Activity typologies as a design model for the ubiquitous detection of daily routines

This is an elec onic ep in o he o iginal a icle. This ep in may di e om he o iginal in pagina ion and ypog aphic de ail. Au ho (s): Ti le: Yea : Ve sion: Please ci e he o iginal e sion: All ma e ial supplied ia JYX is p o ec ed by copy igh and o he in ellec ual p ope y igh s, and duplica ion o sale o all o pa o any o he eposi o y collec ions is no pe mi ed, excep ha ma e ial may be duplica ed by you o you esea ch use o educa ional pu poses in elec onic o p in o m. You mus ob ain pe mission o any o he use. Elec onic o p in copies may no be o e ed, whe he o sale o o he wise o anyone who is no an au ho ised use . Ac i i y ypologies as a design model o he ubiqui ous de ec ion o daily ou ines Leikas, Jaana; Launiainen, Helena; Kulju, Minna; Saa iluoma, Pe i; Bäckman, Ka i Leikas, J., Launiainen, H., Kulju, M., Saa iluoma, P., & Bäckman, K. (2018). Ac i i y ypologies as a design model o he ubiqui ous de ec ion o daily ou ines. Finnish Jou nal o eHeal h and eWel a e, 10(1), 79-88. h ps://doi.o g/10.23996/ jhw.65165 2018 SCIENTIFIC PAPERS 8.3.2018 FinJeHeW 2018;10(1) 79 Ac i i y ypologies as a design model o he ubiqui ous de ec ion o daily ou ines Jaana Leikas, PhD1, Helena Launiainen, M.Ed, OTR2, Minna Kulju, MSc1, Pe i Saa iluoma, PhD3, Ka i Bäckman, MSc4 1 VTT Technical Resea ch Cen e o Finland L d, Tampe e, Finland; 2 Miina Sillanpää Founda ion, Helsinki, Finland; 3 Depa men o Compu e Science and In o ma ion Sys ems, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland; 4 Bene e L d, Tu ku, Finland Jaana Leikas, VTT Technical Resea ch Cen e o Finland L d, Tekniikanka u 1, P.O. Box 1300, FI-33101 Tampe e, FINLAND. Email: jaana.leikas@ . i Abs ac Eme ging echnologies open up new isions and business po en ial o sys ems design and de elopmen in he a eas o wellbeing and heal h. New echnologies enable he de ec ion o human pe o mance and ea ly changes in physical and cogni i e unc ioning, making i possible o moni o an olde pe son’s wellbeing. This kind o echnol- ogy o se ice se s signi ican equi emen s o design, as design concep s mus be able o cap u e he complexi y o people’s daily li es in e ms o ac i i ies and en i onmen s. Technology i sel is “blind” unless designe s can adap i o human li e. The e is hus a dis inc need o comp ehensi e design and de elopmen models ha gen- e a e adequa e human equi emen s o such design. Ac i i y ypologies desc ibed in his pape a e an example o such li e-based design ele an knowledge. They allow he de ec ion o signals in daily ou ines ha would p edic a decline in he a ge pe son’s unc ioning, and eed his da a in o design p ocesses. They can be used o c ea e a model o human equi emen s speci ica ion o such ubiqui ous se ices ha a e g ounded on he idea o de ec - ing changes in human ac i i y. The model p esen ed in his pape is c ea ed in BeWell p ojec and based on he heo e ical amewo ks o Li e-Based Design and In e na ional Classi ica ion o Func ioning, Disabili y and Heal h. Keywo ds: aging, echnology, home ca e, memo y, ac i i ies o daily li ing In oduc ion Massi ely mul i unc ional echnologies such as ubiqui- ous and au onomous echnology a e de eloping as ; inno a ions a e di ec ed owa ds all a eas o li e. Thei de elopmen has opened new pe spec i es, and has huge business po en ial in he a ea o heal h echnolo- gies and ge on echnology [1]. Wi eless ne wo k and senso echnologies, anging om sma homes o en i- onmen moni o ing, make i possible o moni o peo- ple’s homes and ac i i ies and o de ec human pe o - mance 24/7 [2,3]. Mode n senso s a e inc easingly small and ene gy e icien , and hus sui able o long- e m use. They can be used in a ious e e yday con- ex s o de ec sub le changes in daily pe o mance ha migh indica e a pa icula p oblem. When pai ed wi h a sophis ica ed algo i hm, senso s can be used o moni- o a pe son’s wellbeing and p o ide eedback o he use s. SCIENTIFIC PAPERS 8.3.2018 FinJeHeW 2018;10(1) 80 Inc easingly a o dable mode n big da a echnologies c ea e new po en ial o wellbeing moni o ing. Techno- logical enhancemen s in au oma ed analysis and new so wa e in e aces allow new ways o access and use he da a. As he amoun o in o ma ion inc eases, he algo i hms and so wa e enable sophis ica ed combina- ions and eal- ime analysis o da a. Ubiqui ous echnology can ac i ely in ol e people in unde s anding and ac ing on hei wellbeing, hus em- powe ing hem o ake con ol o e hei own li es. The abili y o manage one’s heal h allows people o bene i om new echnology in many ways. Ea ly ecogni ion o a ious disabili ies, ch onic illnesses o memo y diso - de , o example, can pa e he way o mo e accu a e ea men and ha e a ema kable in luence on people’s li es, and e en le hem emain ac i e and independen o longe . A p omising applica ion in his ield is he de ec ion o dec easing unc ional and cogni i e pe o mance. Sen- so echnology, pai ed wi h adequa e moni o ing and assessmen sys ems, can enable he moni o ing o such pa ame e s and ecognize and epo any c i ical changes. I is sensi i e enough o de ec symp oms and mino p oblems in cogni i e unc ioning ea lie han was p e iously possible. Ins ead o in e ening only when he signs o cogni i e decline a e ob ious, da a gene a ed by mul iple senso s make i possible o de- ec mino changes in a pe son’s daily ac i i ies [4,5]. Signi ican sa ings o socie y in e ms o social and heal h ca e expenses Possibili y o objec i ely de ec meaning ul changes in unc ioning and pe o mance o e ime, and o espond acco dingly, is a subs an ial inancial incen i e o o e wellbeing se ices o he ageing popula ion globally. A p omising use g oup o hese kinds o se ices is he global olde consume ma ke : ac i e senio s who seek p oduc s and se ices ha ad ance hei own wellbeing [6] and inc ease hei quali y o li e [7]. Along wi h he g ow h in he numbe o senio ci izens – ‘ he senio sunami’ – a en ion is inc easingly paid o inno a ions ha suppo ac i e ageing in place [4, 8−9] and people’s abili y o emain a home [10]. This g ow h in sil e ma ke s [11−13] opens up new challenges as well as new equi emen s o he de elopmen o p oduc s and se ices. The c i ical ques ion is how o adap designs o sui hese ma ke s. Gi en he po en ial o senso echnology, in pa icula i s abili y o help ex end e e yday coping in indi iduals’ homes, i may also become an essen ial componen o u u e in eg a ed ca e in o ma ion sys ems. Ea ly e - o s o b ing echnology o he home en i onmen poin o he use ulness o echnology-suppo ed se - ices in keeping senio s ou o ins i u ional ca e. Kaye e al. (2011) [14] a gue ha home assessmen p o ides he oppo uni y o assess ac i i y in a pe son’s ypical en i onmen , and is hus likely o ep esen a mo e ele an measu e o eal-wo ld unc ion. In addi ion o home-based ac i i ies, a en ion should also be paid o changes in social pa icipa ion [15]. Aim o esea ch Mode n senso echnology can p o ide da a on nume - ous aspec s o human pe o mance. Howe e , he in- e p e a ion o his da a equi es in-dep h unde s and- ing o wha he nume ical senso y pa ame e s indica e in e ms o heal h and wellbeing o he a ge pe son. Fo example, wha does g adual dec ease in he speed o mo emen s o in he amoun o speech ell abou ? Thus, i makes sense o ask and o sys ema ically s udy he meanings o changes in senso y-moni o able pe - o mance. The esea ch p esen ed in his pape c ea ed a design model o planning he human dimension o such ubiq- ui ous en i onmen s ha a e sensi i e and esponsi e o he unc ioning and heal h o a pe son. The design model helps o analyse daily ou ines in o de o no ice ea ly changes in cogni i e o physical unc ioning. The main esea ch ques ions we e: 1. How can daily li e o olde people be unde s ood o design pu poses? 2. How can his unde s anding be used o p oduce ge- ne ic ac i i y models? SCIENTIFIC PAPERS 8.3.2018 FinJeHeW 2018;10(1) 81 3. Can ac i i y models be used o de ine sense making pa ame e s o senso da a analysis? Theo e ical backg ound As he ways in which echnologies can be used o im- p o e e e yday human li e a e becoming inc easingly sophis ica ed and complica ed, unde s anding he hu- man dimension o echnology-suppo ed se ices and applica ions has become a majo design challenge. In he case o se ices ha can de ec a pe son’s pe o - mance and ac i i y, he p econdi ions o ma ke suc- cess a e no based on high echnology, bu a he on knowledge o he use s and a ious con ex s o e e y- day li e [16,17]. De ining sense making pa ame e s o analysing senso da a p esupposes in-dep h unde s anding o human unc ioning and daily li e. We ha e applied Li e-based design (LBD) app oach o in es iga e he elemen s o e e yday li e [18]. This app oach akes he analysis o human li e as he basis o designing echnology- suppo ed se ices. LBD looks a he phenomena o human li e om a mul idisciplina y pe spec i e: how people li e and how echnology can imp o e hei qual- i y o li e. I s a s by analysing wha is needed o im- p o e he quali y o li e, a he han how echnologies should be used. The p oblem is hus s uc u ed a ound people’s daily li ed expe iences and ou ines, and he design ocus shi s om possible echnological solu ions o designing a good li e: echnology is seen in he con- ex o suppo ing and ad ancing people’s daily li es. By using well-g ounded ools, and by exploi ing he adi- ions o human esea ch such as psychology and sociol- ogy, knowledge o e e yday li e is used o de i e goals and human equi emen s o he design o echnology- suppo ed se ices. LBD was used o c ea e he model o he ubiqui ous de ec ion o human unc ioning and pe o mance de- sc ibed in his a icle. The model is based on ac i i y ypologies, which desc ibe a pe son’s daily ac i i ies and pe o mance o de ise an app op ia e long- e m de ec ion me ic. The ypologies a e used as he basis o an augmen ed adap i e se ice ha would measu e he quali y and quan i y o ac ion pa e ns, and analyse he da a o compa e si ua ions and p o ide eedback. Me hodology A o m-o -li e (FoL) analysis, a co e elemen o LBD, was selec ed as a me hod o in es iga e people’s daily ou- ines as a s a ing poin o de eloping he model. This in o ma ion was supplemen ed by gene al knowledge o unc ioning and pe o mance p o ided by he In e - na ional Classi ica ion o Func ioning, Disabili y and Heal h (ICF). In he ollowing, we will desc ibe he na u e o FoL analysis and he ICF, and hen in oduce he model o ac i i y ypologies as gene al desc ip ions o daily ou- ines. Fo m-o -Li e (FoL) analysis People’s li es, o a g ea ex en , a e cha ac e ized by he di e en kinds o o ms o li e. FoL analysis ocuses on iden i ying li e si ua ions, and hen looks a people (and hei ac i i ies and ways o being) o asce ain wha comp ises a good li e. Only hen is i possible o decide which se ice design al e na i es will mos im- p o e he quali y o li e. FoL analysis is mean o p o- duce ini ial ideas o he on -end design phase, and decisi e in o ma ion o u he phases in he de elop- men p ocess, such as concep de elopmen . I hus speci ies he human equi emen s o he whole de el- opmen p ocess o echnology-suppo ed se ices. FoL is a gene al concep used o de ine any sys em o ac ions in human li e unde examina ion and o help unde s and he con en s o his pa icula a ea o li e. I has been used as a pa o sociological discou se, bu should no only be s udied om a sociological pe spec- i e. In addi ion o social elemen s, human FoLs a e de e mined and shaped by many biological and psycho- logical ac o s ha oge he gi e meaning o people’s ac ions and aims. An FoL includes p ede e mined ac- o s in li e as well as a complex a ie y o elemen s in e e yday li e. Fo example, being e i ed is an FoL, which a ec s people’s social li es and is associa ed wi h SCIENTIFIC PAPERS 8.3.2018 FinJeHeW 2018;10(1) 82 hei socio-cul u al backg ound. I is also ela ed o ageing, which is bo h a social and biological phenome- non. Fu he , being e i ed in ol es many psychological aspec s. People pa icipa e in FoLs by sha ing di e en ules and egula i ies ha a e ypical o ha pa icula FoL and by ca ying ou espec i e ac ions [18-19]. The concep ‘ o m o li e’ o igina es om Wi gens ein’s la e philos- ophy. By his e m, Wi gens ein, one o he mos im- po an philosophe s o he las cen u y, e e s o any ci cle o con ex o linguis ic ac ions. In his o iginal p o- posal, o m o li e was a heo e ical concep and con- cep ual abs ac ion o analysing human linguis ic be- ha io and use o language. I is possible o ex end he use o his concep o analyse, any o he aspec s o human li e [18]. An FoL analysis s a s by de ining hese ules and egu- la i ies [18]. Daily ou ines can be seen as egula i ies ha people ollow when hey pa icipa e in a pa icula FoL. The e o e an FoL analysis can p o ide insigh s in o a pe son’s daily ou ines by sepa a ing he di e en con ex s o li e and examining hei con en s. I is hus a ool o exposing he ele an di e ences be ween di e en li e se ings, and o u he unde s anding he egula i ies o a speci ic li e si ua ion. By de ining and analysing an FoL, i is possible o unde s and wha kinds o ou ines i con ains. Wha do he a ge people do in hei daily li es? How a e hei daily ac i i ies o gan- ised? How do daily ou ines di e be ween people? An FoL analysis p o ides aluable gene ic da a abou di - e en g oups o people, a he han indi iduals. Daily ou ines – ule- ollowing ac ions – a e go e ned no jus by humans’ in e nal mechanisms (e.g., hei cul u al models and human agency), bu also by he en i onmen in which hey li e [20]. Thus, he key ele- men s o s udying daily ou ines a e he agen , he goal o ac ion, he con ex and he ool [21]. The agen is he pe son pe o ming an ac i i y, who pe haps uses a echnology o suppo he ac ion. The goal cons i u es he e ec s o he ac ion. I is dependen on he con ex o he ac ion, which is a p econdi ion o he pe o - mance o ake place. The con ex can include social, psychological, echnical, in o ma ion and ask-based elemen s. The ool can include a possible a e ac o echnology. The me e disc imina ion o daily ou ines and egula i- ies o an FoL does no p o ide su icien in o ma ion abou people’s ac ions. I is also essen ial o unde s and he in e nal s uc u e o hese ac ions and how hey a e in eg a ed in o de o de ine he ela ionships be ween hem, ex ac hei simila i ies and explica e he logic behind hem [17,18]. The logic behind ule- ollowing ac ions e eals why ules o ou ines make sense, wha he goals o ac ions a e and how he ac ions a e in e- g a ed. In he sea ch o logic, ac s and alues help explain why people pe o m pa icula ac ions [18,21] (Figu e 1). Fac s (such as age, gende , educa ional and wo k his o y, heal h and medical his o y) explain (and o en e en de e mine) he goals o ule- ollowing ac- ions and p o ide he limi s – he possibili ies and e- s ic ions – on wha people do in hei li es. Values can explain he meaning behind he ac ions. They in luence how people choose be ween di e en FoLs and be- ween ac ions wi hin hem. SCIENTIFIC PAPERS 8.3.2018 FinJeHeW 2018;10(1) 83 Figu e 1. The unc ion o ule- ollowing ac ions, ac s and alues in analysing an FoL. No e: FoL = o m o li e; RFA = ule- ollowing ac ion. Figu e 2. ICF componen s (adap ed om WHO 2013). Analysis o human unc ioning and pe o mance When he design aim is o c ea e a sys em ha de ec s ea ly changes in olde people’s ac i i y and beha iou , me e in o ma ion abou daily ou ines is no su icien . When people age, hey may s a o expe ience age- ela ed declines in physical o cogni i e unc ioning. This change in abili ies may also change hei daily li es and ou ines. The challenge is o c ea e a sys em ha de ec s daily ou ines and pe cei es changes wi h de- ailed empo al p ecision in o de o indica e he onse o cogni i e o unc ional decline. Da a abou a pe son’s unc ioning and pe o mance a e needed o suppo he desc ip ion o daily ou ines. Heal h ca e and ehabili a ion p o essionals use he concep o unc ioning and pe o mance o desc ibe independen li ing and coping in e e yday li e. This concep e eals how he abili y o manage e e yday ac i i ies a ies amongs people. P inciples o his assessmen can be ound in he ICF model, which exam- ines people’s unc ioning and pe o mance as a dynam- ic in e ac ion be ween he indi idual, he ac i i y and he en i onmen . The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion FoL RFA RFA RFA ValuesFac s •ac ion & goal •agen •con ex Design-Rele an A ibu es FoL A ibu es Ac i i ies Pa icipa ionBody Func ions and S uc u es En i onmen al Fac o s Pe sonal Fac o s Heal h Condi ion SCIENTIFIC PAPERS 8.3.2018 FinJeHeW 2018;10(1) 84 (WHO) in oduced he ICF, which is an in e na ionally accep ed concep ual amewo k ha desc ibes he dynamic in e ac ions be ween bodily unc ions, bodily s uc u es, ac i i ies and pa icipa ion, and en i on- men al and pe sonal ac o s [22] (Figu e 2). The ICF model s esses he indi iduali y o heal h and unc ional capabili y. I also o e s a means o examining en i on- men al ac o s in a s uc u ed manne , and hus se es as a welcome adjunc o FoL con ex analysis. I is help- ul o iden i ying he p incipal p oblem o an indi idu- al’s disabili y – he home en i onmen , he limi ed ca- paci y o he indi idual o a combina ion o hese wo ac o s. This helps iden i y he ac o s in he physical, social and a i ude en i onmen ha suppo o inhibi pa icipa ion in socie y and socie al ac i i ies [22]. The ICF model ocuses on impac [23]. This c ea es a ounda ion and a common amewo k wi h which o compa e di e en condi ions using a common me ic – he impac on he unc ioning o he indi idual. This allows o he impac o he en i onmen and o he con ex ual ac o s on he unc ioning o an indi idual o be conside ed. Resul s: A human-cen ic model o collec ing senso da a The aim o ou esea ch was o c ea e a model o plan- ning he human dimension o such ubiqui ous en i on- men s ha a e sensi i e and esponsi e o he unc ion- ing and heal h o a pe son. The design model would help o analyse daily ou ines in o de o no ice ea ly changes in cogni i e o physical unc ioning. In he ollowing, we in oduce he elemen s o he basic s eps o he model c ea ed in he p ojec . S ep 1: FoL analysis and ICF a e used o desc ibe daily ou ines The i s phase o he model is o use FoL analysis and ICF classi ica ion o desc ibe he common cou se and con en o he daily ou ines o a speci ic g oup o peo- ple (i.e., hei pa e ns o sequences o ac ions). The ac ions can hen be u he di ided in o sub-ac ions and classi ied acco ding o he ICF. These gene ic desc ip- ions o he sub-ac ions classi ied using he ICF a e called ac i i y ypologies. S ep 2: Ac i i y ypologies as gene al desc ip ions o daily ou ines Ac i i y ypologies a e used as a ool o planning and implemen ing se ices o he ea ly de ec ion o de- c easing unc ioning and pe o mance in olde people. Gene ic ac i i y ypologies desc ibe a pe son’s daily pe o mance, and can be used when ailo ing an au on- omous moni o ing sys em o an indi idual. Using da a ga he ed om sel -assessmen o he a ge indi idual and ele an s akeholde s (such as home ca e gi e s, ela i es and nea es ones) a gene ic ac i i y ypology can be ine- uned in o a su icien illus a ion o a pe - son’s daily ou ines (Figu e 3). SCIENTIFIC PAPERS 8.3.2018 FinJeHeW 2018;10(1) 85 Figu e 3. Gene ic ac i i y ypologies as a basis o illus a ing pe sonal daily ou ines. Figu e 4. A design model o he ubiqui ous de ec ion o daily ou ines and ac i i ies. S ep 3: Analysis o meaning ul ac ions The nex s ep om an applica ion design poin o iew is o ex ac he ac ions ha a e meaning ul in e ms o moni o ing changes in he pe son’s unc ioning and pe o mance. Speci ic ac ions in a ypology can be used as indica o s o de e mine wha kind o human ac i i y should be moni o ed, and wha kind o pe o mance pa ame e s he echnology should include. These pa- ame e s can hen be used o c ea e algo i hms o moni o ing. The human equi emen s based on FoL and ICF should answe ques ions such as how o de e mine which sequences o ac ion a e meaning ul and which can be assessed wi h he help o echnology. The se- quences can be, o example, ‘opening a doo o he ba h oom’, ‘ge ing d essed’ o ‘using a co ee make in he mo ning’. A key ques ion is wha pa icula ac ion (o chain o human ac ions) is powe ul enough o sig- nal a possible decline in he pe son’s unc ional abili y. FoL Analysis Daily Rou ines ICF • Gene icAc i i y Typologies Sel - assessmen Pe sonal Daily Rou ines Con ex ual Fac o s Socio-Cul u al Fac o s Biological Fac o s Ac i i y Typologies Rule-Following Ac ions Psychological Fac o s SCIENTIFIC PAPERS 8.3.2018 FinJeHeW 2018;10(1) 86 The ICF uses a combina ion o codes and quali ie s o desc ibe unc ioning in a s anda dised manne (‘no p oblem’ o ‘mild, mode a e, se e e and comple e’), which is use ul o de eloping an ac i i y ypology. P o- essionals, such as home heal h ca e s, should supply hese assessmen s a he han in e iewe s [23]. Figu e 4 illus a es he design model o he ubiqui ous de ec ion o human unc ioning and pe o mance. The model p o ides a gene ic s uc u e o how people pe - o m hei daily ac i i ies and ou ines. I also guides he echnological solu ions used o ga he and u he analyse he collec ed ac i i y da a. Discussion The design model illus a ed in his pape has been discussed in se e al planning sessions wi h di e en s akeholde s, and e alua ed by heal h ca e p o ession- als, and hei eedback has been encou aging. Howe e , he model is ini ial and na u ally has o be elabo a ed and es ed in eal echnology design p ocesses. Wha , hen, would be he nex de elopmen le els in o de o u n he esea ch in o echnology? The ypolo- gies gi e a clea idea o how sophis ica ed knowledge o human esea ch in echnology design can be compa ed o e e yday and lay knowledge. A signi ican esea ch challenge o u u e wo k is o u he de elop and es he gene alizabili y o he ool, and o ind me hods o embedding he essen ial pa ame e s o he analysis o e e yday li e e icien ly in o echnology de elopmen p ocesses. The impo an c ea i e s ep in applying ac- i i y ypologies o echnology design is u ning he explici and implici esea ch embedded in hem in o echnology and echnical equi emen s. This s ep again p esupposes a wo king discou se be ween human e- sea ch pa adigms and echnology de elopmen . By aking he aims and demands o he human dimen- sion as he ocal s a ing poin o echnology and se - ice design, i is possible o c ea e inno a i e alue and a compe i i e edge in he sil e ma ke s. This pape discusses his ul ima e design challenge: i in oduces a model o planning he human dimension o ubiqui ous en i onmen s ha a e sensi i e and esponsi e o he unc ioning and heal h o a pe son. We ha e g ounded he design on wo heo e ical app oaches: LBD and ICF. The usage o big da a echnologies [24] c ea es new insigh s in o he p ospec s o moni o ing he wellbeing o ageing people. Ye i also equi es inno a ion in de- sign p ac ices. By in oducing a model o he ubiqui- ous de ec ion o human unc ioning and pe o mance, we also sough o s a a discussion abou he necessi y o well-g ounded me hods and ools o designing he human dimension o human- echnology in e ac ion design. Ou pape illus a es how exis ing human e- sea ch can be used o analyse human li e and de ine echnical design goals. In his kind o inno a ion, in ol ing all s akeholde s – anging om se ice p o ide s o ageing people and hei ca egi e s – is a p e equisi e o a success ul, e- sponsible and e hically sus ainable ou come [25-28]. Ac i i y ypologies ha e been de eloped based on he ex ensi e and highly p o essional wo k o all such s akeholde s. This no el, mul idisciplina y way o ap- p oaching he se ice de elopmen p ocess is buil on a mul i-ac o ecosys em and goes beyond s anda d hu- man-cen ed app oaches. I includes a social co-design cycle ha in ol es he simul aneous design o p oduc s, se ices and ac i i ies o people [29], in which co- c ea i e ‘lea ning by doing’ is a key app oach. Con lic o in e es s a emen The au ho s o his a icle do no ha e any inancial o pe sonal ela ionship ha could inapp op ia ely bias hei con ibu ion. Re e ences [1] Co ne G. Eu ope’s ‘Sil e Economy’: A po en ial sou ce o economic g ow h? Ge on echnology 2015;13(3):319-321. h ps://doi.o g/10.4017/g .2015.13.3.001.00 [2] Spink A, Aa N an de , Locke, B, Noldus L. T ackLab – An Inno a i e Sys em o Loca ion Sensing, Cus ome