IFE/KR/E-2013/001
TIMES-
No way Model
Documen a ion
i
Con en s
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1
2 MODEL STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 TIME SLICES ............................................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS ................................................................................................................................. 3
2.4 INTERACTION WITH THE NORDIC POWER MARKET MODEL (EMPS) ....................................................................... 4
2.5 BASE YEAR ................................................................................................................................................. 5
3 ENERGY RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES ........................................... 6
3.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.1 Hyd o powe ...................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.2 Wind powe ....................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.3 Bio ene gy ........................................................................................................................................ 11
3.1.4 O he enewables ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.2 FOSSIL ENERGY RESOURCES ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 TRADE .................................................................................................................................................... 15
3.4 OTHER ENERGY PROCESSES AND INFRASTRUCTURES ........................................................................................ 15
4 ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION AND HEAT DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGIES .......... 17
4.1 ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION ........................................................................................................................ 17
4.2 ELECTRICITY EXPORT/IMPORT CAPACITIES ....................................................................................................... 18
4.3 DISTRICT HEATING GRID .............................................................................................................................. 19
5 RESIDENTIAL SECTOR................................................................................................. 21
5.1 STRUCTURE .............................................................................................................................................. 21
5.1.1 Base yea ......................................................................................................................................... 21
5.1.2 Load p o iles .................................................................................................................................... 22
5.1.3 Ene gy demand o ecas .................................................................................................................. 24
5.2 END-USE TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................................................................ 25
6 SERVICE SECTOR ......................................................................................................... 27
6.1 STRUCTURE .............................................................................................................................................. 27
6.2 ENERGY SERVICE DEMAND .......................................................................................................................... 28
6.2.1 Base yea ......................................................................................................................................... 28
6.2.2 Load p o iles .................................................................................................................................... 29
6.2.3 Ene gy demand o ecas .................................................................................................................. 29
6.3 END-USE TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................................................................ 30
7 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ............................................................................................ 31
8 INDUSTRY SECTOR ...................................................................................................... 31
8.1 STRUCTURE .............................................................................................................................................. 31
8.2 ENERGY SERVICE DEMAND .......................................................................................................................... 32
8.2.1 Base yea ......................................................................................................................................... 32
8.2.2 Load p o iles .................................................................................................................................... 32
8.2.3 Demand o ecas ............................................................................................................................. 32
8.3 ENERGY END-USE TECHNOLOGIES ................................................................................................................. 33
9 TRANSPORT SECTOR .................................................................................................. 34
10 SCENARIOS ................................................................................................................... 35
ii
10.1 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................ 35
10.2 SCENARIO DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................................. 35
10.3 SCENARIO: TAXES ..................................................................................................................................... 36
11 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 39
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1 In oduc ion
TIMES (an ac onym o The In eg a ed MARKAL-EFOM1 Sys em) is a bo om-up echno-
economic model gene a o o local, na ional o mul i- egional ene gy sys ems, which
p o ides a echnology- ich basis o es ima ing ene gy dynamics o e a long- e m, mul i-
pe iod ime ho izon. I gi es a de ailed desc ip ion o he en i e ene gy sys em including all
esou ces, ene gy p oduc ion echnologies, ene gy ca ie s, demand echnologies and
demand sec o s. The model assumes pe ec compe i ion and pe ec o esigh and is
demand d i en. Thus he o ecas ed ene gy demand has o be gi en exogenously o he
model, and he TIMES model aims o supply ene gy se ices a minimum global cos by
making equipmen in es men s, as well as ope a ing, p ima y ene gy supply and ene gy
ade decisions.
TIMES is de eloped by he Ene gy Technology Sys ems Analysis P og amme (ETSAP), an
Implemen ing Ag eemen o he In e na ional Ene gy Agency (IEA). I is a leas cos
op imiza ion model gene a o , wi h pa ial equilib ium (since only he ene gy pa o he en i e
economy is included). I is he successo o he MARKe ALloca ion model (MARKAL). Today
o e 150 eams in mo e han 50 coun ies globally make use o he TIMES amily o models
[1]. The modelling ools ha e been used o nume ous s udies, on a egional, na ional and
global le el, wi h a ious ocus a eas [1]. Documen a ion o TIMES can be down-loaded
om:
h p://www.iea-e sap.o g/web/Documen a ion.asp
TIMES-No way is de eloped by Ins i u e o Ene gy Technology (IFE) on commission o The
No wegian Wa e Resou ces and Ene gy Di ec o a e (NVE). The o iginal objec i e was o
de elop a mul i- egional No wegian model o sho - e m analysis o he No wegian ene gy
sys em. The model should be able o un bo h sepa a ely and in combina ion wi h he EMPS-
model2 [2]. The objec i e o TIMES-No way was o imp o e he possibili ies o analyse end-
use demand and changes in he ene gy mix wi h a iable elec ici y p ices. The wo k on
TIMES-No way s a ed in 2008 and he i s e sion wi h a ime ho izon o 2006-2010 was
deli e ed in 2009 [3]. In 2010 he ime ho izon o he TIMES-No way model was ex ended o
2020 wi h suppo om NVE [4]. In se e al esea ch p ojec s in 2011 and 2012, IFE
ex ended he model ho izon u he o 2050.
The p ojec leade a IFE du ing he de elopmen in 2008-2010 was Audun Fidje. E a
Rosenbe g, Pe nille Seljom and Ka i Aamod Espeg en we e pa o he de elopmen eam
a IFE du ing his pe iod. In he wo k wi h he long- e m model (up o 2050) A ne Lind joined
he eam. NVE by Ka en Bysko Lindbe g and Ellen Skansaa con ibu ed ac i ely o he
de elopmen , pa icula ly wi h load p o iles and ene gy end-use demand.
This epo desc ibes he s uc u e and da a o he TIMES-No way model. In o ma ion abou
TIMES pa ame e s and he modelling ool is desc ibed in he gene al TIMES documen a ion
om ETSAP [5-7]. TIMES-No way is based on he use in e ace “Answe -TIMES” [8].
E alua ions o esul s can be made di ec ly in Answe -TIMES, by expo o Excel o wi h he
1 MARKAL (MARke ALloca ion model, Fishboen e al., 1981, 1983), and EFOM (Van Voo e al.,
1984) a e wo bo om-up ene gy models which inspi ed he s uc u e o TIMES)
2 EFI’s Mul i-a ea Powe -ma ke Simula o (Samkjø ingsmodellen)
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use in e ace “VEDA-BackEnd” [9]. In o de o un he model, GAMS has o be ins alled and
a sol e such as XPRESS o CPLEX is necessa y.
2 Model s uc u e
2.1 In oduc ion
The s uc u e o he TIMES-No way model is illus a ed in Figu e 1. The demand o a ious
ene gy se ices, ene gy p ice in o ma ion and esou ce cos s and a ailabili y a e gi en
exogenously o he model. On he ene gy supply side, se e al con e sion p ocesses a e
ep esen ed in de ail; e.g. elec ici y and hea p oduc ion. T ansmission and dis ibu ion
include high and low ol age g ids, as well as dis ic hea ing. Ene gy ca ie s used as
indus ial eed s ock (such as na u al gas in chemical indus y) a e included as non-
subs i u able ene gy ca ie s wi h co esponding CO2 emissions.
Figu e 1: P incipal d awing o TIMES-No way
The o e all gene al discoun a e is 7% o all model egions.
2.2 Time slices
In o de o use TIMES-No way in combina ion wi h he EMPS-model, a high ime esolu ion
was necessa y. The yea is di ided in 52 weeks. Based on he ime slices in he EMPS
model oge he wi h analysis o demand p o iles (see pa ag aph 5.1.2), i was decided o
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di ide each week in o i e ime slices, gi ing 260 imes slices annually. The de ini ion o he
weekly ime slice pe iods a e shown in Table 1. The ac ion o day 1 in week 1 is 0.23% o
he annual ime and he ac ion o day 1 o one week is 12 % (as is he sum o all day 1 in a
yea ), see Table 1.
Table 1: De ini ion o weekly ime slices
YEAR
De ini ion
F ac ion pe
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
….
Week 52
Hou s
week
yea
DAY 1
DAY 1
DAY 1
DAY 1
DAY 1
Monday - F iday: 07.00 - 11.00
12%
0.23%
DAY 2
DAY 2
DAY 2
DAY 2
DAY 2
Monday - F iday: 11.00 - 17.00
18%
0.34%
DAY 3
DAY 3
DAY 3
DAY 3
DAY 3
Monday - F iday: 17.00 - 23.00
18%
0.34%
NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT Monday: 00.00 - 07.00
Tuesday-F iday: 23.00 - 07.00
23% 0.45%
WEEKEND
WEEKEND
WEEKEND
WEEKEND
WEEKEND
F iday 23.00 - Sunday 24.00
29%
0.56%
2.3 Geog aphic egions
The model was de eloped o be used in connec ion wi h EMPS, and his esul ed in he
de ini ion o he se en geog aphic egions. The egions a e mo e o less unions o he 19
No wegian coun ies. Wi h se en egions, he model can be used o iden i ying bo lenecks
be ween egions, and he need o new gene a ion capaci y and/o new g id lines be ween
egions. In eali y he e a e mo e possible bo lenecks in he g id, e.g. he powe ma ke
model EMPS has 13 egions, howe e in o de o keep he model size manageably i was
decided o ha e se en egions. On he o he hand, he No dic spo ma ke o elec ici y is
cu en ly di ided in o i e No wegian egions, indica ing ha he majo bo lenecks in he g id
should be co e ed by he se en egions in TIMES-No way.
The e a e big di e ences be ween he egions. Region 3 con ains se e al hyd o powe plan s
and many ene gy in ensi e indus ies. Region 2 has a su plus o powe due o a ela i e low
powe demand wi hin all sec o s, bu conside able powe p oduc ion. Region 4 has he
highes popula ion, and has consequen ly he highes ene gy demand in households and
se ice sec o . The wo no he nmos egions occupy a e y la ge a ea wi h only a modes
ene gy demand (due o low popula ion and li le indus y).
Figu e 2 shows he model di ision o he coun y in o se en egions. Exis ing ansmission
lines o elec ici y be ween adjacen egions and neighbou ing coun ies (Ne he lands,
Denma k, Sweden, Finland, and Russia) a e ma ked as unb oken lines, and po en ial
ex ensions a e ma ked as do ed lines. F om 2012 i is possible o in es in new g id capaci y
be ween egions wi hou limi a ion and be ween coun ies as indica ed by he dashed line in
Figu e 2.
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Figu e 2: The egions o he TIMES-No way and exis ing exchange capaci ies in MW
be ween egions and coun ies (do ed lines indica e po en ial ex ensions based on [10])
2.4 In e ac ion wi h he No dic Powe ma ke model (EMPS)
TIMES-No way was ini ially de eloped o be used oge he wi h he No dic Powe ma ke
model (EMPS). The i e a ion p ocedu e (see Figu e 3) s a s by supplying elec ici y p ices
om each o he se en egions in EMPS o TIMES-No way. Based on his, he elec ici y
consump ion is de e mined in TIMES-No way. This consump ion is hen inpu o EMPS. The
i e a ion p ocedu e will con inue as long as he e a e signi ican changes in ei he elec ici y
p ices o elec ici y consump ion om one i e a ion o he nex .
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Figu e 3: In e ac ion wi h EMPS
The i e a ions wi h EMPS show easonable esponse om he TIMES model o changes in
elec ici y p ices. Howe e , di e en esponses in di e en egions due o exis ing s ock o
al e na i es a e expe ienced. The i e a ion p ocess has been es ed o selec ed cases and
he esul s show ha bo h elec ici y p ices and demand con e ge a e a ew i e a ions.
2.5 Base yea
The base yea o TIMES-No way is 2006, and consequen ly, he model is calib a ed wi h
s a is ical alues o 2006. The ene gy balance and ene gy use by municipali y om S a is ics
No way we e used o his pu pose [11], along wi h elec ici y da a om NVE [12].
In o ma ion ega ding ene gy use and emissions om indus ial companies we e ob ained
om he No wegian Clima e and pollu ion agency (Kli ) [13]. This is desc ibed in mo e de ail
in chap e s 5 - 9.
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Figu e 9 Illus a ion o subs i u ion be ween syn he ic and ossil uel oil
Bio diesel is modeled as an inpu o ca s, buses and ucks wi h a possible ange om 5% o
20% (using s anda d diesel ehicles) o as inpu o special biodiesel ca s o buses (using
100% biodiesel). Bioe hanol is used by e hanol ca s (85% bioe hanol and 15% gasoline).
Bioene gy p oduc s ha a e no lis ed in Table 6 a e impo ed o TIMES-No way wi hou
limi a ions.
The cos s o bioene gy p oduc s a e p esen ed in Table 7. The cos s a e included in he
model as ACT_COST o IRE_PRICE o he impo ed ene gy ca ie o he domes ic
enewable esou ce. The de elopmen in cos s is based on he p ice de elopmen o ligh
dis illa e oil and he e o e also by he de elopmen o c ude oil (see Figu e 10).
Table 7 Cos o bio ene gy ca ie s (NOK/MWh)
TIMES-No way name
2006
2010
2015
2020
2030
2040
2050
IMPBIODSL
Impo o biodiesel (2. gene a ion)
900
1 052
1 152
1 194
1 252
1 282
1 303
IMPBIOETN
Impo o e hanol (E85)
1 050
1 167
1 267
1 309
1 367
1 397
1 418
IMPBIOPEL
Impo o pelle s
274
339
412
443
485
507
522
IMPBIOCOAL
Impo o bio-coal
243
243
248
251
256
264
274
IMPBIOCOKE
Impo o bio-coke
317
317
321
324
330
337
347
IMPBIOOILI Impo o syn he ic biomass oil,
indus ial use
670
708
809 851 909 939
959
IMPBIOOILS Impo o syn he ic biomass oil,
s a iona y use
760
870
970 1 012 1 071 1 101
1 121
RNWBIOBARK
Biomass ba k
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
RNWBIOBLI
Black liquo
140
153
186
200
219
229
236
RNWBIOFOR1
Biomass om o es y cl 1
160
178
216
232
255
266
274
RNWBIOFOR2
Biomass om o es y cl 2
180
216
263
282
309
323
332
RNWBIOMWS
Municipal was e
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
RNWBIOSAW
Biomass saw
140
153
186
200
219
229
236
RNWBIOWDO
Fi e wood
100
109
133
143
156
163
168
Deli e y cos s a e added o some echnologies as p esen ed in Table 8. This is done do
simula e he inc eased cos o use o pelle s in a smalle scale as in he households
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compa ed o la ge comme cial buildings. I is also used o ba k used by o he s han he
sawmill indus y, o simula ed he inc eased cos s o anspo . Municipal was e has a
nega i e cos , and his is modeled as a deli e y cos ins ead o as a cos o he ene gy
ca ie . All deli e y cos s a e a p esen cons an in he en i e model ho izon om 2006 o
2050.
Table 8 Deli e y cos o some echnologies (NOK/MWh)
P ocess
Commodi y
2006-2050
Was e s eam u bine, CHP
BIO-MWS
-206
Was e s eam u bine, CHP (only hea p oduc ion, elec ici y p ice om SKM)
BIO-MWS
-206
Biomass ba k boile , dis ic hea ing
BIO-BAR
60
Was e boile , dis ic hea ing
BIO-MWS
-206
Was e hea , dis ic hea ing
CSV-IWH
50
Pelle s + ELC esis ance, new mul i- amily
BIO-PEL
160
Pelle s + ELC esis ance, old mul i- amily
BIO-PEL
160
Pelle s + ELC esis ance, new single- amily
BIO-PEL
160
Pelle s + ELC esis ance, old single- amily
BIO-PEL
160
Fuel wood p oduc ion om o es y
BIO-FOR
200
3.1.4 O he enewables
Fu u e echnologies like powe p oduc ion om idal cu en s, wa es and sal g adien s a e
cu en ly no included in TIMES-No way, because da a on a egional le el is no a ailable.
Howe e , hese echnologies will be added o he model a a la e s age.
3.2 Fossil ene gy esou ces
Fossil uel ene gy ca ie s a e impo p ocesses in TIMES-No way (IMPxxx). The e a e no
limi a ions on he olumes and he p ices a e included as IRE_PRICE. Fossil uel p ices a e
calcula ed based on he IEA ETP 2012 epo [20] and he de elopmen o di e en ossil
ene gy ca ie s is p esen ed in Figu e 10.
Na u al gas by pipeline can only be used in egion 3 and 5, since hese a e he only egions
wi h incoming gas pipelines om he No h Sea. Possibili ies o in es men s in na u al gas
in as uc u es a e no included. In addi ion, 4600 GWh/yea is made a ailable in Finnma k
om 2010 om he p oduc ion e minal in Hamme es . A p esen , he use o CNG is limi ed
o 0 in all egions. The model’s coding name and he belonging CO2 emissions o each o
he ossil uel ene gy ca ie s a e lis ed in Table 9.
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Figu e 10 Impo p ice o ossil uels 2006-2050 (NOK/MWh)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Fuel cos (NOK/MWh)
Ligh dis illa e, small use s
Je uel & ke osene
LPG
Diesel
Gasoline
Ligh dis illa e, indus y
Hea y dis illa e
C ude oil
Na u al gas
Coke
Coal
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Table 9 Fossil ene gy ca ie s, TIMES coding names, and CO2 emissions (g/kWh)
TIMES-No way name CO2
(g/kWh)
IMPCOAL-COKE
Impo o coke
382
IMPCOAL-HC
Impo o ha d coal
340
IMPNG-CNG
Impo o CNG
200
IMPNG-L
Impo o na u al gas
200
IMPNG-LPG
Impo o LPG
240
IMPOIL-CRUDE
Impo o c ude oil
270
IMPOIL-DSL
Impo o diesel ( anspo )
266
IMPOIL-GSL
Impo o gasoline
260
IMPOIL-HDI
Impo o hea y dis illa e indus y
270
IMPOIL-HDT
Impo o hea y dis illa e anspo
270
IMPOIL-JET
Impo o je uel
266
IMPOIL-KER
Impo o ke osene
266
IMPOIL-LDIF
Impo o ligh dis illa e indus y
266
IMPOIL-LDSF
Impo o ligh dis illa e s a iona y (small)
266
IMPOIL-LDT
Impo o ligh dis illa e anspo (ma ine diesel)
266
3.3 T ade
Impo o ossil uel, biodiesel, bioe hanol, bio oil and biocoke a e assumed o be ca ied ou
a in e na ional ma ke p ices wi h no limi a ions on capaci y. As he model mainly desc ibes
he domes ic ene gy sys em in No way, he only ene gy consump ion in he o sho e oil and
gas p oduc ion is elec ici y consump ion aken om he na ional elec ici y g id in o de o
make he na ional elec ici y balance mee .
T ade o ene gy ca ie s be ween egions and adjacen coun ies is only implemen ed o
elec ici y a he momen . See sec ion 4.1 o de ails.
3.4 O he Ene gy P ocesses and In as uc u es
Many ene gy p ocesses a e no ye included in he model. A p esen a e e.g. bio oil p oduc s
an impo ene gy ca ie o TIMES-No way, and no p oduc ion p ocesses a e included. Oil
e ine ies a e a pa o he indus y sec o wi h a consump ion o ene gy bu wi hou an ou pu
o ene gy ca ie s.
Th ee hyd ogen p oduc ion p ocesses a e included in TIMES-No way, based on he esea ch
p ojec «No Ways» [21]. The p ocesses a e local elec olysis and cen al SMR wi h
dis ibu ion by pipeline o aile , see Figu e 11. The echnology da a o hyd ogen p oduc ion
and dis ibu ion a e p esen ed in Table 10.
A g id o pipelines o dis ibu ion o na u al gas o hyd ogen is no included in he p esen
e sion o TIMES-No way.
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Figu e 11 Modelling o hyd ogen p oduc ion wi h demand end-use echnology
Table 10 Technology da a o hyd ogen p oduc ion and dis ibu ion p ocesses in TIMES-
No way in 2015-2050 (NOK/MWh)
P ocess
SH2-EL
SH2-SMRP
SH2-SMRT
Uni
Elec olysis local
incl. uelling
s a ion
Cen al SMR incl.
pipeline and uelling
s a ion
Cen al SMR incl. uck
and uelling s a ion
In es men cos
5452
7163
4734
NOK/kW
Fixed ope a ing and
main enance cos
233.6 372.45 359.45 NOK/kW
Ac i i y cos
8
0
31
NOK/MWh
E iciency
0.68
0.83
0.83
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4 Elec ici y T ansmission and Hea Dis ibu ion Technologies
The ollowing chap e gi es an o e iew o elec ici y ansmission, elec ici y expo /impo
capaci ies and hea dis ibu ion echnologies.
4.1 Elec ici y ansmission
Figu e 12 gi es an o e iew o he elec ici y ansmission sys em in TIMES-No way. As
illus a ed in he igu e, high ol age elec ici y (ELC-HV) can be p oduced in a ious powe
p oduc ion plan s in each o he model’s se en egions. This elec ici y is hen ed in o he
high ol age elec ici y g id wi hin each egion. High ol age elec ici y can ei he be used
di ec ly ( ypically in di e en indus y p ocesses), expo ed, ans e ed o ano he egion o
ans o med in o low ol age elec ici y (ELC-LV). Simila ly, a low ol age elec ici y g id
exis s wi hin each egion.
Figu e 12: Elec ici y ansmission sys em
The capaci y o he powe exchange in he exis ing high ol age g id be ween adjacen
egions is shown in Figu e 2. F om 2012 i is possible o in es in new ansmission capaci y
be ween egions. The model can also in es in ansmission capaci y domes ically, in e nally
wi hin he egions, wi h associa ed cos s shown in Table 11. Gene ally, in es men cos s o
a gi en high ol age g id connec ion is dependen on he capaci y, which is dependen on he
size o he c oss-sec ion o he cable, and is gi en pe leng h uni and no pe powe uni
which is he equi ed inpu o he model. Assump ions on he leng h o ele an cables o
each egion we e made in o de o ind he necessa y in es men s cos s o he high ol age
g id, which consequen ly a ies om egion o egion. See Table 11 o de ails.
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Table 11: Selec ed pa ame e s o he DISTR-ELC echnology4 in TIMES-No way
Region
NCAP_Cos
[kNOK/MW]
NCAP_FOM
[kNOK/MW]
NCAP_TLIFE
[yea s]
LV leng h
[km]
HV leng h
[km]
Region 1
8 464
179
50
42090
3950
Region 2
8 009
179
50
42660
3700
Region 3
7 082
178
50
35610
3190
Region 4
9 500
180
50
67450
4520
Region 5
11 173
181
50
62940
5440
Region 6
9 027
180
50
36130
4260
Region 7
5 136
176
50
8580
2120
4.2 Elec ici y expo /impo capaci ies
Cu en elec ici y expo and impo capaci ies a e gi en in Table 12. No ice ha Region 6
has wo connec ions wi h Sweden, and ha expo o Russia om Region 7 is no possible.
Table 12: Cu en exchange capaci ies be ween coun ies (MW)
Ne he lands
Denma k
Sweden
Finland
Russia
Region 1
700
1040
-
-
-
Region 2
-
-
-
-
-
Region 3
-
-
-
-
-
Region 4
-
-
2050
-
-
Region 5
-
-
600
-
-
Region 6 - - 950 ( wo
connec ions)
- -
Region 7
-
-
-
100
50 (only impo )
I is made possible in he model o in es in new ansmission capaci y o neighbou ing
coun ies. The po en ial and associa ed cos s a e gi en in Table 13. The new connec ion
be ween egion 1 and Denma k (“Skage ak 4”) is included in he TIMES-No way model om
2015 as i is al eady unde cons uc ion. The o he al e na i es a e a ailable om hei
possible s a -up yea . A he momen , i is no possible o in es in new ansmission
capaci y nei he o Finland no Russia.
4 The pa ame e s in Table 11 we e no included in p e ious TIMES-No way e sions (be o e Feb ua y
2013). Ins ead, an addi ional ax was included in o de o cap u e he elec ici y ansmission cos s.
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Table 13: Capaci y and cos s o new in e na ional ansmission lines (based on [10])
Connec ion Max capaci y
(MW) In es men cos
(kNOK/MW) Ope a ing and
main enance cos
(kNOK/MW)
A ailable
om (yea )
Reg 1 - Denma k
700
8 000
18
2015
Reg1 - Ge many
1 000
14 400
33
2021
Reg 1 - Ne he lands
700
13 800
32
2030
Reg 3 – UK
1 000
17 000
39
2021
Reg 4 – Sweden
1 400
900
9
2020
Reg 5 – Sweden
1 400
900
9
2020
Reg 6 – Sweden
1 400
900
9
2020
Reg 7 - Finland
-
900
9
-
Reg 7 - Russia
-
900
9
-
4.3 Dis ic hea ing g id
Dis ic hea may be gene a ed om se e al di e en echnologies, see Table 14. The h ee
i s men ioned echnologies can p oduce bo h dis ic hea and elec ici y (EC01-EC03).
In es men cos s and dis ibu ion losses shown in Table 15 a e based on MARKAL-No way.
A bound on he dis ic hea ing g id is added o ensu e ha all dis ic hea p oduced is used
(COM_BNDNET ixed 0 o commodi y LTH).
Table 14: Dis ic hea gene a ing echnologies
TIMES
name
Desc ip ion Commodi y name Commodi y desc ip ion
EC01
Na u al Gas CHP gas u bine and boile
ELC-HV and LTH1
high ol age elec ici y + dis ic hea
EC02
Biomass s eam u bine, CHP
ELC-HV and LTH1
high ol age elec ici y + dis ic hea
EC03
Was e s eam u bine, CHP
ELC-HV and LTH1
high ol age elec ici y + dis ic hea
EH01
Oil boile , dis ic hea ing
LTH1
dis ic hea
EH02
Na u al gas boile , dis ic hea ing
LTH1
dis ic hea
EH03
LPG boile , dis ic hea ing
LTH1
dis ic hea
EH04
Biomass boile , dis ic hea ing
LTH1
dis ic hea
EH05
Elec ic boile , dis ic hea ing
LTH1
dis ic hea
EH06
Hea pump sea wa e , dis ic hea ing
LTH1
dis ic hea
EH08
Biomass ba k boile , dis ic hea ing
LTH1
dis ic hea
EH09
Was e boile , dis ic hea ing
LTH1
dis ic hea
EH10
Was e hea , dis ic hea ing
LTH1
dis ic hea
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Table 15: Da a o dis ic hea in TIMES-No way
Pa ame e
Time slice
Da a
Uni
NCAP_COST
In es men cos
-
3000
NOK/kW
NCAP_FOM
Ope a ing and main enance cos
-
140
NOK/kW
COM_IE
E iciency
W01-W10
0.91
COM_IE
E iciency
W11-W18
0.88
COM_IE
E iciency
W19-W35
0.85
COM_IE
E iciency
W36-W43
0.88
COM_IE
E iciency
W44-W52
0.91
COM_CSTPRD
Cos on p oduc ion o commodi y
Annual
12
kNOK
The end-use echnology “dis ic hea exchange ” xxxH007 is modeled wi h an in es men
cos based on in o ma ion om No wegian dis ic hea ing companies and om he Swedish
Ene gy Agency o 65 000 NOK/dwelling and 50 000 SEK/dwelling espec i ely.
Use o dis ic hea ing in he model is es ic ed since only one g id pe egion is modelled. In
p inciple, his es ic ion could be a oided, i a su icien numbe o g ids we e modeled. A
p esen , he es ic ion is based on assump ions o Klimaku 2020 whe e dis ic hea is
assumed o be able o co e maximum 38 % o hea demand in se ice buildings and 23 %
o hea demand in esiden ial buildings. Klimaku 2020 does no ha e sepa a e po en ials o
apa men s and single- amily houses, and hus, an es ima ion based on Swedish da a was
done. In TIMES-No way i is assumed ha 80% o hea demand in mul i- amily houses may
be connec ed o dis ic hea ing and 15% o he hea demand o single- amily houses (in o al
app oxima ely 23%).
An o e iew o he dis ic hea ing sys em in TIMES-No way is gi en in Figu e 13 below.
Figu e 13: Dis ic hea ing sys em
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5 Residen ial sec o
5.1 S uc u e
The esiden ial sec o has i e sub-g oups wi h he model abb e ia ion in b acke s:
• Exis ing (old) single- amily houses (RSIO)
• New single- amily houses (RSIN)
• Exis ing (old) mul i- amily houses (RMUO)
• New mul i- amily houses (RMUN)
• Co ages (RCOT)
New houses a e houses buil a e he base yea o he model (2006). The ene gy se ice
demand is di ided in o hea ing and elec ici y. “Hea ing” includes bo h space hea ing and ho
wa e , while “elec ici y” is all demand o elec ici y ha can no be eplaced by ano he
ene gy ca ie , i.e. ligh ing and elec ical appliances.Ene gy se ice demand
5.1.1 Base yea
The ene gy se ice demand in he base yea 2006 is based on he municipali y ene gy(?)
s a is ics (“kommunes a is ikken”), he epo ing o elec ici y use o NVE (“eRapp”), and he
dwelling s a is ics o 1 Janua y 2006 (“boligs a is ikken”). NVE and IFE ag eed on an ene gy
end-use sha e o 70% o ene gy use o “hea ing” and 30% o “elec ici y.” The demand o
cooling was conside ed o be oo small and unce ain o be included. I was u he ag eed o
sepa a e “hea ing” in o 58 % o space hea ing and 12 % o ho wa e hea ing. The di ision
o ene gy end use in “elec ici y” and “hea ing” demand was decided o be equal o single-
and mul i- amily houses.
The demand o space hea ing was i s empe a u e co ec ed by use o he hea ing deg ee
me hod. Hea ing deg ees o one ep esen a i e place in each o he se en egions we e
used o he base yea and o a no mal yea , see Table 16. The empe a u e co ec ed
elec ici y consump ion was adjus ed o he empe a u e co ec ion me hod used by NVE ( o
use in he EMPS model). The empe a u e co ec ed ene gy consump ion in he egions
numbe 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 was he e o e adjus ed. The inal empe a u e co ec ion esul ed in
2977 GWh inc eased elec ici y consump ion in he base yea compa ed o he s a is ics.
Table 16: Hea ing deg ee days o selec ed places in 2006 and o a no mal yea
Region Place 2006 No mal Ra io
(2006/No mal)
1
K is iansand
3245
3615
0.90
2
Skien
3605
3926
0.92
3
Be gen
3045
3530
0.86
4
Oslo
3550
4041
0.88
5
T ondheim
3740
4339
0.86
6
T omsø
4556
5027
0.93
7
Sø -Va ange
6035
6296
0.96
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• Road ligh (CROL) elec ici y
• Wholesale and e ail (CWSR) hea ing, cooling, elec ici y (ligh ing & appliances)
6.2 Ene gy se ice demand
6.2.1 Base yea
In 2006, 77 % o he ene gy consump ion in his sec o was elec ici y. The ene gy se ice
demand in he base yea (2006) is mainly based on he epo ing o elec ici y use o NVE
(“eRapp”), wi h addi ional in o ma ion on na ional ene gy consump ion pe sec o om he
ene gy balance and egional ene gy consump ion o he o al se ice sec o om he
municipali y s a is ics (“kommunes a is ikken”).
The di ision o ene gy se ice demand on elec ici y, hea and cooling demand o each o
he eigh e ia y sub-sec o s a e based on [29] and is p esen ed in Table 18.
Table 18 Ene gy by end-use o e ia y sec o
CCONE CONs uc ion Elec ici y 27 %
CEDUE EDUca ion Elec ici y 31 %
CHEAE HEAl hca e Elec ici y 32 %
CHOTE HOTel and es au an s Elec ici y 40 %
COFFE OFFices Elec ici y 44 %
COTHE OTHe comme cial Elec ici y 44 %
CROLE ROad Ligh Elec ici y 100 %
CWSRE WholeSale and Re ail Elec ici y 50 %
CCONH CONs uc ion Hea 73 %
CEDUH EDUca ion Hea 69 %
CHEAH HEAl hca e Hea 66 %
CHOTH HOTel and es au an s Hea 46 %
COFFH OFFices Hea 54 %
COTHH OTHe comme cial Hea 54 %
CWSRH WholeSale and Re ail Hea 30 %
CEDUC EDUca ion Cooling 0 %
CHEAC HEAl hca e Cooling 2 %
CHOTC HOTel and es au an s Cooling 14 %
COFFC OFFices Cooling 2 %
COTHC OTHe comme cial Cooling 2 %
CWSRC WholeSale and Re ail Cooling 20 %
The hea ing demand is co ec ed o ou doo empe a u es as desc ibed in chap e 5.1.1.
The sha e o be empe a u e co ec ed is p esen ed in Table 19.
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Table 19: Tempe a u e dependen sha e o hea ing demand in he sub-g oups o he se ice
sec o
Tempe a u e dependen sha e o he mal ene gy use
EDUca ion
90 %
HEAl hca e
79 %
HOTel and es au an s
72 %
OFFices
89 %
OTHe comme cial
89 %
WholeSale and Re ail
90 %
6.2.2 Load p o iles
NVE de eloped load p o iles o all end use sec o s in he TIMES-No way model as
desc ibed in chap e 5.1.2.
6.2.3 Ene gy demand o ecas
Ene gy se ices demand o each pe iod, sub-g oup and demand ype a e exogenous inpu o
TIMES-No way. The use ul ene gy demand p ojec ion o he base case o he 2012- e sion
o he model is desc ibed in [25]. Impo an sou ces o his p ojec ion a e
“Pe spek i meldingen 2009” [26] and he popula ion p ojec ions o S a is ics No way in 2009
[27]. The egional de elopmen is based on he egional popula ion de elopmen . The
demand in 2006 and 2050 o he base scena io is p esen ed in Figu e 19 and Figu e 20.
Figu e 19 Ene gy se ice demand pe egion o he e ia y sec o in 2006 and 2050
(TWh/yea )
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Figu e 20: Ene gy se ice demand pe e ia y sub-sec o in 2006 and 2050 (TWh/yea )
6.3 End-use echnologies
Exis ing echnologies o he No wegian ene gy sys em is included as esiduals in he model
(RESID). The capaci y in he base yea (GWh/yea ) is included and in he se ice/ e ia y
sec o i is assumed ha all exis ing echnologies ha e a linea dep ecia ion wi h a ze o
esidual when he li e ime o he echnology is eached. The exis ing capaci y is calcula ed
based on he ene gy use in 2006. This has o be a minimum o he exis ing capaci y and
p obably i is highe . In o de no o o e es ima e he exis ing capaci y, i is in mos cases a
he le el o he 2006 consump ion. An excep ion is he capaci y o oil boile s ha is assumed
o ha e a leas he same capaci y as elec ic boile s. Mos o he end-use echnologies ha e
a capaci y bound in 2006 in o de o ge abou he same ene gy use as he ene gy s a is ics.
The ollowing hea ing end-use echnologies a e a ailable o he e ia y sec o in TIMES-
No way (wi h he model numbe in b acke s):
• Oil boile (H001)
• Na u al gas boile (H002)
• LPG boile (H003)
• Wood pelle s boile (H004)
• Elec ic boile (H005)
• Hea pump – wa e - o-wa e (H006)
• Dis ic hea (H007)
• Di ec elec ic hea ing (H010)
• Wa e -bo ne hea ing sys em (H020)
• Ene gy e iciency measu es, hea ing, p ice class I
• Ene gy e iciency measu es, hea ing, p ice class II
• Ene gy e iciency measu es, hea ing, p ice class III
• Ene gy e iciency measu es, hea ing, p ice class IV
• Ene gy e iciency measu es, hea ing, p ice class V
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All boile echnologies, wa e - o-wa e hea pumps and dis ic hea ing ha e o ha e a wa e -
bo n hea ing sys em (H020).
The cons uc ion sec o is modeled as a ixed sha e o ene gy ca ie s, equal o he s a is ics
o 2006.
Cooling is modeled as a demand o elec ici y wi h no possibili ies o choose end-use
echnologies. This is in ended o be be e modeled in he u u e.
The dis ic hea ing po en ial is limi ed o a maximum o 38 % o he hea ing demand, in
acco dance wi h he Klimaku 2020 s udy. As o he esiden ial sec o , ene gy e iciency
measu es is based on he wo k o Klimaku 2020 [28]. The ene gy e iciency measu es
included in he TIMES-No way model a e p esen ed in Table 20.
The in es men cos s o he end-use echnologies a e as a as possible based on da a om
Klimaku 2020 [28]. The cos s and calcula ions a e desc ibed in [4]. Res ic ions on use o
some o he echnologies a e aken ca e o in scena ios, such as he TEK10 scena io we e
e.g. di ec elec ic hea ing is made una ailable o new buildings.
Table 20: Ene gy e iciency measu es in e ia y sec o in 2020 in Klimaku 2020 [28]
Li e
ime
Ene gy
In es men
yea
GWh
sa ed
in 2020
%
k /m2
kWh
sa ed
/m2
k /kWh
1
Ene gy con ol
10
312
1.0%
6.10
5.92
2
2
Insula ion and igh ing
30
557
3.1%
62.23
4.72
19
3
Technical equipmen
(BAT)
15
382
1.3%
111.52
8.57
23
4
Ene gy managemen
10
499
1.7%
142.44
8.08
13
7 Ag icul u al Sec o
The ene gy use in he ag icul u al sec o is a he small and is only modeled as a demand o
ene gy ca ie s wi h he same sha e as in he base yea . The o ecas o ene gy demand is
based on he de elopmen o alue added in his sec o in “Pe spek i meldingen 2009” and
inc eases om 2.6 TWh in 2006 o 5 TWh in 2050.
8 Indus y Sec o
8.1 S uc u e
The indus y sec o has he ollowing 11-14 sub-g oups wi h he model abb e ia ion in
b acke s ( egion 3 has 5 aluminium sub-sec o s, he o he egions ha e 2):
• ALuminium Company A(IALA)
• ALuminium Company B (IALB) – only in egion 3
• ALuminium Company C (IALC) – only in egion 3
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• ALuminium Company D (IALD) – only in egion 3
• ALuminium g oup Residual (IALR)
• CHemical indus y g oup A (ICHA)
• CHemical indus y g oup Res (ICHR)
• ME al indus y g oup A (IMEA)
• ME al indus y g oup Res (IMER)
• MINing (IMIN)
• Pulp and Pape g oup A (IPPA)
• Pulp and Pape g oup Res (IPPR)
• REFine ies (IREF )
• RESidual indus y (IRES)
Ene gy demand in all indus ial sub-sec o s is di ided on hea , elec ici y (non-subs i u able)
and ene gy use as aw ma e ial. Ene gy demand in o sho e ac i i ies a e no included,
howe e ene gy demand o pe oleum ac i i ies onsho e and elec i ica ion o oil pla o ms
om he onsho e g id a e included in he “Mining” sub-g oup (IMIN). The name o he
companies in all majo g oups a e p esen ed in [3].
8.2 Ene gy se ice demand
8.2.1 Base yea
I was challenging o de e mine ene gy use di ided on each o he indus y sub-g oups in
each egion. The ene gy balance is de ailed on a na ional le el o di e en indus y
subsec o s, while he municipali y s a is ics only includes indus y as a o al. Company da a
o ene gy ca ie s excep elec ici y could be ound o many companies in he da abase o
Kli [13] , bu i was di icul o ha monize hese da a wi h o he da a. Impo an da a sou ces
o elec ici y demand we e he epo ing o u ili ies o NVE (eRapp) and No d Pool. Upda ing
o he base yea o indus y will be ime consuming.
8.2.2 Load p o iles
Load p o iles o he indus y a e assumed o be la , i.e. cons an load o e he yea . This i s
well o he ene gy in ensi e indus y in No way which ope a es con inuously, excep om
e isions and main enance b eaks.
8.2.3 Demand o ecas
The o ecas o ene gy se ice demand o he base case o he 2012- e sion o he model is
desc ibed in [25]. In gene al, mos o he ene gy in ensi e indus y a e assumed o ha e
cons an u u e ene gy demand in he base case scena io. Inc eased and dec eased
ac i i ies in hese la ge plan s a e handled in di e en scena ios. The known closing o plan s
by 2011 is included in he o ecas .
Fo ecas o o he indus y (“Residual indus y (IREF)”) is as desc ibed in [25], esul ing in a
small dec ease o 1 % in 2020 and 4 % in 2050. Onsho e pe oleum ac i i ies as well as
elec i ica ion o o sho e ac i i ies is included in “mining” and in he base case scena io his
will inc ease by 114 % due o planned expansion o hese ac i i ies. Fo ecas ed ene gy
se ice demand o he indus y sec o in he Base case is shown in Figu e 21.
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Figu e 21: Ene gy se ice demand in 2006, 2020 and 2050 (TWh/yea )
8.3 Ene gy end-use echnologies
The ene gy end-use echnologies a ailable o he indus y sec o a e in gene al:
• Oil boile (H001)
• Na u al gas boile (H002)
• LPG boile (H003)
• Elec ic boile (H005)
• Hea pump – sea/g ound (H006) – only in o he indus y ( esidual indus y)
• Dis ic hea exchange (H007)
• Biomass boile – chips (H008) – in pulp & pape , es me als, esidual indus y
• Black liquo boile (H009) – only in pulp & pape indus y
• Biomass boile – ba k (H018) – only in pulp & pape indus y and o he indus y (wood
ind.)
• S eam u bine – in me al indus y and pulp & pape
Chemical indus y, e ine ies and mining ha e only a demand o ene gy ca ie s since i was
di icul o di ide he ene gy use in di ec use and p ocess hea . The sha e o ene gy ca ie s
is kep cons an .
Elec ici y p oduc ion by s eam u bines is a ailable in pulp & pape indus y and in o he
me als indus y, bu he po en ial is es ic ed o he capaci y o he base yea . Hea pump is
a possible echnology in he o he indus y sec o s and i has a po en ial o 25 % o he
hea ing demand. Ene gy e iciency measu es on he de ailed le el ha TIMES-No way
equi es a e no a ailable, and he e o e no ene gy e iciency measu es a e included (excep
o he men ioned s eam u bines and hea pumps).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2006 2020 2050
Ene gy se ice demand (TWh/yea )
Mining incl. pe oleum
O he indus y
Re ine ies
Pulp & pape
Chemicals
O he me als
Aluminium
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9 T anspo sec o
Ene gy demand in he anspo sec o is di ided in o he ollowing ca ego ies and uni s, wi h
he model abb e ia ion in b acke s:
• Ca anspo sho dis ance (TCART-S) Million Vehicle -km (MV-km)
• Ca anspo long dis ance (TCART-L) Million Vehicle -km (MV-km)
• F eigh anspo (TFRET) GWh
• Public anspo by bus (TPUBT) Million Vehicle -km (MV-km)
• Public anspo by ain (TPUTT) GWh
• Ai anspo (TAIRT) GWh
• Sea anspo (TSEAT) GWh
• O he (TOTHT) GWh
Ca anspo can choose be ween he ollowing echnology op ions ( ypes o ca s):
• Gasoline ca
• Diesel ca ( ossil uel wi h 5-20 % biodiesel)
• Biodiesel ca (100 % biodiesel)
• E85 ca s (85 % e hanol and 15 % gasoline)
• Elec ic ba e y ca
• Hyb id ca (elec ici y and gasoline)
• Plug-in hyb id ca (elec ici y and gasoline)
• Fuel cell ca
F eigh anspo can a y he sha e o biodiesel om 5 % o 20 %, bu ha e no o he choices
(see chap e 3.1.3). Bus anspo has h ee al e na i es: diesel bus, biodiesel bus and
na u al gas bus. T anspo by ain and sea has no al e na i e choices a p esen . “O he
(TOTHT)” is a esidual in o de o cap u e all ene gy used o anspo a ion pu poses
acco ding o he na ional ene gy s a is ics. Basing he ene gy use on he municipali y
s a is ics ga e a p oblem wi h in e - egional use such as ai and sea anspo and much o
his consump ion is included in “o he ” o simplici y.
The load p o ile o pe sonal sho dis ance elec ic ca s is de eloped on he assump ion ha
he ca s will be cha ged du ing he nigh only. This was an ini ial assump ion which needs o
be imp o ed.
The o ecas o ene gy demand in he anspo sec o is mainly based on The Na ional
T anspo Plan [30] and is desc ibed in [25]. A summa y o he o ecas o ca anspo pe
egion is shown in Figu e 22.
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Figu e 22 Rela i e de elopmen o ca anspo pe egion
10 Scena ios
10.1 Me hodology
Technologies and/o da a ha no always a e included in he analyses, can (by bene i ) be
modeled as a scena io. Examples a e elec ici y p oduc ion plan s which a e included in he
scena io PP (Powe Plan s) and when TIMES-No way is un in combina ion wi h EMPS, he
scena io PP is no included, since he elec ici y p ice is an inpu o TIMES-No way om
EMPS (see pa ag aph 2.4 o mo e in o ma ion o he in e ac ion wi h EMPS).
The unning o de o scena ios is impo an , since da a is “o e w i en” by he las scena io
( o mo e in o ma ion, see he TIMES documen a ion [5-7]).
10.2 Scena io desc ip ion
The scena ios a e an impo an pa o he analyses and will na u ally be de eloped along
wi h new analyses. As o Janua y 2013, he ollowing main scena ios a e included in he
model:
• PP Powe Plan s
• DH Dis ic Hea ing Plan s
• EMPS Powe P ice om EMPS (Samkjø ingsmodellen)
• TAX Taxes
All he powe p oduc ion p ocesses in he model a e included in he PP scena io, whe eas all
hea p oduc ion echnologies connec ed o a dis ic hea ing g id a e included in he DH
scena io. The EMPS scena ios is desc ibed in pa ag aph 2.4 and he axes a e desc ibed in
chap e 10.3. In addi ion se e al a ia ions o hese scena ios a e de eloped, such as
DH_ENOVA wi h he p esen subsidies om he Ene gy Fund and PP_CER wi h a simple
modeling o he G een Ce i ica e Ma ke .
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2005 2015 2025 2035 2045
Wes
Sou h
Middle
Eas
Cen al
No h
Finnma k
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In di e en analyses, new scena ios a e de eloped such as:
• FORNYBR Fo nyba b øken (Ta ge on he enewable ac ion [31, 32])
• TRABROK T anspo b øken (Ta ge on enewable ac ion o anspo a ion [31])
• TEK10 Res ic ions on he use o elec ici y o hea ing
• PP_CE_CL Powe plan s wi h ce i ica e ma ke and clima e change
• HIGH_POP Scena io 1: High popula ion (High demand scena io)
• LOW_IND Scena io 2: Low demand in indus y
• ELC_OFF Scena io 3: Elec i ica ion o sho e
• HIGH_REG Scena io 4: Inc eased ac i i y in egion 5 (Indus y clus e )
In he scena io TEK10, es ic ions o he use o elec ici y o space hea ing is included in
o de o model his pa o he buildings egula ions o 2010. Technologies using di ec
elec ic hea ing such as xxxxH010 and elec ic boile s (xxxxH005) ha e an ac i i y bound
equal o he esidual o he base yea in his scena io.
Scena io PP_CE_CL and wo o he s (PP_CE_C4 and PP_CE_C9) a e om analyses
including he e ec s o clima e change on hyd opowe p oduc ion. The clima e change da a
is om an ea lie MARKAL-p ojec [33] and he new esul s om analyses wi h TIMES-
No way a e desc ibed in [34].
The las 4 abo e (Scena io 1-4) a e scena ios wi h di e en o ecas s o u u e ene gy
se ice demands.
10.3 Scena io: Taxes
Taxes in TIMES-No way is ga he ed in he scena io TAX. The TIMES-pa ame e is
FLO_TAX and he axes a e a p esen based on he axes o 2012 [35], and kep cons an
om 2010 o 2070, see Table 21. A simple modeling o VAT o 25 % is included in p i a e
ene gy consump ion, based on he le el o ene gy p ices in 2012 and wi h a cons an alue
h oughou he modeling ho izon.
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Table 21: Ene gy axes in TIMES-No way 2010-2070 (NOK/MWh)
Commodi y
Name
2010-2070
(NOK/MWh)
BIO-DSL
Biodiesel
420
BIO-ETN
E hanol
231
BIO-OILI
Bio-oil, indus ial use
-
BIO-OILS
Bio-oil, small use s
-
BIO-PEL
Wood pelle s – Comme cial consump ion
-
BIO-PEL
Wood pelle s – P i a e consump ion
83
ELC-HV
Elec ici y, high ol age – indus y
4.5
ELC-LV
Elec ici y, low ol age – indus y
5
ELC-LV
Elec ici y, low ol age – comme cial consump ion
114
ELC-LV
Elec ici y, low ol age – p i a e consump ion
284
LTH
Dis ic hea – p i a e consump ion (VAT)
130
NG-L
Na u al gas be o e pipeline dis ibu ion ( o indus y and powe
plan s)
4.5
NG-LPG
Liquid Pe oleum Gas
52
NG-LPG
Liquid Pe oleum Gas – p i a e consump ion
182
NG-PL
Na u al gas a e pipeline dis ibu ion (local)
174
OIL-DSL
Diesel – comme cial consump ion
424
OIL-DSL
Diesel – p i a e consump ion
661
OIL-GSL
Gasoline – comme cial consump ion
613
OIL-GSL
Gasoline – p i a e consump ion
899
OIL-HDI
Hea y dis illa e o indus y
75
OIL-HDT
Hea y dis illa e o anspo
157
OIL-KER
Ke osene
366
OIL-LDIF
Ligh dis illa e, indus ial use ( ossil)
168
OIL-LDSF
Ligh dis illa e, s a iona y use ( ossil)
168
OIL-LDS
Ligh dis illa e (bio + ossil) – p i a e consump ion (VAT)
162
