Impulsivity in antisocial personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in prison population1

Beha io al Psychology / Psicología Conduc ual, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2024, pp. 289-299 h ps://doi.o g/10.51668/bp.8324204n IMPULSIVITY IN ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER IN PRISON POPULATION1 E a Cas illo1, Bea iz Cobo2, Ma ía del Ca men López-To ecillas3, F ancisca López-To ecillas2, and Lucas Muñoz-López2 1Albolo e Peni en ia y Cen e G anada, 2Uni e si y o G anada, 3Minis y o Equali y, Social Policy and Concilia ion o he Jun a de Andalucía (Spain) Abs ac This s udy examined impulsi i y in an isocial pe sonali y diso de (ASPD) and obsessi e-compulsi e pe sonali y diso de (OCPD) in he con ex o c iminal o ending. Pa icipan s comple ed he Demog aphic, C iminal, and Ins i u ional Beha io In e iew, he In e na ional Pe sonali y Diso de Examina ion, he Symp om Checklis -90-Re ised, and he Impulsi e Beha io Scale, ha he APD and OCPD g oups can commi he same c imes (agains people and agains objec s). The esul s e ealed ha ASPD and OCPD g oups can commi he same c imes (agains human and agains objec s), al hough hey di e in e ms o impulsi i y [Nega i e U gency (UN), Sensa ion Seeking (BS) and Posi i e U gency (UP)], wi h he OCPD g oup sco ing lowe on hese dimensions. In he ASPD g oup, hose who had commi ed c imes agains human sco ed highe in UN, BS and UP han hose who had commi ed c imes agains objec s. In he OCPD g oup, hose who had commi ed c imes agains human sco ed highe on UN and lowe on BS and UP han hose who had commi ed c imes agains objec s. The impo ance o analyzing pe sonali y diso de p o iles o a be e unde s anding o c iminal beha io is emphasized. KEY WORDS: pe sonali y diso de s, ASPD, OCPD, impulsi i y, c imes. Resumen Es e es udio analizó la impulsi idad en los as o nos an isocial (TAP) y obsesi o compulsi o de la pe sonalidad (TOCP) con elación a los deli os. Los pa icipan es comple a on la “En e is a demog á ica, delic i a y de compo amien o ins i ucional”, el “Examen in e nacional pa a los as o nos de pe sonalidad”, el “Lis ado de 90 sín omas- e isado” y la “Escala de compo amien o impulsi o”. Los esul ados e ela on que los g upos TAP y TOCP pueden come e los mismos deli os (con a pe sonas y con a obje os) aunque di ie en en impulsi idad [U gencia nega i a (UN), Búsqueda de sensaciones (BS) y U gencia posi i a (UP)], siendo el g upo TOCP el que mues a pun uaciones más bajas en es as dimensiones. En el g upo TAP quienes come ie on deli os con a This esea ch is pa o P ojec A-SEJ-154-UGR20 inanced by he Andalusian Knowledge Agency. Minis y o Economy, Knowledge, Companies and Uni e si y. Co espondence: Lucas Muñoz-López, Dep . o Pe sonali y, Assessmen and Psychological T ea men , Uni e si y o G anada (Spain). E-mail: [email p o ec ed] 290 CASTILLO, COBO, LÓPEZ-TORRECILLAS, LÓPEZ- TORRECILLAS, AND MUÑOZ-LÓPEZ pe sonas pun ua on más al o en UN, BS y UP que los pa icipan es que come ie on deli os con a obje os. En el g upo TOCP quienes come ie on deli os con a pe sonas pun ua on más al o en UN y más bajo en BS y UP que los que come ie on deli os con a obje os. Se des aca la impo ancia de analiza los pe iles de as o nos de la pe sonalidad pa a una mayo comp ensión de las conduc as delic i as. PALABRAS CLAVE: as o nos de la pe sonalidad, TAP, TOCP, impulsi idad, comisión de deli os. In oduc ion The e a e mo e han 2 million indi iduals imp isoned in penal ins i u ions wo ldwide. This si ua ion is pa icula ly se ious in ce ain coun ies such as Russia (386,1 inma es, pe 100,000 inhabi an s) o Tu key (329). While o e c owding is a heal h issue h oughou he whole o Eu ope, he numbe o inma es in Spain amoun s o o e 125,7 pe 100,000 inhabi an s, highe han Belgium (120,6), F ance (104,5), I aly (99,9), he Uni ed Kingdom (91,72) and Ge many (76,7, pe 100,000 inhabi an s). Mo eo e , he leng h o p ison sen ences in Spain is double ha o o he p isons in Eu ope. Speci ically, he a e age leng h o a sen ence in Spain is 21 mon hs compa ed wi h he 10-mon h sen ences se ed in Eu ope (Space, 2019). I is also he case ha men al heal h diso de s a e mo e common among inma es han he gene al popula ion. The p ison en i onmen , he s ic egime, and he o e c owded condi ions in co ec ional ins i u ions a e all hough o be de imen al o men al heal h (Baćak e al., 2019). To da e i is di icul o conclude he ole ha pe sonali y diso de s play in his popula ion. All ha is known is ha he p e alence a es o pe sonali y diso de s a e highe in he p ison popula ion han in he communi y popula ion (Slade and Fo es e , 2013) and ha an isocial pe sonali y diso de (ASPD) and obsessi e-compulsi e pe sonali y diso de (OCPD) a e acu ely p e alen and unde lie many iolen beha io s (Fanning e al., 2019). Fo his eason, and in line wi h a p e ious s udy (Cas illo-Fe nández e al., 2016), we emphasize he need o u he deepen he unde s anding o pe sonali y diso de s in he p ison popula ion, especially ASPD and OCPD. Acco ding o Fanning e al. (2019), in classic esea ch (Hollande , 1999; S an o d e al., 2003), iolen o agg essi e beha io has been associa ed wi h wo di e en sub ypes. The i s is impulsi e and hos ile beha io and he second is p emedi a ed and ins umen al beha io . Impulsi e agg ession is de ined as an agg essi e esponse igge ed by a p o oca ion ha leads o loss o beha io al con ol, and p emedi a ed (ins umen al) agg ession is unde s ood as a planned o delibe a e agg essi e ac ha is no spon aneous o ela ed o a s a e o a ousal due o ange issues. The e o e, agg ession can be concep ualized as impulsi e o compulsi e beha io , and ea men will di e depending on whe he i is impulsi e o compulsi e beha io . ASPD and OCPD could sha e ce ain impulsi e beha io ai s. In pa icula , impulsi i y is a concep ual componen o ASPD (Lang e al., 2015; Pe ich e al., 2020) and in he case o OCPD, al hough his is commonly associa ed wi h beha io al disinhibi ion, he li e a u e (Villema e e-Pi man e al., 2004) con ains Impulsi i y and pe sonali y diso de s in he p ison popula ion 291 epo s o occasional explosi e agg essi e ou bu s s, ha is, he e could be a coexis ence o compulsi e and impulsi e ai s in OCPD. APA (2013) de ines impulsi i y as a p edisposi ion owa d apid, unplanned eac ions o ei he in e nal o ex e nal s imuli, wi hou ega d o nega i e consequences. The UPPS model o Impulsi e Pe sonali y (Ve dejo-Ga cía e al., 2010; Whi eside & Lynam, 2001) has e ec i ely acknowledged dimensions o impulsi e pe sonali y (Bos e al., 2019) and desc ibes how di e en dimensions o impulsi e pe sonali y ai s could con ibu e o impulsi e pe sonali y and associa ed psychopa hology (Goh e al., 2020). These dimensions ha e been concep ualized as nega i e u gency ( he endency o ac suddenly while expe iencing s ong nega i e emo ions), lack o p emedi a ion ( he endency o ac wi hou hinking), lack o pe se e ance ( he endency o become wea y wi h and discon inue a ask wi hou inishing), sensa ion seeking ( he endency o seek ou no el exci ing expe iences), and posi i e u gency ( he endency o ac ca elessly while expe iencing s ong posi i e emo ions). Recen ly, a me a-analysis (B esin, 2019) ound a ela ionship be ween dimensions o impulsi i y (i.e., nega i e u gency, posi i e u gency, lack o o e hough , lack o pe sis ence, and sensa ion-seeking) and agg ession. Impulsi i y (assessed wi h he UPPS) has been ex ensi ely s udied o i s associa ion wi h maladap i e beha io s such as alcohol and d ug use (An unes-Jacobs e al., 2022; Caña e al., 2015; Lannoy e al., 2020; Mulhause e al., 2019; Na as e al., 2017; Pe e son & Smi h, 2017; Pila i e al., 2016; S ama es & Lau-Ba aco, 2017; Taylo e al., 2016) and less s udied is he ela ionship wi h illici d ugs and c iminal beha io (F ydman e al., 2020; Mo eno-Ramos e al., 2016). This g owing body o e idence sugges s ha impulsi i y is associa ed wi h an inc ease in maladap i e and heal h isk beha io s. S udies in he li e a u e suppo he idea ha impulsi i y is s ongly associa ed wi h maladap i e beha io s (mainly posi i e and nega i e u gency). Resul s ega ding lack o p emedi a ion, lack o pe sis ence, and sensa ion seeking a e inconsis en . Mos s udies use a no malized popula ion (college s uden s, adolescen s, o adolescen s wi h mode a e use o consump ion o subs ances). We ound only one s udy ha used a sample om he p ison popula ion, ano he wi h e e ans, and one ha used a small sample o pa icipan s in addic ion ea men . Since impulsi i y is ela ed o maladap i e beha io s (d ug use, agg essi eness, and pe sonali y diso de s) in he clinical popula ion (Helle e al., 2020), i is impo an o analyze his a iable in he p ison popula ion. Examining he ole o impulsi i y in maladap i e beha io s in he p ison popula ion equi es a be e unde s anding o ce ain dimensions such as lack o p emedi a ion, lack o pe sis ence, and sensa ion- seeking. In addi ion, i is impo an o conside he pe sonali y diso de s ha a e mos p e alen in he p ison popula ion and a e closely ela ed o impulsi e, compulsi e and agg essi e beha io s. The aim o his s udy was o analyze he di e en le els o impulsi i y measu ed by he UPPS-P in pe sonali y diso de s [an isocial pe sonali y diso de (ASPD) and obsessi e-compulsi e pe sonali y diso de (OCPD)] and hei ela ionship o he c imes commi ed. o indi iduals om he p ison popula ion. 292 CASTILLO, COBO, LÓPEZ-TORRECILLAS, LÓPEZ- TORRECILLAS, AND MUÑOZ-LÓPEZ Me hod Pa icipan s This s udy was conduc ed in a P ison loca ed in G anada, Spain. Ini ially, a o al o 712 pa icipan s we e sc eened. The inclusion c i e ia we e o be be ween 18 and 55 yea s old, su e ing om ei he ASPD o OCPD and o be li e a e. Pa icipan s we e excluded acco ding o he ollowing c i e ia: being olde han 55 yea s, ha ing a physical impai men , psychia ic illness (schizoph enia o dep ession) o cu en ly unde going psychopha macological ea men . The cu en s udy included a inal sample o 194 men, 81 o which had been diagnosed wi h ASPD wi h a mean age o 36.86 yea s (SD= 9.32) and 112 diagnosed wi h OCPD wi h a mean age o 38.78 yea s (SD= 8.47). All he inma es we e male. Ins umen s a) Ad hoc Demog aphic, C ime, and Ins i u ional Beha io In e iew. The in e iew was designed speci ically o his esea ch wi h he aim o ga he ing socio- demog aphic da a, in o ma ion ega ding he ypes o c imes commi ed and any punishmen o p ison sen ences ecei ed acco ding o he Spanish jus ice sys em (Royal Dec ee 1201/1981, 8 May, A icles 107 & 108). b) In e na ional Pe sonali y Diso de Exam (IPDE; Lo ange e al., 1994), Spanish e sion de eloped by López-Ibo e al. (1996). This is a diagnos ic ins umen based on a semi-s uc u ed clinical in e iew, designed acco ding o DSM-5 c i e ia (APA, 2013). This ins umen consis s o open ques ions, mul iple-choice ques ions, and yes/no ques ions. The i ems a e classi ied acco ding o he ollowing six ca ego ies: wo k, sel , in e pe sonal ela ions, a ec ion, eali y check, and impulse con ol. In addi ion, he IPDE includes a sc eening ques ionnai e ha educes he in e iew adminis a ion ime by iden i ying he pe sonali y diso de s ha he pe son is unlikely o su e om and hen excluding u he ques ions ega ding hese diso de s. The adminis a ion o he IPDE akes be ween 60 and 90 minu es and mus be ca ied ou by ained and expe ienced p o essionals. The eliabili y and s abili y indices ob ained o he IPDE a y be ween .70 and .96 (Lo ange e al., 1994). The ins umen is conside ed one o he mos use ul and alid ools o assessing pe sonali y diso de s o esea ch pu poses (López-Ibo e al., 1996). c) Symp om Checklis -90-Re ised (SCL-90-R; De oga is & Sa i z, 2002), Spanish e sion by González de Ri e a e al. (2002). This symp om scale measu es he deg ee o psychological dis ess a pe son has expe ienced in he pas week. The scale consis s o 90 i ems (52 in he educed e sion) using Like scales wi h i e answe op ions. The scale assesses nine dimensions: Soma iza ions (SOM); Obsessions and Compulsions (OBS); In e pe sonal Sensi i i y (IS), Dep ession (DEP), Anxie y (ANS), Hos ili y (HOS), Phobic Anxie y (FOB), Pa anoid Idea ion (PAR), and Psycho icism (PSIC). Se en addi ional i ems assess sleep diso de s, ea ing diso de s, dea h- ela ed hough s, and eelings o guil . Th ee global indices o dis ess can be calcula ed: an Index o Global Se e i y (IGS) measu ing Impulsi i y and pe sonali y diso de s in he p ison popula ion 293 cu en le els o pe cei ed dis ess, To al Posi i e Symp oms (TPS) measu ing he o al numbe o p esen symp oms, and he Index o Posi i e Symp oma ic Dis ess (PSD) measu ing he esponse s yle owa ds symp oms. The nine dimensions ha e documen ed eliabili y sco es a ound o g ea e han α= .70 and ha e shown concu en and p edic i e alidi y agains c i e ia including o he clinical e alua ion ins umen s, sc eening ins umen s, psychia ic diagnoses, s uc u ed e alua ion p o ocols, o indica o s o ecidi ism (De oga is & Sa i z, 2002). We used he Spanish e sion o he in en o y (González de Ri e a e al., 2002). d) Impulsi i y Beha io Scale (UPPS-P; Whi eside & Lynam, 2001), Spanish adap ed e sion by Ve dejo-Ga cía e al. (2010). This consis s o 59 i ems ha measu e i e dimensions o impulsi i y: Lack o P emedi a ion (11 i ems), Nega i e U gency (12 i ems), Lack o Pe se e ance (10 i ems), Sensa ion Seeking (12 i ems), and Posi i e U gency (14 i ems). The i ems a e sco ed on a Like scale om 1 (comple ely ag ee) o 4 (comple ely disag ee). In his s udy, we used he Spanish e sion (Ve dejo-Ga cía e al., 2010) which has demons a ed excellen psychome ic p ope ies. P ocedu e Po en ial pa icipan s we e in e iewed indi idually o check whe he hey me he inclusion c i e ia, a e which hey we e o e ed he oppo uni y o pa icipa e in he esea ch. A e ag eeing o pa icipa e, hey comple ed he IPDE. Based on hese esul s, pa icipan s wi h ASPD and OCPD we e hen selec ed. The pa icipan s hen a ended an indi idual session in which hey comple ed he measu es desc ibed below. A he beginning o he session, he pa icipan s we e eminded o hei igh o abandon he s udy a any momen and we e asked o sign a w i en in o med consen o m i hey ag eed o pa icipa e. A he end o he session, pa icipan s we e deb ie ed and hanked o hei pa icipa ion. All pa icipan s we e in o med abou he aims o he s udy and p o ided w i en in o med consen . E hical app o al o his s udy was ob ained om he Resea ch E hics Commi ee o he Uni e si y o G anada. Da a analyses All analyses we e conduc ed wi h he SPSS so wa e package. To con ol and educe he e ec o psychological a iables, we conduc ed a mul i a ia e analysis o a iance (MANOVA) using G oup (ASPD e sus OCPD) as he independen a iable and using he a iables de i ed om SCL-90-R (To al sco e, To al Posi i es Symp oms, Index Symp oma ic Dis ess, Soma iza ions, Obsessions and compulsions, In e pe sonal sensi i i y, Dep ession, Anxie y, Hos ili y, Phobic anxie y, Pa anoid Idea ion, Psycho icism) as dependen s. As we ound s a is ically signi ican be ween-g oup di e ences in Hos ili y. To achie e he aim o he s udy, we conduc ed a mul i a ia e analysis o co a iance (MANCOVA) o a be ween-g oup bi ac o ial design, using hos ili y (SCL-90-R dimension) as a co a ia e, g oup (ASPD s. OCPD) and c imes (C.A. humans s. C.A. objec s) as independen a iables, and 294 CASTILLO, COBO, LÓPEZ-TORRECILLAS, LÓPEZ- TORRECILLAS, AND MUÑOZ-LÓPEZ he sco es o he di e en dimensions o he Impulsi i y Scale (UPPS-P): Lack o Pe sis ence, Nega i e U gency, Lack o P emedi a ion, Sensa ion Seeking, and Posi i e U gency as he i e dependen a iables. Resul s In he case o SCL-90-R, he esul s showed s a is ically signi ican di e ences in he in e ac ion (Wilks' lambda= 0.031, F(12,181)= 472.519, p< .001) and in he main e ec o he g oup a iable (Wilks' lambda= 0.790, F(12,181)= 4.020, p< .001). As he MANOVA showed s a is ically signi ican esul s o he in e ac ion and main e ec o he g oup a iable, uni a ia e bi ac o ial ANOVAs we e conduc ed o each o he le els o he dependen a iable (SCL-90-R To al; Posi i e Symp oms To al; Index o Dis ess; Soma iza ion; Compulsi i y; In e pe sonal Sensi i i y; Dep ession; Anxie y; Hos ili y; Phobic Anxie y; Pa anoid Idea ion; and Psycho icism). These ANOVAs showed ha he e we e s a is ically signi ican di e ences in hos ili y (F(1,192)=33.475, Mce=9677.001, p< .001), wi h highe sco es in he ASPD g oup han in he OCPD g oup. No s a is ically signi ican di e ences we e ound o o al SCL-90-R, To al Posi i e Symp oms, Dis ess Index, Soma iza ion, Obsessions, In e pe sonal Sensi i i y, Dep ession, Anxie y, Phobic Anxie y, Pa anoid Idea ion and Psycho icism). The means, s anda d de ia ions and signi icance can be seen in Table 1. Table 1 Mean, s anda d de ia ion and signi icance le el and s a is ical powe o he Symp om Checklis -90-Re ised (SCL-90-R) SCL-90-R G oup ASPD G oup OCPD F η M SD M SD To al sco e 40.34 20.63 38.12 19. 11 0.596 .003 To al Posi i es Symp oms 52.83 23.85 49.20 23.01 1.141 .006 Index Symp oma ic Dis ess 25.99 18.87 27.08 19.60 0.151 .001 Soma iza ions 37.59 23.98 40.86 25.06 0.831 .004 Obsessions and compulsions 44.69 21.25 42.88 21.52 .339 .002 In e pe sonal sensi i i y 42.65 22.45 42.96 20.28 .010 .000 Dep ession 41.57 20.00 43.54 19.19 .478 .002 Anxie y 40. 03 20.73 35.42 20.10 2.418 .012 Hos ili y 51. 67 20.26 37.34 14.22 33.475*** .148 Phobic anxie y 40.18 15.49 42.46 16.82 .918 .005 Pa anoid Idea ion 55. 34 17. 60 54.33 18.18 .149 .001 Psycho icism 47. 78 15. 44 45.15 16.51 1.257 .007 No es: SCL-90-R= Symp om Checklis -90-Re ised. ***p< .001. In he case o UPPS-P, he esul s e ealed s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween in e ac ions g oup x c imes (Wilks’ Lambda= 0.911, F(5, 185)= 3.636, p< .01); he g oups (Wilks’ Lambda= 0.820, F(5, 185)= 8.142, p< .001) and c imes (Wilks’ Lambda= 0.986, F(5, 185)= 0.519, p< .01]. Impulsi i y and pe sonali y diso de s in he p ison popula ion 295 As he MANCOVA e ealed a s a is ically signi ican G oup x C ime in e ac ion, we pe o med bi a ia es ANCOVAs o each o he le els o he dependen a iable (Lack o P emedi a ion, Nega i e U gency, Lack o Pe sis ence, Sensa ion Seeking, and Posi i e U gency). The g oup x c imes ANCOVAs e ealed di e ences in Nega i e U gency (F(4,183)=1.623, Mce=93.469, p< .05); Sensa ion Seeking (F(4,183)=5.208, Mce=303.893, p< .01) and Posi i e U gency (F(4,183)=1.501, Mce=134.657, p< .05). The ASPD g oup showed highe sco es han he OCPD g oup in in he h ee a iables. In he ASPD g oup, pa icipan s who had commi ed c imes agains human sco ed highe on Nega i e U gency, Sensa ion Seeking and Posi i e U gency han pa icipan s who had commi ed c imes agains objec s. In he case o he OCPD g oup, pa icipan s who had commi ed c imes agains human sco ed highe on Nega i e U gency and Posi i e U gency han pa icipan s who had commi ed c imes agains objec s. In addi ion, pa icipan s who had commi ed c imes agains human sco ed lowe on Sensa ion Seeking han pa icipan s who had commi ed c imes agains objec s. The e we e no signi ican di e ences in lack o p emedi a ion and lack o pe sis ence. The means, s anda d de ia ions and signi ican di e ences a e shown in Table 2. Discussion In his s udy, he dimensions o impulsi i y (assessed wi h he UPPS-P) in an isocial and obsessi e-compulsi e pe sonali y diso de s (ASPD and OCPD) and hei ela ionship wi h he commission o c iminal o ences (which we e di ided in o o ences agains human and o ences agains objec s) we e compa ed. The esul s ob ained show ha pa icipan s wi h ASPD had highe sco es in he a eas o Nega i e U gency, Sensa ion Seeking and Posi i e U gency han hose wi h OCPD. Analysis o he pe sonali y diso de g oups (ASPD and OCPD) e ealed di e ences in Nega i e U gency, Sensa ion Seeking and Posi i e U gency, wi h he ASPD g oup sco ing highe on all h ee a iables han he OCPD g oup. These indings a e consis en wi h he esul s o p e ious wo k (Caña e al., 2015; F ydman e al., 2020; Goh e al., 2020; Helle e al., 2020; Lannoy e al., 2020; Mo eno-Ramos e al., 2016; Mulhause e al., 2019; Na as e al., 2017; Pe e son e al., 2017; Pila i e al., 2016; 2017; S ama es & Lau-Ba aco, 2017; Taylo e al., 2016), which suppo s he ele ance o impulsi e ai s as key co ela es o pe sonali y diso de s. Table 2 Means, s anda d de ia ions, and signi ican di e ences in impulsi i y dimensions (UPPS-P) be ween he ASPD and OCPD and c imes agains humans (C.A. Humans) and c imes agains objec (C.A. Objec s) UPPS-P G oup ASPD G oup OCPD F η C.A. Human C.A. Obje s C.A HUMAN C.A. OBJETS M SD M SD M SD M SD Lack o P emedi a ion 22.93 6.16 22.73 7.01 19.63 6.69 19.03 5.45 .080 .000 Nega i e U gency 34.97 7.66 32.60 7.70 24.95 7.19 22.28 8.60 4.937* .025 Lack o Pe se e ance 20.28 5.77 19.44 6.02 17.95 5.36 18.08 7.79 .176 .001 Sensa ion Seeking 36.83 7.75 33.94 7.82 24.49 7.20 31.49 8.17 16.744*** .081 Posi i e U gency 35.03 10.84 32.19 9.70 24.32 9.22 28.28 9.58 4.776* .025 No e: UPPS-P= Impulsi i y Beha io Scale; ASPD= an isocial pe sonali y diso de ; OCPD= obsessi e-compulsi e pe sonali y diso de ; CA= c imes agains . ***p< .001, *p< .05. 296 CASTILLO, COBO, LÓPEZ-TORRECILLAS, LÓPEZ- TORRECILLAS, AND MUÑOZ-LÓPEZ Conce ning Nega i e U gency, unde s ood as he endency o engage in isky beha io o ash ac ions when nega i ely a ec i e, ega dless o he nega i e consequences ha migh esul , we ound ha he ASPD g oup sco ed highe han he OCPD g oup. In e ms o c iminal o enses, we ound ha bo h he ASPD and OCPD g oups sco ed highe on commi ing c imes agains human compa ed o commi ing c imes agains objec s. As ega ds Sensa ion Seeking, de ined as he endency o engage in and enjoy ac i i ies wi h a high emo ional componen and o open onesel o new, po en ially dange ous expe iences, we ound ha he ASPD g oup sco ed highe han he OCPD. When i came o commi ing c imes, we ound ha he ASPD g oup ha had commi ed c imes agains human had highe sco es han he g oup ha had commi ed c imes agains objec s. In he OCPD g oup, on he o he hand, he sco es we e lowe o hose who had commi ed c imes agains human han o hose who had commi ed c imes agains objec s. Rela ing o Posi i e U gency, i.e. he endency o commi isky ac s o o lose con ol unde he in luence o in ense posi i e emo ions, we ound ha he ASPD g oup sco ed highe han he OCPD g oup. Fo he commission o c imes, we ound ha he ASPD g oup ha had commi ed c imes agains human sco ed highe han he g oup ha had commi ed c imes agains objec s. In he OCPD g oup, on he o he hand, sco es we e lowe o hose who had commi ed c imes agains human han o hose who had commi ed c imes agains objec s. Ou indings a e no el, as p e iously he commission o c imes has no been analyzed based on he dimensions o impulsi i y and ASPD and OCPD. Al hough i would make sense o explain he di e ences ound on he basis o he cha ac e is ics o he analyzed p o iles (ASPD and OCPD). ASPD is cha ac e ized by callous unconce n o he eelings o o he s. People wi h ASPD show a g oss and pe sis en a i ude o i esponsibili y and dis ega d o social no ms, ules and obliga ions, along wi h an incapaci y o main ain endu ing ela ionships, e en hough hey ha e no di icul y in es ablishing hem. The e o e, ASPD e lec s a deeply ing ained and igid dys unc ional hough p ocess ha is mani es in social i esponsibili y wi h exploi i e, delinquen , and c iminal beha io wi hou emo se. Dis ega d o and iola ion o o he s' igh s a e common mani es a ions o his pe sonali y diso de , which displays symp oms ha include ailu e o con o m o he law, inabili y o sus ain consis en employmen , decep ion, manipula ion o pe sonal gain, and an incapaci y o o m s able ela ionships (Black e al., 2010). OCPD is cha ac e ized by a pe asi e p eoccupa ion wi h o de liness and de ail and he need o con ol o e one’s en i onmen ha leads o signi ican dis ess o impai men . People wi h OCPD ind i di icul o elax, eel obliged o plan ou hei ac i i ies o he minu e, and ind uns uc u ed ime in ole able. Fu he , hey a e o en cha ac e ized as igid and con olling. This need o in e pe sonal con ol in OCPD can lead o hos ili y and occasional explosi e ou bu s s o ange a home and wo k (Cain e al., 2015). Despi e he p e alence a es in inma es and he nega i e consequences associa ed wi h ASPD and OCPD, ela i ely li le esea ch has sys ema ically examined he in his p ison popula ion. To ou knowledge, his s udy is he i s in es iga ion o e alua e impulsi e and compulsi e impulsi i y by compa ing pe sonali y diso de s (ASPD and OCPD) and he ela ionship wi h c imes commi ed Impulsi i y and pe sonali y diso de s in he p ison popula ion 297 by indi iduals in he p ison popula ion. This is also he i s ime ha impulsi i y has been compa ed wi h impulsi i y (ASPD) and compulsi i y (OCPD) wi hin he same g oup o DSM-5 diso de s (APA, 2013). Re e ences Ame ican Psychia ic Associa ion (2013). Diagnos ic and S a is ical Manual o Men al Diso de s (DSM-5). Ame ican Psychia ic Associa ion. An unes Jacobs, P., Fo es Wagne , M., Hen ique Paloski, L., I acema de Lima A gimon, I., & Rosa de Oli ei a, C. (2022). Pe sonali y ai s and psychopa hological symp oms in adul s wi h subs ance use diso de s. 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