308
BRIEF
REPORTS
Tabk
I.
Numbe o b eaks
in
colcemid ea ed men , bo h ela i e o he
HBSS
ea men and
cells he un ea ed con ols. The inc ease was no
signi ican s a is ically.
100
cells sco ed o each concen a ion
Acknowledgmm s.
-
This wo k has been suppo ed by
Cone.
To al
num-
wi h
B eaks
O
gaps g an s om
he
Nilsson-Ehle ounda ion. My since e
X
10-6
be o b eaks b eaks
o
pe a ec ed hanks a e due o p o .
A.
Le an o aluable help and
mol/l and gaps gaps cell c i icism.
10
26 15 1.73
7
15
8 1.88
5
20
II
1.82
2.5 25
I1
2.27
1.4 22 I2 1.83
HBSS 19 15 1.27
Con ol
6 6
I
.oo
ude as ha o bu yl me cu y b omide, which was
de e mined o
0.05-0.1
X
lo-@
M
by
FAHMY
(1951).
The esponse
o
Chinese hams e cells o
o ganic me cu y compounds would be expec ed
o app oxima ely he same, judging om he
esul s
o
FISKESJO
(1971),
who ound simila
h eshold concen a ions o o he me cu y com-
pounds in di e en es sys ems. The h eshold
alue
o
HMB
o c-mi osis in Chinese hams e
cells was somewha highe han co esponding
alues in he
Allii n
es .
The s eng h o he e ec s dec eased wi h alling
concen a ions. Fig.
1
shows ha he e was a
co ela ion be ween he concen a ion
o
HMB
and he mani es a ion o cell damage. Toxic and
c-mi o ic cells we e ound mos ly in he s onges
concen a ions. The ansi ions was g adual be-
ween c-mi osis and no mal mi osis. The numbe
o
ch omosome b eaks was clea ly ele a ed bo h
in he ea men s wi h
HMB
and wi h
HBSS.
This e ec was p obably due o he s a a ion he
cells we e submi ed o du ing he ea men . In
he a ec ed cells, howe e , he numbe o b eaks
and gaps pe cell was highe in he
HMB
ea -
Ins i u e
o
Gene ics, Uni e si y o Lund, Sweden
Li e a u e ci ed
BOYER,
P.
D.
1959.
Sul hyd yl and disul ide g oups
o
enzymes.
-~~
In
The
Enz. mes
2
ecl.
(Eds.
BOYER, LARDY
and MYRBACK),
Vol.
I,
Acad
P ess,
New
Yo k,
p.
51
1-
588.
FAHMY,
F.
Y.
1951.
Cy ogene ic analysis o he ac ion o
o some ungicide me cu ials
--
Ph.
D.
Thesis, Ins .
Ge-
ne .,
Lid,
Sweden.
FISKESJO,
G.
1969.
Some esul s om
Allium
es s wi h
o ganic me cu y halogenides.
-
He edi as
62:
314-322.
-
1970.
The e ec o wo o ganic me cu y compounds
on human leukocy es in i o.
-
Ibid.
64:
142-146.
-
1971.
The e ec o wo me cu y compounds on lyso-
genic
E.
coli
K39
(k).
-
Ibicl. 69:
135- 138.
KRISTOFFERSSON,
U.
1971.
The e ec o cyclama e and
saccha in
on
he ch omosomes o
a
Chinese hams e cell
line.
lbid.
70:
271 -282.
LEVAN,
A.
1971.
Cy ogene ic e ec s o hexyl me cu y
b omide in he
Allium
es .
-
J.
Indian Bo .
SOC.
50A:
340 --349.
RAMEL, C.
1969.
Gene ic e ec s o o ganic me cu y com-
pounds
I.
Cy ological in es iga ion on
Alliuni
oo s.
-
He edi as
61:
208 -230.
RAMEL, C. and MAGNUSON,
J.
1969.
Gene ic e ec s o
o ganic me cu y compounds
11.
Ch omosome seg ega ion
in
D osophila melanogas e .
-
Ibid.
61:
231-254.
RUNNSTROM,
J.
and
MINELLI,
H.
1964.
Induc ion
o
poly-
spe my by ea men
o
sea-u chin eggs wi h me cu ials.
-
Exp. Cell Res.
35:
157
STEINEGGER,
E.
and LEVAN,
A.
1947.
Cons i u ion and
c-mi o ic ac i i y
o
iso-colchicine.
-
He edi as
33:
385
-396.
193.
Ul K is o e sson
Ins i u e o Gene ics
S-223 62
Lund, Sweden
0.
HALKKA,
L.
HALKKA,
R.
HOVINEN,
M.
RAATIKAINEN
and
A.
VASARAINEN;
Gene ics
o
Philaenus
colou
polymo phism
:
he
28
geno ypes
(Recei ed Janua y
13,
1975)
In a ecen a icle on he gene ic basis o colou ela ionships was p esen ed
(HALKKA
e al.
1973).
polymo phism in he meadow spi lebug,
Philae-
The esul s
o
he c osses pe o med in
1972
and
nus
spuma i s
(L.)
(Homop e a), a hypo he ical
1973
we e no hen a ailable; hey co obo a e
scheme
o
he dominance and co-dominance p ac ically
all
he ela ionships p oposed in he
He edi as
79. 1975
BRIEF
REPORTS
309
Table
I.
Allele combina ions and he co esponding pheno ypes in
Philaenus
spu na ius.
The subsc ip s
deno e:
PT
PM
PL
PF
PC
PO
P
PT
PM
i
I
yp
PL
i
ma
YP
YP7
YP
i
I
i4
1
i
6
ma
ma
ma
5
ma
5
ma
la 6
yp
I
yp
I
yp
P
i
ma
la
la
2
Ice
lop3
K
0)
expe imen al e idence lacking
1)
expe imen al e idence conside ed insu icien
2)
geno ype also exp essed
(o
belie ed o
be
exp essed) aspa and
gib
in mos indi iduals wi h app op ia e modi ie
genes
3)
geno ype also exp essed
(o
belie ed o be exp essed) as
qua
and
alb
in mos indi iduals wi h app op ia e modi ie
genes
4)
median s ipe o en unca ed a an e io end
5)
hepa do s,
o
a leas he an e io do s a e p esen in mos indi iduals as inden a ions in he pale ely al ma gins
6)
he
lu
o
qua
do s (see also no es
2
and
3),
o
a leas he an e io do s a e p esen as inden a ions in he pale
7)
geno ype also exp essed
(o
belie ed o
be
exp essed) as
qua
ely al ma gins in some indi iduals wi h app op ia e modi ie genes
He edi as
79,
1975
3
10
BRIEF
REPORTS
scheme. In hese yea s,
186
success ul c osses we e
pe o med. They p oduced
a
o al p ogeny
o
3799 indi iduals.
Wi h se en alleles, as in
Philaenus,
he e a e
28
possible geno ypes (7 homozygo es and
21
he e o-
zygo es). In Table 1, all he possible combina ions
a e shown sepa a ely o males and emales. As
explained in de ail in he p e ious a icle (HALKKA
e al. 1973), he same geno ype o en p oduces
dissimila pheno ypes in he wo sexes.
In
he able, he names o he pheno ypes a e
abb e ia ed as
in
ou ea lie pape (see HALKKA
e al. 1973 o he
ull
names).
I
no supe sc ip is
a ached o he pheno ype designa ion, he geno-
ype-pheno ype co espondence (g-p) has been
e i ied by Mendelian
F,
a ios and backc osses.
Supe sc ip
“0”
means ha he e is no i m ex-
pe imen al e idence o he g-p p esen ed. In
hese ins ances, he pheno ype sugges ed
is
hypo he ical, he e idence being ci cums an ial.
O he supe sc ip s imply ha he e idence o
he g-p p esen ed is based on insu icien e idence
(e.g., Mendelian a ios om small p ogenies),
o ha complexi ies o pene ance
o
exp ession
exis . Some o he complexi ies a e caused by non-
allelic modi ie genes (see HALKKA e al. 1973).
The e ec
o
some
o
he modi ie s on pigmen a-
ion is dissimila in di e en geog aphical egions,
and o ms
o
exp ession no men ioned in he
able may occu in some na u al popula ions.
Such de ails do no obscu e he ac ha , wi h
he help
o
Table
1,
i is possible o calcula e allele
equencies om p ac ically e e y sample collec -
ed om na u al popula ions in no he n Eu ope,
Asia and No h Ame ica. In Sou he n and Cen al
Eu ope, many addi ional pheno ypes a e ound,
bu mos o hem occu a e y low equencies
(RAATIKAINEN 1971). In mos o he popula ions
in es iga ed h oughou he wo ld
so
a he h ee
homozygo es wi h uniden i ied pheno ypes (su-
pe sc ip
“0”)
in Table
1
a e e y a e. Thei e-
quencies usually a e wi hin he ange
0.005-
0.0001.
In ac , all he combina ions excep p /p
can be conside ed in equen
in
na u al popula-
ions. In Denma k, Finland, No way and Sweden
he equency o he allele p is o en as high as 0.9.
Ve y high p equencies a e simila ly ound in
o he pa s o Eu ope, and in Asia and No h
Ame ica. As he sexes a eequal in numbe
in
newly
eme ged
Philaenus
adul s, signi ican inaccu acy is
no in oduced
i
only he emale sex is used in
de e mina ions o allele equencies o he whole
species. This is o en necessa y, because many
o
he alleles a e exp essed only in he emales.
Ten yea s ago, HUTCHINSON
(1964)
w o e on
Philae ius
ha
“-
-
-
no clea unde s anding
o
he whole si ua ion, which may well p o e o be
one
o
he mos d ama ic examples
o
poly-
mo phism, will be possible wi hou gene ic knowl-
edge
-
- -
-”.
Al hough he “gene ic knowledge”
called o by HUTCHINSON will no co e he mos
minu e de ails o many yea s, he in o ma ion
p esen ed
in
Table
1
signi ies
a
decisi e b eak-
h ough
in
he unde s anding
o
polymo phic
equilib ia in he spi lebug. The many complexi-
ies o gene ic de e mina ion e ealed by he able
a e less de e en han hey seem. This is
so
be-
cause in mos na u al popula ions he “clea ”
geno ypes s and o well o e 90y’ o he gene
pool.
Acknowledgn en s
-
Mos o he wo k was pe o med a
he Depa men o Pes In es iga ion, Ag icul u al Re-
sea ch Cen e, Tikku ila, Finland. Wi hou he acili ies
gene ously p o ided by he o me and p esen Heads
o
his Depa men , P o esso s Veikko Kane o and Ma i
Ma kkula, he wo k would no ha e been possible. In
a ious phases
o
he wo k, we ha e been aided by Si no
Ho inen and Ta ja Kohila The s udy has been suppo ed
by g an s om he Uni e si y o Helsinki and om he
Na ional Resea ch Council o Sciences o he Academy o
Finland.
Depa men o Gene ics, Uni e si y o Helsinki,
(M.R.) Depa men o Biology, Uni e si y
o
Jy askyla and (A.V.) Depa men o Pes In-
es iga ion, Ag icul u al Resea ch Cen e, Tikku-
ila, Finland
Li e a u e
ci ed
HALKKA,
O.,
HALKKA,
L
,
RAATIKAINEN, M. and HOVINEN,
R. 1973. The gene ic basis
o
balanced polymo phism in
Philaenus
(Homop e a).
-
He edi as
74:
69
-80.
HUTCHINSON, G.
E.
1964. A no e on he polymo phism
o
Philaenus .cpuma ius
(L.)
(Homop ., Ce copidae) in
B i ain.
-~
En omol. Mon hly Mag. 99:
175 -178
RAATIKAINEN,
M.
1971. The polymo phism o
Philaenus
spuma ius
(L.)
in no he n I aly.
-
Ann.
En omol.
Fenn.
37:
72-79.
Olli Halkka
Depa men o Gene ics
P.
Rau a ieka u
13
SF-00100 Helsinki
10,
Finland
He edi as
79,
1975