A ]E VISH OLASS-BLO VER FROM SP
AIN
A
se ies
o
documen s
ha e
been
published
ecen
I
y
which
me i
dose
conside a ion,
no
on1y o
he
in o ma ion
hey
p o ide
abou
a
li le-known
ield o
Jewish
ac i i y,
bu
beca
use
hey
h ow
new
ligh
on
he
glass
indus ,y
in
Spain
in
gene al.
In
spi e o
he
igou
and
o iginali y
which
chamc e ises
he
ea ly glass
indus y
o
Spain
(o
which
he
Mexican
is
an
o -shoo ), i s
o igins
and
de elopmen
ha e
always
been
some hing
o
a
mys e y.
The
abo e-men ioned
documen s
con ain
he
s Q y o
Juan
Ro-
bles,
a 16 h-cen u lY glass-blo:we o
Cadalso
de
los
Vid ios
in
Spain.
They
indude
an
eye-wi ness
desc ip ion
o
he
young
man,
and
a
numbe
o
his
le e s,
which
ha e
been
p ese ed
h ough
he
cl cu is ance
ha
he
-Juan
RobIes-
ell
unde
he
displeasu e
o
he
Spanish
Inquisi ion,
and
was
ied
in
abseniia
in
Toledo
in
a
p ocess
which
ex ended
om
1532-351•
Cadalso
de
los
Vid ios,
in
he
P o jnce
o
Toledo,
a
his
pe iod
was
an
impo an
cen e
o
he
glass
indus y,
p o iding
high
quali y
domes ic
glass
o
he
whole
kingdom
o
Cas ile.
Al hough
1
The
documen1 s
we e
he
subjec
oí
a pa¡pe published
by
D .
Haim
Beina o
he
Heb ew
Uni e si y, Je usa)em, in
he
Isaac
Ben
Z i
Memo ial Volume (Heb ew) J964,
unde
he
i le "Fez,
Cen e
o
P osely iza1 ion and
Seúlemen
o
Con e sos
o
Judaism
in
he
16 h Cen u y)). 1
ake
I his
oppo uni y
o
hanking
him
again o pe mission
o
use
he
ma e ial
and
o gi ing so gene ously
o
his ime in discussing i .
44
ANITA
ENGLE
BERKOFF
i is belie ed
ha
many
glass
u naces
mus
ha e
been
in
ape a ion
he e,
o
judge
om
he
quan i ies
o
Cadalso
glass
which
appea
on
he
in en a ies
o
he
g ea
houses
o
he
pe iod
(induding
ha
o
Philip
U),
he e
a e ew de ails
abou
he
glass~making
communi y
i sel .
Juan
Robles
was
he
son
o a
glass~blowe
o
Cadalso,
He nan~
do
de
Robles, a con e o Ch is ¡ani y.
His
mo he ,
a
Ch is ian
o
'oId'
Ch is ian
descen , whQ
was
abou
60
~ea s
oId
when
she
was
caIled
upon
o gi e e idenee
be o e
he
Inquisi ion
Cou
a
Toledo,
decla ed
ha
she
had
ne e
had
he
sligh es suspieion
ha
he
husband
was
no o
pu e
Spanish
decen ,
and
he e is
no
eason
o
doub
he
e idence.
l
appea s
ha
she
ma ied
him
a
ew
yea s
be o e
he
expulsion o
Jews
o o
Spain
149:2,
So
He nando
de
Robles
mus
ha e
como om a
amily
which
had
been
nominally
Ch is ian
o so ne gene a ions. (l will
be
emembe ed
ha
he
n s
]a ge~scale
con e sions
: ook
place
in
139
,
and
a e 1412
he e
we e
cen es
h oughou
Spain
whe e
p ac ieally
he
en i e
Jewish
·cOJ:pmuni y
adop ed
Ch is iani y.)
As
doseIy
as
de
Robles
gua ded
he
a nil.y sec e ,
he e
mus
ha e
been
so ne poin a
which
he
eh
obliged
o
pass
on
o
his
son
Juan
he
u h
abou
his
o igino
This
may
ha e
been
on
Juan's
13 h
bi hday
(when, acco ding o
Jewish
law,
a boy
eaches
he
age
o
eligious esponsibili y); o , mo e likely, i
was
jus
be o e
He nando's
deaj:h, o
he
glass-blowe
died,
lea ing
Juan
a
an
ea ly
age,
he
head
o
a amily
which
consis ed
o
he
mo he ,
Ma ia
Alonso,
and
se e al
child en.
I
was
as app en ice
o
a
mas e
glass~blowe ,
one
F ancisco
Ydob o
o
Y
d obo,
ha
Juan
Ie
he
place
o
his
bi h
and
se
ou
o
he
independen
Sul ana e
o
Fez
in
Mo oeeo.
Be o e ollowing
Juan
on
his
jou ney
o Fez, i
may
be
o
~n e es
o s op
he e
and
eonside
how
muehQ
his
backg ound
we
can
glean
om
he
clues
p o ided
in
his
le e s
o
his
mQ he ,
and
he
in o ma ion
gi en
abou
his
a he ,
He nando
de
Robles.
Sligh
as
hese
de ails a e,
hey
gain
bod
y
when
i ed in o
he
con ex
·o
wha
is
known
abou
guilds
and
glass~making
communi ies
in
Spain
and
elsewhe e.
Tha
Jews
o med
a la ge
p opo ion
o
he
glass-make s
o
he
A
jEWISH
GLASS-BLOWER
FROM
SPAIN
45
anejen
and
medie al
wo ld
is
a ~es ed
by
e e ences
in
he
Mishnah
and
he
Talmud
(e.g.,
om
abou
he
1s o
he
6 h
cen .
A.D.)2.
These
a e
elabo a ed
by
eon ae s
and
e e ences
ound
among
he'
eai o
Geniza
documen s
(11 h-12 h cen u ies)",
which
p o ide
a
i id
eommen a .y o Benjamin
o
Tudela's
amous
s a emen
abou
he
Jewish
glass-make s
o T y e
and
An ioeh
(la e 12 h cen u y)·l.
I
is
all
he
mo e
ema kable,
he e o e,
iha
he e
seems
o
be
no
di ee
e e enees
in
Jewish
w i ings
o
glassmake s'
guilds
as
sacho
This
may
be
due
Q
he
ae
ha
glass-make s
we e
included
in
o he
guilds, aeco ding o
he
b aneh
o
he
indus y
o
which
hey
belonged.
F o example,
make s
o
a i icial ge» s
and
hose
who
wo ked
glas:s
in
lapida y
ashion
eould
be
induded
wi h
)anke s,
goldsmi hs
and/o
beadmake s.
O he
likely
guilds
would
be
lan e ne s;
masons
o
so ne
o he
di sion o
he
building
ade
o
hose
who
p o ided
he
eolou ed
glass
slabs
o mosaies,
and
he
po
me al o
windows;
c1ye s
(which
would
explain
he
signa-
u e
'Hyacin hus'
ound
on
an
ea ly
speeimen
o
blown
glass);
and
po e s'
guilds,
as
sugges ed
by
ano he
ea ly
essel
signed
'Bounne i
he
po e ';
and
pe haps
glass-make s
would
e en
be
included
wi hin
he
amewo k oí
shippe s,
as
in
Benjamin's
e e-
enee o
he
communi y
o
Ty e.
«The
Jews
own
sea-going
esseIs,
and
he e
a e
glass-make s.
amongs
ihem
who
make
ha
ine T
y ian
glass-wa e
whieh
is p izeL:
in
all coun ies.))
Benjamin,
who
himseh
ca ne om
Na a e,
men inos
among
he
h¡:ee
leading
men
o
Ty e
Qne
Rabbi
Mei
om
Ca easonne
in
a -away
P o ence,
a ac
which
is
o
so ne signi ieance.
The
Jewish
communi y
o
he
Medi e anean
basin
o med
a closely-
kni
uni la.
This
is
ue
a
he
whole
o
Spain,
bu
pa icula Iy
2
ANITA
ENGLE,
«Does
Wes e n
Galilee
Con ain
he
Sec e s
o
Glass-Blowing?».
Janus
(B ill/Leiden). U 2, 1964.
pp.
125-35.
3
P o .
S.
D.
GOITEIN,
"The
Main
Indus ies
o
he
Medi e an.ean
A ea
as e lec ed
in
h :;
Reco ds
o
he
Geniz2)).
JO wnal
oi
he Economic .md Social Hi'S o y oi he O ien ,.
IV. 1961.
-1
The
I ine a y
o
Benjamín oi Tudela,
ed.
Adle .
p.
18.
4_
a
P o .
GOITEIN,
Jews and A abs
(U.S.A.),
pp'. 1°9-112.
4b S.
KATZ,
The
Jews
in
he Wsigo hic and F ankish
Kingd01 .1S
o
Spain and
Gau~
(U.S.A.),
1937.
ANITA
ENGLE
BERKOFF
so
o
Andalusia.
He e
Jewish
se lemen
is
a es ed
wi hou
a
b eak
om
Roman
and
Visigo hic
imes,
eaching
i s
peak
du ing
he
Moslem
pe iodo
The
Cai o
Ceniza
documen s
e eal
ha
Spain
was
he
leading
coun í"y o silk
p oduc i9n,
and
i
is
hough
ha
his
may
ha e
been
due
o
he
ac
ha
in
ea Ty IsIamic
imes
Spain
was
chie ly
·colonized
by
people
coming
om
S~ ia
and
Lebanon,
coun ies
wi h
an
ancien
se icul u e5•
The e
is
nq
eason
o
doub
ha
membe s
o
he
e en
mo e
ancien
glass~making
indus y
o
hese
a eas
we e
ans e ed
a
he
sanie
ime,
and
we e
·cons an ly
l'ein o ced
and
e i alised
by
he
s ead
y
mo emen
be ween
he
Jewish
communi ies
o
he
Eas
and
hose
o
No h
A ica
and
Spain
up
o
he
15 h
cen u y.
And
indeed,
s uden s
o
Spanish
glass
ha e
ound
ha
as
la e
as
he
18 h
cen uy
gIass
essels
om
Andalusia
(show
he
inHuence o
ea ly
Islamic
o ms
and
o
he
blowing
echnique
and
plas ic
o namen a ion
used
in
Roman
gIa·ss cen es o
Sy ia
and
Pales ine.)) 6
Tha
he e
we e
Jewish
glass~make s
in
Spain
is
a es ed
by
he
case
o
He nando
de
Robles
and
his
son
Juan
Robles,
he
subjec
o his
pape .
Se e al
o he s
will
be
deal
wi h
in
so ne
de ail
in
u u e
publica ions.
Bea ing
in
mind
he
igh ,
sel ~
·con ained
c a
adi ions
and
co~di ions
o
he
p e~ iachine
age,
-ane
mus
condude
ha
hese
a e
no
isola ed
ins ances,
bu
a he
he
ips
o
a
subme ged
icebu g
whose
ue
di iensions
can,
as
ye ,
only
be
guessed
a .
Al hough,
as
s a ed
ea lie ,
glass~making
is
no
speci ically
men ioned,
he
guilds
o
which
he
glass~make s
belonged
would
ha e
been
subjec
o
he
same
laws
as
he
o he
guiIds
c ea ed
by
Spanish
Jews
o
he
p o ec ion
and
pe pe ua ion
o
hei
c a ,
. .and
o
hese
we
ha e
eco d
in
he
Responsa
li e a u e
(i.e.
eplies
o
ques ions
sen
o
amous
Rabbis)Ga.
5
P o .
S. D.
GOITEIN,
Jews
and
A abs,
1964,
pp.
172-3.
6
A.
W.
FROTHINGHAM,
Spamish G/ass (London), 1963,
p.
14'-
ALSO
R.
RbCKHAM,
-Bu líng on Magazine
<m
SpmJísh
A e,
1927,
¡p.
85.
6a
Fo
u he
in o ma ion 011
Spanish
guilds, see M.
Wischni ze ,
A His o y oi Jewish
·C a s mJd Gleilds (U:S.A.i), 1965, chaps.
lO,
II
and
12.
and
AiPpendices 1
and
n.
·[5J
A
jEWISH
GLASS-BLOWER FROM SPAIN 47
The
oIlowing in o pa ion
ahou
guild
p ac ices is
de i ed
om
he
Responsas
o
Rabbi
Solomon
Ben
Ab aham
Ad e
who
was
bo n
in
Ba celona
in
1235
and
died
he e
in
1310.
AIso
known
as
lbn
Ad e ,
o
mo e
commonly
as
Rashba,
om
he
ini iaIs
o
his
name
in
Heb ew,
his
ame
was
such
ha
ques ions
on
he
mos
a ied
opics
we e
add essed
o
him
om
Spain)
Po ugal,
l aly,
F
ance,
Ge many,
and
e en
om
Asia
Mino .
The
guilds
we e
calIed
in
Heb ew
habu o , a
wo d
which
Was
in
use
o
ading
o ganisa ions
along
he
Phoenician
coas
as
a
back
as
he
2nd
millenium
B.
C.
F om
Ad e ,
IV,
1,85
we
lea n
ha
a
membe
o a
guild
was
succeeded
a e
his
dea h
by
his
son
who
had
o
be
abo e
13
yea s
'oE
age.
In
de aul
d
succession,
he
place
was
o
be
o ed
by
he
membe s
o
he
guild
o
he
ela i e
bes
quali ied o
admission
ln o
he
o ganisa ion.
«F
u he mo e,
i alI
he
a isans
o
he
ci y
in
anO'
one
c a ,
such
as
bu che s,
dye s,
o
sailo s,
pass
an
Q dinance
ega ding
hei
ade,
his
is
as
binding
as
he
laws
o
he
T
o ah
upon
he
indi iduals
o
he
ade
;
and
e e y
ade
o ganisa ions,
is
a
ci~y
un o
i sel ,
and
does
no
equi e
he
consen
o
he
ou e
cQmmuni y o
i s
enac men s...
In
conclusion,
he
membe s
Q
an
associa ion
a e
as
au onomous
in
hei
own
a ai s
as
a e
he
ci izens o
he
ci y,
and
so
each
g oup
01"
communi y
is
pe mi ed
o
egula e
i s
aHaÍ s
and
o
p esc ibe
ines
and
punishmen s
which
a e
no
in
he
laws
o
he
T
o ah.
"
This
is
he
p ac ice o all
he
hol
y (i.e.
Jewish)
cong ega ions
and
no
one
has
e e
ques ioned
i s legali y.» 7
The e
i8
no
doub
ha
om
ea lies
imes
he e
we e
con e ~
sions
o
Ch is iani y
on
he
pa
Q
indi idual
gIassmake s
o
whole
amilies,
ei he
because
o
economic
o
poli icaI
p essu e,
o
simply
. h: ough
he
p ocess
o
assimila iQn.
Any
o aIl
o
hese
condi Íons
would
ha
e
been
pa icula ly
ac i e
du ing
medie al
imes
when
he
monas !Íes
we e
he
cen e s
o
a s
and
c a s,
and
only
wi hin
. hei p ecinc s
CQuld
be
ound
a
li elihood
and
so ie
measu e
o
1 As quo ed by
A.
A.
NEUMAN,
The
Jews
oi
Spail1,
Vol. 1 (U.S.A.),
1942,
p.
18
3.

ANITA
ENGLE
BERKOFF
secu i yS.
The
Ch is ian
glass~making
communi ies
in
Spain
would
ha e
been
augmen ed
by
he
la ge-scale
con e sions
which
ook
place
beiween
1391
and
1412,
and
ce ainly
well
be o e
he
expul~
sion
in
J
492
he e
would
no
ha e
been
any
nominally
Jewish
glass~
making
guilds
ld .
The
likelihood
is
ha
hey
ollowed
he
common
p ac ice
o
con e ing
in
a
body,
and
puJ ing
hei
guilds
unde
he
p o ec ion
o so ne
Ch is ian
sain ".
Pe haps
we
ha e
an
echo o his
in
he
in o ma ion
ha
in
1455
he
gIassmake s
o
Ba celona
uni ed
wi h
he
wea e s
o
espa o
g ass
o o m a
new
guild
and
b o he hood
unde
he
p o ec ion
o
Sain
Be na dino.
In
he
same
yea
one
o
hei
iembe s
was
elec ed
o
si
on
he
municipal
council,
he
h s
ime
he
glassmake s
we e
acco de
such
a
p i ilege,
al hoguh
documen a y
e idence
indica es
ha
he e
was
an
ac i e indus :y
in
Ba celona
well be o e
he
14 h cen u ylO.
As
we
al eady
know,
he
Jewish
glassmake s
did
no
o ge
hei
o igin
e en
hough
hey
ma ied
Ch is ian
wi es
who,
in
all
likelihood,
would
ha e
come
om
glass~making
amilies
hemsel es.
Glassmake s
ha e
always
o med
a
igh ly~lmi
communi y,
bound
by
ies
o
ma iage
e en
mo e
han
by
hei
guild.
F om
.luan'g
le e s
o
his
mo he ,
Qne
gains
he
i).-pp ession
ha
Ma ia
Alonso'
s
amily
we e
also
glassmake s.
T o
explain
he
easons
o
hinking
SQ,
one
mus
go
bade
a
li le.
Al hough
i
is
e iden
om
he
le e s
ha
Ma ia
Alonso
was
in
s aigh ened
ci cums ances,
he e
is
nQ hing o
indica e
ha
he
de
Robles
amily
was
poo
while
he
a he
was
ali e.
Juan
could
ead
and
w i e.
His
Ie e s
a e
w i en
in
a he
a
c ude
hand,
bu
hey
a e
:Ruen
and
legible
ll
•
He
w i es
o
his
mo he
as
a
p oud
pe sono
He
sends
he
wo
lea he
bags
om
Fez,
and
s
FROTHINGHAM,
Ibid,
p.
20;
W.
A.
THoRPE,
"The
P esel1J
S a e
o
Glass S udies)),
Pa
,
The
An ique Conec o (London), VoL 33,
No.
2,
Ap il
I962,
p.
70.
()
P o .
GECIL
ROTH,
A
His 01'Y
oi he Ma anos (U.S.A.), I960,
p.
I9
and
no e
2,
P·3
80.
10
FROTHINGHAM,
Ibid,
pp.
I9-20, 23.
11
In o na ion co n nunica ed
by
D .
Beina ,
and
based
on
his
s udy
o , he
ou
le e s,
which
,a e
now
in
he
A chi o
His ó ico Nacional, Inquisición
de
Toledo,
Legajo
176.
No.
II,
ols.22 , 22 -22V, 2g -30 , 38 '38 .
[7]
A
jEWISH
GLASS-BLOWER FROM SPAlN
49
apologizes
because
({ hey
a e
no
su icÍen ly
aluable
oy
you
honou .»
Juan
wo ks
ou
his
way
o
li e
wi h
independence
and
sel - espec ,
and
se s
he
highes
pyo essÍonal
goal
oy
himsel ,
no
like
someone
who
is
accus omed
o
being
unde p i iliged
and
o
Iow social
s a us.
As
we
sha11
sho ly
see,
his
is
in
s iking
con as
o
he
beha Iou
o Y
dob o,
who
was
al eady
a
ma u e
and
inde-
penden
a isan.
The
imp ession
is
ha
he
s aigh ened
ci cums ances
indica ed
by
he
le e s,
and
Juan's
dependence
on
help
am
his
mo he 's
amily,
ca ne
abou
as
he
esul
o
his
a he 's
dea h
be o e
he
had
had
ime
o
es ablish
Juan
in
his
p o ession.
An
in e iew
which
appea ed
in
he
Is aelí
newspape
Mam-i
no
long
ago
gi es
so ne
idea
o
he
sudden
change
which
such
a
ca as ophe
could
b ing
abou
in
he
li e
o
a amily.
The
subjec
o
he
in e iew
was
Ra -Se en
(Majo )
Menachem
Amosi
who
was
bo n
in
Yemen
whe e,
un il
he
mass
exodus
o Is ael
a e
he
c ea ion
o
he
S a e,
he
social
s uc u e
o
he
Jewish
com-
muni y
had
emained
unchanged
since
medie al
imes.
Ra -Se en
A nosi'
s
a he
han
been
a lJlas e
sil e smi h
ea ning
a
good
li ing
and
highly
espec ed
in
he
communi y
o
he
excellence
o
his
wo lc,
and
o
he
gene osi y
o
his
hospi ali y
and
his
almisgi ing.
The
li le
boy
was
e y
happy
in
his
ea I
y
yea s.
He
lea ned
o
ead
he
To ah,
and
was
he
pe
o
he
illage.
Then,
when
he
was
eigh
Iyea s nId,
he
oIdes o
he
amily,
his
a he
became
ill
and
died.
((The
bu den
elI
on
my
mo he ,
who
had
be
en
a
pampe ed
wo nan,
and
she
was
sha e ed.
F
o
h ee
yea s
a e
my
a he
died
we
li ed
o
his
possessiQns,
which
we
soldo
E en ually
my
mo he
had
o
go
o
wo k,
and
she
wande ed
amQng
dis an
A ab
illages,
selling
pe umes
and
spices.
My
a he 's
dea h
no
only
b ough
a
sud
den
change
in
my
way
o
li e,
bu
he e
was
also a
com;le e
change
in
he
a i ude
o
he
people
o
he
own
owa ds
ne. 1
eh
ashamed
and
disg aced
b
he
sudden
lade
o
in e es
on
he
pa
o all
hose
who
had
o ~e Iy
honou ed
me
by
caHing
me
o he T
o ah,
by
gi ing
me
swee s
o
pa ing
me
on
he
head)).
«Why
his
sudden
change?))
Ra -Se en
Amosi
was
asl<:ed.
((Qui e
simple»,
he
eplied.
((My
a he
had
died,
and
ndw
50
ANITA
ENGLE BERKOFF
[8]
1
was
an
o phan.
1
was
an
un o una e,
and
e e ypne
ea ed
me
as
SUCh.ll
Juan's
si ua jon
would
ha e
been
wo se,
because
o
he
complex
hie a chy
o he
glass~make s'
o ganiza ion.
Glass~make s,
like
o he
guilds,
we e
di ided
in o
ca ego ies
subo dina ed
o
one
ano he :
mas e s,
app en ices
and
jou neymen.
The
mas e s
we e
he
dominan
class,
upon
whom
he
p he
wo
depended.
They
we e
he
p op ie o s
o
small
wQ kshops,
owning
hei
aw
ma e ials
and
ools.
Thus
he
manu ac u ed
a icle
belon~
ged
o
he n,
Qge he
wi h
he
p o i s
om
i s sale.
The
app en~
ices
we e
ini ia ed in o
he
ade
unde
hei
di ec ion,
and
no
one
was
ad ni ed
o
he
c a
unless
passed
by
an
au ho izing
com~
ni ee.
Finally,
he
jo une nen
we e
paid
wo k nen
who
had
com~
ple ed
hei
app en iceship,
bu
had
no
ye
isen
o
he
ank
o
mas e ,
and,
in
ac ,
some imes
ne e
did,
o
oppo uni ies
ou side
he
ci cle o
he
big
glass~ naking
amilies
we e
a e.
T o beco
me
an
app en ice,
a
you h
needed
gua an o s,
and
so ne
one
o
p o ide
he
lump
sum
which
had
o
be
payed
o
he
mas e
in
ad ance
o
his
aining.
He
also
equi ed
a
neasu e
o
goodwill
on
he
pa
o a
glass~house
mas e ,
o
only
one
o
a
mos
wo
app en ices
we e
pe mi ed
o
each.
P o no ion
would
depend
on
he
boy'
s abili y o
secu e
a
wo k
place
nea
he
i e
( he
u nace),
whe e
he
ac ual
manipula ion
o
he
mol en
glass
ook
place.
Bu
i
was
jus
his
so
o
wo k
which
was
ha des
o
achie e,
since
he
glas~house
mas e s
in a iably
ga e
p e e ence
o
hei
own
child en,
o
h
e
child en
o
hei
nea es
ela i es.
Wi hou
he
help
o
his
a he ,
Juan's
o mal
app en iceship
and
e en ual
ise
in
s a us
could
onl
y
come
h ough
his
nex
o
kin
in
he
ade.
In
Juan's
case
i
appea s
ha
only
nembe s
o
he
mo he 's
amay
(no ably
h e
b o he ,
who
seems
o
ha e
been
he
head
o
he
a iily),
we e
in
a
posi ion
o
any
au ho i y
in
CadalsQ
a
iha
ime
12
•
And
hey,
appa en ly,
we e
no
p epa ed
o
12
The
Jou nal
oi he Ame ican, Jewish His o ica.! Socie y,
No.
18,
p.
18
, con ains
a
lisi:
o
ma .iages solemnised
by
he
Du ch
Po ugal
Jewish Cong ega ion a Su inam:
om 1642-1750. Among
hemappea
he
names
o Rachel Robles
de
Medina, Da id de
Robles, Abigail Robles de Medina, Es e Robles
de
Medina, Rosa Robles
de
Medina, Rahel
de
Robles.
I
, hese names
ha e
any bea i ig
on
, he case,
he
possibil:i y a ises
ha
He -
A
¡EWISH
GLASS-BLOWER
FROM
SPAlN
SI
help
him
ge
he
necessa y quali ica ions
wj hou
which
he
could
ne e!
ho~
o
gain
ad ancemen
and
inancial
independence.
I
mus
ha e
been
a
some
poin
o us a iQn
and
ange
b dugh
abou
by
he
beha iou
o
his
mo he s'
s amily
ha
he
young
man
decided
o
u n
his
back
on
he
ha sh
Ch is ian
wo ld
and
e u n
o
his
a he 's
people.
This
seems
o
be
he
only
explana ion
o
he
wa m h
and
de o ion
which
Juan
showed
owa ds
his
sis e s
and
b o he s
and
o he
ela ions
in
his
le e s,
in
con as
o
he
bi e nesso
his
e e-
enees
o
his
mo he '
s amily.
The
siua ion
is
clea ly
exp essed
in
Juan'
s i s
le e
o
his
mo he .
This
was
w i en
in
eply
o a
communica ion
om
he ,
he
i s
he
had
ecei ed in
he
wo
yea s
ha
he
had
been
in
Fez.
His
mo he '
s posi ion
had
de e io a ed
a e
Juan
le
Cadalso.
Pe haps
oo
p oud
Q
seek
manual
wo k
in
he
own
own,
Ma ia
Alonso
mo ed
o
Toledo
whe e
she
did
housewo k
by
he
da,y.
I
would
seem
ha
people,
o
mo e
possibl
y
he
amily,
we e
aun ing
he
mo he
wi h
he
ac
ha
he
son
had
gone
o
o
wo k
o Y
dob o,
someone
no
o
hei
Qwn amily,
and
had
le
he
aJone
in
he
old
age.
The e
is also
he
sugges ion
ha
he
was
unde
some
obliga ion
o
hem.
Juan
w o e
in
eply:
(You
send
o ell
me
ha
1
ha e
denied
you
and
you s,
and
1
assu e
,you
ha
no
such
hing
could
happen,
as
you
should
know.
h
is
because
1
could
no
ind
any
good
among
you
people
ha
1
]e
you.
Then
1
me
Y
d obo,
and
he
showed
me
a
goodness
such
as
1 ne e
me
oí i a
single
one
o
my
ela ions.
They
ne e
did
any hing
o
me
excep
o
use
me
wi hou
pay.
The e
was
no
e en
one
who
was
p epa ed
o
do
he
smalIe s
hing
ha
was
necessa .y. 1
don'
owe
any hing
o
anyone
bu
o
Yd obd,
who
ca ne
he e
o
my
sake.
And
i
1 li e, 1 will
epay
him
o
he
]o5ses
which
he
su e ed
because
o
me.))
I
is
no
clea
whe he
Y
dob o
was
om
Cadalso
o
he
neigh-
nando
de
Robles was 'no a Cadalso man, bui: belonged
o
a amüy
cen e ed
on
Medina
del
Campo.
Famous o
il s
ai s, his
own
is almos
equidis an
om
Toledo and Bu -
g05,
whe e
ano he
con e so Jew.ish glassmake ,
Ped o
de
Medina
is
e e ed
o
in
a
documen
men ioned by
FROTH NGHAM,
[bid,
p.
26.
[16]
Ai'<lTA
ENGLE
BERKOFF
conside ed
by
he
Inquisi ion
io
b ing
his
young
man
Q
judgemen .
Pe haps
. he
chu ch
au ho i ies
we e
a180
anxious
o
s op
he
b eak-
up
o
he
glass-making
communi y
in
Cadalso
de
los
Vid iQs.
Juan
's
was
he
eigh
and
1as ile
om
Cadalso.
(Howe e ,
i
i8
no
known
o
he
w i e
o
his
pape
whe c
he
o he
iles
deahs
wi h
membe s
o
he
glass-making
01'
aUied c a s.)
The
i s
in o ma ion
abou
Ab aham
he
con e
was
b ough
by
a
monk
who
ca ne
back
and
epo ed
o
he
Inquisi ion
in
T
a-
leda
in
J
530.
This
was
eco ded
in
he
book
o e idence.
Th ee-
qua e s
o
a :yea
la
e ,
mo e
in o ma ion
was
ec oded
by
a
monk
named
Ped o
de
Ma a,
whQ
ga e
his
e idence
in
San
Ma in
de
Valdeigleisas
when
he
e u ned
om
Fez.
Ped o
de
Ma a'
s
e idence
was
passed
o
he
lnquisi ion
Head
Qua e s
in
Toledo,
and
ano he
yea
and
a
haH
elapsed
un i!
he
c:ou
decided
o
ake
legal
ac ion
agains
Juan's
con e síon
was
p esen ed
by
9
wi nesses,
he
cou
pos poned
he
case
se e al
imes
by
gi ing
o de s
ha
public
p ocIama ion
demanding
his
e um
should
be
made
in
Cadalso,
and
ex ending
he
ime
limi
wi hin
which
he
oould
appea .
When
he
mo he ,
Ma ia
Alonso,
appea ed
be o e
he
Inquisi-
ion
in
Janua y
1535,
she
begged
ha
he
case
o
he
son
should
be
delayed
again
o
gi e
hím
a
chance
o
e u n,
and
once
again
an
ex ension
o
so ne
mon hs
was
g an ed.
A e
ha
Ma ia
AlonsO'
w o e
o
he
SiOn
in
ano he
a emp
o
pe suade
hím
o
e u n,
bu
on
Ap il
24 h
he
p osecu o
p esen ed
o
he
judges
a le e
em
Fez
in
which
Juan
s a ed
qui e
dea ly
ha
he
had
no
in en ion
o
e u ning,
and
he
judges
we e
asked
o
conside
his as su icien
e idence.
F o i
hen
on
he
case
p oceeded
quickl
y,
and
Juan
Robles
(Ab aham
he
p osely e)
was
con c ed
on
Dec.
21,
1535,
and
sen enced
o
be
bu n
in
e igy. Mo e
han
5
yea s
had
elapsed
om
he
ime
ha
he
Inquisi ion
ecei ed
hei
i s
in o ma lon
abou
he
C'on e .
We
ha e
no
u he
in o ma ion
abou
Juan
Robles
o
Fez,
as
he
signed
himsel
in
one
o
his
le e s.
And
e en
i
he
did
chance
o
u n
up
in
so ne
la e
documen ,
we
WQuld
no
ecognise
him,
o
his
iden i y
would
be
masked,
pe haps
delibe a ely,
unde
ane

[17]
A
jEWISH
GLASS-BLOWER FROM SPAIN 59'
o
he
: pany
complica ed
names
adop ed
by
he
Jews
o
he
Mos-
lem
wo ld.
The e
may,
hawe e ,
be
so ne
aces
o amiLy
connec-
jons
Q
be
ound
in
he
wes e n
Wo ld,
and
i is
wo h
conside ing
some
o
hese
possibili ies
he e.
The
name
o
ano!he
glass-make
who
was
wQ king
a
Cadalso
a ound
he
same
pe iod,
ha
o
Juan
Rod íguez,
has
come
down
o
US
I6
•
I
is
no
clea
when
he
le !
Cadalso
de
los
Vid ios,
bu
a e
wo king
o so ne
yea s
in
Ven
ice
and
Ba celona,
he
is eco -
ded
as
being
a Se ille
in
1
557,
when
he
applied
o
pe mission
o
se
up
a
u nace
he e.
Se ille
was
Qne o
he
cen es
om
which
he
con e sos
o
Spain
and
Po ugal
le
o
he
Ne he lands
andjo
England,
o
he
New
Wo ld.
Se e al
people
by
he
name
o
Riod igues
o
Rod igues
appea
in
Inquisi ion
documen s
aS
Po uguese,
whe e
housands
o
he
Spanish
con e sos
Red o
e uge.
In
a lis! o
he
Jews
o
he
Spanish
and
Po uguese
com:Wuni y
in
England
who
we e
made
ci izens
in
he
ime
o
Cha les
U
(1-661- 687),
we
ind
he
ollowing
names:
A
b aha n
Rod igues,
Alphonso
Rod igues,
and
An onio
Rod igues
Robles".
The
name
o
Robles
appea s
'Once
again,
his
ime
in
an
unmis-
akably
glass
con ex .
Among
he
names
o
Spanish
glassmake s-
is
ha
o
he
Sala
amily
o
which
membe s
a e
eco ded
in
he
Ba celona
a ea
am
1
41
7 o 1
489,
one o
hem.
F ancisco
Sala
appea ing
in
Ba celona
eco ds o 1485
18
•
This
name,
in
he
o m
o
de
Sala,
Salas
o
de
Salas
is
one
which
is
known
among
Jews
o
ha
a ea
om
he
J
3 h
cen u y
onwa ds
'9
.
A
a
la e
pe iod
we
ind
he
name
o
F ancisco
de
Salhas
( he
Po uguese
spelling)
appea ing
again,
his
ime
among
eco ds
o
he
Inquisi ion.
He
was
a gIass
me chan
o
Alhos
Ved os,
and
la e
o
Lisbon,
whose
daugh e
U suIa
Ma ia
Salas
was
banished
o
B azil
in
1682 n
16
FROTHINGHAM, lbid,
pp.
57-8.
61,
quo ing
GESTOSO y PÉREZ,
El1sayo
de
~ 1I
di!>
ciona io de
las
a í ices que lo ecie on en Se illa (Se illa},
1909.,
Vol.
2,
p.
40I.
17
The
Ame ican Jewish His 01'ical Socie y,
No.
20,
p.
IIO.
18
FROTHINGHAM, Ibid,
p.
24.
19
.'ACOB JACOBS, Mss. Sou ces
a
Spanish
Jewis)¡
His o y (London), 1894;
P aL
F uTZ
BAER, Die Juden
im
c)¡1'is lic)¡en
j panien,
Vol.
l,
pa
1,
1929,
pa
2,
1936.
'60
ANITA
ENGLE BERKOFF
judaizing2 l.
One
o
he
amiLy
ma ied
a Sa ah Robles o Se ille
in
Ams e dam
ea ly
in
he
18 h
cen u y21.
The
Salas
amily
appa en ly
Red
om
Lisbon
o
Legho n
om
whe e
hey
la e
mig a ed
o
Ams e dam,
Cu a<;ao
and
Su inam
22
•
Su inam,
i will
be
ecalled,
was
also
he
des ina ion
o a
la ge
con ingen
o
he
Robles
de
Medina
amily,
as
e e ed
o
in
No e
12.
T
aking
hese
ac s in o ,conside a ion, i
would
seem
mo e
1:han a
coincidence
ha
Sa ah
Robles,
who
ma Íed
a
Salas,
bea s
a
name
gi en
o
emale
con e s
o
Judaism.
jus
as
Ab aham
is
he
name
aken
by
male
con e s;
and
ha
F ancisco
de
Salhas,
he
Po uguese
con e so,
has
he
same
name
as
he
membe
o
he
glass~making
Sala
amiLy
men ioned
in
he
Ba celona eco d s
<D
1485.
F
om
he
poin
o
iew
o
he
20 h
cen u y,
p i a e,
and
e en
amily
na
mes
may
seem
limsy
e ide11.lce
on
which
o
Jbase a
ela ionship
ex ending
o e
200
yea s.
Bu
i
should
be
aken
in o
accoun
ha
i
was
a
cus om
among
he
Jews
o
he
Spanish
and
Po uguese
communi ies
o naí:Iíe a
g andchild
a e
his
pa e nal
o
ma e nal
g andpa en s.
Those
who
ha e
made
a
s udy
o
such
communi ies
ha e
ound
ha
e ,y
o en
g andpa~en s
and
childless
ela i es
le
Ia ge Iegacies o
hei
namesakes,
bo n
o
unbo n,
as
indica Íons
o
hei
app ecia ion
23
•
F
u he mo e,
gIass~inake s
ha e
always
had
a
adi ion
o
ma ying
wi hin
hei
own
ci de,
p esumabl
y o
pe pe ua
e
he
sec e s
o
hei
c a .
This
gi es a
con inui y
Q
glass~making
ami~
lies
which
may
no
exis
in
o he
ields,
and
we
ha e
examples
o
e en
longe
du a ion
han
ha
indica ed
aboye.
In
p esen ~day
haly
he e
a e
glass~making
communi ies
whose
milies
ha e
been
<Du s anding
in
gIass
his o y
om
he
-15 h
cen u y,
wi h
he
same
20
Publica'bjon
oi
he Ame ican Jewish
Hiso1'ica!
So ;ie y
(U.S.A.}. Vol. IV.
p.
I73'
21
Po uguese
Jewish
Communi y
A chi e
o
Ams e dam,
Ke . ol.
9.
no.
234;
Doop.
T en
and
Beg aa egis e s, Reco ds o
he
Ci' y
o
Ams e dam,
7I4,
.
II7V.
(Qnc ing
l'Om
Re . ISAAC S. EMMANUEL, P ecious S ones
o
The
Jews
oi
Cu a ilo
(New
Yo k),
I957.
p.
4
00
•
22
EMMANUEL,
lbid,
¡p.
400.
23
EMMANUEL, Ibid, p. 98.
[19]
A
)EWISH
GLASS-BLOWER FROM SPAIN 61
p í a e
names
appea ing
,º e
and
o e
again
du ing
he
pe iod
o
mo e
han
500
yea):'s.
The
is
e e y
likelihood,
he e o e,
ha
in es iga ion
in o
he
iles
os
Spanish
and
Po uguese
Jews
in
Ams e dam
and
elsewhe e
would
e eal
u he
amih<:a Íons o
he
amily
o
Juan
Robles,
glassmake
o CadalsQ
de
los
Vid ios.
A ni a Engle Be k.o
(This
a icle is copy igh
and
no pa
o
i
may
be quo ed wi hou pe mission
o
he au ho .)