Search for long-lived particles decaying to a pair of muons in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 tev

JHEP05(2023)228 Published o SISSA by Sp inge Recei ed:May 17, 2022 Accep ed:Sep embe 19, 2022 Published:May 30, 2023 Sea ch o long-li ed pa icles decaying o a pai o muons in p o on-p o on collisions a √s= 13 TeV The CMS collabo a ion E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Abs ac : An inclusi e sea ch o long-li ed exo ic pa icles decaying o a pai o muons is p esen ed. The sea ch uses da a collec ed by he CMS expe imen a he CERN LHC in p o on-p o on collisions a √s= 13 TeV in 2016 and 2018 and co esponding o an in eg a ed luminosi y o 97.6 b−1. The expe imen al signa u e is a pai o opposi ely cha ged muons o igina ing om a common seconda y e ex spa ially sepa a ed om he pp in e ac ion poin by dis ances anging om se e al hund ed µm o se e al me e s. The esul s a e in e p e ed in he amewo ks o he hidden Abelian Higgs model, in which he Higgs boson decays o a pai o long-li ed da k pho ons ZD, and o a simpli ied model, in which long-li ed pa icles a e p oduced in decays o an exo ic hea y neu al scala boson. Fo he hidden Abelian Higgs model wi h m(ZD)g ea e han 20GeV and less han hal he mass o he Higgs boson, hey p o ide he bes limi s o da e on he b anching ac ion o he Higgs boson o da k pho ons o cτ(ZD)( a ying wi h m(ZD)) be ween 0.03 and ≈0.5mm, and abo e ≈0.5m. Ou esul s also yield he bes cons ain s on long-li ed pa icles wi h masses la ge han 10GeV p oduced in decays o an exo ic scala boson hea ie han he Higgs boson and decaying o a pai o muons. Keywo ds: Exo ics, Had on-Had on Sca e ing, Li e ime A Xi eP in : 2205.08582 Open Access, Copy igh CERN, o he bene i o he CMS Collabo a ion. A icle unded by SCOAP3. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/JHEP05(2023)228 JHEP05(2023)228 Con en s 1 In oduc ion 1 2 The CMS de ec o 2 3 Signal models, da a and simula ed samples 3 4 Analysis s a egy and e en selec ion 5 5 Backg ound es ima ion and associa ed sys ema ic unce ain ies 13 5.1 Es ima ion o D ell–Yan and o he p omp backg ounds 15 5.2 Es ima ion o nonp omp backg ounds 17 5.3 Valida ion o backg ound p edic ions 20 6 Sys ema ic unce ain ies a ec ing he signal 22 7 Resul s 24 8 Summa y 32 The CMS collabo a ion 37 1 In oduc ion Long-li ed pa icles (LLPs) a e p edic ed by many ex ensions o he s anda d model (SM), in pa icula by a ious supe symme ic scena ios [1,2] and “hidden sec o ” models [3,4]. Such pa icles could mani es hemsel es h ough decays o SM pa icles a mac oscopic dis ances om he p o on-p o on (pp) in e ac ion poin (IP). This pape desc ibes an inclusi e sea ch o an exo ic massi e LLP decaying o a pai o opposi ely cha ged muons, e e ed o as a “displaced dimuon”, ha o igina es om a common seconda y e ex spa ially sepa a ed om he IP. The sea ch is based on an analysis o pp collisions co esponding o an in eg a ed luminosi y o 97.6 b−1collec ed wi h he CMS de ec o a √s= 13 TeV du ing Run 2 o he CERN LHC. A minimal se o equi emen s and loose e en selec ion c i e ia allow he sea ch o be sensi i e o a wide ange o models p edic ing LLPs ha decay o inal s a es ha include a pai o opposi ely cha ged muons. We in e p e he esul s o he sea ch in he amewo k o wo benchma k models: he hidden Abelian Higgs model (HAHM), in which displaced dimuons a ise om decays o hypo he ical da k pho ons [5], and a simpli ied model, in which a non-SM Higgs boson decays o a pai o long-li ed exo ic hea y neu al scala bosons, a leas one o which decays in o a pai o muons [6]. – 1 – JHEP05(2023)228 The p esen sea ch explo es he LLP mass ange abo e 10GeV accessible wi h he Run 2 dimuon igge s and is sensi i e o seconda y e ex displacemen s anging om se e al hund ed µm o se e al me e s. I is a con inua ion and ex ension o wo CMS analyses pe o med using da a aken a √s= 8 TeV du ing Run 1 o he LHC. One analysis was dedica ed o a sea ch o LLPs decaying o wo elec ons o wo muons in he acke [7]; he o he looked o LLP decays o inal s a es con aining wo muons econs uc ed only in he muon sys em [8]. The analysis o he Run 2 da a desc ibed he e con ains nume ous imp o emen s o e hese Run 1 sea ches, no ably in e ined e en selec ion and imp o ed backg ound e alua ion p ocedu es. I also bene i s om an inc ease in in eg a ed lumi- nosi y by almos a ac o o i e, collec ed a a highe √s. A sea ch o LLPs decaying o displaced dimuons has also been pe o med by he ATLAS Collabo a ion, using 2016 da a co esponding o an in eg a ed luminosi y o 32.9 b−1[9]. This pape is o ganized as ollows. Sec ion 2desc ibes he CMS de ec o . Sec ion 3 p esen s he signal models as well as he samples analyzed om da a and om he Mon e Ca lo simula ion. Sec ion 4desc ibes he analysis s a egy, he igge s, and he o line e en selec ion. Es ima ion o backg ounds and he associa ed sys ema ic unce ain ies a e desc ibed in sec ion 5. Sec ion 6summa izes he sys ema ic unce ain ies a ec ing signal e iciencies. Sec ion 7desc ibes he esul s ob ained in he indi idual dimuon ca ego ies and hei combina ion. The analysis summa y is p esen ed in sec ion 8. Tabula ed esul s and supplemen a y ma e ial o ein e p e ing he esul s in he amewo k o models no explici ly conside ed in his pape a e p o ided in HEPDa a [10]. 2 The CMS de ec o The cen al ea u e o he CMS de ec o is a supe conduc ing solenoid o 6m in e nal di- ame e , p o iding a magne ic ield o 3.8T. Wi hin he solenoid olume a e a silicon pixel and s ip acke ex ending ou wa ds o a adius o 1.1m, a lead ungs a e c ys al elec o- magne ic calo ime e , and a b ass and scin illa o had on calo ime e , each composed o a ba el and wo endcap sec ions. Fo wa d calo ime e s ex end he co e age in pseudo apid- i y ηp o ided by he ba el and endcap de ec o s. Muons a e de ec ed in gas-ioniza ion chambe s co e ing he ange |η|<2.4and embedded in he s eel lux- e u n yoke ou side he solenoid. The muon sys em is composed o h ee ypes o chambe s: d i ubes (DTs) in he ba el, ca hode s ip chambe s (CSCs) in he endcaps, and esis i e-pla e chambe s in bo h he ba el and he endcaps. The chambe s a e assembled in o ou “s a ions” a in- c easing dis ance om he IP; each s a ion p o ides econs uc ed hi s in se e al de ec ion planes, which a e combined in o ack segmen s, o ming he basis o muon econs uc ion in he muon sys em [11]. A mo e de ailed desc ip ion o he CMS de ec o , oge he wi h a de ini ion o he coo dina e sys em used and he ele an kinema ic a iables, can be ound in e . [12]. E en s o in e es a e selec ed using a wo- ie ed igge sys em. The i s le el (L1), composed o cus om ha dwa e p ocesso s, uses in o ma ion om he calo ime e s and muon de ec o s o selec e en s a a a e o app oxima ely 100kHz wi hin a ixed ime in e al o less han 4µs [13]. The second le el, known as he high-le el igge (HLT), consis s o – 2 – JHEP05(2023)228 H κ ¯µ µ ¯ HD ZD ZD Φ ¯µ µ ¯ X X Figu e 1. Feynman diag ams o (le ) he HAHM model, showing he p oduc ion o long-li ed da k pho ons ZD ia he Higgs po al, h ough H–HDmixing wi h he pa ame e κ, wi h subsequen decays ia he ec o po al; and ( igh ) he hea y-scala model wi h Φboson decaying o a pai o long-li ed bosons X. The symbols and ep esen , espec i ely, e mions and an i e mions ligh e han hal he LLP mass. a a m o p ocesso s unning a e sion o he ull e en econs uc ion so wa e op imized o as p ocessing, and educes he e en a e o abou 1kHz be o e da a s o age [14]. 3 Signal models, da a and simula ed samples The sea ch is pe o med using pp collision da a collec ed a √s= 13 TeV in 2016 and 2018 co esponding o in eg a ed luminosi ies o 36.3±0.4and 61.3±1.5 b−1, espec i ely [15, 16]. The da a collec ed in 2017 a e no used because he igge s equi ed o he analysis we e no included when hose da a we e eco ded. As men ioned abo e, wo signal models wi h di e en inal-s a e opologies and e en kinema ics a e used in he op imiza ion o e en selec ion c i e ia and in he in e p e a ion o esul s. The i s belongs o a class o models ea u ing a “hidden” o “da k” sec o o ma e ha does no in e ac di ec ly wi h SM pa icles, bu can mani es i sel h ough mixing e ec s. This HAHM benchma k con ains an ex a da k U(1)Dgauge g oup whose symme y is b oken by a new da k Higgs ield [5,17]. The spin-1 media o o he U(1)D g oup, known as he da k pho on ZD, mixes kine ically wi h he hype cha ge SM gauge boson (“ ec o po al”), whe eas he da k Higgs boson HDmixes wi h he SM Higgs boson H(“Higgs po al”) and gi es mass m(ZD) o he da k pho on. I he e a e no hidden-sec o s a es wi h masses smalle han m(ZD), he mixing h ough he ec o po al wi h he SM pho on and Zboson causes he da k pho on o decay exclusi ely o SM pa icles, wi h a sizable b anching ac ion o lep ons. Pai p oduc ion o he ZD ia he Higgs po al wi h subsequen decays o da k pho ons ia he ec o po al is shown in igu e 1(le ). The p esen sea ch p obes he egime o m(ZD)>10 GeV wi h small alues o he Z–ZDkine ic mixing pa ame e [5]. In his egime, he da k pho on is long-li ed, since i s mean p ope li e ime τ(ZD)is p opo ional o −2. In pa icula , he da k pho on wi h 10 GeV .m(ZD)< m(H)/2is expec ed o ha e mac oscopically la ge mean p ope decay leng hs cτ(ZD)&O(100 µm) o  < O(10−6). The ZDp oduc ion a e is go e ned by he – 3 – JHEP05(2023)228 b anching ac ion B(H →ZDZD), which does no depend on bu is p opo ional o he squa e o κm2(H)/|m2(H) −m2(HD)|, whe e κis he H–HDmixing pa ame e . Since κ and m(HD)a ec only he o e all da k pho on p oduc ion a e, sampling o m(ZD)and is su icien o explo e di e en kinema ical and opological scena ios o he model. We gene a ed a se o 24 HAHM samples wi h m(ZD)be ween 10 and 60GeV and be ween 10−6and 2×10−9. In his mass ange, he model’s p edic ion o B(ZD→µµ) a ies be- ween 15.4% a m(ZD) = 10 GeV and 10.7% a m(ZD) = 60 GeV. The da k Higgs boson is assumed o be hea y enough such ha H→HDHDdecays a e kinema ically o bidden. In he sample gene a ion, we speci y m(HD) = 400 GeV and κ= 0.1. The p oduc ion o da k pho ons is modeled a leading o de by MadG aph5_amc@nlo [18] e sion 2.4.2. The gene a ion o he samples is done o he dominan gluon- usion p oduc ion mechanism. The Higgs boson p oduc ion c oss sec ion is no malized o he mos ecen heo e ical p e- dic ion o he sum o all p oduc ion modes o m(H) = 125 GeV, 55.7pb [19]. The decays o he da k pho ons a e modeled by py hia 8.212 and 8.230 [20] in samples co esponding o he 2016 and 2018 da a se s, espec i ely. A he LHC, ano he way ha LLPs migh a ise is ia p oduc ion o media o s hea ie han he Higgs boson ha decay in o LLPs. To explo e anges o kinema ic a iables and e en opologies b oade han hose o e ed by HAHM, we also conside a simpli ied benchma k model [6], p e iously used in Run 1 sea ches o displaced dimuons [7,8], in which he LLP is an exo ic spin-0 boson X. The scala Xhas a non-ze o b anching ac ion o dimuons and is pai p oduced in he decay o a new hea ie scala boson Φ, which is p oduced in gluon-gluon usion: gg →Φ→XX,X→µ+µ−. The Feynman diag am o his p ocess is shown in igu e 1( igh ). The samples o Φ→XX a e gene a ed wi h py hia. Two se s o samples a e p o- duced, depending on whe he one o bo h Xbosons a e o ced o decay o dimuons. Samples in each se a e gene a ed wi h di e en combina ions o Φboson masses m(Φ)( anging om 125GeV o 1TeV) and Xboson masses m(X) ( anging om 20 o 350 GeV). The wid h o he Φboson is assumed o be small o he pu pose o simula ion, bu he analysis has negligible dependence on his assump ion. Each sample is u he mo e p oduced wi h h ee di e en mean p ope li e imes τ(X) o he Xbosons, co esponding o mean ans- e se decay leng hs o app oxima ely 3, 30, and 250 cm. E en s gene a ed a he selec ed alues o m(Φ),m(X), and τ(X) allow us o s udy wide anges o signal displacemen s, kinema ical a iables, and e en opologies. Since he op imiza ion o he e en selec ion c i e ia and he e alua ion o he esid- ual backg ounds a e pe o med using da a, he simula ed backg ound samples a e used p ima ily o gain a be e unde s anding o he na u e and composi ion o su i ing back- g ound e en s. Simula ed backg ound samples used in he analysis include D ell–Yan (DY) dilep on p oduc ion; , W, and W e en s; Wand Zboson pai p oduc ion (dibosons); W+je s; and e en s comp ised o je s p oduced h ough he s ong in e ac ion ha a e en iched in muons om semilep onic decays o had ons con aining bo cqua ks. The 2016 simula ed signal and backg ound samples a e p oduced wi h ei he he NNPDF2.3 (leading o de ) o NNPDF3.0 (nex - o-leading o de ) pa on dis ibu ion unc- ions (PDFs) [21], using he CUETP8M1 [22] une o model he unde lying e en . All 2018 – 4 – JHEP05(2023)228 simula ed samples a e p oduced wi h he NNPDF3.1 PDFs [23] (nex - o-nex - o-leading o de ), using he CP5 [24] une, which is op imized o he NNPDF3.1 PDFs. Simula ion o he passage o pa icles h ough de ec o ma e ial is pe o med by Gean 4 [25]. Simu- la ed minimum bias e en s a e supe imposed on a ha d in e ac ion in simula ed e en s o desc ibe he e ec o addi ional inelas ic pp in e ac ions wi hin he same o neighbo ing bunch c ossings, known as pileup; he samples a e weigh ed o ma ch he pileup dis ibu ion obse ed in da a. All simula ed e en s a e hen econs uc ed wi h he same algo i hms as used o da a. 4 Analysis s a egy and e en selec ion An LLP p oduced in he ha d in e ac ion o he colliding p o ons may a el a signi ican dis ance in he de ec o be o e decaying in o muons. While ajec o ies o he muons p oduced well wi hin he silicon acke can be econs uc ed by bo h he acke and he muon sys em, acks o muons p oduced in he ou e acke laye s o beyond can only be econs uc ed by he muon sys em. Since he dimuon e ex esolu ion and he backg ound composi ion di e d ama ically depending on whe he he muon is econs uc ed in he acke , we classi y all econs uc ed dimuon e en s in o h ee mu ually exclusi e ca ego ies: a) bo h muons a e econs uc ed using bo h he acke and he muon sys em (TMS-TMS ca ego y); b) bo h muons a e econs uc ed using only he muon sys em, as “s andalone” muons (STA-STA ca ego y); and c) one muon is econs uc ed only in he muon sys em, whe eas he o he muon is econs uc ed using bo h he acke and he muon sys em (STA- TMS ca ego y). These h ee ca ego ies o e en s a e analyzed sepa a ely, each bene i ing om dedica ed e en selec ion c i e ia and backg ound e alua ion. The esul s in each ca ego y a e s a is ically combined o p o ide he inal esul s. The beamspo is iden i ied wi h he mean posi ion o he pp in e ac ion e ices. The p ima y e ex (PV) is aken o be he e ex co esponding o he ha des sca e ing in he e en , e alua ed using acking in o ma ion alone, as desc ibed in sec ion 9.4 o e . [26]. A pai o econs uc ed muon acks is i ed o a common e ex (CV), which is expec ed o be displaced wi h espec o he PV. The ans e se decay leng h Lxy is de ined as he dis ance be ween he PV and he CV in he plane ans e se o he beam di ec ion. The ans e se impac pa ame e d0is de ined as he dis ance o closes app oach (DCA) o he muon ack in he ans e se plane wi h espec o he PV. E en s we e collec ed wi h dedica ed igge s aimed a eco ding dimuons p oduced bo h wi hin and ou side o he acke . The e o e, hese igge s equi e wo muons econ- s uc ed in he muon sys em alone, wi hou using any in o ma ion om he acke , and do no impose he beamspo cons ain in he muon ack i a he HLT [27]. Each muon is equi ed o be wi hin he egion |η|<2.0and o ha e ans e se momen um magni ude pT>28(23) GeV in 2016 (2018) da a aking. To educe he igge a e caused by had on punch- h ough and poo ly measu ed muons, each muon ack is equi ed o be composed o segmen s ound in wo o mo e muon s a ions. To educe he con ibu ion o he igge a e om cosmic ay muons and low-mass dimuon esonances, he igge used o collec 2016 da a also equi ed ha he 3D angle be ween he muons be less han 2.5 ad, and – 5 – JHEP05(2023)228 0 20 40 60 80 100 [cm] 0 d 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 E iciency Cosmic ay muon da a h esholds L1 T > 33 GeV, 2016 p STA T pCMS > 4 GeV) L1 T Da a (p > 4 GeV) L1 T XX (p→ φ > 11 GeV) L1 T Da a (p > 11 GeV) L1 T XX (p→ φ 0 20 40 60 80 100 [cm] 0 d 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 E iciency Cosmic ay muon da a h esholds L1 T > 28 GeV, 2018 p STA T pCMS > 7 GeV) L1 T Da a (p > 7 GeV) L1 T XX (p→ φ > 15 GeV) L1 T Da a (p > 15 GeV) L1 T XX (p→ φ Figu e 2. L1 muon igge e iciency in cosmic ay muon da a (blue) and signal simula ion ( ed) as a unc ion o d0, o he L1 igge pT h esholds used in (le ) 2016 and ( igh ) 2018. The denomina o in he e iciency calcula ions is he numbe o STA muons wi h |η|<1.2and pT>33 (28)GeV in 2016 (2018). ha he in a ian mass o he wo muons be la ge han 10GeV. The op imiza ion o he online selec ion p io o he 2018 da a aking made i possible o emo e hese wo equi e- men s om he 2018 igge , hus p o iding addi ional alida ion egions o backg ound e alua ion and inc easing he signal e iciency. The e iciency o igge ing on signal e en s in 2018 was u he imp o ed by complemen ing he abo e igge wi h one e y simila o i , bu using a modi ied e sion o he ini ial “seeding” s age o he muon ajec o y building a he HLT. The seed gene a o used in he new igge was speci ically designed o muons no poin ing o he beamspo and helped o inc ease he econs uc ion e iciency o displaced muons. The high-le el igge s used in he analysis we e seeded by L1 dimuon igge s ha equi ed he pTo he muons o be abo e ce ain h esholds. The alues o he h esholds we e a ied du ing he da a aking, depending on he ins an aneous luminosi y, om 11 and 4GeV ( o he leading and subleading L1 muons, espec i ely) du ing mos o 2016, o 15 and 7GeV a he end o Run 2. A L1, he pTassignmen o muons was made unde he assump ion ha he muons o igina ed a he beamspo . As a esul , he pTo he displaced muons no poin ing o he beamspo we e unde es ima ed and could all below he L1 igge h esholds. The ensuing signal e iciency loss was la ge when highe L1 igge pT h esholds we e used. Since his e ec is decoupled om he collision en i onmen (e.g., ins an aneous luminosi y), i can be s udied using cosmic ay muons eco ded wi h e y loose igge s du ing pe iods wi h no beam. Figu e 2shows ha he dec ease in he L1 muon igge e iciency as a unc ion o he impac pa ame e d0 o a ious L1 igge pT h esholds used in 2016 (le ) and 2018 ( igh ) is well ep oduced by he signal simula ion in he ba el. As no ed in sec ion 1, no single muon econs uc o p o ides op imal pe o mance o e he wide ange o displacemen s o seconda y e ices conside ed in he analysis. Muons p oduced nea he IP can be accu a ely econs uc ed by using commonly used algo i hms de eloped o p omp muons and combining measu emen s in he acke and – 6 – JHEP05(2023)228 he muon sys em. Among hem a e he global muon and acke muon econs uc ion algo i hms [11,28]. The i s algo i hm builds “global muons” by using hi s in he acke and segmen s in he muon sys em in a common ack i . The second cons uc s “ acke muons” by p opaga ing acks in he inne acke o he muon sys em and equi ing loose geome ical ma ching o DT o CSC segmen s. The e iciency o hese algo i hms, howe e , apidly dec eases as he dis ance be ween he IP and muon o igin inc eases, d opping o ze o o muons p oduced in he ou e acke laye s and beyond. On he o he hand, such muons can s ill be e icien ly econs uc ed by algo i hms ha use only in o ma ion om he muon sys em. These STA algo i hms [11,28] can econs uc muons wi h displacemen s o up o a ew me e s, bu hey ha e poo e spa ial and momen um esolu ion han muons econs uc ed using mo e p ecise in o ma ion om he silicon acke . To bene i om he ad an ages o e ed by bo h ypes o algo i hms and o ollow wha was done in he igge , we begin he muon selec ion wi h he mos e icien s andalone muons and eplace hem wi h mo e accu a ely econs uc ed global and acke muons whene e such muons a e ound. We use muons econs uc ed by an STA algo i hm wi h he beamspo cons ain s emo ed om all s ages o he muon econs uc ion p ocedu e, which yields he highes e iciency and he bes esolu ion o displaced muons, ou o all a ailable STA algo i hms. The e en selec ion s a s wi h he equi emen ha he e en is selec ed by he igge s desc ibed abo e and has a leas wo STA muons, each con aining mo e han 12 alid CSC o DT hi s. The equi emen o he minimal numbe o hi s supp esses backg ounds om had on punch- h ough and o he sou ces, and ensu es ha he STA muons ha e accep able pT esolu ion and cha ge assignmen . The STA muons ha sa is y his basic quali y equi emen o m he ini ial lis o he muon candida es e ained o he analysis. Nex , we ejec e en s in which no HLT muon pai ha igge ed he e en ma ches wo STA muons in he lis . This equi emen supp esses e en s ha igge ed on muons no ela ed o he signal and acili a es applica ion o igge e iciency measu emen s in he analysis. We hen a emp o ma ch each STA muon in he lis wi h a TMS muon, i.e., a global o a acke muon. The STA and TMS muons a e conside ed o be ma ched i hey sha e a leas wo hi ds o hei segmen s o i ∆RSTA−TMS <0.1, whe e ∆RSTA−TMS = p(ηhi −ηpca)2+ (φhi −φpca)2is he sepa a ion be ween ηhi (φhi ) o he posi ion o he inne mos hi o he STA muon and ηpca (φpca) o he poin o closes app oach o he TMS muon o his hi . I an associa ed TMS muon is ound, i eplaces he co esponding STA muon in he lis o he muon candida es used o u he analysis; o he wise, he o iginal STA muon is kep . The ma ching p ocedu e was op imized using e en s in he simula ed signal and backg ound samples as well as da a in he signal- ee con ol egions discussed in sec ion 5. I elimina es mos o he pp collision backg ound o LLP decays ou side o he acke and g ea ly inc eases sensi i i y o LLP decays in he acke , hanks o a a supe io esolu ion o TMS muons compa ed o ha o STA muons. The impac o he STA- o-TMS muon associa ion p ocedu e on he e en selec ion is u he illus a ed in igu e 3, which shows he ac ion o simula ed Φ→XX → µµ+any hing signal e en s wi h ze o, one, and wo STA muons ma ched o TMS muons – 7 – JHEP05(2023)228 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 [cm] ue xy L 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 F ac ion o dimuons by ca ego y +any hingµµ→XX→ φ CMS Simula ion (13 TeV) TMS-TMS STA-TMS STA-STA Figu e 3. F ac ions o signal e en s wi h ze o (g een), one (blue), and wo ( ed) STA muons ma ched o TMS muons by he STA- o-TMS muon associa ion p ocedu e, as a unc ion o ue Lxy, in all simula ed Φ→XX →µµ+any hing signal samples combined. The ac ions a e compu ed ela i e o he numbe o signal e en s passing he igge and con aining wo STA muons wi h mo e han 12 muon de ec o hi s and pT>10 GeV ma ched o gene a ed muons om X→µµ decays. as a unc ion o L ue xy , de ined as he ans e se dis ance be ween he simula ed posi ions o he ha d-in e ac ion and LLP decay e ices. While almos all dimuons p oduced close o he IP ha e bo h STA muons ma ched o TMS muons, he ac ion o hese e en s apidly dec eases wi h L ue xy , e lec ing he dependence on L ue xy o he acke econs uc- ion e iciency. E en s wi h one STA muon ma ched o a TMS muon s a o domina e a L ue xy = 25 cm and emain he dominan componen up o ≈50 cm, whe e e en s wi h no STA- o-TMS ma ches ake o e . When LLPs decay in he ou e acke laye s o beyond he acke , all STA- o-TMS associa ions a e pu ely acciden al and occu o ewe han 5% o he simula ed signal muons. The e o e, he associa ion p ocedu e gi es ise o h ee ca ego ies o dimuons, each domina ing in a ce ain L ue xy ange: TMS-TMS a small L ue xy , STA-TMS a in e media e L ue xy , and STA-STA a la ge L ue xy . The numbe o STA-STA dimuons beyond he solenoid, a L ue xy >3.2m, is low because o he low igge e iciency. The STA and TMS muons a e hen subjec ed o addi ional selec ion c i e ia op imized using simula ed signal and backg ound samples, and samples o dimuons mis econs uc ed as displaced in he signal- ee egions in da a. The STA muons a e equi ed o ha e pT>10 GeV and o sa is y he ollowing c i e ia: • ela i e pTunce ain y σpT/pT<1.0, whe e σpTis he in e nal unce ain y om he muon ack i ; •χ2/do o he muon ack i less han 2.5; •mo e han 18 DT hi s o muons econs uc ed only in he ba el; – 8 – JHEP05(2023)228 a e chosen by in e ing one o mo e selec ion c i e ia in o de o ob ain a egion popula ed mos ly by a gi en ype o backg ound and con aining a negligible con ibu ion om he signal p ocesses. The de ini ions o he con ol egions and he de ails o he backg ound e alua ion p ocedu e di e o di e en dimuon ca ego ies and a e desc ibed in he es o his sec ion. To a oid po en ial bias in he e en selec ion, he e en s passing he ull selec ion (i.e., hose in he signal egion) we e “blinded” un il he las s eps o he analysis. The con ibu ion om cosmic ay muons is e alua ed sepa a ely o each dimuon ca - ego y om he numbe o dimuons sa is ying all selec ion c i e ia bu ailing he cos α e- qui emen s. The e alua ion p ocedu e makes use o he e iciency o he cos α equi emen s measu ed om a sample o cosmic ay muons collec ed du ing pe iods wi h no beam. In all dimuon ca ego ies, he esidual backg ound a ising om cosmic ay muons is es ima ed o be smalle han 0.1 e en s in all mass in e als combined. 5.1 Es ima ion o D ell–Yan and o he p omp backg ounds In all h ee dimuon ca ego ies, he con ibu ion om p omp mis econs uc ed dimuons, collec i ely e e ed o as DY-like e en s, is e alua ed om e en s in he signal- ee |∆Φ|- symme ic con ol egion, |∆Φ|>3π/4: Ni DY(OS;|∆Φ|< π/4) = Ni DY(OS;|∆Φ|>3π/4) Ri DY ,(5.1) whe e Ni DY(OS;|∆Φ|< π/4) and Ni DY(OS;|∆Φ|>3π/4) a e, espec i ely, he numbe s o DY backg ound e en s in he signal and i s |∆Φ|-symme ic con ol egion; Ri DY is he ans e ac o accoun ing o he esidual asymme y in he popula ion o e en s in he wo |∆Φ| egions and ob ained om auxilia y measu emen s; and he index ideno es he dimuon ca ego y (STA-STA, STA-TMS, o TMS-TMS). The numbe o DY dimuons in he |∆Φ|>3π/4 egion is aken o be he o al numbe o e en s in ha egion minus he expec ed con ibu ion om o he ypes o backg ound e en s es ima ed as discussed in sec ion 5.2. The symme y o he |∆Φ|dis ibu ions in his class o backg ound e en s is s udied using da a and simula ed e en s. In he STA-STA and STA-TMS ca ego ies, we use e en s in he con ol egions ob ained by e e sing he STA- o-TMS associa ion. Speci ically, we selec e en s ha consis o STA-STA o , al e na i ely, STA-TMS dimuons passing all se- lec ion c i e ia, bu in which each o he cons i uen STA muons is associa ed wi h a TMS muon. To ensu e ha such STA-STA and STA-TMS dimuons a e p omp ly p oduced (and hus a e no signal), we equi e ha he associa ed TMS-TMS dimuons, which ha e a a supe io spa ial esolu ion, a e p omp . This is achie ed by equi ing Lxy/σLxy <1.0 o he associa ed TMS-TMS dimuon in he STA-STA ca ego y, and d0/σd0<1.5 o he TMS muon associa ed wi h he STA muon in he STA-TMS ca ego y. To minimize con- amina ion om muons om je s, which we discuss sepa a ely in wha ollows, each TMS muon in he associa ed TMS-TMS dimuon is equi ed o sa is y he isola ion equi emen I el k <0.05. Since he TMS and STA muons a e p edominan ly econs uc ed om in o ma ion in di e en de ec o s ( he acke and he muon sys em, espec i ely), a genuine p omp muon – 15 – JHEP05(2023)228 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 |Φ∆| 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 E en s / 0.063 uni s STA-STA CMS (13 TeV) -1 61.3 b Da a D ell-Yan W W+ WW+WZ+ZZ S a . unc. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 |Φ∆| 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 E en s / 0.063 uni s STA-TMS CMS (13 TeV) -1 61.3 b Da a D ell-Yan W W+ WW+WZ+ZZ S a . unc. Figu e 4. Dis ibu ions o |∆Φ| o (le ) STA-STA and ( igh ) STA-TMS dimuons in 2018 da a (black do s) and simula ed backg ound p ocesses (s acked his og ams), o e en s in he con ol egions wi h he STA- o-TMS associa ion o he STA muons e e sed, as desc ibed in he ex . All nominal selec ion equi emen s, including dimuon Lxy/σLxy and TMS muon d0/σd0, a e applied o he STA-STA and STA-TMS dimuons. The simula ed p ocesses a e scaled o co espond o he in eg a ed luminosi y o he da a. The shaded a ea shows he s a is ical unce ain y in he simula ed backg ound yield. gi ing ise o a displaced STA muon is usually accu a ely econs uc ed as p omp by he TMS muon econs uc ion. As a esul , he a o emen ioned con ol egions con ain genuine p omp dimuons ha a e econs uc ed as displaced STA-STA o STA-TMS dimuons be- cause o econs uc ion ailu es o e ex i anomalies in hese ca ego ies, i.e., exac ly he ype o backg ound e en s ha we wish o s udy. The |∆Φ|dis ibu ions o STA-STA and STA-TMS dimuons in hese con ol egions, in 2018 da a and simula ed backg ound sam- ples, a e shown in igu e 4. (The dis ibu ions in 2016 da a a e e y simila .) The obse ed dis ibu ions, sculp ed by he in e play be ween he geome ic e ec s and he igge and o line selec ion equi emen s, a e well ep oduced by he simula ion. The dis ibu ions a e s ill ai ly symme ic a ound π/2, bu he e is a small asymme y caused by he e en selec ion c i e ia. Co ec ions accoun ing o his asymme y a e ob ained om he a io o e en s wi h |∆Φ|< π/4and |∆Φ|>3π/4in he a o emen ioned con ol egions, Ri DY =N e ,i DY (OS;|∆Φ|< π/4) N e ,i DY (OS;|∆Φ|>3π/4) .(5.2) In bo h STA-STA and STA-TMS ca ego ies, no dependence o he ans e ac o Ri DY on mass is obse ed, and a single alue is used o all signal mass in e als. The esul ing Ri DY alues only weakly depend on he dimuon ca ego y and he da a- aking yea , and a e in he ange o 0.8–0.9. The s a is ical unce ain ies o he measu emen s do no exceed a ew pe cen . The sys ema ic unce ain ies in Ri DY a e assessed by compa ing Ri DY measu ed in indi idual mass in e als wi h he esul o he inclusi e measu emen and by a ying he bounda ies and de ini ions o he auxilia y con ol egions. The la e includes epea ing he measu emen s o RSTA-STA DY in he egion wi h only one STA- o-TMS muon associa ion and o RSTA-TMS DY in he egion ob ained by equi ing Lxy/σLxy <1.5 o he – 16 – JHEP05(2023)228 associa ed TMS-TMS dimuon. Based on hese s udies, we assign sys ema ic unce ain ies o 15% in RSTA-STA DY and 40% in RSTA-TMS DY . In he TMS-TMS dimuon ca ego y, he symme y o he |∆Φ|dis ibu ion in DY- like backg ounds is assessed om e en s in he con ol egion ob ained by e e sal o he equi emen on χ2 x. We obse e a s ong co ela ion be ween e ex χ2and DCA in bo h da a and simula ed DY e en s, which sugges s ha χ2 x is e ec i ely a measu e o he dis ance be ween he TMS muons o ming he dimuon. Fu he s udies o TMS-TMS dimuons in DY e en s passing and ailing he χ2 x equi emen con i m ha hey di e only in how a away he wo muons a e econs uc ed om each o he , and ha e e y simila p ope ies o he wise. We use e en s in he in e ed e ex χ2con ol egion o e alua e he ans e ac o RTMS-TMS DY ollowing eq. (5.2). The measu ed alue o RTMS-TMS DY ag ees wi h uni y wi hin he s a is ical unce ain ies in mos mµµ in e als and d0/σd0bins. Since no sys ema ic ends a e obse ed, we use he alue o RTMS-TMS DY = 1 a all masses and in all min(d0/σd0) bins, and assign a 15% sys ema ic unce ain y o accoun o he la ges de ia ions o RTMS-TMS DY om uni y. 5.2 Es ima ion o nonp omp backg ounds The backg ound e alua ion me hod desc ibed abo e is based on he symme y o he |∆Φ| dis ibu ion and does no accoun o he con ibu ions om backg ound sou ces ha yield dimuons exclusi ely o p edominan ly a small |∆Φ|. Such backg ound sou ces include: dimuon decays o nonp omp low-mass esonances such as a J/ψmeson om bhad on de- cay; cascade decays o bhad ons; and dimuons o med om a pai o un ela ed nonp omp muons in he same je . I well econs uc ed, mos such backg ound e en s ha e mµµ no exceeding a ew GeV and a e ejec ed by he mµµ >10 GeV equi emen . Howe e , a small ac ion o hem wi h mismeasu ed mµµ can sa is y his equi emen and pass he e en selec ion. Such dimuons mos ly ha e small |∆Φ| alues (because he pµµ Tand Lxy ec o s a e collinea ) and may ha e la ge, signal-like Lxy/σLxy and d0/σd0 alues. They a e also likely o ha e in a ian masses close o he 10GeV h eshold. The o he sou ce o nonp omp backg ound consis s o dimuons o med om muons embedded in di e en je s. Since all hese nonp omp backg ound e en s a ise om je s p oduced h ough he s ong in e ac ion, we collec i ely e e o hem as quan um ch omodynamics (QCD) e en s. To gain insigh in o a con ibu ion om his class o backg ound e en s o he STA- STA and STA-TMS ca ego ies, we s udy e en s in con ol egions simila o hose desc ibed abo e, bu ailo ed o selec e en s wi h muons embedded in je s. Once again, we in e he STA- o-TMS associa ion and selec STA-STA o , al e na i ely, STA-TMS dimuons passing all selec ion c i e ia, excep ha a leas one o he cons i uen STA muons is associa ed wi h a TMS muon. To supp ess |∆Φ|-symme ic backg ound e en s such as DY as well as po en ial con ibu ions om signal p ocesses, we equi e each TMS muon o be nonisola ed, de ined as I el k >0.1in he STA-STA and I el k >0.125 in he STA- TMS ca ego y. Acco ding o he simula ion, his equi emen selec s a subse o e en s almos en i ely composed o QCD e en s. Figu e 5(le ) shows he |∆Φ|dis ibu ion o OS STA-STA dimuons in 2018 da a in he samples hus ob ained. Unlike he DY e en s in – 17 – JHEP05(2023)228 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 *|Φ∆| 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 E en s / 0.20 uni s STA-STA CMS (13 TeV) -1 61.3 b /2)π| < Φ∆| (|Φ∆ |≡*| Φ∆| /2)π| > Φ∆| (|Φ∆ |− π ≡*| Φ∆| 1 10 2 10 [GeV] TMS-TMS µµ m 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 E en s / GeV STA-STA > 10 GeV STA-STA µµ m CMS (13 TeV) -1 61.3 b Figu e 5. Dis ibu ions o (le ) |∆Φ∗|(de ined in he legend) o STA-STA dimuons and ( igh ) mµµ o TMS-TMS dimuons associa ed wi h STA-STA dimuons. Bo h dis ibu ions show STA-STA dimuons in 2018 da a in he con ol egion en iched in QCD e en s, as desc ibed in he ex . (The dis ibu ions in 2016 da a a e e y simila .) In he le plo , exac ly one STA muon is associa ed wi h a TMS muon, while in he igh plo , bo h a e. All nominal selec ion equi emen s, including mµµ >10 GeV and Lxy/σLxy >6, a e applied o he STA-STA dimuons. igu e 4, which a e app oxima ely symme ic a ound π/2, he QCD e en s ha e a signal- like peak a |∆Φ|= 0. Mos o hese e en s a e genuine low-mass dimuons ha a e econs uc ed a highe mµµ because o poo pT esolu ion o STA muons, and hence pass he mµµ >10 GeV equi emen . This is demons a ed by igu e 5( igh ), which shows he dis ibu ion o well-measu ed mµµ o TMS-TMS dimuons associa ed wi h STA-STA dimuons wi h mµµ >10 GeV. Many o he backg ound p ocesses yielding small-|∆Φ|OS dimuons also gi e ise o small-|∆Φ|SS dimuons, ei he because hese p ocesses a e cha ge symme ic o ia he muon cha ge misassignmen . Thus, we e alua e he con ibu ion om he QCD backg ound o he signal egion, Ni QCD(OS;|∆Φ|< π/4), om he numbe o small-|∆Φ|SS dimuons, Ni(SS;|∆Φ|< π/4): Ni QCD(OS;|∆Φ|< π/4) = Ni(SS;|∆Φ|< π/4) Ri QCD .(5.3) The ans e ac o Ri QCD be ween he numbe s o QCD e en s in hese wo egions is ob ained om he a io o OS o SS dimuons in he a o emen ioned con ol egion wi h he STA- o-TMS associa ion e e sed and TMS muons no isola ed: Ri QCD =N e ,i QCD(OS;|∆Φ|< π/4) N e ,i QCD(SS;|∆Φ|< π/4) .(5.4) Because he cha ge misassignmen and he p obabili y o inding he STA- o-TMS associa- ion we e ound o be an ico ela ed, he measu emen o Ri QCD in he STA-STA ca ego y is pe o med using dimuons wi h exac ly one o he cons i uen STA muons associa ed wi h a TMS muon, p o iding e en s ha a e mo e ep esen a i e o hose in he signal egion. Since he composi ion o he QCD backg ound a ies as a unc ion o mµµ , he e alua ion – 18 – JHEP05(2023)228 o Ri QCD is pe o med sepa a ely in he indi idual mass in e als, wi h he excep ion o he STA-STA ca ego y, whe e a common alue is used o mµµ >35 GeV o a oid la ge s a is ical luc ua ions o RSTA-STA QCD . The measu ed alues o Ri QCD in hese wo ca ego ies a y be ween 1.1 and 2.3 depending on he mass in e al and yea , wi h s a is ical unce - ain ies in he ange o 10–30% in he STA-STA and 2–20% in he STA-TMS ca ego y. The sys ema ic unce ain ies in RSTA-STA QCD a e assessed by e alua ing he po en ial impac on RSTA-STA QCD o he co ela ion be ween he success a e o he STA- o-TMS associa ion and STA muon cha ge misassignmen . The sys ema ic unce ain ies in RSTA-TMS QCD a e e alua ed by a ying he de ini ions o he auxilia y con ol egions, e.g., pe o ming he measu e- men o RSTA-TMS QCD in he egion ob ained by in e ing he isola ion equi emen applied o he TMS muon. Based on hese s udies, we assign a sys ema ic unce ain y in he ange o 10–30% in RSTA-STA QCD , depending on he mass in e al and he yea , and a ixed 30% sys ema ic unce ain y in RSTA-TMS QCD . A p io i, we do no expec a la ge con ibu ion om |∆Φ|-asymme ic low-mass dimuons in he TMS-TMS ca ego y, because o a a supe io dimuon in a ian mass eso- lu ion. Indeed, he s udy o simula ed QCD e en s shows ha a as majo i y o bo h OS and SS TMS-TMS dimuons passing all selec ion c i e ia a ise om a pai o un ela ed non- p omp muons in wo di e en je s. Such e en s do no con ain genuine displaced dimuons and a e expec ed o ha e a symme ic |∆Φ|dis ibu ion. Ne e heless, since some con i- bu ion om |∆Φ|-asymme ic dimuons may s ill be p esen in he backg ound e en s in da a, we p e e no o ely on he |∆Φ|symme y in he e alua ion o nonp omp back- g ounds. Ins ead, simila ly o he STA-STA and STA-TMS ca ego ies, we use he ac ha dije and mul ije e en s gi e ise o bo h OS and SS dimuons, and base ou es ima e o he QCD backg ound on he numbe o SS dimuons ollowing eq. (5.3). The ans e ac o RTMS-TMS QCD is ob ained om he a io o OS o SS dimuons in he con ol egion wi h he muon isola ion equi emen e e sed, which comp ises dimuons passing he nominal e en selec ion bu wi h a leas one muon wi h I el k >0.075 and bo h wi h I el k <0.5. We ha e e i ied ha hese e en s, as well as SS dimuons passing isola ion equi emen s, con ain negligible con ibu ions om signal and DY e en s. As he signal egion is di ided in o se e al min(d0/σd0) bins, he e alua ion o RTMS-TMS QCD is pe o med sepa a ely in each min(d0/σd0) bin. Since no dependence o he alue o RTMS-TMS QCD on mµµ is obse ed, RTMS-TMS QCD in each min(d0/σd0) bin is calcula ed by in eg a ing e en s in he en i e in a ian mass spec um. The measu ed alues o RTMS-TMS QCD dec ease om ≈2 o ≈1as min(d0/σd0) inc eases, wi h s a is ical unce ain ies in he ange o 5–20%. A sys ema ic unce ain y o 15% is assigned o accoun o a ia ions o RTMS-TMS QCD as a unc ion o he in a ian mass and as he esul o changing he de ini ion and bounda ies o he auxilia y con ol egion. To a oid o e es ima ing he DY backg ound, he same QCD backg ound e alua ion me hod is applied o dimuons in he |∆Φ|>3π/4con ol egion. The ob ained es i- ma e o he QCD backg ound is hen sub ac ed om he o al obse ed numbe o OS dimuons wi h |∆Φ|>3π/4 o ob ain he numbe o DY dimuons in his |∆Φ| egion, Ni DY(OS;|∆Φ|>3π/4), used o he e alua ion o he DY backg ounds in he signal – 19 – JHEP05(2023)228 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 xy L σ/ xy L 0 1 2 3 4 Obs. / p ed. σ/L 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 E en s / 1 uni CMS (13 TeV) -1 36.3 b Obse ed D ell-Yan (p edic ed) QCD (p edic ed) S a . unce ain y STA-STA 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 xy L σ/ xy L 0 1 2 3 4 Obs. / p ed. σ/L 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 E en s / 1 uni CMS (13 TeV) -1 61.3 b Obse ed D ell-Yan (p edic ed) QCD (p edic ed) S a . unce ain y STA-STA Figu e 6. Dis ibu ions o Lxy/σLxy o STA-STA dimuons in he Lxy/σLxy <6VR, in (le ) 2016 and ( igh ) 2018 da a, compa ed o he backg ound p edic ions. The obse ed dis ibu ions (black poin s wi h e o ba s) a e o e layed on s acked his og ams con aining he expec ed numbe s o DY (g een) and QCD (yellow) backg ound e en s. The lowe panels show he a io o he obse ed o p edic ed numbe s o e en s. The shaded a ea shows he s a is ical unce ain y in he o al backg ound p edic ion; he admix u e o he QCD backg ound in his alida ion egion is es ima ed sepa a ely and has a la ge s a is ical unce ain y han he o al backg ound. |∆Φ|< π/4 egion acco ding o eq. (5.1). This p ocedu e is no applied in he STA-STA ca ego y, whe e he |∆Φ|-symme ic QCD backg ound is negligible. The sum o he QCD and DY backg ound es ima es cons i u e he o al p edic ed backg ound in he signal e- gion. Acco ding o he backg ound e alua ion me hod, he DY backg ounds a e expec ed o domina e a small d0/σd0and Lxy/σLxy alues, whe eas he ela i e QCD con ibu- ion becomes la ge as d0/σd0and Lxy/σLxy inc ease. The unce ain y in he backg ound p edic ions is domina ed by he s a is ical unce ain y in he numbe s o e en s in he |∆Φ|>3π/4and SS con ol egions. 5.3 Valida ion o backg ound p edic ions The backg ound e alua ion me hod desc ibed in sec ions 5.1 and 5.2 is es ed in se e al alida ion egions (VRs) ha a e expec ed o con ain negligible con ibu ion om signal. The e alua ion o DY backg ounds is examined in he VRs ob ained by in e ing he Lxy/σLxy and d0/σd0 equi emen s and he eby en iched in his class o e en s. One example o such s udies is shown in igu e 6, which compa es he backg ound p edic ions o he obse ed dis ibu ions in he Lxy/σLxy <6VR in he STA-STA ca ego y. The yields in da a a e consis en wi h p edic ions o he me hod, which also co ec ly p edic s a la ge STA-STA backg ound in 2016 compa ed o 2018 due o a lowe acking e iciency in a pa o 2016 da a [34]. In ano he check, we apply he backg ound e alua ion p ocedu e o he TMS-TMS dimuons in he 2<min(d0/σd0)<6sideband. The compa ison o he p edic ed back- g ound and da a in bins o Lxy/σLxy is shown in igu e 7. The expec ed and obse ed numbe s o e en s a e in ag eemen in he en i e p obed Lxy/σLxy ange. The e a e mo e backg ound e en s in 2018 da a han in 2016 da a because o loose igge equi emen s and la ge in eg a ed luminosi y. – 20 – JHEP05(2023)228 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 xy L σ/ xy L 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Obs. / p ed. 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 E en s / 2 uni s CMS (13 TeV) -1 36.3 b Obse ed D ell-Yan (p edic ed) QCD (p edic ed) S a . unce ain y TMS-TMS ) < 6 0 d σ/ 0 2 < min(d 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 xy L σ/ xy L 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Obs. / p ed. 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 E en s / 2 uni s CMS (13 TeV) -1 61.3 b Obse ed D ell-Yan (p edic ed) QCD (p edic ed) S a . unce ain y TMS-TMS ) < 6 0 d σ/ 0 2 < min(d Figu e 7. Dis ibu ions o Lxy/σLxy o TMS-TMS dimuons in he 2<min(d0/σd0)<6VR, in (le ) 2016 and ( igh ) 2018 da a, compa ed o he backg ound p edic ions. The obse ed dis ibu ions (black poin s wi h e o ba s) a e o e layed on s acked his og ams con aining he expec ed numbe s o DY (g een) and QCD (yellow) backg ound e en s. The las bin includes e en s in he o e low. The lowe panels show he a io o he obse ed o p edic ed numbe s o e en s. The shaded a ea shows he s a is ical unce ain y in he backg ound p edic ion. The e alua ion o he |∆Φ|-asymme ic componen o QCD backg ounds, which is pa icula ly impo an in he STA-STA ca ego y, is es ed in he low-mass (6< mµµ < 10 GeV) VR, as well as in he egion ob ained by in e ing he equi emen on he minimum numbe o DT hi s and muon segmen s applied o dimuons wi h |∆ηµµ |<0.1, e e ed o as he small-|∆ηµµ |VR. Using dimuons wi h STA muons associa ed wi h TMS muons and aking well-measu ed mµµ and |∆Φ| alues o co esponding TMS-TMS dimuons as p oxies o ue alues o hese quan i ies, we ha e e i ied ha he samples o e en s in hese VRs p edominan ly consis o small-|∆Φ|dimuons wi h mismeasu ed mµµ . Figu e 8 shows he compa ison o he p edic ed backg ound yields and da a in hese wo VRs. The low-mass VR is only a ailable in 2018 da a because he igge used o collec 2016 da a o his analysis included he mµµ >10 GeV equi emen . The small-|∆ηµµ |VR is a ailable in bo h da a se s, bu since he numbe o e en s in his VR in 2016 da a is small, an addi ional es is pe o med on a subse o 2018 da a collec ed using he 2016 igge , and he e o e en iched in e en s simila o hose eco ded in 2016. The mµµ in e als o 10–32, 15–60, and 20–80 GeV shown o he small-|∆ηµµ|VRs a e he in e als chosen o p obe LLP masses o 20, 30, and 50 GeV, espec i ely. The yields in da a a e ound o be consis en wi h backg ound p edic ions in all es s and mµµ in e als. Finally, o ensu e he alidi y o he me hod a di e en alues o he main disc imi- na ing a iable in he TMS-TMS and STA-TMS ca ego ies, he alida ion checks a e pe - o med in bins o d0/σd0o he TMS muon. Such checks include compa isons in he d0/σd0 sideband (d0/σd0<6) in he signal |∆Φ| egion, as well as hose in he en i e d0/σd0 ange in he |∆Φ|sideband, π/4<|∆Φ|< π/2. In he la e , he egion wi h π/4<|∆Φ|< π/2 is used as a signal- ee p oxy o he |∆Φ|< π/4signal egion. The backg ound e al- ua ion p ocedu e is applied o he OS and SS dimuons in he |∆Φ|-symme ic egion, π/2<|∆Φ|<3π/4, as well as SS dimuons wi h π/4<|∆Φ|< π/2. The compa isons – 21 – JHEP05(2023)228 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 E en s / bin STA-STA [GeV] µµ m [6, 10] [10, 32] [15, 60] [20, 80] [10, 32] [15, 60] [20, 80] [10, 32] [15, 60] [20, 80] 2018 2018 2018 (2016 HLT) 2016 µµ low-m | µµ η∆small-| | µµ η∆small-| | µµ η∆small-| CMS (13 TeV) -1 97.6 b Obse ed QCD (p edic ed) S a . unce ain y Figu e 8. Compa ison o obse ed (black poin s wi h e o ba s) and p edic ed (his og ams) yields o STA-STA dimuons in he alida ion egions en iched in QCD backg ound e en s. The i s bin shows he yields in he low-mass VR in 2018 da a. The o he h ee g oups o bins, sepa a ed by solid lines, show he yields in he small-|∆ηµµ |VR, in ( om le o igh ) he en i e 2018 da a se , a subse o 2018 da a en iched in e en s collec ed in 2016, and he 2016 da a se . Each o hese h ee VRs is u he subdi ided in o h ee mµµ in e als, 10–32, 15–60, and 20–80 GeV. The expec ed numbe o backg ound e en s is compu ed acco ding o eqs. (5.3) and (5.4), sepa a ely in each mµµ bin. The shaded a ea shows he s a is ical unce ain y in he backg ound p edic ion. o he p edic ed backg ound and 2018 da a in he TMS-TMS and STA-TMS ca ego ies in his VR a e shown in igu e 9. The obse ed and expec ed numbe s o e en s a e consis en wi hin s a is ical unce ain ies. 6 Sys ema ic unce ain ies a ec ing he signal Mos o he sys ema ic unce ain ies a ec ing he signal e iciencies a e e alua ed sepa a ely in each dimuon ca ego y and o each da a- aking yea . Unless s a ed o he wise, we conside sou ces o unce ain ies o be unco ela ed among di e en dimuon ca ego ies and yea s. In he STA-STA and STA-TMS ca ego ies, he dominan sys ema ic unce ain ies come om he STA muon iden i ica ion and igge e iciencies. A small displacemen s, bo h e iciencies a e accu a ely measu ed as a unc ion o muon pTand ηby applying he “ ag- and-p obe me hod” [28] o muons om J/ψmeson and Zboson decays. The di e ences in he iden i ica ion and igge e iciencies be ween da a and simula ion a e used o co ec he signal simula ion yields. In he STA-STA ca ego y, hese co ec ions ange om 0.78 o 1.13, depending on he signal sample. The e olu ion o e iciencies wi h displacemen is s udied using a sample o cosmic ay muons collec ed du ing pe iods wi h no beam, and addi ional d0-dependen co ec ions and sys ema ic unce ain ies a e de i ed. A d0= 10 – 22 – JHEP05(2023)228 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 ) 0 d σ/ 0 min(d 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Obs. / p ed. 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 E en s / 2 uni s CMS (13 TeV) -1 61.3 b Obse ed D ell-Yan (p edic ed) QCD (p edic ed) S a . unce ain y TMS-TMS /2π| < Φ∆/4 < |π 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 d σ/ 0 d 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Obs. / p ed. 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 E en s / 2 uni s CMS (13 TeV) -1 61.3 b Obse ed D ell-Yan (p edic ed) QCD (p edic ed) S a . unce ain y STA-TMS /2π| < Φ∆/4 < |π Figu e 9. Dis ibu ions in he π/4<|∆Φ|< π/2VR in 2018 da a: (le ) he smalle o he wo d0/σd0 alues o he TMS-TMS dimuon; ( igh ) d0/σd0o he TMS muon in he STA-TMS dimuon. The obse ed dis ibu ions (black poin s wi h e o ba s) a e compa ed o he esul s o he backg ound p edic ion me hod applied o e en s wi h π/2<|∆Φ|<3π/4. The s acked his og ams show he expec ed numbe s o DY (g een) and QCD (yellow) backg ound e en s. The las bin includes e en s in he o e low. The lowe panels show he a ios o he obse ed o p edic ed numbe s o e en s. The shaded a ea shows he s a is ical unce ain y in he backg ound p edic ion. (100)cm, he co ec ion amoun s o 0.99 (0.96) pe muon, whe eas he unce ain y is on he o de o 10 (35)%. Since he d0-dependen unce ain y is domina ed by he accu acy o he L1 igge e iciency measu emen s, i is aken o be co ela ed among all dimuon ca ego ies. The dominan sys ema ic unce ain ies in he TMS-TMS ca ego y come om he d0 dependence o he L1 igge e iciency discussed abo e and he e iciency o econs uc displaced muons in he acke . The e olu ion o he acking e iciency wi h d0is measu ed using a sample o cosmic ay muons and compa ed o he acking e iciency p edic ed by simula ion. Based on he esul s o he compa ison, we assign a 5% sys ema ic unce ain y pe muon o muons wi h d0>1cm. The o e all e iciency co ec ions applied o he simula ed signal yields ange om 0.74 o 1.08, depending on he signal sample, and a ise mos ly om impe ec modeling o he HLT e iciencies a small displacemen s. The emaining sys ema ic unce ain ies ela ed o he signal e iciency a e much smalle . The impac o mismodeling o he muon pT esolu ion on he signal yield is e alua ed by smea ing he muon pTin simula ed signal e en s acco ding o he measu e- men s pe o med using cosmic ay muons and muons om Zboson decays. This leads o a ia ions ha a e less han 2% a all signal masses excep o m(ZD) = 10 GeV. Co ec- ions o up o 2% a e applied o he TMS muon e iciency o accoun o he di e ence in e iciency o isola ion equi emen s measu ed using muons om Zboson decays, and an addi ional sys ema ic unce ain y o 2% is assigned. A sys ema ic unce ain y anging om 1 o 8%, depending on he signal sample, is assigned o accoun o mismodeling o he DCA equi emen in he STA-STA ca ego y. The e iciency o he e ex χ2 equi e- men as a unc ion o displacemen is s udied using cosmic ay muons and muons om Z – 23 – JHEP05(2023)228 boson decays in he STA-STA ca ego y, and muons om decays o nonp omp J/ψmesons in he TMS-TMS ca ego y. The di e ences be ween da a and simula ion con ibu e an unce ain y o 2% in each ca ego y. The e iciencies o se e al o he selec ion c i e ia, such as equi emen s on he numbe o acke hi s ups eam o he e ex posi ion and he di - e ence be ween he numbe o pixel hi s on wo TMS muons, a e ound o be well modeled by simula ion, and no addi ional unce ain y is assigned. The unce ain y in he in eg a ed luminosi y, pa ially co ela ed be ween he yea s, is 1.2% in 2016 [15] and 2.5% in 2018 [16]. The unce ain y in he signal e iciency due o pileup is 2%. Bo h unce ain ies a e co ela ed among dimuon ca ego ies. 7 Resul s The p edic ed backg ound yields in he ep esen a i e mµµ in e als and he co esponding numbe s o obse ed e en s a e shown in igu e 10 o he STA-STA ca ego y and igu e 11 o he STA-TMS ca ego y. Fo illus a ion, signals a he le el o he median expec ed exclusion limi s a 95% con idence le el (CL) in he absence o signal a e also shown. As expec ed, e en s obse ed in he STA-STA and STA-TMS ca ego ies a e p edominan ly a low masses—14 ou o 18 STA-STA and 9 ou o 13 STA-TMS e en s ha e mµµ <20 GeV— and ha e cha ac e is ics ypical o hose o QCD backg ound e en s. The numbe s o obse ed e en s and he p edic ed backg ound and signal yields in he TMS-TMS ca ego y a e shown in igu e 12 as unc ions o mµµ in each o he h ee min(d0/σd0) bins and in igu e 13 as a unc ion o min(d0/σd0). The obse ed TMS-TMS e en s ha e a s eeply alling min(d0/σd0)dis ibu ion and clus e a mµµ alues o a ew ens o GeV, which a e bo h consis en wi h he cha ac e is ics o he expec ed backg ound. The numbe s o obse ed e en s a e consis en wi h he p edic ed backg ound yields in all dimuon ca ego ies and mµµ in e als, in bo h da a se s. No signi ican excess o e en s abo e he SM backg ound is obse ed. Fo each o he wo benchma k models, we compu e uppe limi s on he p oduc o he signal p oduc ion c oss sec ion σand he b anching ac ion B o wo muons as a unc ion o mass and mean p ope decay leng h. The limi ex ac ion is based on a modi ied equen is app oach [35,36] and uses he CMS Combine package de eloped o s a is ically combining he esul s o Higgs boson sea ches [37]. The me hod yielding backg ound p edic ions in he signal egion is implemen ed using a mul ibin likelihood, which is a p oduc o Poisson dis ibu ions co esponding o he signal egion and he con ol egions. The sys ema ic unce ain ies a ec ing he signal yield a e inco po a ed as nuisance pa ame e s using log-no mal dis ibu ions. The expec ed and obse ed uppe limi s a e e alua ed h ough he use o simula ed pseudo-expe imen s. Fo each signal model, he limi s a e i s compu ed sepa a ely in each dimuon ca ego y and o each da a- aking yea . The indi idual likelihoods a e hen combined o ob ain he combined limi s. The signal e iciencies a e ob ained om simula ion and u he co ec ed by he da a- o-simula ion scale ac o s desc ibed in sec ion 6; hey a e compu ed sepa a ely o each yea , signal model, dimuon ca ego y, and mass in e al. A eweigh ing p ocedu e is em- ployed o calcula e an es ima ed numbe o signal e en s o li e imes o he han he li e- – 24 – JHEP05(2023)228 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 [cm]τc 5− 10 4− 10 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 ) [pb]µµ→ D (Z Β ) D Z D Z→(Hσ 95% CL uppe limi s: = 125 GeV H m = 10 GeV D Z m ) = 1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.01% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.001% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.144µµ→ D (Z Β CMS (13 TeV) -1 97.6 b Combined obse ed Combined expec ed (median) Combined expec ed (68% quan ile) Combined expec ed (95% quan ile) STA-STA expec ed (median) TMS-TMS expec ed (median) STA-TMS expec ed (median) 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 [cm]τc 5− 10 4− 10 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 ) [pb]µµ→ D (Z Β ) D Z D Z→(Hσ 95% CL uppe limi s: = 125 GeV H m = 20 GeV D Z m ) = 1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.01% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.001% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.143µµ→ D (Z Β CMS (13 TeV) -1 97.6 b Combined obse ed Combined expec ed (median) Combined expec ed (68% quan ile) Combined expec ed (95% quan ile) STA-STA expec ed (median) TMS-TMS expec ed (median) STA-TMS expec ed (median) 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 [cm]τc 5− 10 4− 10 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 ) [pb]µµ→ D (Z Β ) D Z D Z→(Hσ 95% CL uppe limi s: = 125 GeV H m = 30 GeV D Z m ) = 1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.01% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.001% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.140µµ→ D (Z Β CMS (13 TeV) -1 97.6 b Combined obse ed Combined expec ed (median) Combined expec ed (68% quan ile) Combined expec ed (95% quan ile) STA-STA expec ed (median) TMS-TMS expec ed (median) STA-TMS expec ed (median) 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 [cm]τc 5− 10 4− 10 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 ) [pb]µµ→ D (Z Β ) D Z D Z→(Hσ 95% CL uppe limi s: = 125 GeV H m = 40 GeV D Z m ) = 1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.01% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.001% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.134µµ→ D (Z Β CMS (13 TeV) -1 97.6 b Combined obse ed Combined expec ed (median) Combined expec ed (68% quan ile) Combined expec ed (95% quan ile) STA-STA expec ed (median) TMS-TMS expec ed (median) STA-TMS expec ed (median) 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 [cm]τc 5− 10 4− 10 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 ) [pb]µµ→ D (Z Β ) D Z D Z→(Hσ 95% CL uppe limi s: = 125 GeV H m = 50 GeV D Z m ) = 1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.01% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.001% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.122µµ→ D (Z Β CMS (13 TeV) -1 97.6 b Combined obse ed Combined expec ed (median) Combined expec ed (68% quan ile) Combined expec ed (95% quan ile) STA-STA expec ed (median) TMS-TMS expec ed (median) STA-TMS expec ed (median) 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 [cm]τc 5− 10 4− 10 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 ) [pb]µµ→ D (Z Β ) D Z D Z→(Hσ 95% CL uppe limi s: = 125 GeV H m = 60 GeV D Z m ) = 1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.01% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.001% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.103µµ→ D (Z Β CMS (13 TeV) -1 97.6 b Combined obse ed Combined expec ed (median) Combined expec ed (68% quan ile) Combined expec ed (95% quan ile) STA-STA expec ed (median) TMS-TMS expec ed (median) STA-TMS expec ed (median) Figu e 18. The 95% CL uppe limi s on σ(H →ZDZD)B(ZD→µµ)as a unc ion o cτ(ZD) in he HAHM model, o m(ZD) anging om 10 GeV (uppe le ) o 60GeV (lowe igh ). The median expec ed limi s ob ained om he STA-STA, STA-TMS, and TMS-TMS dimuon ca ego ies a e shown as dashed g een, blue, and ed cu es, espec i ely; he combined median expec ed limi s a e shown as dashed black cu es; and he combined obse ed limi s a e shown as solid black cu es. The g een and yellow bands co espond, espec i ely, o he 68 and 95% quan iles o he combined expec ed limi s. The ho izon al lines in g ay co espond o he heo e ical p edic ions o alues o B(H →ZDZD)indica ed nex o he lines. – 31 – JHEP05(2023)228 10 20 30 40 50 60 ) [GeV] D m(Z 3− 10 2− 10 1− 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 [cm]τc 95% CL exclusion con ou s CMS (13 TeV) -1 97.6 b ) = 1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.05% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.01% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.005% D Z D Z→(H Β 10 20 30 40 50 60 ) [GeV] D m(Z 10− 10 9− 10 8− 10 7− 10 6− 10 5− 10 4− 10 3− 10 ε 95% CL exclusion con ou s CMS (13 TeV) -1 97.6 b ) = 1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.1% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.05% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.01% D Z D Z→(H Β ) = 0.005% D Z D Z→(H Β Figu e 19. Obse ed 95% CL exclusion con ou s in he HAHM model, in he (le ) (m(ZD), cτ(ZD)) and ( igh ) (m(ZD),) planes. The con ou s co espond o se e al ep esen a i e alues o B(H →ZDZD) anging om 0.005 o 1%. 8 Summa y Da a collec ed by he CMS expe imen in p o on-p o on collisions a √s= 13 TeV in 2016 and 2018 and co esponding o an in eg a ed luminosi y o 97.6 b−1ha e been used o conduc an inclusi e sea ch o long-li ed exo ic neu al pa icles (LLPs) decaying o a pai o opposi ely cha ged muons. The sea ch is la gely model-independen and is sensi i e o a b oad ange o LLP li e imes and masses. No signi ican excess o e en s abo e he s anda d model backg ound is obse ed. The esul s a e in e p e ed as limi s on he pa ame e s o he hidden Abelian Higgs model, in which he Higgs boson decays o a pai o long-li ed da k pho ons ZD, and o a simpli ied model, in which LLPs a e p oduced in decays o an exo ic hea y neu al scala boson. In he mass ange 20 < m(ZD)<60 GeV, a b anching ac ion o he Higgs boson o da k pho ons o 1% is excluded a 95% con idence le el in he ange o p ope decay leng h cτ(ZD) om a ew ens o µm o ≈100 m. The esul s o his sea ch signi ican ly ex end he p e iously excluded ange o model pa ame e s. Fo he hidden Abelian Higgs model wi h m(ZD)g ea e han 20GeV and less han hal he mass o he Higgs boson, hey p o ide he bes limi s o da e on he b anching ac ion o he Higgs boson o da k pho ons o cτ(ZD)( a ying wi h m(ZD)) be ween 0.03 and ≈0.5mm, and abo e ≈0.5m. A exo ic scala boson masses la ge han he Higgs boson mass, ou esul s ep esen he bes cu en cons ain s o all conside ed LLP masses and li e imes. Acknowledgmen s We cong a ula e ou colleagues in he CERN accele a o depa men s o he excellen pe o mance o he LHC and hank he echnical and adminis a i e s a s a CERN and a o he CMS ins i u es o hei con ibu ions o he success o he CMS e o . In ad- di ion, we g a e ully acknowledge he compu ing cen es and pe sonnel o he Wo ldwide LHC Compu ing G id and o he cen es o deli e ing so e ec i ely he compu ing in as- uc u e essen ial o ou analyses. Finally, we acknowledge he endu ing suppo o he – 32 – JHEP05(2023)228 cons uc ion and ope a ion o he LHC, he CMS de ec o , and he suppo ing compu ing in as uc u e p o ided by he ollowing unding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Aus ia); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (B azil); MES and BNSF (Bulga ia); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); MINCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (C oa ia); RIF (Cyp us); SENESCYT (Ecuado ); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Es onia); Academy o Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (F ance); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Ge many); GSRI (G eece); NK- FIH (Hunga y); DAE and DST (India); IPM (I an); SFI (I eland); INFN (I aly); MSIP and NRF (Republic o Ko ea); MES (La ia); LAS (Li huania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Mon ene- g o); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakis an); MES and NSC (Poland); FCT (Po ugal); J MESTD (Se bia); MCIN/AEI and PCTI (Spain); MOSTR (S i Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Swi ze land); MST (Taipei); MHESI and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TENMAK (Tu key); NASU (Uk aine); STFC (Uni ed Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Indi iduals ha e ecei ed suppo om he Ma ie-Cu ie p og amme and he Eu o- pean Resea ch Council and Ho izon 2020 G an , con ac Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 884104, and COST Ac ion CA16108 (Eu opean Union); he Le en- is Founda ion; he Al ed P. Sloan Founda ion; he Alexande on Humbold Founda ion; he Belgian Fede al Science Policy O ice; he Fonds pou la Fo ma ion à la Reche che dans l’Indus ie e dans l’Ag icul u e (FRIA-Belgium); he Agen schap oo Inno a ie doo We enschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); he F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) unde he “Excellence o Science — EOS" — be.h p ojec n. 30820817; he Beijing Mu- nicipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; he Minis y o Ed- uca ion, You h and Spo s (MEYS) o he Czech Republic; he Hellenic Founda ion o Resea ch and Inno a ion (HFRI), P ojec Numbe 2288 (G eece); he Deu sche Fo schungs- gemeinscha (DFG), unde Ge many’s Excellence S a egy — EXC 2121 “Quan um Uni- e se" — 390833306, and unde p ojec numbe 400140256 — GRK2497; he Hunga ian Academy o Sciences, he New Na ional Excellence P og am — ÚNKP, he NKFIH e- sea ch g an s K 124845, K 124850, K 128713, K 128786, K 129058, K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, and TKP2021-NKTA-64 (Hun- ga y); he Council o Science and Indus ial Resea ch, India; he La ian Council o Science; he Minis y o Educa ion and Science, p ojec no. 2022/WK/14, and he Na- ional Science Cen e , con ac s Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369 and 2021/43/B/ST2/01552 (Poland); he Fundação pa a a Ciência e a Tecnologia, g an CEECIND/01334/2018 (Po ugal); he Na ional P io i ies Resea ch P og am by Qa a Na ional Resea ch Fund; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, ERDF “a way o making Eu ope", and he P og ama Es a al de Fomen o de la In es igación Cien í ica y Técnica de Excelencia Ma ía de Maez u, g an MDM-2017-0765 and P og ama Se e o Ochoa del P incipado de As u ias (Spain); he Chulalongko n Academic in o I s 2nd Cen u y P ojec Ad ancemen P ojec , and he Na ional Science, Resea ch and Inno a ion Fund ia he P og am Managemen Uni o Hu- man Resou ces & Ins i u ional De elopmen , Resea ch and Inno a ion, g an B05F650021 (Thailand); he Ka li Founda ion; he N idia Co po a ion; he Supe Mic o Co po a ion; he Welch Founda ion, con ac C-1845; and he Wes on Ha ens Founda ion (USA). – 33 – JHEP05(2023)228 Open Access. 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Mi al , L. Yuan Depa men o Physics, Tsinghua Uni e si y, Beijing, China M. Ahmad , G. Baue 11, Z. Hu , S. Lezki , K. Yi11,12 Ins i u e o High Ene gy Physics, Beijing, China G.M. Chen10 , H.S. Chen10 , M. Chen10 , F. Iemmi , C.H. Jiang, A. Kapoo , H. Liao , Z.-A. Liu13 , V. Milose ic , F. Mon i , R. Sha ma , J. Tao , J. Thomas- Wilske , J. Wang , H. Zhang , J. Zhao S a e Key Labo a o y o Nuclea Physics and Technology, Peking Uni e si y, Beijing, China A. Agapi os , Y. An , Y. Ban , C. Chen, A. Le in , Q. Li , X. Lyu, Y. Mao, S.J. Qian , X. Sun , D. Wang , J. Xiao , H. Yang Sun Ya -Sen Uni e si y, Guangzhou, China M. Lu , Z. You Ins i u e o Mode n Physics and Key Labo a o y o Nuclea Physics and Ion- beam Applica ion (MOE) - Fudan Uni e si y, Shanghai, China X. Gao5, D. Legga , H. Okawa , Y. Zhang Zhejiang Uni e si y, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Z. Lin , C. Lu , M. Xiao Uni e sidad de Los Andes, Bogo a, Colombia C. A ila , D.A. Ba bosa T ujillo, A. Cab e a , C. Flo ez , J. 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Ca e a Ja in Academy o Scien i ic Resea ch and Technology o he A ab Republic o Egyp , Egyp ian Ne wo k o High Ene gy Physics, Cai o, Egyp S. Elgammal15, A. Elli hi Kamel16 Cen e o High Ene gy Physics (CHEP-FU), Fayoum Uni e si y, El-Fayoum, Egyp M. Abdullah Al-Mashad , M.A. Mahmoud Na ional Ins i u e o Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Es onia S. Bhowmik , R.K. Dewanjee , K. Eha ah , M. Kadas ik, S. Nandan , C. Nielsen , J. Pa a , M. Raidal , L. Tani , C. Veelken Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland P. Ee ola , H. Ki schenmann , K. Os e be g , M. Vou ilainen Helsinki Ins i u e o Physics, Helsinki, Finland S. Bha hua , E. B ücken , F. Ga cia , J. Ha ukainen , M.S. Kim , R. Kinnunen, T. Lampén , K. Lassila-Pe ini , S. Leh i , T. Lindén , M. Lo i, L. Ma ikainen , M. Myllymäki , J. O , M.m. Ran anen , H. Siikonen , E. Tuominen , J. Tuo- miniemi Lappeen an a-Lah i Uni e si y o Technology, Lappeen an a, Finland P. Luukka , H. Pe ow , T. 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Mondal , S. Mukhe jee , D. Noll , A. No ak , F. Nowo ny, A. Pozdnyako , Y. Ra h, H. Rei hle , A. Schmid , S.C. Schule , A. Sha ma , L. Vigilan e, S. Wiedenbeck , S. Zaleski RWTH Aachen Uni e si y, III. Physikalisches Ins i u B, Aachen, Ge many C. Dziwok , G. Flügge , W. Haj Ahmad20 , O. Hlushchenko, T. K ess , A. Nowack , O. Poo h , A. S ahl21 , T. Ziemons , A. Zo z Deu sches Elek onen-Synch o on, Hambu g, Ge many H. Aa up Pe e sen, M. Aldaya Ma in , P. Asmuss, S. Bax e , M. Baya - makou , O. Behnke, A. Be múdez Ma ínez , S. Bha acha ya , A.A. Bin An- ua , F. Blekman22 , K. Bo as23 , D. B unne , A. Campbell , A. Ca dini , C. Cheng, F. Colombina, S. Consueg a Rod íguez , G. Co eia Sil a , M. De Sil a , L. Didukh , G. Ecke lin, D. Ecks ein, L.I. Es e ez Banos , O. Fila o , E. Gallo22 , A. Geise , A. Gi aldi , G. G eau, A. G ohsjean , V. Guglielmi , M. Gu ho , A. Ja a i24 , N.Z. Jomha i , B. Kaech , A. Kasem23 , M. Kasemann , H. 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Sonnada a , D.D.C. Wick ama a hna Uni e si y o Ruhuna, Depa men o Physics, Ma a a, S i Lanka W.G.D. Dha ma a na , K. Liyanage , N. Pe e a , N. Wick amage CERN, Eu opean O ganiza ion o Nuclea Resea ch, Gene a, Swi ze land D. Abbaneo , J. Alimena , E. Au ay , G. Auzinge , J. Baechle , P. Baillon†, D. Ba - ney , J. Benda id , M. Bianco , B. Bilin , A. Bocci , E. B ondolin , C. Caillol , T. Campo esi , G. Ce mina a , N. Che nya skaya , S.S. Chhib a , S. Choudhu y, – 47 – JHEP05(2023)228 M. Cip iani , L. C is ella , D. d’En e ia , A. Dab owski , A. Da id , A. De Roeck , M.M. De anchis , M. Deile , M. Dobson , M. Dünse , N. Dupon , A. Ellio - Peise , F. Falla olli a57, A. Flo en , L. Fo homme , G. F anzoni , W. Funk , S. Ghosh , S. Giani, D. Gigi, K. Gill, F. Glege , L. Gouskos , E. Go o ko a , M. Ha anko , J. Hegeman , V. Innocen e , T. James , P. Jano , J. Kaspa , J. Kiesele , M. Komm , N. K a ochwil , S. Lau ila , P. Lecoq , A. Lin uluo o , C. Lou enço , B. Maie , L. Malge i , M. 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Psallidas, A. S een , H.y. Wu, E. Yazgan , P. . Yu Chulalongko n Uni e si y, Facul y o Science, Depa men o Physics, Bangkok, Thailand C. Asawa ang akuldee , N. S imanobhas – 48 – JHEP05(2023)228 Çuku o a Uni e si y, Physics Depa men , Science and A Facul y, Adana, Tu key D. Agyel , F. Bo an , Z.S. Demi oglu , F. Dolek , I. Dumanoglu63 , E. Es- ku , Y. Gule 64 , E. Gu pina Gule 64 , C. Isik , O. Ka a, A. Kayis Topaksu , U. Kiminsu , G. Onengu , K. Ozdemi 65 , A. Pola oz , A.E. Simsek , B. Tali66 , U.G. Tok , S. Tu kcapa , E. Uslan , I.S. Zo baki Middle Eas Technical Uni e si y, Physics Depa men , Anka a, Tu key G. Ka apina , K. Ocalan67 , M. Yal ac68 Bogazici Uni e si y, Is anbul, Tu key B. Akgun , I.O. A akisi , E. Gülmez , M. Kaya69 , O. Kaya70 , Ö. Özçelik , S. Tek en71 Is anbul Technical Uni e si y, Is anbul, Tu key A. Caki , K. Cankocak63 , Y. Komu cu , S. Sen72 Is anbul Uni e si y, Is anbul, Tu key O. Aydilek , S. Ce ci66 , B. Hacisahinoglu , I. Hos73 , B. Isildak74 , B. 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Zhang Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Los Angeles, Cali o nia, USA M. Bach is , R. Cousins , A. Dasgup a, A. Da a , D. Hamil on , J. Hause , M. Igna enko , M.A. Iqbal , T. Lam , W.A. Nash , S. Regna d , D. Sal zbe g , B. S one , V. Value Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Ri e side, Ri e side, Cali o nia, USA Y. Chen, R. Cla e , J.W. Ga y , M. Go don, G. Hanson , G. Ka apos oli , O.R. Long , N. Manganelli , W. Si , S. Wimpenny Uni e si y o Cali o nia, San Diego, La Jolla, Cali o nia, USA J.G. B anson, P. Chang , S. Ci olin, S. Coope s ein , D. Diaz , J. Dua e , R. Ge osa , L. Giannini , J. Guiang , R. Kansal , V. K u elyo , R. Lee , J. Le s , M. Mascio ecchio , F. Mokh a , M. Pie i , B.V. Sa hia Na ayanan , V. Sha ma , M. Tadel , F. Wü hwein , Y. Xiang , A. Yagil – 50 – JHEP05(2023)228 Uni e si y o Cali o nia, San a Ba ba a - Depa men o Physics, San a Ba - ba a, Cali o nia, USA N. Amin, C. Campagna i , M. Ci on , G. Collu a , A. Do se , V. Du a , J. Incandela , M. Kilpa ick , J. Kim , A.J. Li , B. 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Vaande ing , H.A. Webe , I. Zoi Uni e si y o Flo ida, Gaines ille, Flo ida, USA P. A e y , D. Bou ilko , L. Cadamu o , V. Che epano , R.D. Field, D. Gue e o , M. Kim, E. Koenig , J. Konigsbe g , A. Ko y o , K.H. Lo, K. Ma che , N. Menen- dez , G. Mi selmakhe , A. Mu hi akalayil Madhu , N. Rawal , D. Rosenzweig , S. Rosenzweig , K. Shi , J. Wang , Z. Wu – 51 – JHEP05(2023)228 Flo ida S a e Uni e si y, Tallahassee, Flo ida, USA T. Adams , A. Askew , R. Habibullah , V. Hagopian , R. Khu ana, T. Kolbe g , G. Ma inez, H. P ospe , C. Schibe , O. Viazlo , R. Yohay , J. Zhang Flo ida Ins i u e o Technology, Melbou ne, Flo ida, USA M.M. Baa mand , S. Bu alla , T. Elka awy85 , M. Hohlmann , R. Kuma Ve ma , D. Noonan , M. Rahmani, F. Yumice a Uni e si y o Illinois a Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, USA M.R. Adams , H. Bece il Gonzalez , R. Ca anaugh , S. Di me , O. E dokimo , C.E. Ge be , D.J. Ho man , D. S. Lemos , A.H. Me i , C. Mills , G. Oh , T. Roy , S. Rud abha la , M.B. Tonjes , N. Va elas , X. Wang , Z. Ye , J. Yoo The Uni e si y o Iowa, Iowa Ci y, Iowa, USA M. Alhusseini , K. Dilsiz86 , L. Emedia o , R.P. Gand ajula , O.K. Köseyan , J.- P. Me lo, A. Mes i ish ili87 , J. Nach man , H. Ogul88 , Y. Onel , A. Penzo , C. Snyde , E. Ti as89 Johns Hopkins Uni e si y, Bal imo e, Ma yland, USA O. Am am , B. Blumen eld , L. Co codilos , J. Da is , A.V. G i san , S. Ky iacou , P. Maksimo ic , J. Roskes , M. Swa z , T.Á. Vámi The Uni e si y o Kansas, Law ence, Kansas, USA A. Ab eu , L.F. Alce o Alce o , J. Anguiano , P. Ba inge , A. Bean , Z. Flowe s , T. Isido i , S. Khalil , J. King , G. K in i as , M. Laza o i s , C. Le Mahieu , C. Lindsey, J. Ma quez , N. Mina a , M. Mu ay , M. Nickel , C. Rogan , C. Royon , R. Sal a ico , S. Sande s , E. Schmi z , C. Smi h , Q. Wang , Z. Wa ne , J. Williams , G. Wilson Kansas S a e Uni e si y, Manha an, Kansas, USA B. Allmond , S. Du ic, R. Gujju Gu unadha , A. I ano , K. Kaadze , D. Kim, Y. Ma a in , T. Mi chell, A. Modak, K. Nam, J. Na oli , D. Roy Law ence Li e mo e Na ional Labo a o y, Li e mo e, Cali o nia, USA F. Rebassoo , D. W igh Uni e si y o Ma yland, College Pa k, Ma yland, USA E. Adams , A. Baden , O. Ba on, A. Belloni , S.C. Eno , N.J. Hadley , S. Jabeen , R.G. Kellogg , T. Koe h , Y. Lai , S. Lascio , A.C. Migne ey , S. Nabili , C. Palme , C. Papageo gakis , M. Seidel , L. Wang , K. Wong Massachuse s Ins i u e o Technology, Camb idge, Massachuse s, USA D. Abe c ombie, R. Bi, W. Busza , I.A. Cali , Y. Chen , M. D’Al onso , J. Eyse - mans , C. F ee , G. Gomez-Ceballos , M. Goncha o , P. Ha is, M. Hu , D. Ko- alskyi , J. K upa , Y.-J. Lee , K. Long , C. Mi ono , C. Paus , D. Rankin , C. Roland , G. Roland , Z. Shi , G.S.F. S ephans , J. Wang, Z. Wang , B. Wys- louch – 52 – JHEP05(2023)228 Uni e si y o Minneso a, Minneapolis, Minneso a, USA R.M. Cha e jee, B. C ossman, A. E ans , J. Hil b and , Sh. Jain , B.M. Joshi , M. K ohn , Y. Kubo a , J. Mans , M. Re e ing , R. Rusack , R. Sa adhy , N. Sch oede , N. S obbe , M.A. Wadud Uni e si y o Mississippi, Ox o d, Mississippi, USA L.M. C emaldi Uni e si y o Neb aska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Neb aska, USA K. Bloom , M. B yson, S. Chauhan , D.R. Claes , C. Fangmeie , L. Finco , F. Gol , C. Joo , I. K a chenko , I. Reed , J.E. Siado , G.R. Snow†, W. Tabb , A. Wigh man , F. Yan , A.G. Zecchinelli S a e Uni e si y o New Yo k a Bu alo, Bu alo, New Yo k, USA G. Aga wal , H. Bandyopadhyay , L. Hay , I. Iash ili , A. Kha chila a , C. McLean , M. Mo is, D. Nguyen , J. Pekkanen , S. Rappoccio , A. Williams No heas e n Uni e si y, Bos on, Massachuse s, USA G. Al e son , E. Ba be is , Y. Haddad , Y. Han , A. K ishna , J. Li , J. Lid ych , G. Madigan , B. Ma zocchi , D.M. Mo se , V. Nguyen , T. O imo o , A. Pa ke , L. Skinna i , A. Tishelman-Cha ny , T. Wamo ka , B. Wang , A. Wiseca e , D. Wood No hwes e n Uni e si y, E ans on, Illinois, USA S. Bha acha ya , J. Bueghly, Z. Chen , A. Gilbe , T. Gun e , K.A. Hahn , Y. Liu , N. Odell , M.H. Schmi , M. Velasco Uni e si y o No e Dame, No e Dame, Indiana, USA R. Band , R. Bucci, M. C emonesi, A. Das , R. Goldouzian , M. Hild e h , K. Hu - ado Anampa , C. Jessop , K. Lannon , J. Law ence , N. Loukas , L. Lu on , J. Ma iano, N. Ma inelli, I. Mcalis e , T. McCauley , C. Mcg ady , K. Moh man , C. Moo e , Y. Musienko14 , R. Ruch i , A. Townsend , M. Wayne , H. Yockey, M. Za ucki , L. Zygala The Ohio S a e Uni e si y, Columbus, Ohio, USA B. Bylsma, L.S. Du kin , B. F ancis , C. Hill , A. Lesau age , M. Nunez O nelas , K. Wei, B.L. Wine , B. R. Ya es P ince on Uni e si y, P ince on, New Je sey, USA F.M. Addesa , B. Bonham , P. Das , G. Dezoo , P. Elme , A. F anken hal , B. G eenbe g , N. Haub ich , S. Higginbo ham , A. Kaloge opoulos , G. Kopp , S. Kwan , D. Lange , D. Ma low , K. Mei , I. Ojal o , J. Olsen , D. S ickland , C. Tully Uni e si y o Pue o Rico, Mayaguez, Pue o Rico, USA S. Malik , S. No be g – 53 – JHEP05(2023)228 Pu due Uni e si y, Wes La aye e, Indiana, USA A.S. Bakshi , V.E. Ba nes , R. Chawla , S. Das , L. Gu ay, M. Jones , A.W. Jung , D. Kond a ye , A.M. Koshy, M. Liu , G. Neg o , N. Neumeis e , G. Paspalaki , S. Pipe o , A. Pu ohi , J.F. Schul e , M. S ojano ic , J. Thieman , F. Wang , R. Xiao , W. Xie Pu due Uni e si y No hwes , Hammond, Indiana, USA J. Dolen , N. Pa asha Rice Uni e si y, Hous on, Texas, USA D. Acos a , A. Ba y , T. Ca nahan , M. Deca o, S. Dildick , K.M. Ecklund , S. F eed, P. Ga dne , F.J.M. Geu s , A. Kuma , W. Li , B.P. Padley , R. Redjimi, J. Ro e , W. Shi , S. Yang , E. Yigi basi , L. Zhang90, Y. Zhang , X. Zuo Uni e si y o Roches e , Roches e , New Yo k, USA A. Bodek , P. de Ba ba o , R. Demina , J.L. Dulemba , C. Fallon, T. Fe bel , M. Galan i, A. Ga cia-Bellido , O. Hind ichs , A. Khukhunaish ili , E. Ranken , R. Taus , G.P. Van Onsem The Rocke elle Uni e si y, New Yo k, New Yo k, USA K. Goulianos Ru ge s, The S a e Uni e si y o New Je sey, Pisca away, New Je sey, USA B. Chia i o, J.P. Chou , Y. Ge sh ein , E. Halkiadakis , A. Ha , M. Heindl , O. Ka acheban25 , I. La lo e , A. La h , R. Mon al o, K. Nash, M. Oshe son , S. Salu , S. Schne ze , S. Somalwa , R. S one , S.A. Thayil , S. Thomas, H. Wang Uni e si y o Tennessee, Knox ille, Tennessee, USA H. Acha ya, A.G. Delannoy , S. Fio endi , T. Holmes , S. Spanie Texas A&M Uni e si y, College S a ion, Texas, USA O. Bouhali91 , M. Dalchenko , A. Delgado , R. Eusebi , J. Gilmo e , T. Huang , T. Kamon92 , H. Kim , S. Luo , S. Malho a, R. Muelle , D. O e on , D. Ra h- jens , A. Sa ono Texas Tech Uni e si y, Lubbock, Texas, USA N. Akchu in , J. Damgo , V. Hegde , K. Lamichhane , S.W. Lee , T. Mengke, S. Mu humuni , T. Pel ola , I. Voloboue , Z. Wang, A. Whi beck Vande bil Uni e si y, Nash ille, Tennessee, USA E. Appel , S. G eene, A. Gu ola , W. Johns , A. Melo , F. Romeo , P. Sheldon , S. Tuo , J. Velko ska , J. Viinikainen Uni e si y o Vi ginia, Cha lo es ille, Vi ginia, USA B. Ca dwell , B. Cox , G. Cummings , J. Hakala , R. Hi osky , M. Joyce , A. Ledo skoy , A. Li , C. Neu , C.E. Pe ez La a , B. Tannenwald Wayne S a e Uni e si y, De oi , Michigan, USA P.E. Ka chin , N. Poudyal – 54 – JHEP05(2023)228 Uni e si y o Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA S. Bane jee , K. Black , T. Bose , S. Dasu , I. De B uyn , P. E e ae s , C. Galloni, H. He , M. He ndon , A. He e , C.K. Ko aka , A. Lana o, A. Loelige , R. Lo e- less , J. Madhusudanan S eekala , A. Mallampalli , A. Mohammadi , D. Pinna, A. Sa in, V. Shang , V. Sha ma , W.H. Smi h , D. Teague, W. Ve ens Au ho s a ilia ed wi h an ins i u e o an in e na ional labo a o y co e ed by a coope a ion ag eemen wi h CERN S. A anasie , V. And ee , Yu. And ee , T. Aushe , M. Aza kin , A. Babae , A. Belyae , V. Blino 93, E. Boos , V. Bo shch , D. Budkouski , V. Buniche , O. Bychko a, M. Chadee a93 , V. Chekho sky, A. De mene , T. Dimo a93 , I. D emin , M. Dubinin83 , L. Dudko , V. Epsh eyn , G. Ga ilo , V. Ga ilo , S. Gninenko , V. Golo co , N. Golube , I. Golu in, I. Go buno , A. G ibushin , V. I anchenko , Y. I ano , V. Kachano , L. Ka dapol se 93 , V. Ka ja ine , A. Ka neyeu , V. Kim93 , M. Ki akosyan, D. Ki pichniko , M. Ki sano , V. Klyukhin , O. Kodolo a94 , D. Kons an ino , V. Ko enko , A. Kozy e 93 , N. K asniko , E. Kuzne so a95, A. Lane , P. Le chenko , A. Li omin, N. Ly- chko skaya , V. Maka enko , A. Malakho , V. Ma ee 93 , V. Mu zin , A. Niki enko96 , S. Ob az so , V. Okho niko , I. O in93 , V. Palichik , P. Pa ygin , V. Pe elygin , M. Pe ilo , G. Pi o a o , V. Popo , E. Popo a , O. Radchenko93 , V. Rusino , M. Sa ina , V. Sa in , D. Seli ano a , V. Shalae , S. Shma o , S. Shulha , Y. Sko pen93 , S. Slabospi skii , V. Smi no , A. Sni- gi e , D. Sosno , A. S epenno , V. Sulimo , E. Tche niae , A. Te kulo , O. Te yae , I. Tliso a , M. Toms , A. To opin , L. U a o , A. Uzunian , E. Vlaso , A. Vo obye , N. Voy ishin , B.S. Yuldashe 97, A. Za ubin , I. Zhizhin , A. Zhokin †Deceased 1Also a Ye e an S a e Uni e si y, Ye e an, A menia 2Also a TU Wien, Vienna, Aus ia 3Now a Ins i u e o Physics, Uni e si y o G az, G az, Aus ia 4Also a Ins i u e o Basic and Applied Sciences, Facul y o Enginee ing, A ab Academy o Science, Technology and Ma i ime T anspo , Alexand ia, Egyp 5Also a Uni e si é Lib e de B uxelles, B uxelles, Belgium 6Also a Uni e sidade Es adual de Campinas, Campinas, B azil 7Also a Fede al Uni e si y o Rio G ande do Sul, Po o Aleg e, B azil 8Also a UFMS, No a And adina, B azil 9Also a The Uni e si y o he S a e o Amazonas, Manaus, B azil 10 Also a Uni e si y o Chinese Academy o Sciences, Beijing, China 11 Also a Nanjing No mal Uni e si y Depa men o Physics, Nanjing, China 12 Now a The Uni e si y o Iowa, Iowa Ci y, Iowa, USA 13 Also a Uni e si y o Chinese Academy o Sciences, Beijing, China 14 Also a an ins i u e o an in e na ional labo a o y co e ed by a coope a ion ag eemen wi h CERN 15 Now a B i ish Uni e si y in Egyp , Cai o, Egyp 16 Now a Cai o Uni e si y, Cai o, Egyp – 55 – JHEP05(2023)228 17 Also a Pu due Uni e si y, Wes La aye e, Indiana, USA 18 Also a Uni e si é de Hau e Alsace, Mulhouse, F ance 19 Also a Depa men o Physics, Tsinghua Uni e si y, Beijing, China 20 Also a E zincan Binali Yildi im Uni e si y, E zincan, Tu key 21 Also a CERN, Eu opean O ganiza ion o Nuclea Resea ch, Gene a, Swi ze land 22 Also a Uni e si y o Hambu g, Hambu g, Ge many 23 Also a RWTH Aachen Uni e si y, III. Physikalisches Ins i u A, Aachen, Ge many 24 Also a Is ahan Uni e si y o Technology, Is ahan, I an 25 Also a B andenbu g Uni e si y o Technology, Co bus, Ge many 26 Also a Fo schungszen um Jülich, Juelich, Ge many 27 Also a Physics Depa men , Facul y o Science, Assiu Uni e si y, Assiu , Egyp 28 Also a Ka oly Robe Campus, MATE Ins i u e o Technology, Gyongyos, Hunga y 29 Also a Wigne Resea ch Cen e o Physics, Budapes , Hunga y 30 Also a Ins i u e o Physics, Uni e si y o Deb ecen, Deb ecen, Hunga y 31 Also a Ins i u e o Nuclea Resea ch ATOMKI, Deb ecen, Hunga y 32 Now a Uni e si a ea Babes-Bolyai — Facul a ea de Fizica, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 33 Also a Facul y o In o ma ics, Uni e si y o Deb ecen, Deb ecen, Hunga y 34 Also a Punjab Ag icul u al Uni e si y, Ludhiana, India 35 Also a UPES — Uni e si y o Pe oleum and Ene gy S udies, Deh adun, India 36 Also a Uni e si y o Vis a-Bha a i, San inike an, India 37 Also a Uni e si y o Hyde abad, Hyde abad, India 38 Also a Indian Ins i u e o Science (IISc), Bangalo e, India 39 Also a Indian Ins i u e o Technology (IIT), Mumbai, India 40 Also a IIT Bhubaneswa , Bhubaneswa , India 41 Also a Ins i u e o Physics, Bhubaneswa , India 42 Also a Deu sches Elek onen-Synch o on, Hambu g, Ge many 43 Also a Sha i Uni e si y o Technology, Teh an, I an 44 Also a Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Science and Technology o Mazanda an, Behshah , I an 45 Also a Helwan Uni e si y, Cai o, Egyp 46 Also a I alian Na ional Agency o New Technologies, Ene gy and Sus ainable Economic De elopmen , Bologna, I aly 47 Also a Cen o Siciliano di Fisica Nuclea e e di S u u a Della Ma e ia, Ca ania, I aly 48 Also a Scuola Supe io e Me idionale, Uni e si à di Napoli ’Fede ico II’, Napoli, I aly 49 Also a Fe mi Na ional Accele a o Labo a o y, Ba a ia, Illinois, USA 50 Also a Uni e si à di Napoli ’Fede ico II’, Napoli, I aly 51 Also a Consiglio Nazionale delle Rice che — Is i u o O icina dei Ma e iali, Pe ugia, I aly 52 Also a Depa men o Applied Physics, Facul y o Science and Technology, Uni e si i Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia 53 Also a Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico Ci y, Mexico 54 Also a IRFU, CEA, Uni e si é Pa is-Saclay, Gi -su -Y e e, F ance 55 Also a Facul y o Physics, Uni e si y o Belg ade, Belg ade, Se bia 56 Also a T incomalee Campus, Eas e n Uni e si y, S i Lanka, Nila eli, S i Lanka 57 Also a INFN Sezione di Pa ia, Uni e si à di Pa ia, Pa ia, I aly 58 Also a Na ional and Kapodis ian Uni e si y o A hens, A hens, G eece 59 Also a Ecole Poly echnique Fédé ale Lausanne, Lausanne, Swi ze land 60 Also a Uni e si ä Zü ich, Zu ich, Swi ze land 61 Also a S e an Meye Ins i u e o Suba omic Physics, Vienna, Aus ia – 56 –