)Ins i u e o High Ene gy Physics, Chinese Academy o Sciences, Beijing;
(b)Physics Depa men , Tsinghua Uni e si y, Beijing;
(c)Depa men o Physics, Nanjing Uni e si y, Nanjing;
(d)Uni e si y o Chinese Academy o Science (UCAS), Beijing; China
15 Ins i u e o Physics, Uni e si y o Belg ade, Belg ade; Se bia
16 Depa men o Physics and Technology, Uni e si y o Be gen, Be gen; No way
17 (a)Physics Di ision, Law ence Be keley Na ional Labo a o y, Be keley CA;
(b)Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Be keley CA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
18 Ins i u ü Physik, Humbold Uni e si ä zu Be lin, Be lin; Ge many
19 Albe Eins ein Cen e o Fundamen al Physics and Labo a o y o High Ene gy Physics, Uni e si y o Be n, Be n; Swi ze land
20 School o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Bi mingham, Bi mingham; Uni ed Kingdom
21 (a)Depa men o Physics, Bogazici Uni e si y, Is anbul;
(b)Depa men o Physics Enginee ing, Gazian ep Uni e si y, Gazian ep;
(c)Depa men o Physics, Is anbul Uni e si y, Is anbul;
(d)Is inye Uni e si y, Sa iye , Is anbul; Tü kiye
22 (a)Facul ad de Ciencias y Cen o de In es igaciónes, Uni e sidad An onio Na iño, Bogo á;
(b)Depa amen o de Física, Uni e sidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogo á; Colombia
23 (a)Dipa imen o di Fisica e As onomia A. Righi, Uni e si à di Bologna, Bologna;
(b)INFN Sezione di Bologna; I aly
24 Physikalisches Ins i u , Uni e si ä Bonn, Bonn; Ge many
25 Depa men o Physics, Bos on Uni e si y, Bos on MA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
26 Depa men o Physics, B andeis Uni e si y, Wal ham MA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
27 (a)T ansil ania Uni e si y o B aso , B aso ;
(b)Ho ia Hulubei Na ional Ins i u e o Physics and Nuclea Enginee ing, Bucha es ;
(c)Depa men o Physics, Alexand u Ioan Cuza
Uni e si y o Iasi, Iasi;
(d)Na ional Ins i u e o Resea ch and De elopmen o Iso opic and Molecula Technologies, Physics Depa men , Cluj-Napoca;
(e)Uni e si y Poli ehnica Bucha es ,
Bucha es ;
( )Wes Uni e si y in Timisoa a, Timisoa a;
(g)Facul y o Physics, Uni e si y o Bucha es , Bucha es ; Romania
28 (a)Facul y o Ma hema ics, Physics and In o ma ics, Comenius Uni e si y, B a isla a;
(b)Depa men o Subnuclea Physics, Ins i u e o Expe imen al Physics o he Slo ak Academy o
Sciences, Kosice; Slo ak Republic
29 Physics Depa men , B ookha en Na ional Labo a o y, Up on NY; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
30 Uni e sidad de Buenos Ai es, Facul ad de Ciencias Exac as y Na u ales, Depa amen o de Física, y CONICET, Ins i u o de Física de Buenos Ai es (IFIBA), Buenos Ai es; A gen ina
31 Cali o nia S a e Uni e si y, CA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
32 Ca endish Labo a o y, Uni e si y o Camb idge, Camb idge; Uni ed Kingdom
33 (a)Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Cape Town, Cape Town;
(b)iThemba Labs, Wes e n Cape;
(c)Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing Science, Uni e si y o Johannesbu g,
Johannesbu g;
(d)Na ional Ins i u e o Physics, Uni e si y o he Philippines Diliman (Philippines);
(e)Uni e si y o Sou h A ica, Depa men o Physics, P e o ia;
( )Uni e si y o Zululand,
KwaDlangezwa;
(g)School o Physics, Uni e si y o he Wi wa e s and, Johannesbu g; Sou h A ica
34 Depa men o Physics, Ca le on Uni e si y, O awa ON; Canada
35 (a)Facul é des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Uni e si ai e de Physique des Hau es Ene gies - Uni e si é Hassan II, Casablanca;
(b)Facul é des Sciences, Uni e si é Ibn-To ail, Kéni a;
(c)Facul é des Sciences Semlalia, Uni e si é Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Ma akech;
(d)LPMR, Facul é des Sciences, Uni e si é Mohamed P emie , Oujda;
(e)Facul é des sciences, Uni e si é
Mohammed V, Raba ;
( )Ins i u e o Applied Physics, Mohammed VI Poly echnic Uni e si y, Ben Gue i ; Mo occo
36 CERN, Gene a; Swi ze land
37 Affilia ed wi h an ins i u e co e ed by a coope a ion ag eemen wi h CERN
38 Affilia ed wi h an in e na ional labo a o y co e ed by a coope a ion ag eemen wi h CERN
39 En ico Fe mi Ins i u e, Uni e si y o Chicago, Chicago IL; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
40 LPC, Uni e si é Cle mon Au e gne, CNRS/IN2P3, Cle mon -Fe and; F ance
41 Ne is Labo a o y, Columbia Uni e si y, I ing on NY; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
42 Niels Boh Ins i u e, Uni e si y o Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Denma k
43 (a)Dipa imen o di Fisica, Uni e si à della Calab ia, Rende;
(b)INFN G uppo Collega o di Cosenza, Labo a o i Nazionali di F asca i; I aly
44 Physics Depa men , Sou he n Me hodis Uni e si y, Dallas TX; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
45 Physics Depa men , Uni e si y o Texas a Dallas, Richa dson TX; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
46 Na ional Cen e o Scien ific Resea ch “Demok i os”, Agia Pa aske i; G eece
47 (a)Depa men o Physics, S ockholm Uni e si y;
(b)Oska Klein Cen e, S ockholm; Sweden
48 Deu sches Elek onen-Synch o on DESY, Hambu g and Zeu hen; Ge many
49 Fakul ä Physik, Technische Uni e si ä Do mund, Do mund; Ge many
50 Ins i u ü Ke n- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Uni e si ä D esden, D esden; Ge many
51 Depa men o Physics, Duke Uni e si y, Du ham NC; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
52 SUPA - School o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Edinbu gh, Edinbu gh; Uni ed Kingdom
53 INFN e Labo a o i Nazionali di F asca i, F asca i; I aly
54 Physikalisches Ins i u , Albe -Ludwigs-Uni e si ä F eibu g, F eibu g; Ge many
55 II. Physikalisches Ins i u , Geo g-Augus -Uni e si ä Gö ingen, Gö ingen; Ge many
56 Dépa emen de Physique Nucléai e e Co pusculai e, Uni e si é de Genè e, Genè e; Swi ze land
57 (a)Dipa imen o di Fisica, Uni e si à di Geno a, Geno a;
(b)INFN Sezione di Geno a; I aly
58 II. Physikalisches Ins i u , Jus us-Liebig-Uni e si ä Giessen, Giessen; Ge many
59 SUPA - School o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Glasgow, Glasgow; Uni ed Kingdom
60 LPSC, Uni e si é G enoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, G enoble INP, G enoble; F ance
61 Labo a o y o Pa icle Physics and Cosmology, Ha a d Uni e si y, Camb idge MA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
62 (a)Depa men o Mode n Physics and S a e Key Labo a o y o Pa icle De ec ion and Elec onics, Uni e si y o Science and Technology o China, He ei;
(b)Ins i u e o F on ie and
In e disciplina y Science and Key Labo a o y o Pa icle Physics and Pa icle I adia ion (MOE), Shandong Uni e si y, Qingdao;
(c)School o Physics and As onomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong
Uni e si y, Key Labo a o y o Pa icle As ophysics and Cosmology (MOE), SKLPPC, Shanghai;
(d)Tsung-Dao Lee Ins i u e, Shanghai; China
63 (a)Ki chho -Ins i u ü Physik, Rup ech -Ka ls-Uni e si ä Heidelbe g, Heidelbe g;
(b)Physikalisches Ins i u , Rup ech -Ka ls-Uni e si ä Heidelbe g, Heidelbe g; Ge many
64 (a)Depa men o Physics, Chinese Uni e si y o Hong Kong, Sha in, N.T., Hong Kong;
(b)Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
(c)Depa men o Physics and
Ins i u e o Ad anced S udy, Hong Kong Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Clea Wa e Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; China
65 Depa men o Physics, Na ional Tsing Hua Uni e si y, Hsinchu; Taiwan
66 IJCLab, Uni e si é Pa is-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, O say; F ance
67 Depa men o Physics, Indiana Uni e si y, Blooming on IN; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
68 (a)INFN G uppo Collega o di Udine, Sezione di T ies e, Udine;
(b)ICTP, T ies e;
(c)Dipa imen o Poli ecnico di Ingegne ia e A chi e u a, Uni e si à di Udine, Udine; I aly
69 (a)INFN Sezione di Lecce;
(b)Dipa imen o di Ma ema ica e Fisica, Uni e si à del Salen o, Lecce; I aly
70 (a)INFN Sezione di Milano;
(b)Dipa imen o di Fisica, Uni e si à di Milano, Milano; I aly
71 (a)INFN Sezione di Napoli;
(b)Dipa imen o di Fisica, Uni e si à di Napoli, Napoli; I aly
72 (a)INFN Sezione di Pa ia;
(b)Dipa imen o di Fisica, Uni e si à di Pa ia, Pa ia; I aly
19
The ATLAS Collabo a ion Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
73 (a)INFN Sezione di Pisa;
(b)Dipa imen o di Fisica E. Fe mi, Uni e si à di Pisa, Pisa; I aly
74 (a)INFN Sezione di Roma;
(b)Dipa imen o di Fisica, Sapienza Uni e si à di Roma, Roma; I aly
75 (a)INFN Sezione di Roma To Ve ga a;
(b)Dipa imen o di Fisica, Uni e si à di Roma To Ve ga a, Roma; I aly
76 (a)INFN Sezione di Roma T e;
(b)Dipa imen o di Ma ema ica e Fisica, Uni e si à Roma T e, Roma; I aly
77 (a)INFN-TIFPA;
(b)Uni e si à degli S udi di T en o, T en o; I aly
78 Uni e si ä Innsb uck, Depa men o As o and Pa icle Physics, Innsb uck; Aus ia
79 Uni e si y o Iowa, Iowa Ci y IA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
80 Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Iowa S a e Uni e si y, Ames IA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
81 (a)Depa amen o de Engenha ia Elé ica, Uni e sidade Fede al de Juiz de Fo a (UFJF), Juiz de Fo a;
(b)Uni e sidade Fede al do Rio De Janei o COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janei o;
(c)Ins i u o de
Física, Uni e sidade de São Paulo, São Paulo;
(d)Rio de Janei o S a e Uni e si y, Rio de Janei o; B azil
82 KEK, High Ene gy Accele a o Resea ch O ganiza ion, Tsukuba; Japan
83 G adua e School o Science, Kobe Uni e si y, Kobe; Japan
84 (a)AGH Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Facul y o Physics and Applied Compu e Science, K akow;
(b)Ma ian Smoluchowski Ins i u e o Physics, Jagiellonian Uni e si y, K akow;
Poland
85 Ins i u e o Nuclea Physics Polish Academy o Sciences, K akow; Poland
86 Facul y o Science, Kyo o Uni e si y, Kyo o; Japan
87 Kyo o Uni e si y o Educa ion, Kyo o; Japan
88 Resea ch Cen e o Ad anced Pa icle Physics and Depa men o Physics, Kyushu Uni e si y, Fukuoka; Japan
89 Ins i u o de Física La Pla a, Uni e sidad Nacional de La Pla a and CONICET, La Pla a; A gen ina
90 Physics Depa men , Lancas e Uni e si y, Lancas e ; Uni ed Kingdom
91 Oli e Lodge Labo a o y, Uni e si y o Li e pool, Li e pool; Uni ed Kingdom
92 Depa men o Expe imen al Pa icle Physics, Jože S e an Ins i u e and Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Ljubljana, Ljubljana; Slo enia
93 School o Physics and As onomy, Queen Ma y Uni e si y o London, London; Uni ed Kingdom
94 Depa men o Physics, Royal Holloway Uni e si y o London, Egham; Uni ed Kingdom
95 Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y College London, London; Uni ed Kingdom
96 Louisiana Tech Uni e si y, Rus on LA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
97 Fysiska ins i u ionen, Lunds uni e si e , Lund; Sweden
98 Depa amen o de Física Teo ica C-15 and CIAFF, Uni e sidad Au ónoma de Mad id, Mad id; Spain
99 Ins i u ü Physik, Uni e si ä Mainz, Mainz; Ge many
100 School o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Manches e , Manches e ; Uni ed Kingdom
101 CPPM, Aix-Ma seille Uni e si é, CNRS/IN2P3, Ma seille; F ance
102 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Massachuse s, Amhe s MA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
103 Depa men o Physics, McGill Uni e si y, Mon eal QC; Canada
104 School o Physics, Uni e si y o Melbou ne, Vic o ia; Aus alia
105 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Michigan, Ann A bo MI; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
106 Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Michigan S a e Uni e si y, Eas Lansing MI; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
107 G oup o Pa icle Physics, Uni e si y o Mon eal, Mon eal QC; Canada
108 Fakul ä ü Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Uni e si ä München, München; Ge many
109 Max-Planck-Ins i u ü Physik (We ne -Heisenbe g-Ins i u ), München; Ge many
110 G adua e School o Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Ins i u e, Nagoya Uni e si y, Nagoya; Japan
111 Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o New Mexico, Albuque que NM; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
112 Ins i u e o Ma hema ics, As ophysics and Pa icle Physics, Radboud Uni e si y/Nikhe , Nijmegen; Ne he lands
113 Nikhe Na ional Ins i u e o Suba omic Physics and Uni e si y o Ams e dam, Ams e dam; Ne he lands
114 Depa men o Physics, No he n Illinois Uni e si y, DeKalb IL; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
115 (a)New Yo k Uni e si y Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi;
(b)Uni e si y o Sha jah, Sha jah; Uni ed A ab Emi a es
116 Depa men o Physics, New Yo k Uni e si y, New Yo k NY; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
117 Ochanomizu Uni e si y, O suka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo; Japan
118 Ohio S a e Uni e si y, Columbus OH; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
119 Home L. Dodge Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Oklahoma, No man OK; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
120 Depa men o Physics, Oklahoma S a e Uni e si y, S illwa e OK; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
121 Palacký Uni e si y, Join Labo a o y o Op ics, Olomouc; Czech Republic
122 Ins i u e o Fundamen al Science, Uni e si y o O egon, Eugene, OR; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
123 G adua e School o Science, Osaka Uni e si y, Osaka; Japan
124 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Oslo, Oslo; No way
125 Depa men o Physics, Ox o d Uni e si y, Ox o d; Uni ed Kingdom
126 LPNHE, So bonne Uni e si é, Uni e si é Pa is Ci é, CNRS/IN2P3, Pa is; F ance
127 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Pennsyl ania, Philadelphia PA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
128 Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Pi sbu gh, Pi sbu gh PA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
129 (a)Labo a ó io de Ins umen ac¸ão e Física Expe imen al de Pa ículas -LIP, Lisboa;
(b)Depa amen o de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Uni e sidade de Lisboa, Lisboa;
(c)Depa amen o
de Física, Uni e sidade de Coimb a, Coimb a;
(d)Cen o de Física Nuclea da Uni e sidade de Lisboa, Lisboa;
(e)Depa amen o de Física, Uni e sidade do Minho, B aga;
( )Depa amen o
de Física Teó ica y del Cosmos, Uni e sidad de G anada, G anada (Spain);
(g)Depa amen o de Física, Ins i u o Supe io Técnico, Uni e sidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; Po ugal
130 Ins i u e o Physics o he Czech Academy o Sciences, P ague; Czech Republic
131 Czech Technical Uni e si y in P ague, P ague; Czech Republic
132 Cha les Uni e si y, Facul y o Ma hema ics and Physics, P ague; Czech Republic
133 Pa icle Physics Depa men , Ru he o d Apple on Labo a o y, Didco ; Uni ed Kingdom
134 IRFU, CEA, Uni e si é Pa is-Saclay, Gi -su -Y e e; F ance
135 San a C uz Ins i u e o Pa icle Physics, Uni e si y o Cali o nia San a C uz, San a C uz CA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
136 (a)Depa amen o de Física, Pon ificia Uni e sidad Ca ólica de Chile, San iago;
(b)Millennium Ins i u e o Suba omic physics a high ene gy on ie (SAPHIR), San iago;
(c)Ins i u o de
In es igación Mul idisciplina io en Ciencia y Tecnología, y Depa amen o de Física, Uni e sidad de La Se ena;
(d)Uni e sidad And es Bello, Depa men o Physics, San iago;
(e)Ins i u o de
Al a In es igación, Uni e sidad de Ta apacá, A ica;
( )Depa amen o de Física, Uni e sidad Técnica Fede ico San a Ma ía, Valpa aíso; Chile
137 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Washing on, Sea le WA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
138 Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Sheffield, Sheffield; Uni ed Kingdom
139 Depa men o Physics, Shinshu Uni e si y, Nagano; Japan
140 Depa men Physik, Uni e si ä Siegen, Siegen; Ge many
141 Depa men o Physics, Simon F ase Uni e si y, Bu naby BC; Canada
142 SLAC Na ional Accele a o Labo a o y, S an o d CA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
143 Depa men o Physics, Royal Ins i u e o Technology, S ockholm; Sweden
144 Depa men s o Physics and As onomy, S ony B ook Uni e si y, S ony B ook NY; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
145 Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Sussex, B igh on; Uni ed Kingdom
146 School o Physics, Uni e si y o Sydney, Sydney; Aus alia
20
The ATLAS Collabo a ion Physics Le e s B 843 (2023) 137848
147 Ins i u e o Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Taiwan
148 (a)E. And onikash ili Ins i u e o Physics, I . Ja akhish ili Tbilisi S a e Uni e si y, Tbilisi;
(b)High Ene gy Physics Ins i u e, Tbilisi S a e Uni e si y, Tbilisi;
(c)Uni e si y o Geo gia,
Tbilisi; Geo gia
149 Depa men o Physics, Technion, Is ael Ins i u e o Technology, Hai a; Is ael
150 Raymond and Be e ly Sackle School o Physics and As onomy, Tel A i Uni e si y, Tel A i ; Is ael
151 Depa men o Physics, A is o le Uni e si y o Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki; G eece
152 In e na ional Cen e o Elemen a y Pa icle Physics and Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Tokyo, Tokyo; Japan
153 Depa men o Physics, Tokyo Ins i u e o Technology, Tokyo; Japan
154 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o To on o, To on o ON; Canada
155 (a)TRIUMF, Vancou e BC;
(b)Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Yo k Uni e si y, To on o ON; Canada
156 Di ision o Physics and Tomonaga Cen e o he His o y o he Uni e se, Facul y o Pu e and Applied Sciences, Uni e si y o Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Japan
157 Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Tu s Uni e si y, Med o d MA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
158 Uni ed A ab Emi a es Uni e si y, Al Ain; Uni ed A ab Emi a es
159 Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Cali o nia I ine, I ine CA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
160 Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Uppsala, Uppsala; Sweden
161 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Illinois, U bana IL; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
162 Ins i u o de Física Co puscula (IFIC), Cen o Mix o Uni e sidad de Valencia -CSIC, Valencia; Spain
163 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o B i ish Columbia, Vancou e BC; Canada
164 Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Vic o ia, Vic o ia BC; Canada
165 Fakul ä ü Physik und As onomie, Julius-Maximilians-Uni e si ä Wü zbu g, Wü zbu g; Ge many
166 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Wa wick, Co en y; Uni ed Kingdom
167 Waseda Uni e si y, Tokyo; Japan
168 Depa men o Pa icle Physics and As ophysics, Weizmann Ins i u e o Science, Reho o ; Is ael
169 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Wisconsin, Madison WI; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
170 Fakul ä ü Ma hema ik und Na u wissenscha en, Fachg uppe Physik, Be gische Uni e si ä Wuppe al, Wuppe al; Ge many
171 Depa men o Physics, Yale Uni e si y, New Ha en CT; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
aAlso Affilia ed wi h an ins i u e co e ed by a coope a ion ag eemen wi h CERN.
bAlso a An-Najah Na ional Uni e si y, Nablus; Pales ine.
cAlso a Bo ough o Manha an Communi y College, Ci y Uni e si y o New Yo k, New Yo k NY; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica.
dAlso a B uno Kessle Founda ion, T en o; I aly.
eAlso a Cen e o High Ene gy Physics, Peking Uni e si y; China.
Also a Cen e o In e disciplina y Resea ch and Inno a ion (CIRI-AUTH), Thessaloniki; G eece.
gAlso a Cen o S udi e Rice che En ico Fe mi; I aly.
hAlso a CERN, Gene a; Swi ze land.
iAlso a Dépa emen de Physique Nucléai e e Co pusculai e, Uni e si é de Genè e, Genè e; Swi ze land.
jAlso a Depa amen de Fisica de la Uni e si a Au onoma de Ba celona, Ba celona; Spain.
kAlso a Depa men o Financial and Managemen Enginee ing, Uni e si y o he Aegean, Chios; G eece.
lAlso a Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Michigan S a e Uni e si y, Eas Lansing MI; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica.
mAlso a Depa men o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Louis ille, Louis ille, KY; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica.
nAlso a Depa men o Physics, Ben Gu ion Uni e si y o he Nege , Bee She a; Is ael.
oAlso a Depa men o Physics, Cali o nia S a e Uni e si y, Eas Bay; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica.
pAlso a Depa men o Physics, Cali o nia S a e Uni e si y, Sac amen o; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica.
qAlso a Depa men o Physics, King’s College London, London; Uni ed Kingdom.
Also a Depa men o Physics, S an o d Uni e si y, S an o d CA; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica.
sAlso a Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o F ibou g, F ibou g; Swi ze land.
Also a Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Thessaly; G eece.
uAlso a Depa men o Physics, Wes mon College, San a Ba ba a; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica.
Also a Hellenic Open Uni e si y, Pa as; G eece.
wAlso a Ins i ucio Ca alana de Rece ca i Es udis A anca s, ICREA, Ba celona; Spain.
xAlso a Ins i u ü Expe imen alphysik, Uni e si ä Hambu g, Hambu g; Ge many.
yAlso a Ins i u e o Pa icle Physics (IPP); Canada.
zAlso a Ins i u e o Physics and Technology, Ulaanbaa a ; Mongolia.
aa Also a Ins i u e o Physics, Aze baijan Academy o Sciences, Baku; Aze baijan.
ab Also a Ins i u e o Theo e ical Physics, Ilia S a e Uni e si y, Tbilisi; Geo gia.
ac Also a L2IT, Uni e si é de Toulouse, CNRS/IN2P3, UPS, Toulouse; F ance.
ad Also a Law ence Li e mo e Na ional Labo a o y, Li e mo e; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica.
ae Also a Na ional Ins i u e o Physics, Uni e si y o he Philippines Diliman (Philippines); Philippines.
a Also a RWTH Aachen Uni e si y, III. Physikalisches Ins i u A, Aachen; Ge many.
ag Also a Technical Uni e si y o Munich, Munich; Ge many.
ah Also a The Collabo a i e Inno a ion Cen e o Quan um Ma e (CICQM), Beijing; China.
ai Also a TRIUMF, Vancou e BC; Canada.
aj Also a Uni e si à di Napoli Pa henope, Napoli; I aly.
ak Also a Uni e si y o Chinese Academy o Sciences (UCAS), Beijing; China.
al Also a Uni e si y o Colo ado Boulde , Depa men o Physics, Colo ado; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica.
am Also a Washing on College, Ma yland; Uni ed S a es o Ame ica.
an Also a Yedi epe Uni e si y, Physics Depa men , Is anbul; Tü kiye.
∗Deceased.
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