DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
Oppo uni ies o Teaching and S udying
Medicine in Medie al Po ugal be o e
he Founda ion o he Uni e si y o
Lisbon (1290)(*)
IONA McCLEERY (**)
ABSTRACT
This pape discusses whe e Po uguese physicians s udied medicine. The ca ee s o
wo hi een h-cen u y physicians, Pe us Hispanus and Giles o San a ém, indica e ha
he Po uguese a elled ab oad o s udy in Mon pellie o Pa is. Bu i is also possible
ha he e we e oppo uni ies o s udy in Po ugal i sel . Pa icula ly signi ican in his
espec is he adi ion o medical eaching associa ed wi h he Augus inian house o
San a C uz in Coimb a and he e e ence o medical ex s ound in Coimb a a chi es.
F om hese sou ces i can be shown ha he e was a sui able en i onmen o medical
s udy in medie al Po ugal, encou aging able s uden s o u he hei medical in e es s
elsewhe e.
BIBLID [0211-9536(2000) 20; 305-329]
Fecha de acep ación: 8 de ma zo de 1998
(*) A e sion o his pape was deli e ed a he «Medical Teaching» con e ence a
King’s College, Camb idge on 7-9 Janua y 1998. I would like o hank Roge
F ench o in i ing me o ake pa in he con e ence, and Co nelius O’Boyle,
Michael McVaugh, Tessa Webbe , Cha les Bu ne , Miguel de Asua, Klaus-Die ich
Fische , and Tiziana Pesen i o hei commen s and encou agemen du ing he
con e ence. Fu he hanks go o my iends and o ice ma es Julie Ke , Angus
S ewa , Haki An onsson and Bjö n Weile , who ha e kep me going h oughou
my s udies. Finally, I am e y g a e ul o my supe iso , Simone Macdougall, who
ead a d a o his pape a sho no ice, and whose ad ice and sugges ions a e
g ea ly app ecia ed.
(**) Ph. D. Candida e. Depa men o Mediae al His o y. Uni e si y o S And ews.
Sou h S ee . S And ews. Fi e KY16 9QW. Uni ed Kingdom.
306 IONA McCLEERY
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
Medicine was no augh as a o mal uni e si y subjec in Po ugal
un il 1290, wi h he ounda ion o a S udium Gene ale a Lisbon by King
Dinis (1279-1325). Ne e heless, om he ime o he c ea ion o Po -
ugal as a sepa a e poli ical en i y a he end o he ele en h cen u y,
physicians can be ound in wi ness lis s and ca ying ou du ies in he
oyal household (1). Whe e did hese physicians gain hei aining?
We e hey o ced o lea e Po ugal o s udy, and i so, whe e did hey
go? We e he e any oppo uni ies o medical s udy a ailable o hem
wi hin Po ugal? The aim o his pape is o a emp o answe hese
ques ions by e iewing he e idence o he exis ence o an ea lie
Po uguese medical cen e, he Augus inian house o San a C uz in
Coimb a. The ole his p io y may ha e played in eaching medicine
will be illus a ed wi h e e ence o he ca ee s o wo hi een h-cen u y
Po uguese physicians, Pe us Hispanus, usually iden i ied wi h Pope
John XXI (d.1277), and he less well-known Dominican ia , Giles o
San a ém (d.1265). I will be seen ha al hough Po ugal was on he
inges o medie al Eu ope, i was no as isola ed in he eaching and
s udy o medicine as one migh hink.
Only a ew his o ians ha e conside ed he aining and s udies o
medie al Po uguese physicians, whe he wi hin o wi hou Po ugal.
Gene ally, he ocus o a en ion o his o ians such as L. M. de Rijk and
J. M. da C uz Pon es has been on he li e and ca ee o Pe us Hispanus.
(1) Fo example, Ped o Ama elo, P io o he Collegia e chu ch o Guima ães, was
adi ionally belie ed o ha e been he physician o Coun Hen y o Bu gundy
and his son, King A onso Hen iques, a he beginning o he wel h cen u y: see
LEMOS, Maximiano. His ó ia da Medicina em Po ugal: dou inas e ins i uições, i s
published in 1899, ep in ed in Lisboa, 2 ols., Manoel Gomez, 1991, ol. 1, p.
19. This has been challenged by MEYRA, João de. Se Ped o Ama ello oi médico
do Conde D. Hen ique e de D. A onso Hen iques. A chi os de His ó ia da Medi-
cina Po ugueza, 1911, 2, 157-164. O he examples a e he physicians o A onso III:
Domingos das An as (a es ed in 1255 and 1279), Ba olomeu (1261), Es ê ão
(1265) and Pe us (1268-1279): see VENTURA, Leon ina. A Nob eza de Co e de
A onso III, 2 ols., Coimb a, Uni e sidade do Coimb a disse a ion, 1992, ol. 1,
p. 140. The las , Pe us, used o be iden i ied as Pe us Hispanus, bu his has
been shown no o ha e been he case: see FERREIRA, João. O Papa João XXI e o
P io ado de San o And é de Ma a, S udium Gene ale, 1995, 1 (3-4), 359-364 (p. 369).
307
Oppo uni ies o Teaching and S udying Medicine in Medie al Po ugal
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
Usually, i is his ca ee as pope o logician which is a issue, and his
medical ca ee has been neglec ed (2).
Ano he angle o esea ch is based on he his o y o Po uguese
educa ional and in ellec ual de elopmen s in gene al (3). The his o y
o educa ion in Po ugal is impo an o a s udy o he eaching o
medicine because, be o e he ounda ion o a uni e si y, i is agains he
backg ound o monas ic and ca hed al schools ha we need o place
any e idence we ha e o medical s udy (4). We would expec o ind
o mal eaching o some kind wi hin such eligious ounda ions, and i
is also in hese cen es, wi h hei lib a ies, sc ip o ia, ca ula ies, and
books o obi s, ha we a e able o ind he necessa y e idence. This
(2) The e a e e y ew ecen s udies o medie al Po uguese medicine, especially
p e- i een h cen u y. The wo k o LEMOS, no e 1, has ne e been supe seded.
Nume ous a icles a e de o ed o a ious aspec s o he li e and ca ee o Pe us
Hispanus. Examples a e RIJK, Lambe M. de. On he Li e o Pe e o Spain, he
Au ho o he T ac a us, called a e wa ds Summule logicales. Vi a ium, 1970, 8,
123-154; PONTES, José Ma ia da C uz. Ques ões penden es ace ca de Ped o
Hispano Po ugalense ( ilóso o, médico e Papa João XXI). In: Ac as do Cong esso
In e nacional do IX Cen ená io da dedicação da Sé de B aga, 4 ols., B aga, Uni e sidade
Ca ólica Po uguesa Cabido Me opoli ano e P imacial, 1990, ol. 2, pp. 101-124;
ANTUNES, José. O pe cu so e o pensamen o polí ico de Ped o Hispano, A cebispo-
elei o de B aga e Papa João XXI. In: Ibid., pp. 125-184. None o hese a icles
deal much wi h Pe us’ medical ca ee .
(3) Fo educa ion in Po ugal see CAEIRO, F ancisco da Gama. A o ganização do
ensino em Po ugal no pe íodo an e io à undação da uni e sidade. A qui os de
His ó ia da Cul u a Po uguesa, 1968, 2, 3-23; SÁ, A u Mo ei a de. P imo dios da
cul u a po uguesa. A qui os de His ó ia da Cul u a Po uguesa, 1968, 1, 53-93.
(4) The e we e al e na i e ways o passing on medical knowledge in he Middle Ages;
o example, om a he o son, and h ough app en iceship. The e is e idence
o he la e me hod being used in Po ugal o su gical aining in a g oup o
ou een h-cen u y examina ion le e s. Howe e , i is a la e pe iod han he one
unde conside a ion. Fu he mo e, he ocus o his a icle is on o mal eaching
p ac ices wi hin a class oom si ua ion, which canno be applied o an app en iceship
abou which no hing ce ain is known: see AZEVEDO, Ped o de. Físicos e ci u giões
do empo de A onso IV. A chi os de His ó ia da Medicina Po uguesa, 1912, 3, 3-11.
I would like o hank Michael McVaugh o a copy o his a icle. Fu he de ails
o Po uguese su gical examina ions can be ound in GONÇALVES, I ia. Físicos
e ci u giões qua ocen is as—as ca as de exame. In: Imagens do Mundo Medie al,
Lisboa, Li os Ho izon e, 1988, [Ho izon e his o ico 16], pp. 9-52.
308 IONA McCLEERY
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
esea ch is somewha a i icial, as i is possible o ind e idence only
whe e he e a e su i ing documen s and in Po ugal he e is a dis inc
lack o documen s. The e a e none o he no a ial eco ds, o example,
which ha e p o ed so aluable o his o ians wo king in o he a eas o
sou he n Eu ope, no is he e any pe sonal co espondence (5). Po u-
gal lagged behind in bu eauc a ic inno a ion, o some ex en , and wa s
and ea hquakes ha e aken hei oll on wha was p oduced.
Despi e hese p oblems, ma e ial ele an o he his o y o medicine
has been disco e ed and published in unlikely places. Fo example, a
numbe o ex emely impo an documen s—wills, booklis s, obi s, and
agmen a y medical ex s—we e b ough o ou a en ion in he 1960s
by F ancisco da Gama Caei o, in his esea ch in o he educa ion o he
hi een h-cen u y F anciscan sain , An hony o Lisbon/Padua, and by
An ónio C uz, in his doc o al hesis on he sc ip o ium o he Augus inian
house o San a C uz in Coimb a. Al hough he medical in o ma ion in
hese au ho s’ wo ks is inciden al and sca e ed, all la e esea che s a e
indeb ed o hem o hei o iginal wo k (6).
This s udy o medical eaching in medie al Po ugal begins wi h an
ou line o wha is known abou he wo bes -known Po uguese physicians
o he hi een h cen u y, Pe us Hispanus and Giles o San a ém, as
ega ds hei s udies and aining in medicine. Pe us Hispanus is he
much be e known igu e, as a esul o he belie ha his au ho o
a ema kably wide ange o logical, heological and medical ea ises
(5) The compa ison he e is mainly made wi h esea ch ha is being ca ied ou in
he a chi es o A agon and sou he n F ance: see o example, McVAUGH, Michael
R. Medicine Be o e he Plague: P ac i ione s and hei Pa ien s in he C own o A agon,
1285-1435, Camb idge, Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, 1993; SHATZMILLER, Joseph.
Jews, Medicine, and Medie al Socie y, Be keley, CA, Uni e si y o Cali o nia P ess,
1994.
(6) CRUZ, An ónio. San a C uz de Coimb a na Cul u a Po uguesa da Idade Média, Po o,
Edições Ma ânus, 1964; CAEIRO, F ancisco da Gama. S. An ónio de Lisboa, Lisboa,
Uni e si y o Lisbon disse a ion, 1967, ol. 1. An hony (1190/95-1231), a
con empo a y o Pe us Hispanus and Giles o San a ém, who s a ed ou his
ca ee in Lisbon Ca hed al as a boy, and hen wen on o s udy in S. Vicen e and
San a C uz, be o e becoming a F anciscan in 1220, makes a use ul compa ison
wi h ou physicians.
309
Oppo uni ies o Teaching and S udying Medicine in Medie al Po ugal
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
became Pope John XXI in 1276. The heo y ha he e was only one
Pe us Hispanus has been challenged om ime o ime, bu i was only
wi h he publica ion o wo ecen a icles by José F ancisco Mei inhos
and Angel d’O s ha he challenge was made sys ema ic (7). The e is
now conside able doub ha he cle ic who was ac i e in Po uguese
poli ics in he 1250s and 1260s, and whose ise h ough he ecclesias ical
hie a chy can be aced wi h some accu acy, is he same Pe us Hispanus
who w o e he amous ea ise, he Summulae logicales, commen a ies on
he Pseudo-Dionysius, commen a ies on he key na u al philosophy ex s
o A is o le, and a a ie y o bo h academic and p ac ical medical wo ks.
The e was also a Pe us Hispanus who p ac ised and augh medicine in
Siena be ween 1245 and 1250 (8). All hese p oblems o iden i y a e
beyond he scope o his pape , I is enough o accep ha he e was a
Po uguese physician known as Pe us Hispanus in he mid- hi een h
cen u y. The in en ion he e is o pu o wa d some ideas abou how he
and his colleagues we e augh medicine, and by whom, wi h he aim o
opening up he Po uguese con ex in his discussion.
The main deba e conce ning Pe us Hispanus, which has ha dly
been looked a om a Po uguese pe spec i e, is he ques ion o whe he
he s udied medicine a Mon pellie (9). The his o ian who has had
(7) MEIRINHOS, José F ancisco. Pe us Hispanus Po ugalensis? Elemen os pa a
uma di e enção de au o es. Re is a Española de Filoso ia Medie al, 1996, 3, 51-76;
D’ORS, Angel. Pe us Hispanus O.P., Auc o Summula um. Vi a ium, 1997, 35, 21-
71. Bo h au ho s build on he ea lie challenge o SIMONIN, H. D. Les Summulae
Logicales de Pe us Hispanus. A chi es d’his oi e doc inale e li é ai e du moyen âge,
1930, 5, 267-278.
(8) Fo Pe us Hispanus’ s ay in Siena see he documen s in STAPPER, Richa d.
Pie o Hispano (Papa Gio anni XXI) ed il suo soggio no in Siena. Bulle ino
Senese di S o ia Pa ia, 1898, 5, 424-431 and LAURENT, Ma ie Hyacin he. Il
soggio no di Pie o Ispano a Siena. Bulle ino Senese di S o ia Pa ia, 1938, 9, 42-
47. The mos up- o-da e s udy o he Uni e si y o Siena in his pe iod adds li le
ha is new: NARDI, Paolo. L’Insegnamen o supe io e a Siena nei secoli XI-XIV, Mila-
no, Giu è, [Saggi e documen i pe la s o ia dell’Uni e si à di Siena 2], 1996.
(9) Fo an o e iew o medical s udies a Mon pellie , see BULLOUGH, Ve n L. The
De elopmen o he Medical Uni e si y a Mon pellie o he End o he Fou een h
Cen u y. Bulle in o he His o y o Medicine, 1956, 30, 508-523; DEMAITRE, Luke.
Theo y and P ac ice in Medical Educa ion a he Uni e si y o Mon pellie in he

310 IONA McCLEERY
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
mos in luence in ecen yea s conce ning his aspec o Pe us’ ca ee
is L. M. de Rijk. He belie es ha Pe us began his s udies in he
ca hed al school in Lisbon, and was hen sen o Pa is o s udy A s and
Theology. I is known o ce ain ha John XXI s udied in Pa is, because
o a e e ence in one o his own papal bulls (10). De Rijk hen sugges s
ha Pe us Hispanus s udied medicine in Mon pellie be o e lea ing o
Siena in 1245 (11). This sugges ion is based on e idence b ough o
ligh by de Rijk, who is in e es ed p ima ily in Pe us Hispanus’ logical
wo ks, and who es ablishes ha he e was a s ong link be ween hese
logical ea ises and he sou h o F ance. Two ea ly commen a ies on
he Summulae logicales we e w i en in Toulouse and Mon pellie , and
he Dominican house in Toulouse seems o ha e been in ol ed in he
di usion o Pe us’ wo ks (12). Fu he mo e, wo ea ly-mode n au ho s,
Rod igo da Cunha in 1635, and Nicolas An onio in 1696, bo h poin o
Mon pellie as a place o s udy associa ed wi h Pe us Hispanus (13).
La e sou ces, such as hese, a e c ucial o esea ch in he his o y o
medicine in Po ugal, and indeed a e i al o an unde s anding o
medie al Po uguese his o y, and should no he e o e be dismissed
simply because hey a e so la e. Finally, de Rijk eels ha o ha e been
employed by he Uni e si y o Siena, Pe us Hispanus mus ha e come
om a medical school o some epu e. This had o ha e been Mon pellie
in his pe iod (14).
Thi een h and Fou een h Cen u ies. Jou nal o he His o y o Medicine and Allied
Sciences, 1975, 30, 103-123.
(10) RIJK, no e 2, p. 127.
(11) RIJK, no e 2, pp. 146-147.
(12) RIJK, no e 2, p. 150. Mei inhos, who has s udied he same commen a ies, gi es
clea e idence ha hey we e w i en owa ds he end o he hi een h cen u y,
a he han in he 1240s; howe e , he loca ion is no challenged: see MEIRINHOS,
no e 7, p. 54.
(13) RIJK, no e 2, p. 146, who is e e ing o he His ó ia Ecclesiás ica dos a cebispos de
B aga e dos san os e a oes illus es que lo ece ão nes e a cebispado, B aga, 1634-35, pp.
152-160. Rijk is no awa e o ANTONIO, Nicolas. Biblio heca Hispana e us, Roma,
1696, ol. 2, p. 50. See also SERRAO, Joaquim Ve íssimo. Les Po ugais à l’Uni e si é
de Mon pellie (XIIe-XVIIe siècles), Pa is, Fundaçao Calous e Gulbenkian, Cen o
Cul u al Po uguês, 1971, p. 28.
(14) RIJK, no e 2, p. 146.
311
Oppo uni ies o Teaching and S udying Medicine in Medie al Po ugal
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
The p oblem wi h his las heo y is ha one need only glance a
he documen s ela ing o Pe us Hispanus’ s ay in Siena o ealize ha
he s udium gene ale he e, only ounded in 1240, had o s uggle o
su i e and ha Pe us Hispanus seems o ha e been a s uggling physician
in Siena. Al hough he i s documen o men ion him is da ed 11
Janua y 1245, he e is no e idence ha he was being paid by he
commune un il Au umn 1248. Also, in Feb ua y 1248 he had o sell a
aluable Bible, and was li ing in a poo qua e o Siena (15).
The e a e, howe e , o he easons why Mon pellie emains he
likelies place. I we look a he sou h o F ance om a Po uguese
pe spec i e, he e a e na u al links be ween he wo egions (16). The e
we e always impo an ading and communica ion con ac s, and he
sou h o F ance lies on he main ou e om he Ibe ian Peninsula o
Bu gundy, I aly, and beyond. E en mo e signi ican ly, Mon pellie lies
on one b anch o he camino ancés, he pilg im ou e o San iago de
Compos ela in Galicia; Coimb a in Po ugal lies on ano he b anch. I
is o en o go en ha Po ugal, like neighbou ing Cas ile, was a ec ed
by he social and economic changes b ough om he no h ia his
ou e (17). The e is no eason why he camino ancés could no ha e
been a wo-way ou e. I he ou side wo ld came o Po ugal his way,
hen why could he Po uguese no en u e o h by he same ou e?
Ex emely signi ican in his con ex is he only i m e idence which
connec s Pe us Hispanus o Mon pellie . This is a documen he wi nessed
he e in Oc obe 1259. As he was in Guima ães in Po ugal be ween May
and July 1259, and in Lisbon in No embe 1261, i seems he was on his
way o he papal cu ia and b oke his jou ney in Mon pellie (18).
(15) Fo he ea lie documen , see LAURENT, no e 8, p. 44. Fo he la e one, see
STAPPER, no e 8, pp. 430-431. Fo a discussion, see NARDI, no e 8, p. 61.
(16) The only his o ian o conside his pe spec i e o his pe iod is SERRAO, no e
13, pp. 15-34.
(17) SERRAO, no e 13, p. 16. See also MATTOSO, José. Monges e clé igos po ado es
da cul u a ancês em Po ugal (séculos XI e XII). In: Po ugal Medie al, No as
In e p e ações, 2nd edi ion, Lisboa, Imp. Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 1992, pp. 365-
387 o F ench in luence on Po uguese cul u e.
(18) SERRAO, no e 13, pp. 28-29. Fo documen s ela ing o Pe us Hispanus’ ac i i y
in Po ugal, see SÁ, no e 3, pp. 59-93 and CAEIRO, F ancisco da Gama. No os
312 IONA McCLEERY
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
Whe he he had been a s uden he e o no , Pe us Hispanus would
ha e been amilia wi h he own.
The e is less e idence ha Po uguese s uden s s udied in Mon pellie
du ing he wel h and hi een h cen u ies. Mode n his o ians ha e
discussed a some leng h he au hen ici y o a documen o King Sancho
I o Po ugal (1185-1211), in which he king g an ed 400 mo abi inos
each yea owa ds he expenses o canons o San a C uz de Coimb a
who we e s udying in pa ibus galliae (19). On he ace o i , his appea s
o be i m e idence ha he Po uguese we e s udying in F ance, and
mos Po uguese medical his o ians ha e seen i as a possible e e ence
o medical s udies in Mon pellie (20). Howe e , he only known copy
o he documen is published by a se en een h-cen u y ch onicle , Nicolas
de San a Ma ia (1600?-1675). San a Ma ia’s ch onicle (1668) is ano he
la e sou ce bu , un o una ely one which is deeply suspec ed by some
his o ians (21). On he o he hand, i would be absu d o ejec such an
elemen os sob e Ped o Hispano: con ibuição pa a o es udo da sua biog a ia.
Re is a Po uguesa de Filoso ia, 1966, 22, 157-174. Caei o poin s ou ha Pe us
Hispanus mus , in ac , ha e been in Anagni in he p esence o Pope Alexande
IV in Janua y 1260 (p. 159).
(19) SANTA MARIA, Nicholas de. Ch ónica da O dem dos Cónegos Reg an es do pa ia cha
S. Agos ino, Lisboa, 1668, 2nd pa , p. 58.
(20) The ague ph ase in pa ibus galliae is an in e es ing ea u e o his documen . I
is ema kably simila o he desc ip ion o he o igins o João Peculia , one o he
ounding canons o San a C uz, which is gi en in a wel h-cen u y li e o ano he
ounde , S . Tello. He e i is said o João Peculia ha de Gallie pa ibus ad en u,
which is usually aken o mean ha he was F ench o s udied in F ance. I is
possibly u he e idence o canons s udying ab oad om a con empo a y sou ce:
see COSTA, A elino de Jesus da. D. João Peculia , co- undado do mos ei o de
San a C uz de Coimb a, bispo do Po o e a cebispo de B aga. In: San a C uz de
Coimb a do século XI ao século XX: es udos, Coimb a, G á ica de Coimb a, 1984, pp.
59-83.
(21) Fo example, Joaquim Ve íssimo Se ão desc ibes San a Ma ia’s ch onicle as
«uma on e pouca digna pelas mui as alsidades de que es á echeada». SERRAO,
Joaquim Ve íssimo. A His o iog a ia Po uguesa, Lisboa, Edi o ial Ve bo, 1973, p.
234. Se ão does no explain he na u e o hese « alsi ies», bu he does poin o
he compa able eliabili y o ano he ch onicle o San a C uz, Timó eo dos
Má i es (d.1686). I is signi ican ha he e is no men ion o Sancho I’s documen
o o he medical s udies o Mendo Diaz (see p. 12) in Timó eo dos Má i es’
wo k, which emained in manusc ip un il o y yea s ago: ROCHA MADAHIL,
313
Oppo uni ies o Teaching and S udying Medicine in Medie al Po ugal
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
impo an documen , conside ing ha hese c i ical his o ians ne e
explain hei doub s, and he e is no c i ical analysis o he ch onicle.
Fu he mo e, Gama Caei o has shown ha he documen does ha e
e isimili ude and does no appea o belong o a la e pe iod (22).
The only clea e idence ha Po uguese s uden s did s udy medicine
in Mon pellie is li e a y, no documen a y, and is ound in wo hi een h-
cen u y sa i ical poems, p ese ed in he Cancionei o o he Na ional Lib a y
in Lisbon (23). Bo h poems e e o a Mes e Nicolas who wen o s udy
medicine in Mon pellie ; he e u ned wi h medical ex s bu , despi e inc eased
p ide and g eed, knew no mo e han be o e. To ha e become he subjec
o sa i e, Mes e Nicolas mus ha e belonged o a adi ion o Mon pellie -
ained physicians. O he wise he oubadou s would ha e had no impac
on hei Po uguese and Cas illian noble audiences. This e idence is
ci cums an ial bu i is appa en ha u u e s udies o Po uguese physicians,
especially Pe us Hispanus, should conside hei ca ee s om a b oade
pe spec i e ha includes a Po uguese elemen .
The second Po uguese physician whose ca ee and medical aining
should be discussed is Giles o San a ém. Giles is i ually unknown o
he English-speaking wo ld, and e en in Po ugal he e has been li le
in e es in him as a physician (24). Giles was bo n in he Po uguese
An ónio Gomes da (ed.). A C ónica do Mos ei o de S. C uz de Coimb a de D.
Timó eo dos Ma í es. O Ins i u o, 1944-1960, 103-122. Howe e , wi hou a ca e ul
analysis o bo h ex s, i is no possible o elabo a e on his poin .
(22) CAEIRO, no e 6, pp. 65-67. He poin s ou ha he documen is da ed o 14
Sep embe 1190 and e e s o Sancho I as Sancius Dei g a ia Po ugalliae e Alga bii
Rex. Al hough «King o he Alga e» became a no mal i le o Po uguese kings
om he mid- hi een h cen u y, wi h he cap u e o he las Islamic e i o y in
he sou h, i could only ha e been claimed by Sancho a ound he ime a which
he documen is da ed. He conque ed Sil es in he Alga e in Sep embe 1189,
bu los i again in 1191; i was no ecap u ed un il 1249. This sugges s ha he
documen published by San a Ma ia is genuine.
(23) SERRAO, no e 13, pp. 32-34. The ex o he e ses can be ound in LAPA,
Manuel Rod igues (ed.). Can igas de esca nho e de mal dize dos cancionei os medie ais
galego-po ugueses, Vigo, Edi o ial Galaxia, 1965, numbe 42, p. 75 and numbe
332, pp. 494-495.
(24) Giles o San a ém has a ely a ac ed he in e es o his o ians, despi e he ac
ha he mus ha e been a leading igu e o his own ime. Examples o ele an
320 IONA McCLEERY
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
o S. Vicen e is seeking ad ice om he mo he house conce ning he
i hes which suppo he hospi als o he wo houses. A sepa a e hospi al
o sick canons is known o ha e exis ed om e e ences in a codex o
San a C uz known as he Gemma Co one (42). The e is no e idence ha
he sick poo we e ea ed in hei hospice, o ha ou side pa ien s we e
allowed o en e he clois e o ea men . To his ex en , San a C uz
and S. Vicen e did no di e om any o he Augus inian house. The e
is a clea indica ion in he le e s men ioned abo e ha he p io s d ew
hei inspi a ion om he Rule o S Augus ine which called o poo
elie o be gi en, and speci ically ou lined he ca e o be gi en o sick
and aged canons (43). Thus, he wo Po uguese houses can be compa ed
o Ba nwell P io y in England ( ounded 1112), he obse ances o
which a e laid ou in a manusc ip o 1295/6. These include de ails o
an in i ma e ’s and an almone ’s du ies, hose o he o me including
a desc ip ion o di e en g ades o illness, and hose o he la e
conce ning bo h alms-gi ing and he ecep ion o he sick and aged
poo (44). The e is li le o sugges ha San a C uz was, in ac , any
di e en o any o he Eu opean monas e y. Howe e , i he p esence o
some so o hospi al is linked o he exis ence o a conside able medical
lib a y, a adi ion o eaching, and he ac i i y o physicians in Coimb a,
i does seem ha we ha e he e mo e han he usual monas ic conce n
o heal h and well-being.
The e a e nume ous indi iduals wi h medical in e es s associa ed
wi h San a C uz o Coimb a ca hed al du ing he hi een h cen u y.
In e es ingly, only one his o ian, Amé ico Pin o, has e e connec ed
Pe us Hispanus o San a C uz (45). This may be because pe haps only
(42) CAEIRO, no e 41, p. 228. The ull i le o he codex is he Gemma Co one claus ialium
e speculum p ela o um o dinis Sanc i Augus ini, Po o, B.P.M.P., MS San a C uz, 93,
. 98 . and 99 .
(43) AUGUSTINE. The Rule o S Augus ine, Masculine and Femine Ve sions, London,
Da on, Longman & Todd, 1996, pp. 15 and 21 [in oduc ion and commen a y
by Ta sicius J. an Ba el, ansla ed by Raymond Canning].
(44) CLARK, John Willis (ed.). The Obse ances in Use a he Augus inian P io y o S. Giles
and S. And ew a Ba nwell, Camb idgeshi e, Camb idge, Macmillan and Bowes, 1897,
pp. 173-179 and 203-209.
(45) PINTO, Amé ico. A p imei a escola de medicina em Po ugal. Acção Médica, 1947-
48, 12, 552-564, a 561. Pin o is no eliable; he makes a numbe o odd ema ks,

321
Oppo uni ies o Teaching and S udying Medicine in Medie al Po ugal
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
canons could bene i om he claus al educa ion, and John XXI was a
secula cle ic (46). Howe e , he could s ill ha e been pa o he in ellec ual
clima e domina ed by San a C uz in his pe iod. O he signi ican igu-
es a e a Magis e Raymundus and a domnus Ped o Pe es, bo h men ioned
in an accoun o he P o incial Chap e o 1228 in he Gemma Co one.
The o me , Raymundus, is desc ibed in he ex as p o undissime in
di e sis scien iis li e a us. Ped o is e en mo e p es igiously desc ibed as
being magno in G ama ica, Medicina e Logica e in heologia qui pe ob ime
p edicaba . Who a e hese exceedingly well-educa ed canons? A e hey, as
An ónio C uz sugges s, he mas e s o he claus al school o San a
C uz? Simila ly, Gama Caei o, in his a emp o disco e wha o m o
educa ion S . An hony o Lisbon/Padua, he subjec o his s udy, migh
ha e ecei ed a San a C uz, p oposes hese canons as his eache s (47).
The obi s o people iden i ied as isici a e eco ded in he Li o das
Kalendas o Coimb a Ca hed al. Fo example, Mas e Giles o Lei ia in
1237, Mas e João in 1242, and Mas e João And es in 1281. In 1285,
João Gonçal es «Chancinho» le a numbe o books o he ca hed al
chap e , including h ee books o isica and a lapida y (48). The mos
p oblema ic e e ence o medicine in Coimb a is a s o y old by Nicolas
de San a Ma ia, he se en een h-cen u y ch onicle al eady e e ed o,
whose wo ds mus be ea ed wi h g ea cau ion. He ells us ha du ing
he eign o Sancho I, he P io o San a C uz, Gonçalo Diaz, ins uc ed
his nephew, Mendo Diaz, who was a he Uni e si y o Pa is, o abandon
heology and ake up medicine. Mendo hen e u ned o San a C uz
o example, ha Pe us Hispanus inaugu a ed a chai o Obs e ics in he
Uni e si y o Mon pellie (p. 559).
(46) RIJK, no e 2, p. 127, no e 2. John XXI is hough o be a secula cle ic because
when Ricobaldo o Fe a a lis s he ca dinals c ea ed by G ego y X a he
Second Council o Lyons in 1274, he akes ca e o no e ha Pe e o Ta en aise
and Bona en u a we e membe s o he Dominican and F anciscan o de s,
espec i ely, bu ails o gi e simila in o ma ion abou Pe us Hispanus, who is
made Ca dinal-Bishop o Tusculum. See ex in MURATORI, Ludo ico An onio
(ed.). His o ia Impe a o um. In: Re um I alica um Sc ip o es, Mediolani, 1726,
ol. 9,column 140.
(47) CAEIRO, no e 41, pp. 224-225; CRUZ, no e 6, pp. 215-217; CAEIRO, no e 6, p. 58.
(48) DAVID; SOARES, no e 38, ol. 1, p. 186 (Giles o Lei ia); ol. 2, p. 114 (João);
ol. 2, p. 147 (João And es); ol. 2, pp. 273-278 (João Gonçal es).
322 IONA McCLEERY
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
and became he i s o lec u e in medicine in Po ugal (49). Can his
s o y be accep ed, coming as i does sho ly a e he documen o
Sancho which p o ided s uden s such as Mendo wi h he unds o s udy
ab oad? I i can, hen his is clea e idence o medical eaching in
San a C uz. Al hough his s o y is ex emely impo an , i should be
emembe ed ha San a Ma ia was w i ing in a pe iod du ing which he
Po uguese uni e si y had inally se led in Coimb a. Since i s ounda ion
in Lisbon in 1290, i had mo ed back and o h be ween Lisbon and
Coimb a i e imes. San a Ma ia was keen o p esen he p e-his o y o
he uni e si y in his ci y, and especially show ha i s oo s lay in his own
p io y.
All hese e e ences, howe e , pale in compa ison o he h ee mos
impo an pieces o e idence o medical eaching in San a C uz. These
a e h ee book lis s da ed o 1207, 1218 and 1226, espec i ely. They a e
all ound sc ibbled on he e so o he las olio o a San a C uz
manusc ip now in he Public Lib a y in Opo o (50). The lis s eco d
he g an ing o books om he lib a y o San a C uz o h ee indi iduals.
So ain is he sc ip in he booklis s ha i was no un il he analysis o
An ónio C uz in 1964 ha he wo ds we e seen as mo e han «impe cep í el»
no es (51). The g an s a e pe haps eco ded in such a ca eless manne
because hey belong o he P io a e o João Cesa (1196-1226), a pe iod
o laxi y and poli ical ins abili y in San a C uz (52).
The majo i y o he books g an ed in hese lis s a e medical. The
i s lis o Decembe 1207 e e s o he Via icum o al-Jazza , ansla ed
by Cons an ine he A ican (d.1087); he Passiona ius, a ibu ed o
(49) SANTA MARIA, no e 19, pp. 58-59; CRUZ, no e 6, p. 220; CAEIRO, no e 6, p. 61.
(50) Po o, B.P.M.P., MS San a C uz, 34.
(51) CRUZ, no e 6, p. 192.
(52) CRUZ, no e 6, pp. 193-198. I was also a his ime ha he u u e S An hony o
Lisbon, dismayed by he lack o discipline in his p io y, was a ac ed o he
s ic e li es yle o a g oup o F anciscans who we e passing h ough Po ugal on
hei way o Mo occo, and, as i u ned ou , ma y dom, in 1220. Howe e ,
monas ic booklis s we e no in equen ly w i en down on miscellaneous pieces o
pape : see WEBBER, T.; WATSON, A. G. (eds.). Co pus o B i ish Medie al Lib a y
Ca alogues: Lib a ies o Augus inian Canons, London, B i ish Lib a y, 1998.
323
Oppo uni ies o Teaching and S udying Medicine in Medie al Po ugal
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
(53) CRUZ, no e 6, p. 192 and pp. 199-200, ansc ibes he name o his book as he
Libe G adiuus. The new Ca álogo dos códices, xcii, ende s i as Libe g adiuum. I
is, indeed, ex emely di icul o de e mine which i is: an o iginal sc ibal e o
p obably explains he con usion.
(54) CRUZ, no e 6, pp. 192-193 and pp. 200-207.
(55) CRUZ, no e 6, p. 193 and pp. 208-209.
(56) CRUZ, no e 6, p. 209.
Ga iopon us o Sale no; and a Libe G adibus (53), which is p obably he
an ido a ium o Cons an ine known as he De g adibus simplicium. These
books we e gi en o Ped o Vicen e, a canon o S. Vicen e in Lisbon.
The lis o July 1218 is a longe and mo e a ied g oup o i een
books. The medical ex s included a e he nin h book o Almanso (o
he Ki ab al-Mansu i) o Rhazes (d.925), and a codex which con ains a
copy o Mace Flo idus de i u ibus he ba um, a wel h-cen u y he bal; a
lapida y; some unknown appendices; mul is expe imen is, p obably medical
ecipes; and a p ac ical ea ise on p ecious me als and dyes. All he
o he books could concei ably belong o he s udy o he i ium o
quad i ium o he Se en Libe al A s, being ela ed o logic, g amma ,
geome y, a i hme ic, and as ology. These books we e g an ed o a
Mas e Giles (54).
The hi d lis o 1226 g an s o a Ped o Pe es wo u he medical
ex s. These a e ano he , o he same, copy o he Almanso o Rhazes,
and a wo k by he medical commen a o o Sale no, Pe us Musandinus,
he i le o which is illegible (55). Ped o Pe es is p obably he same
indi idual desc ibed abo e as magnus, owing o his p owess in medicine,
logic, g amma , and heology, and who C uz belie es played a key ole
in he claus al school.
These h ee lis s o books (all e e ing o codices p esumably p oduced
by he sc ip o ium o San a C uz) a e belie ed by An ónio C uz o ha e
been used o eaching he Se en Libe al A s in he p io y school. Why
else, he asks, would ime ha e been aken o copy hem? (56) The
copying o books, o cou se, does no imply ha hey we e being used
o eaching. Howe e , g amma , ce ainly, was augh in all monas e ies
using he ex s o P iscian, also lis ed in he g an o 1218. I he
324 IONA McCLEERY
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
(57) Fu he e idence o he dissemina ion o books be ween he wo houses can be
ound in he con empo a y booklis which su i es o S. Vicen e. Al hough his
lis o 116 olumes does no include medical ex s and makes no men ion o
Ped o Vicen e, i does no e ha nine books a e on loan o o he cen es,
including San a C uz. The ex s do imply a high le el o educa ion. See
NASCIMENTO, Ai es Augus o. Li os e claus o no século XIII em Po ugal, o
in en á io da Li a ia de S. Vicen e de Fo a, em Lisboa. Didaskalia, 1985, 15, 229-242.
(58) CRUZ, no e 6, p. 229.
(59) DAVID; SOARES, no e 38, ol. 1, p. 246.
(60) CAEIRO, no e 6, p. 62, no e 35.
appea ance o ex s ela ing o he o he Libe al A s o geome y and
as ology can also be aken as e idence o he eaching o hese subjec s,
hen why no see he medical ex s in a simila ligh ? We e hese books
being g an ed o len o hese indi iduals, Ped o Vicen e, Giles, and
Ped o Pe es, o he pu poses o eaching o o indi idual s udy? I is
s a ed ha Ped o Vicen e was a canon o S. Vicen e, which, as i would
su ely also ha e had a school, sugges s ha he e was dissemina ion o
ex s be ween he wo Augus inian houses (57). Dissemina ion does no
necessa ily in ol e eaching bu can indica e he passing on o lea ning
be ween in e es ed people.
The ecipien o he longes lis o books, o 1218, has caused he
mos deba e. Was his Mas e Giles he pe son we now know as Giles o
San a ém? An ónio C uz belie es ha his was he case, and ha Giles
o San a ém was a colleague o Ped o Pe es in he eaching o medicine
in San a C uz (58). I is no impossible ha he was he ecipien as he
ce ainly main ained a connec ion wi h Coimb a h oughou his li e -
his own obi is ound in he Li o das Kalendas o 1265 (59). Also, he e
exis s a ansla ion o he Libe de sec e is in medicina o Rhazes a ibu ed
o Giles o San a ém. I is emp ing o connec his in e es in A abic
medicine wi h he Rhazes ex in he book lis o 1218. Howe e , he e
is as ye no i m e idence o suppo his, and Gama Caei o has poin ed
ou he exis ence o a leas wo o he igu es named Giles associa ed
wi h medicine and Coimb a in his same pe iod (60). The Giles o
Lei ia whose dea h is eco ded in he ca hed al eco ds in 1237 has
al eady been men ioned. The e was also ano he Giles o Lei ia who
deposi ed a copy o his will in he Coimb a Ca hed al a chi es in
325
Oppo uni ies o Teaching and S udying Medicine in Medie al Po ugal
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
(61) CAEIRO, no e 6, pp. 62-62, no e 35. The will has been published wholly o in
pa by SÁ, no e 3, pp. 69-70; LOPES, F. Félix. B e es no as a dois documen os.
Colec ânea de Es udos, 1953, 4, 365-372, a 366-370; PEREIRA, Isaias da Rosa. Li os
de di ei o na Idade Média. Lusi ánia Sac a, 1964-66, 7, 7-60 (16-17). The o iginal
documen is ound in he Na ional A chi es o he To e do Tombo in Lisbon,
collec ion o he Cabido da Sé de Coimb a, m.15, numbe 34.
(62) The e e ina y books included in he lis a e, as ye , uniden i ied su gical and
ana omical ex s on ho ses and dogs: Ana homia e cu a equo um si e Ci u gia
ipso um.... cu a canum si e Ci u gia ipso um. They migh pe haps ha e a ela ionship
wi h ou een h-cen u y ea ises on he daily ca e and medical ea men o
ho ses and alcons w i en by Mes e Gi aldo, a physician o King Dinis: PEREIRA,
Gab iel (ed.). Mes e Gi aldo: T a ado das en e midades das a es de caça, Lisboa,
O icina Typog aphica, 1909; PEREIRA, Gab iel. Li o d’al ei a ia do mes e
Gi aldo. Re is a Lusi ana, 1909, 12, 1-60. See also VASCONCELLOS, Ca olina
Michaëlis de. Mes e Gi aldo e os seus a ados de al ei a ia e ce a ia. Re is a
Lusi ana, 1910, 13, 149-432.
1257 (61). The long gap be ween he da es o he will and he obi
makes i highly unlikely ha his is he same Giles. Howe e , i is
possible, om he de ails o he second Giles o Lei ia’s will, ha he was
he ecipien o he g an o books o 1218.
Giles o Lei ia d ew up a will in Feb ua y 1257 which was o eplace
an ea lie one, p esumably ende ed in alid because o he dea h o his
mo he , Ma ia Gonçal es. He also s a es ha he has a b o he named
Raimundo. These amily de ails con i m ha his pe son is ce ainly no
Giles o San a ém himsel . His amily backg ound is a complex p oblem
ha is cu en ly unde in es iga ion. The bulk o Giles o Lei ia’s beques s
consis s o mo e han hi y books, mos o which he le o he F anciscans
o Lei ia. Qui e wha use he ia s made o his la ge dona ion o ex s
is unknown. As was commen ed ea lie conce ning he ole o he
Dominicans in Giles o San a ém’s ca ee , mo e wo k needs o be done
on he a i udes o he Mendican s owa ds medicine. Se e al o he
books a e key legal ex s, and he e o e Giles o Lei ia’s will has mainly
a ac ed he a en ion o legal his o ians. Twen y-one o he books,
howe e , lie in he ield o medicine o na u al philosophy. The e a e
p ac ical, su gical and e e ina y ex s o such a ie y ha he possesso
o his lib a y would ha e had a hand a comple e ange o medical
ea men s (62). The e is, o example, a copy o he Ci ca ins ans, a lis

326 IONA McCLEERY
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
(63) I is wo h placing his will agains he backg ound o he complex ela ions
be ween San a C uz, he ci y o Coimb a, Lei ia, and he F anciscans. San a C uz
was g an ed ecclesias ical ju isdic ion o e Lei ia by Pope Ad ian IV in 1157; his
was esen ed by he Bishop o Coimb a, in whose diocese Lei ia lay, and he
igh s o he a ious pa ies we e dispu ed in e mi en ly o many yea s. The
si ua ion was u he complica ed in 1231 by he ounda ion o a F anciscan
house in he expanding own. The F anciscans we e b ough in o immedia e
compe i ion wi h San a C uz and, despi e papal in e en ion, he con lic con inued
un il mid-cen u y. A close look a his poli ical si ua ion migh well h ow ligh
on he con en s o Giles o Lei ia’s will: see MATTOSO, José. A cidade de Lei ia
na his ó ia medie al de Po ugal. In: F agmen os de uma Composição Medie al,
Lisboa, Es ampa, 1993, pp. 95-111, especially p. 99 and p. 103.
o emedies p oduced by Ma eus Pla ea ius in wel h-cen u y Sale no,
and also one codex con aining he Pa icula Die s, Uni e sal Die s, and
U ines o Isaac Judeus, a en h-cen u y Judaeo-A abic au ho .
The mos impo an ex s on he lis a e con ained in a single codex
and a e ob iously seen as a g oup apa in he will, being gi en he i le
A s o a comple a. These wo ks a e he Isagoge o Joanni ius (Hunayn ibn
Ishaq’s nin h-cen u y in oduc ion o Galen’s Tegni), Galen’s Tegni i sel ,
he Apho isms and P ognos ics o Hippoc a es, and sho ac s on pulses
and u ines by Phila e us and Theophilus espec i ely. These wo ks make
up he g oup o ex s which by he i een h cen u y was known as he
A icella. They we e he main ex s used in he eaching o medicine in
medie al uni e si ies. I is highly signi ican ha hese ex s we e seen
as a g oup in Po ugal as ea ly as 1257. We e hey al eady being used
o eaching o had Giles simply b ough hem back om Mon pellie
o elsewhe e, like Mas e Nicholas in he oubadou e ses? I his was
he case, why would Giles con inue o emphasize he cohe ence o hese
ex s as a g oup in his will? Conside ing ha i ually no hing is known
o he medical cu iculum in he Uni e si y o Lisbon un il he six een h
cen u y, he ac ha hese wo ks we e al eady in ci cula ion in he mid-
hi een h cen u y should ha e been gi en a mo e impo ance han
has been he case.
Giles o Lei ia’s will p o okes many as ye unanswe able ques ions.
Wha is he connexion be ween his will and he medical in e es s o
San a C uz? Is i signi ican ha Giles o Lei ia does no lea e hese
ex s o San a C uz? (63) Can any o he i les be iden i ied wi h hose
327
Oppo uni ies o Teaching and S udying Medicine in Medie al Po ugal
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
(64) CAEIRO, no e 6, p. 63, no e 35.
(65) GARCÍA BALLESTER, Luis. El papel de las ins i uciones de consumo y di usión
de ciencia médica en la Cas illa del siglo XIII: el monas é io, la ca ed al, y la
uni e sidad. Dynamis, 1984, 4, 33-63; GARCÍA BALLESTER, Luis. Medical Science
in Thi een h-Cen u y Cas ile: P oblems and P ospec s. Bulle in o he His o y o
Medicine, 1989, 61, 183-202.
(66) GARCÍA-BALLESTER (1984), no e 65, p. 34.
o he ea lie g an o 1218? Only he Mace may co espond; i is
desc ibed in he will as being only pa o a whole, and in he lis o
1218 i was pa o a la ge codex. Pe haps in nea ly o y yea s he
codex was di ided? I is impo an o emembe ha Giles o Lei ia
main ained con ac s wi h San a C uz and Coimb a. His will was p ese ed
in he San a C uz a chi es because he le p ope y in he own o he
Bishop o Coimb a, and i y pounds o he p io y i sel . Was his
beques a sign o g a i ude o he ea lie loan, as Gama Caei o
sugges s? (64) I is possible en a i ely o sugges ha he Giles who was
he ecipien o he book g an o 1218 and Giles o Lei ia we e one and
he same pe son. I his was no he case, hen bo h hese men sha ed
a wide- anging in e es in medical and p ac ical knowledge.
To conclude his discussion o he oppo uni ies a ailable o Po uguese
s uden s wishing o s udy medicine in he hi een h cen u y, a b ie
look should be aken a he de elopmen s aking place in neighbou ing
Cas ile du ing his same pe iod. Medicine in hi een h-cen u y Cas ile
is being in es iga ed by Luis Ga cía Balles e , and his a icle on he ole
o he monas e y, he ca hed al, and he uni e si y in he de elopmen
o medicine in ha kingdom, asks ques ions and p o ides in o ma ion
which bea compa ison wi h aspec s o he Po uguese si ua ion desc ibed
abo e (65).
The e a e many simila i ies be ween he wo Ibe ian kingdoms, as
a as medicine is conce ned. A simila ague in ol emen o he Mendican
O de s in he di usion o medical knowledge is obse ed (66). Mos o
he wo ks ci ed in he San a C uz book lis s and Giles o Lei ia’s will a e,
as one would expec , Sale ni an o p e-Sale ni an in cha ac e , and his
is again he case in mos o he i les lis ed in he su i ing ca hed al
and monas ic lib a y in en o ies o Cas ile, and in he su i ing codices
328 IONA McCLEERY
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
hemsel es. The e seem o be se e al medie al medical ex s s ill in
exis ence, which is in ma ked con as o he agmen s which a e all
ha emain in Po ugal. I would be in e es ing o know whe he a
medical adi ion de eloped a ound a pa icula monas e y o p io y in
Cas ile. Wha was he ole o Augus inian p io ies, o example, in o he
pa s o Ibe ia?
Amongs he Cas ilian manusc ip s and in en o ies a e e y simila
wo ks o hose we know once exis ed in Po uguese lib a ies. Fo example,
a 1266-1275 lis o books in he lib a y o he A chbishop o Toledo
includes he Ci ca ins ans, he P ognos ics, and a collec ion o expe imen a,
o medical ecipes (67) The e a e se e al examples o A icella ex s in
Cas ilian lib a ies; howe e , only one ou een h-cen u y in en o y o e s
a codex which con ains he comple e g oup o wo ks (including he
Regimen o Acu e Diseases o Hippoc a es) (68). Does his indica e ha
he A icella wo ks we e ci cula ing ea lie in Po ugal han in Cas ile?
E en i his is no he case, i is clea ha Po ugal was no backwa d in
compa ison wi h Cas ile, as a as medical knowledge is conce ned.
Bo h egions, o cou se, we e conside ably behind de elopmen s in
F ance and I aly. The e is, o example, no e idence in ei he kingdom
o commen a ies on he A icella ex s, which would be an indica ion o
scholas ic echniques used in medical eaching in o he a eas o Eu ope.
Howe e , he absence o a o mal scholas ic sys em does no ule ou
he exis ence o in e es in and he passing on o medical lea ning.
Bea ing in mind he exis ence o medical ex s, Luis Ga cía Balles e
does ask why medical acul ies did no appea in mo e places in Cas ile.
Medicine was augh a he Uni e si y o Salamanca om 1254 bu , as
wi h he la e Uni e si y o Lisbon, e y li le is known abou wha was
augh in his ini ial pe iod (69).
(67) GARCÍA-BALLESTER (1984), no e 65, pp. 41-42.
(68) GARCÍA-BALLESTER (1984), no e 65, p. 52.
(69) GARCÍA-BALLESTER (1984), no e 65, pp. 57-53. Ano he issue is he a endance
o Po uguese s uden s a Salamanca: see SERRAO, Joaquim Ve íssimo. La Uni-
e sidad de Salamanca y Po ugal has a el Renacimien o. In: Es udios sob e la
cul u a po uguesa ac ual y um p ólogo e ospec i o, Salamanca, Uni e sidad de
Salamanca, 1973, pp. 7-15. A Po uguese cle ic, Fe nando Anes de Po oca ei o,
a con empo a y o Giles o San a ém and Pe us Hispanus, played a key ole in
329
Oppo uni ies o Teaching and S udying Medicine in Medie al Po ugal
DYNAMIS. Ac a Hisp. Med. Sci. His . Illus. 2000, 20, 305-329.
E en based as i is on he chance su i al o e idence (an impo an
will, he book lis s, and ea ly-mode n ch onicles), i has been possible
o show ha he e clea ly was an in e es in medical lea ning in medie-
al Po ugal, pa icula ly based a ound San a C uz de Coimb a. I would
be unwise o dismiss his e idence. Medie al Po uguese his o y seems
o be ull o such sc aps and an alizing mo sels and i such sou ces
we e o be dismissed, Po ugal would ha e had no his o y. No only does
he e idence sugges ha he e we e a numbe o indi iduals keenly
in e es ed in medicine in medie al Po ugal, bu i also pa allels e idence
om o he pa s o he Ibe ian Peninsula. This should be aken in o
conside a ion in u u e s udies o medie al Po uguese physicians.
he ounda ion o Salamanca: see ANTUNES, José. Po ugueses no p ocesso
his ó ico da undação da Uni e sidade de Salamanca. Re is a da His ó ia das
Ideias, 1990, 12, 19-53.