DOCUMENT DE TREBALL
XREAP2010-12
Clus e ing o sca e ing: he unde lying eason
o egula ing dis ance among e ail ou le s
Joan-Ramon Bo ell (GiM-IREA)
Lau a Fe nández-Villadangos (GiM-IREA)
Clus e ing o sca e ing: he unde lying eason o egula ing
dis ance among e ail ou le s∗
Joan-Ramon Bo ell†and Lau a Fe nandez-Villadangos‡
P elimina y d a . Commen s welcome.
June 2010
Abs ac
Conce ns on he clus e ing o e ail indus ies and p o essional se ices in main
s ee s had adi ionally been he public in e es a ionale o suppo ing dis ance
egula ions. Al hough many geog aphic es ic ions ha e been supp essed, de egula-
ion has hinged mos ly upon he heo y esul s on he na u al endency o ou le s o
di e en ia e spa ially. Empi ical e idence has so a o e ed mixed esul s. Using he
case o de egula ion o pha macy es ablishmen in a egion o Spain, we empi ically
show how pha macy loca ions sca e , and ha he e is no a ionale o dis ance
egula ion apa om he unde lying p i a e in e es o e y ew incumben s.
JEL Codes: L51; K23; H42.
Keywo ds: dis ance, loca ion, egula ion, e ailing.
∗We acknowledge uncondi ional esea ch g an s om he Spanish Minis y o Science and inno a ion
(ECO2009-06946) and om he Ca alan Go e nmen (SGR2009-1066). We hank he willingness o apidly
p o ide he au ho s wi h public in o ma ion o he Na a a Heal h Depa men (Sec ion o Pha macy
Regula ion and Inspec ion). We hank Jo di Pe digue o o helping us wi h he icks o geocoding pos al
add esses. We hank Pablo A ocena, Juan Cabasés, Eugenio C uz Izu and pa icipan s a he JEI 2009 in
Vigo o hei commen s and sugges ions. The usual disclaime applies.
†Resea ch G oup on Go e nmen s and Ma ke s (GiM) - Dep. de Polí ica Econòmica - Ins i u
d’Economia Aplicada (IREA), Uni e si a de Ba celona, Diagonal 690, 08034 Ba celona, Spain. Email:
j b[email p o ec ed]. Also, Resea ch Fellow a he Public-P i a e Sec o Resea ch Cen e - IESE Business
School, Uni e si y o Na a a, Spain.
‡Resea ch G oup on Go e nmen s and Ma ke s (GiM) - Dep. de Polí ica Econòmica - Ins i u
d’Economia Aplicada (IREA), Uni e si a de Ba celona, Diagonal 690, 08034 Ba celona, Spain. Email:
[email p o ec ed].
1
1 In oduc ion
Conce ns on he clus e ing o e ail indus ies and p o essional se ices in main s ee s had
adi ionally been he public in e es a ionale o suppo ing dis ance egula ions. How-
e e , du ing he las decades we ha e wi nessed a wide de egula ion p ocess by which no
only en y es ic ions, bu also dis ance egula ions among e ail ou le s and p o essional
p emises ha e been supp essed.
This has been he case o many indus ies and p o essional se ices such as he gas
s a ion indus y, he den is p o ession, and o he indus ies and p o essions ope a ed in
e ail ou le s.
Pha macies emains as one p o essional sec o in which he e is s ill many en y e-
s ic ions in place, pa icula ly in Eu ope: 20 ou o 27 EU Membe S a es ope a e en-
y es ic ions based on geog aphic and demog aphic c i e ia, a si ua ion ha con as s
ma kedly wi h ha in he US and Canada whe e no es ic ions a e ope a i e.1Among
hese 20 EU Membe S a es, he e a e six ha ha e explici dis ance egula ions by which
new pha macies can only be opened lea ing in be ween 150 o 400 me e s o dis ance om
he incumben s.2Fu he mo e, Eu opean en y es ic ions a e ypically coupled wi h
p ice o e ail ma gin egula ions.3
In he indus ies whe e en y has been de egula ed, he a ionale suppo ing such
de egula ion has hinged mo e upon heo y esul s han on empi ical e idence. Add ess
models end o sugges ha he e is a na u al endency o ou le s o di e en ia e spa ially.
While empi ical e idence showing ha i ms do no clus e oge he is sca ce.
As s a ed by Ne z and Taylo (2002), almos any equilib ium con igu a ion can be
ob ained depending on he assump ions o he model, including he minimum di e en ia-
ion sugges ed by Ho elling’s (1929) seminal wo k and maximum di e en ia ion p o ed by
Asp emon , Gabszewicz and Thisse (1979). All in all, heo y has been mo e suppo i e o
1See ÖBIG (2006) epo o he Eu opean Commission and COFV & FEFE (2007). In mos Membe
S a es, he es ablishmen o new pha macies is es ic ed on geog aphic and demog aphic c i e ia. Only
in he UK, I eland and he Ne he lands en y is es ic ed by he con ac s wi h he ax- unded heal h
ca e o ganiza ions. Ou side he EU, Mossialos and M azek (2003) also epo ha en y is es ic ed in
No way.
2EU Membe S a es ha ope a e minimum dis ance egula ions a e Aus ia, G eece, Hunga y, Po ugal,
Slo enia and Spain.
3ÖBIG (2006) epo ed o he Eu opean Commission ha 18 ou o 25 Membe S a es se he pha macy
ma kups by egula ion and discoun s a e no allowed, while he o he 7 se maximum ma kups o ees o
se ices while allowing o ee discoun s o clien s.
2
di e en ia ion han o clus e ing as highligh ed by Ne z and Taylo (2002) and by I men
and Thisee (1998).
By con as , he empi ical e idence has so a o e ed mixed esul s: con a y o heo y
p edic ions, mos pape s ha e ound ha i ms end o clus e oge he ; a ew do no ob ain
clea cu esul s (i.e. Bo ens ein and Ne z 1999); and only one so a has shown he e ail
i ms end o di e en ia e loca ing away om compe i o s using he case o gas s a ions
in Cali o nia (Ne z and Taylo , 2002).
In his pape we use he case o pa ial de egula ion o pha macy es ablishmen in a
egion o Spain (Na a a), we show ha new pha macy ou le s di e en ia e loca ing away
om incumben s and om down own. This case is pa icula ly in e es ing and use ul o
iden i y and quan i y he impac o compe i ion on loca ion pa e ns, and o assess he
impac o dis ance egula ions.
As we will see below, he egula o y e o m makes ha he o al numbe o pha macies
in Na a a almos doubled as en y became ee (be o e i was es ic ed) and dis ance
egula ion became weake (minimum dis ance dec eased om 250 o 150 me e s).
Gi en ha , we a e able o desc ibe he dynamics o en y in o a se o well de ined
ele an local ma ke s. Using geog aphical geocoding ou ines, we ha e been able o
calcula e he dis ance among all incumben and new pha macies opened o he public in
Na a a be o e and a e pa ial de egula ion. Using his in o ma ion we ha e es ima ed
he impac o compe i ion on he dis ance among pha macy ou le s.
We ind ha ega dless ha he e is a Na ional Heal h Sys em (NHS) heal h cen e
in he own o no pha macies do no clus e , excep o he case o he i s one o wo
pha macies o municipali ies ha ha e a heal h cen e . This sugges s ha he p inciple
o maximum di e en ia ion ules in pha macy sec o .
Indeed, esul s show ha in hose municipali ies in which he e is a NHS heal h cen e
wo pha macies loca e nea he heal h cen e clus e ing a ound i a a dis ance close bu
la ge han he egula ed 150 minimum dis ance. Bu , u he en y inc eases he dis ance
among pha macies well abo e he minimum egula ed dis ance.
By con as , in he municipali ies in which he e is no a heal h cen e , pha macies
loca e a away om he o he . As he numbe o compe i o s inc eases, he dis ance
among pha macies dec eases only g adually bu i emains a la ge han he minimum
3
egula ed dis ance.
F om his e idence, he pape a gues he a ionale o ha ing minimum dis ance eg-
ula ions. As pha macies do no gene ally clus e , he e is no public in e es a ionale
o suppo ing dis ance egula ion. Only hose incumben pha macies loca ed close o he
heal h cen e s bene i om dis ance egula ion as he second pha macy would like o come
close o e en leap og he incumben loca ing nex doo o he heal h cen e . I his is
he case, he e is he e o e no a ionale o dis ance egula ion apa om he unde lying
p i a e in e es o e y ew incumben s.
The pape is o ganized as ollows. Sec ion 2 e iews he li e a u e on spa ial compe-
i ion and he need o egula ion. Sec ion 3 ou lines he empi ical amewo k and he
pa icula i ies o he case we a e using o iden i y and quan i y he impac o compe i ion
on dis ance among compe i o s. Sec ion 4 de ails he empi ical esul s, and sec ion 5
concludes.
2 Li e a u e e iew
Ho elling (1929) seminal pape ha claimed ha i ms ha e a endency o clus e spa ially
has been ollowed by a e y la ge heo y li e a u e ha shows ha spa ial compe i ion
can ende any equilib ium o minimum o maximum di e en ia ion, o no equilib ium
a all.
The pape by Asp emon , Gabszewicz and Thisse (1979) clea ly showed wha a e he
de ails o one-dimensional space compe i ion models ha lead o di e en implica ions:
apa om he di icul ies o cha ac e izing he equilib ium, he p inciple o minimum di -
e en ia ion sugges ed by Ho elling seminal pape (as named by Boulding, 1948) u ned
ou o be no obus o sligh changes in he anspo a ion cos s. By allowing ans-
po a ion cos s o be quad a ic a he han linea , ou le s maximum di e en ia e in he
Ho elling line.
As sugges ed by Ne z and Taylo (2002), he la ge li e a u e on one-dimensional space
compe i ion has iden i ied he d i e s o he equilib ium loca ion: he sp awl o consume s
p omo es di e en ia ion (Ea on and Lipsey 1976), he elas ici y o demand mi iga es clus-
e ing (Smi hies, 1941; Ea on, 1971), non-linea anspo a ion cos p omo es di e en i-
4
a ion (Asp emon , Gabszewicz and Thisse, 1979), and consume he e ogenei y p omo es
clus e ing (De Palma e al, 1985).
When analyzing empi ically he impac o compe i ion on loca ion pa e ns, we should
con ol o all hese d i e s ha ha e been iden i ied by he heo e ical li e a u e.
Howe e , when dealing wi h he pha macy sec o i is di icul o b idge he gap be-
ween he heo y o loca ion and he empi ical analysis. Fi s , we need o ake in o accoun
ha p o essionals use non-p ice compe i ion s a egies, such as di e ences in quali y o
ca e. Addi ionally, as s a ed be o e, he pha macy sec o is no only cha ac e ized by
en y and dis ance egula ions, bu also by p ice egula ion. The e o e, we should look a
he heo y ha has analyzed no only ho izon al bu also e ical di e en ia ion, and also
ha has s udied en y and loca ion pa e ns when p ice is egula ed.
On he one hand, he pape by Ne en and Thisse (1990) analyzes loca ion equilib ium
when i ms compe e in p ices, loca ion and quali y. When he ange o quali y op ions is
la ge han he loca ion op ions, i ms end o maximum di e en ia e in quali y bu clus e
in loca ion. On he con a y, when he ange o quali y op ions is smalle han he loca ion
choices, i ms end o clus e in quali y and maximum di e en ia e in loca ion. The e o e,
when compe i ion is mul i-dimensional, he deg ee o space di e en ia ion depends also
on whe he he e is di e en ia ion in o he dimensions such as quali y o se ice.
On he o he hand, Ma and Bu guess (1993) in oduce p ice egula ion in a model
o e ical di e en ia ion, ha is, a model o compe i ion in quali y bu no in loca ion.
Nuschelle (2003) o e s a model o e ical (quali y) and ho izon al (loca ion) di e en i-
a ion wi h p ice egula ion. This la e pape allows p o essionals o compe e in a game
in which hey i s decide whe he o en e o no he ma ke , hen whe e o loca e, and
inally he quali y o se ice hey o e gi en he p ice se by he egula o .
In his model, he close wo p o essionals loca e, he igh e he non-p ice compe i ion
and he highe he quali y o se ice hey ha e o o e .
So a he sca ce numbe o empi ical pape s ha ha e ocused on s udying he e-
la ionship be ween compe i ion and di e en ia ion ha e o e ed mixed esul s. Ne z and
Taylo (2002) is almos he unique pape ha inds obus ly ha i ms loca e gas s a ions
in an a emp o spa ially di e en ia e as ma ke compe i ion inc eases.
Be o e ha pape , mos empi ical s udies sugges ha ou le s end o clus e : Pinske
5
and Slade (1998) sugges ed ha gasoline s a ions wi h simila cha ac e is ics (such as hose
ha ha e simila con ac ual ag eemen s wi h e ine s) end o clus e ; and in e es ingly
o ou case, Bo ens ein and Ne z (1999) and Sal anes e al (1997) ound ha an inc ease
in compe i ion leads o clus e ing o depa u e imes o ai lines o he Uni ed S a es
and No way when p ices a e se exogenously: egula ed o allegedly se by a ca el. By
con as , Bo ens ein and Ne z (1999) ound mixed esul s a e en y and p ice de egula ion
o ai lines.
The de egula ion o en y in he pha macy sec o in one egion o Spain o e s us a
e y con enien se ing o s udying he impac o compe i ion on he loca ion pa e ns
in a p ice egula ed en i onmen . Taking in o accoun he p io s ha heo y o e s us, we
will s udy he unde lying e ec s o compe i ion on dis ances among pha macies.
The con ibu ion o he pape is o make clea when he p inciple o maximum di -
e en a ion on loca ion ules in he pha macy sec o .
3 Empi ical F amewo k
3.1 Backg ound on he policy change
En y egula ions o pha macies in Spain, apa om pu e licensing, da e back o he 19 h
cen u y. In 1854, he cen al go e nmen uled ha local go e nmen s should gua an ee
he exis ence o a leas one pha macy o e e y gi en numbe o inhabi an s so as o
a end he needs o he poo and o pe o m ce ain public heal h du ies.
This was a ypical public se ice obliga ion whe eby local go e nmen s had o con ac -
ou o one pa icula pha macy ce ain speci ied e ail pha macy se ices, while he o he
pha macies in own we e ee o en e he ma ke o se e hei clien s wi hou any con ac
wi h he go e nmen .
The legisla ion sough o secu e a b oad and balanced dis ibu ion o pha maceu ical
se ices h oughou he e i o y, speci ically secu ing some ac i i ies and income o u al
pha macies by con ac .
I was no un il 1941 ha he go e nmen es ic ed he numbe o pha macies, wi h
en y egula ions being made mo e igh in mo e-popula ed a eas, and less so in less-
popula ed a eas. These en y ules we e desigmend o sa e-wa d he income o senio
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incumben s in he mo e-popula ed u ban a eas, and o p omo e he en y o junio p o-
essionals in he less-popula ed u al a eas.
The new law uled ha he e should be no mo e han one pha macy o e e y 5,000
inhabi an s in each municipali y. I also in oduced minimum dis ance equi emen s.4
Pe mi s became adable, wi h he esul ha senio incumben pha macis s end o
sell hei pha macy license be o e he manda o y e i ing age, o ans e hem o hei
sibling i hey had go a deg ee in pha macy.
Junio pha macis s wi h p o essional expe ience a ending u al pha macies enjoy a
p io i y in he opening o new pha macies ha ill up he cap due o popula ion g ow h
in ci ies. Bu junio s do no enjoy p io i y in buying he pe mi s o he e i ing senio
pha macis s. These en y es ic ions we e coupled wi h linea egula ed ma k-ups o
pha macies.
These egula o y e o ms shi ed he bu den o public se ice obliga ions in u al a eas
om local public inance o he clien s o he pha macies loca ed in u ban a eas.5
En y es ic ions ha e changed li le since hen, al hough he en o cemen o en y
egula ions was de ol ed o he egions in he 1980s and 1990s. The cu en Spanish
legisla ion egula ing he es ablishmen o new pha macies, in oduced in 1997, ixes a
a io o one pha macy pe 2,800 inhabi an s in each heal h ca e zone (al hough he a io
may be as la ge as 4,000 inhabi an s).6
A heal h ca e zone is a pa o a municipali y o g oup o municipali ies in which
he e should be a leas one public, Na ional Heal h Sys em (NHS), p ima y heal h ca e
4The quan i a i e limi was mo e es ic i e in mo e-popula ed a eas: one pha macy o e e y 10,000
inhabi an s in municipali ies wi h a popula ion g ea e han 50,000 inhabi an s. The dis ance egula ion
was also mo e es ic i e in mo e-popula ed a eas: new pha macies could only open 250 me e s away om
exis ing ones in ci ies la ge han 100,000 inhabi an s, 200 me e s away in ci ies wi h be ween 50,000 and
100,000 inhabi an s and 150 me e s away in ci ies wi h be ween 5,000 and 50,000 inhabi an s.
5Be o e 1941, local go e nmen s in less-popula ed a eas always s uggled o mee hei public se ice
obliga ions. This bu den shi ed back g adually o he cen al go e nmen as i unde ook o und as much
as h ee qua e s o he pha maceu ical bill om he la e 1980s onwa ds. Al hough he main sou ce o
income o pha macies comes om he cen al go e nmen budge , en y egula ions con inue o sa egua d
he income o pha macies in he ci ies and, e en ually, o o e he p ospec o opening a pha macy in a
well- emune a ed u ban si e o he junio pha macis s ha s a hei ca ee s a ending u al communi ies
a a loss.
6The egula ion has a non-linea i y in he au ho iza ion o he second pha macy in any heal h ca e
zone. An addi ional pha macy can be es ablished whene e he popula ion o he heal h zone is 2,000
people la ge han he numbe esul ing om mul iplying he numbe o pha macies al eady open o he
public by 2,800. The e o e, a municipali y needs a popula ion o 2,800 inhabi an s o ob ain he pe mi
o he i s pha macy, 4,800 o he second, 7,600 o he hi d, and 10,400 o he ou h and so on.
7
cen e .7The minimum dis ance be ween pha macies is ixed a 250 me e s, while he
egula ed ma k-up was ixed a 27.9% o he e ail p ice.
In 2000, he Pa liamen o he Fo al Communi y o Na a a, a small egion in he No h
o Spain, wi h jus o e 543,757 inhabi an s a ha momen , challenged hese na ional
en y es ic ions. Na a a passed a law which e e ed o a egula ion o minima, i.e.,
he egional go e nmen allowed new pha macies o be opened and sough o ensu e ha
he e was a leas one pha macy in each heal h ca e zone.8
The policy shi in Na a a can be seen as a na u al expe imen , since i was unex-
pec ed and undesi ed. In ac , he sponso o he legisla i e p oposal, he egion’s Heal h
Minis e , was a doc o whose o iginal in en ion was o ob ain eba es om pha macies in
he dis ibu ion o medicines p esc ibed by doc o s wo king in he public sec o . Pa a-
doxically, pha macy ma k-ups a e ixed by Spain’s cen al go e nmen , while heal h ca e
is ully managed by he egions.
The aim o Na a a’s Heal h Minis e was o change he con ac be ween he pha -
macis s and he egional go e nmen , unde whose e ms pha macis s would ha e had o
gi e eba es o he NHS. Gi en he ie ce opposi ion exp essed by he incumben pha -
macis s o enego ia e he con ac , he new bill p o ided o he un es ic ed opening o
new pha macies, which had o accep he eba es as laid down in he con ac o he new
pha macies in o de o be allowed o p o ide he p esc ip ions o public sec o doc o s.
Du ing he passage o he bill h ough Pa liamen , con on a ions be ween he egional
go e nmen and he pha macis s we e equen and o en ac imonious. The pha macis s
e en ook s ike ac ion, and public heal h ca e cen e s we e excep ionally gi en judicial
pe mission o dispense medicines du ing he s ike ac ion.
The new legisla ion was inally in oduced by he egional pa liamen , coming in o
o ce la e in he yea 2000. In he end, howe e , he new law did no change he e ms
o he con ac be ween he pha macis s and he egional go e nmen , bu i did pa ially
de egula e he opening o new pha macies. I was widely pe cei ed ha he policy changes
7Zones a y in popula ion size. Fo ins ance, he median heal h ca e zone is a ound 6,100 inhabi an s
in one egion o Spain (Na a a in 2000), while i is 24,000 in ano he (Andalusia in 2008).
8This expe imen in pa ial de egula ion ended in Decembe 2008 when he Na a a Pa liamen passed
a new law es ic ing en y again: he opening o he i s pha macy in each municipali y is now wi hou
es ic ion, bu au ho iza ion o open a second and u he pha macies is only g an ed i each pha macy
can se e 700 inhabi an s in each municipali y. Howe e , his en y egula ion is s ill he leas es ic i e
in Spain.
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immig a ion in he egion be ween 2000 and 2008. Compa ing he sub-samples a e pa -
ial de egula ion, municipali ies wi h no heal h cen e ha e less densi y han municipali ies
wi h one o wo heal h cen e s as expec ed. Heal h ca e cen e s a e public acili ies se up
by he egional go e nmen acco ding o social needs, no acco ding o p o i conside a-
ions.
Inse able 3
Table 4 shows he summa y s a is ics o all he 31 municipali ies ha ha e only
one heal h cen e . All o hem ha e one o mo e pha macies be o e and a e pa ial
de egula ion. We will look a hese municipali ies o assess he impac o compe i ion on
he a e age dis ance o pha macies o he heal h cen e wi hin he municipali y. We a e
mainly in e es ed in assessing whe he mean dis ance o he heal h cen e s dec eases a e
pa ial de egula ion, and wha is he ela ionship be ween mean dis ance o he heal h
cen e and he numbe o compe i o s. We wan o know whe he pha macies clus e o
sca e a ound a e pa ial de egula ion, and whe he pha macies clus e o sp ead in
he municipali ies wi h mo e compe i o s. 16 Be o e pa ial de egula ion, mean dis ance
o heal h cen e is a ound han 2.2 kilome e , and he mean numbe o pha macies is
jus 1.26. A e pa ial de egula ion, mean dis ance o he heal h cen e is jus sligh ly
o e 3 kilome e s while he numbe o pha macies is 3.23. Demog aphics emain e y
simila be o e and a e on a e age, excep o densi y and he pe cen age o o eigne s
ha inc ease due o popula ion g ow h and immig a ion in he egion be ween 2000 and
2008.
Table 5 shows he ela ionship be ween he numbe o compe i o s and he demog aph-
ics on he a e age dis ance among e ail ou le s. The e idence shows ha his ela ionship
is comple ely di e en in he case o he municipali ies in which he e is no public heal h
ca e cen e wi h espec o he municipali ies ha coun wi h one o wo heal h cen e s.
The es ima es o he impac o he numbe o pha macies on a e age dis ance o he
close compe i o a e qui e p ecise. All compe i ion coe icien s a e s a is ically signi ican
16We will no include in he sample he municipali y wi h wo heal h cen e s, as hen he a e age dis ance
o he heal h cen e s is no a good measu e o clus e ing as some pha macies may clus e a ound one heal h
cen e , while o he s a ound he o he while a e age dis ance may inc ease, dec ease o s ay pu .
15
a 5% excep wo o hem ha a e signi ican a 6% and 8% espec i ely. The ela ionship
appea s o be linea o log-linea ( his la e one is shown in he able, al hough he o me
yields e y simila esul s).
In he municipali ies wi h 1 o 2 heal h ca e cen e s, pha macies sp ead o e he
e i o y as he numbe o compe i o s inc eases. And, his sca e ing e ec is s onge
be o e pa ial de egula ion. Addi ionally, mean dis ance o he close compe i o seem o
be la ge a e pa ial de egula ion, al hough he impac is no s a is ically signi ican .
By con as , in he municipali ies wi h no heal h cen e , pha macies maximize loca-
ional di e en ia ion bu end o clus e oge he as he numbe o compe i o s inc eases.
Inse able 5
Demog aphics u n ou o be s a is ically signi ican in he case o he municipali ies
wi hou heal h ca e cen e s whe e demand is mo e dispe se. Popula ion densi y clus e he
ou le s oge he , as i also does he pe cen age o old popula ion, he pe cen age o young
popula ion, and he pe cen age o o eigne s. In municipali ies wi h a la ge numbe o
owns and subu bs, a e age dis ance among e ail ou le s is la ge .
Theo y sugges ed ha densi y d i es clus e ing, and he pe cen age o young and old
popula ion migh e lec he la ge anspo cos o he amilies and he elde ly. The
pe cen age o o eigne s migh be picking some income ela ed e ec such as lowe access
o p i a e ehicle anspo a ion.
By con as , con ol a iables do no appea o play such a s a is ically signi ican
ole in municipali ies ha ha e a heal h ca e acili y. Al hough he es ima es a e less
p ecise, all keep hei signs, excep o he numbe o owns and subu bs ha in hose
municipali ies is a d i e o he clus e ing a he han he sca e ing o ou le s. The own
o subu b ha has he heal h cen e p obably is a magne o pha macies, he mo e so
he mo e he numbe o smalle subu bs a ound wi hin he same municipali y.
Table 6 shows ou bes p edic ion acco ding o he es ima ed ela ionship be ween
he gi en ma ke s uc u e and he equilib ium loca ion o e ail ou le s, while se ing
he demog aphics a he a e age o he espec i e sub-sample. When he e is no heal h
ca e cen e , he municipali ies wi h only wo pha macies ha e hem a a la ge dis ance
16
o a ound wo kilome e a e pa ial de egula ion. The municipali ies wi h 3 pha macies
ha e hem a ound 1 kilome e away each one om hei closes i al. The municipali ies
wi h 4 pha macies would ha e hem 572 me e s away one om each o he on a e age.
Finally, he municipali ies wi h ou pha macies ha e hem only 306 me e s each one om
hei closes i als.17
Inse able 6
By con as , i he e is a public heal h ca e cen e , he municipali ies wi h only wo
pha macies would ha e hem clus e ed oge he nea he heal h cen e (only a ound 500
me e s away one o he o he ) be o e and a e pa ial de egula ion. A e pa ial de eg-
ula ion, a e age dis ance o he close compe i o inc eases g adually wi h he numbe o
pha macies in he municipali ies. We p edic ha municipali ies wi h h ee pha macies
ha e hem 528 me e s apa o hei closes i als, and 622 me e s in he case o ou
pha macies, 732 me e s in he case o i e, 861 me e s in he case o six, and so on, un il as
much as 2.3 kilome e s in he case o 12 pha macies. The a e age dis ance o he closes
i al inc eases subs an ially wi h he numbe o compe i o s.
A less g adual inc easing sca e ing wi h espec o he numbe o compe i o s is also
obse ed be o e pa ial de egula ion in he municipali ies wi h heal h cen e . En an s
p e e o loca e a away om incumben s when en y is es ic ed, much u he away
han he igh 250 me e s minimum dis ance egula ion commands.
Addi ionally, om he loca ion pa e ns o pha macies be o e de egula ion, i is clea
ha en y egula ions ha cons ain he numbe o pha macies p omo e pha macies o
di e en ia e spa ially. Dis ance o he closes i al is la ge be o e pa ial de egula ion o
any gi en ma ke s uc u e. New en an s ill he spo s a ailable be ween incumben s.
Table 7 shows he ela ionship be ween he numbe o compe i o s and he demo-
g aphics on he a e age dis ance o he heal h cen e only in hose municipali ies wi h
one heal h cen e , be o e and a e de egula ion. In his case he ela ionship appea s o
be non-linea . We op o a log-quad a ic unc ional o m ha appea s o i be e he
da a. As he numbe o pha macies inc eases, he a e age dis ance o he heal h cen e
17I should be no ed ha we ha e compu ed Euclidean dis ances, while egula ion se s walking dis ances.
The e o e, depending on he s ee g id egula ion may be binding in some municipali ies.
17
i s goes down and hen inc eases back up.
Inse able 7
The es ima es o he linea and he quad a ic impac o he numbe o compe i o s
on he a e age dis ance o he heal h cen e a e s a is ically signi ican be o e and a e
de egula ion. Those a e no so p ecisely es ima ed be o e de egula ion. A e age dis ance
o he heal h cen e inc eases a e de egula ion, al hough his es ima e is no s a is ically
signi ican ei he . Demog aphics a e no qui e p ecisely es ima ed, excep o densi y.
Densi y appea s o d i e signi ican ly he pha macies oge he o he heal h cen e as
heo y sugges s. All he o he demog aphic co- a ia es show nega i e sings sugges ing
also ha hey may d i e he clus e ing.
Table 8 o e s he bes p edic ion o he impac o he numbe o pha macies on he
a e age dis ance o he heal h cen e keeping he demog aphics a he sub-sample a e age
be o e and a e pa ial de egula ion. A e age dis ance is dec easing om 1.5 kilome e s in
he case o one pha macy municipali ies be o e pa ial de egula ion, o jus 1.4 kilome e s
in he case o wo pha macies municipali ies, while i goes up o 2.7 kilome e s in he case
o h ee pha macies municipali ies, and as much as 10.9 kilome e s in he case o ou
pha macy municipali ies. The e is no u he e idence wi h municipali ies wi h mo e
pha macies be o e de egula ion.
Inse able 8
By con as , a e age dis ance o he heal h cen e appea s o inc ease subs an ially
a e pa ial de egula ion. And his swing mo emen owa ds some clus e ing appea s
o expand om he municipali ies wi h jus 1 pha macy up o he municipali ies wi h 4
pha macies a e de egula ion. And, hen we see pha macies inc easingly sca e ing o e
he e i o y in he case o municipali ies wi h 4 o mo e pha macies.
This e idence sugges s ha , al hough pha macies end o inc easingly sepa a e one
o he o he and ha a e age dis ance o he heal h cen e inc eases subs an ially a e
de egula ion, he heal h cen e is s ill a magne o hose pha macies ha en e i s , while
18
i is no longe so when he numbe o pha macies eaches a high enough numbe . I is hen
a ound he heal h cen e ha he minimum dis ance egula ion may be cons aining he
loca ional choices o he pha macies, and p o ec ing he incumben s om he compe i i e
p essu e o he newcome s. And es ic ing he numbe o en an s, es ains he sca e ing
o pha macies a ound he e i o y.
5 Concluding ema ks
Summing up, he e idence om pa ial de egula ion o en y in he pha macy p o essional
sec o shows ha pha macies do no clus e oge he excep o he case o a a he small
numbe o incumben pha macies in hose municipali ies ha ha e a heal h cen e .
This is e y consis en wi h he p edic ions o Asp emon e al (1979) ha s a e he
p inciple o maximum di e en ia ion in he loca ion s a egies o i ms. I applies in his
wo k when we s udy he loca ional choices o pha macies in he municipali ies wi hou
heal h cen e .
A i s u n, in he municipali ies wi h a heal h cen e and a small numbe o pha -
macies, he e is some clus e ing a ound he heal h cen e . Bu new pha macy opening
spans on he loca ion op ions away om he heal h cen e and inc easingly away om
compe i o s, and inc easingly so as he numbe o compe i o s dooms la ge.
F om his e idence, we challenge he a ionale o ha ing minimum dis ance egula-
ions. As pha macies do no gene ally clus e , he e is no public a ionale o suppo ing
dis ance egula ion. Ou esul s sugges ha dis ance egula ion may only be binding o
he e y ew pha macies loca ed nea he heal h cen e .
Only hose incumben pha macies ha loca ed close o he heal h cen e s bene i om
dis ance egula ion as he second pha macy in any municipali y would like o come close
o e en leap og he incumben loca ing nex doo o he heal h cen e . I his is he case,
he e is he e o e no a ionale o dis ance egula ion apa om he unde lying p i a e
in e es o e y ew incumben s.
Finally, he e idence no only shows ha en y es ic ions do ac ually educe he o al
numbe o pha macies and he accessibili y o pha macy se ices in some municipali ies,
bu ha en y es ic ions also lead hose small numbe o pha macies o open o he
19
public loca ing a apa om each o he and om he heal h cen e . F ee en y allow
many new pha macies o ill he gap sca e ing a ound be ween incumben pha macies
ha emain mos ly open a such dis an loca ions.
Re e ences
[1] d’Asp emon , C.; J. J. Gabszewiczs and J. R. Thisse (1979) ’On Ho elling’s S abili y
in Compe i ion’, Econome ica, 47, 1145-1150.
[2] Bo ens ein, S. and J. S. Ne z (1999) ’Why do all he ligh s lea e a 8 am? Compe-
i ion and depa u e- ime di e en ia ion in ai line ma ke s’, In e na ional Jou nal o
Indus ial O ganiza ion, 17(5), 611-640.
[3] Bo ell, J. R. and L. Fe nandez-Villadangos (2009) ’Assessing he excess p o i s om
di e en en y egula ions’, XREAP Wo king pape , 1-40.
[4] De Palma A.; V. Ginsbu gh; Y. Papageo giou; and J. F. Thisse (1985) ’The P inciple
o Minimum Di e en ia ion Holds Unde Su icien He e ogeni y’, Econome ica, 53,
767-781.
[5] Ea on, B. C. (1971) ’Spa ial Compe i on Re isi ed’, Canadian Jou nal o Economics,
5:2, 268-78.
[6] Ea on, B. C. and R. G. Lipsey (1976) ’The P inciple o Minimum Di e en ia ion
Reconside ed: Some De elopmen s in he Theo y o Spa ial Compe i ion’, The Re iew
o Economic S udies, 42, 27-49.
[7] Ho elling, H. (1929) ’S abili y in Compe i on’, The Economic Jou nal, 39, 41-57.
[8] I men, A. and J. Thisse (1998) ’Compe i ion in mul i-cha ac e is ic spaces: Ho elling
was almos igh ’, Jou nal o Economic Theo y, 78, 76-102.
[9] Ma, C. and J. F. Bu gess (1993) ’Quali y Compe i ion, Wel a e, and Regula ion’,
Jou nal o Economics, 58, 153–173.
[10] Meye , B. D. (1995) ‘Na u al and Quasi-expe imen s in economics’, Jou nal o Busi-
ness and Economic S a is ics, 13, 151–61.
20
[11] Mossialos E. and M. M azek (2003) ’The Regula ion o Pha macies in Six Coun ies’,
Repo P epa ed o he O ice o Fai T ading, London.
[12] Ne z, J. S. and B. A. Taylo (2002) ’Maximum o minimum di e en ia ion? Loca ion
pa e ns o e ail ou le s’, Re iew o Economics and S a is ics, 84(1), 162-175.
[13] Ne en D. and J. F. Thisse (1990) ’On Quali y and Va ie y Compe i ion’, pp. 175–199
in: J. J. Gabszewicz, J.-F. Richa d, and L. A. Wosley (eds.), Economic Decision- Mak-
ing: Games, Econome ics and Op imisa ion, No h-Holland: Ams e dam–London–
New Yo k–Tokyo.
[14] Nuschelle , R. (2003) ‘Physician eimbu semen , ime, consis ency, and he quali y o
ca e’, Jou nal o Ins i u ional and Theo e ical Economics, 159, 302-322.
[15] ÖBIG (2006) ‘Su eying, Assessing and Analyzing he Pha maceu ical Sec o in he
25 EU Membe S a es’, Repo Commissioned by he DG Compe i ion - Eu opean
Commission, O ice o O icial Publica ions o he Eu opean Communi ies, B ussels.
[16] Pinske J. and M. Slade (1998) ’Con ac ing in Space’, Jou nal o Econome ics, 85:1,
125-54.
[17] Rod íguez-Nozal R. and A. González-Bueno (2005) En e el a e y la écnica. Los
o ígenes de la ab icación indus ial del medicamen o, Consejo Supe io de In es iga-
ciones Cien í icas, Mad id.
[18] Salop, S. C. (1979) ’Monopolis ic Compe i ion wi h Ou side Goods’, The Bell Jou nal
o Economics, 10, 141–156.
[19] Sal anes K. G., F. S een and L. So ga d (1997) ’Ho elling in he Ai ? Fligh De-
pa u es in No way’, Wo king Pape No wegian School o Economic and Business
Adminis a ion.
[20] Smi hies, A. (1941) ’Op imum Loca ion in Spa ial Compe i ion’, Jou nal o Poli ical
Economy, 49:3, 423-39.
21
23
# pha macies pe
municipali
y
# municipali ies
be o e
# municipali ies
a e
% municipali ies
be o e
% municipali ies
a e
0 117 124 44.7% 47.3%
1 138 77 52.7% 29.4%
2 5 25 1.9% 9.5%
3207.6%
4 1 4 0.4% 1.5%
5 1 6 0.4% 2.3%
620.8%
731.1%
12 1 0.4%
Table 1.- Ma ke s uc u es be o e & a e de egula ion (n = 262)
-101234567
01142 1
110752520 4 4
2212
41
51
To al 10 189 27 20 7 5 2 1 1
# o new pha macy openings a e
# pha macies
pe
municipali y
be o e
Table 2. T ansi ion ma ix be o e and a e pa ial de egula ion
24
Table 3.- Summa y s a is ics: Municpali ies wi h 2 o Mo e Pha macies
#obs Mean S d. De . Min Max
dis ance o close pha macy 36 884.08 1,059.81 16.94 3,734.46
#pha macies 362.500.702.005.00
# owns 36 3.39 4.66 1.00 22.00
densi y 36 85.48 100.12 1.88 565.93
%young 36 0.13 0.04 0.05 0.25
%old 36 0.11 0.04 0.02 0.18
% o eigne s 360.080.040.010.18
#obs Mean S d. De . Min Max
dis ance o close pha macy 7 1,278.91 1,118.97 169.47 3,057.78
#pha macies 7 2.57 1.13 2.00 5.00
# owns 71.290.761.003.00
densi y 7 133.69 94.50 14.38 262.39
%young 70.130.020.080.15
%old 70.100.030.070.15
% o eigne s 7 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03
#obs Mean S d. De . Min Max
dis ance o close pha macy 25 637.06 668.75 89.17 2,586.44
#pha macies 254.122.202.0012.00
# owns 25 2.32 3.13 1.00 13.00
densi y 25 125.71 132.11 14.02 590.64
%young 25 0.14 0.02 0.09 0.18
%old 25 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.17
% o eigne s 250.080.030.020.16
A e - Municipali ies wi h no Heal h Cen e
Be o e: Municipali ies wi h 1 o 2 Heal h Cen e s
A e - Municipali ies wi h 1 o 2 Heal h Cen e s
Table 4.- Summa y s a is ics: All Municipali ies wi h 1 Heal h Cen e
#obs Mean S d. De . Min Max
dis ance o heal h cen e 31 2,200.97 3,155.86 37.85 13,529.86
#pha macies 311.260.631.00 4.00
# owns 31 3.84 7.63 1.00 40.00
densi y 31 90.44 108.24 3.63 539.84
%young 31 0.13 0.02 0.08 0.17
%old 31 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.16
% o eigne s 31 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.06
#obs Mean S d. De . Min Max
dis ance o heal h cen e 31 3,065.47 2,740.10 103.83 13,529.86
#pha macies 313.231.871.00 7.00
# owns 31 3.84 7.63 1.00 40.00
densi y 31 103.18 126.06 3.27 590.64
%young 31 0.14 0.02 0.09 0.18
%old 31 0.10 0.04 0.03 0.18
% o eigne s 31 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.22
Be o e - All Municipali ies wi h 1 Heal h Cen e
A e - All Municipali ies wi h 1 Heal h Cen e
25
Table 5.- Impac o compe i ion on dis ance di e en ia ion (municipali ies wi h 2 o mo e pha macies)
Coe . (S d. E .) -s a
Coe . (S d. E .) -s a
Coe . (S d. E .) -s a
Coe . (S d. E .) -s a
cons an 6.90 (0.67) 10.27 13.83 (1.70) 8.15 5.18 (0.84) 6.20 7.03 (4.04) 1.74
a e 0.15 (0.90) 0.17 0.39 (0.96) 0.41
#pha macies be o e 0.57 (0.23) 2.50 0.46 (0.21) 2.24
#pha macies a e -0.36 (0.25) -1.45 -0.62 (0.27) -2.24 0.15 (0.06) 2.40 0.16 (0.07) 2.24
# owns 0.075 (0.033) 2.30 -0.10 (0.09) -1.08
densi y -0.002 0.001 -1.78 -0.001 (0.002) -0.54
%young -24.68 (5.01) -4.93 -8.77 (17.37) -0.50
%old -27.59 (8.26) -3.34 -0.44 (15.34) -0.03
% o eigne s -2.33 (5.72) -0.41 -6.45 (5.90) -1.09
F es
Obse a ions
R squa e
Log mean dis ance
(me e s)
Log mean dis ance
(me e s)
36 36 32
9.13 7.092.1
0.03
1.18
0.36
Municipali ies No Heal hCen e Municipali ies 1 o 2 Heal h Cen e s
0.21 0.34
Log mean dis ance
(me e s) Log mean dis ance (me e s)
32
2 1,962 552 449
3 1,060 878 528
4 572 1,395 622
5 309 2,217 732
6 861
7 1,013
8 1,193
9 1,404
10 1,652
11 1,944
12 2,288
Con ols Yes Yes Yes
# o pha macies
Table 6.- Dis ance o close pha macy (me e s) bes p edic ion
A e Be o e A e
No Heal h
Cen e Heal h Cen e
SÈRIE DE DOCUMENTS DE TREBALL DE LA XREAP
2008
XREAP2008-01
Du án Wei kamp, C. (GRIT); Ma ín Bo a ull, M. (GRIT) ; Pablo Ma í, F.
“Economic e ec s o oad accessibili y in he Py enees: Use pe spec i e”
(Gene 2008)
XREAP2008-02
Díaz-Se ano, L.; S oyano a, A. P. (CREB)
“The Causal Rela ionship be ween Indi idual’s Choice Beha io and Sel -Repo ed Sa is ac ion: he Case
o Residen ial Mobili y in he EU”
(Ma ç 2008)
XREAP2008-03
Ma as, A. (GEAP); Raymond, J. L. (GEAP); Roig, J. L. (GEAP)
“Ca owne ship and access o jobs in Spain”
(Ab il 2008)
XREAP2008-04
Bel, G. (PPRE-IREA) ; Fageda, X. (PPRE-IREA)
“P i a iza ion and compe i ion in he deli e y o local se ices: An empi ical examina ion o he dual
ma ke hypo hesis”
(Ab il 2008)
XREAP2008-05
Ma as, A. (GEAP); Raymond, J. L. (GEAP); Roig, J. L. (GEAP)
“Job accessibili y and employmen p obabili y”
(Maig 2008)
XREAP2008-06
Bashe , S. A.; Ca ión, J. Ll. (AQR-IREA)
Decons uc ing Shocks and Pe sis ence in OECD Real Exchange Ra es
(Juny 2008)
XREAP2008-07
San omá, E. (IEB); Ramos, R. (AQR-IREA); Simón, H.
Po abilidad del capi al humano y asimilación de los inmig an es. E idencia pa a España
(Juliol 2008)
XREAP2008-08
Bashe , S. A.; Ca ión, J. Ll. (AQR-IREA)
P ice le el con e gence, pu chasing powe pa i y and mul iple s uc u al b eaks: An applica ion o US
ci ies
(Juliol 2008)
XREAP2008-09
Be múdez, Ll. (RFA-IREA)
A p io i a emaking using bi a ia e poisson eg ession models
(Juliol 2008)
SÈRIE DE DOCUMENTS DE TREBALL DE LA XREAP
XREAP2008-10
Solé-Ollé, A. (IEB), Ho as Rico, M. (IEB)
Does u ban sp awl inc ease he cos s o p o iding local public se ices? E idence om Spanish
municipali ies
(No emb e 2008)
XREAP2008-11
Te uel-Ca izosa, M. (GRIT), Sega a-Blasco, A. (GRIT)
Immig a ion and Fi m G ow h: E idence om Spanish ci ies
(No emb e 2008)
XREAP2008-12
Duch-B own, N. (IEB), Ga cía-Que edo, J. (IEB), Mon olio, D. (IEB)
Assessing he assigna ion o public subsidies: Do he expe s choose he mos e icien R&D p ojec s?
(No emb e 2008)
XREAP2008-13
Bilo kach, V., Fageda, X. (PPRE-IREA), Flo es-Fillol, R.
Scheduled se ice e sus pe sonal anspo a ion: he ole o dis ance
(Desemb e 2008)
XREAP2008-14
Albala e, D. (PPRE-IREA), Gel, G. (PPRE-IREA)
Tou ism and u ban anspo : Holding demand p essu e unde supply cons ain s
(Desemb e 2008)
SÈRIE DE DOCUMENTS DE TREBALL DE LA XREAP
2009
XREAP2009-01
Calonge, S. (CREB); Tejada, O.
“A heo e ical and p ac ical s udy on linea e o ms o dual axes”
(Feb e 2009)
XREAP2009-02
Albala e, D. (PPRE-IREA); Fe nández-Villadangos, L. (PPRE-IREA)
“Explo ing De e minan s o U ban Mo o cycle Acciden Se e i y: The Case o Ba celona”
(Ma ç 2009)
XREAP2009-03
Bo ell, J. R. (PPRE-IREA); Fe nández-Villadangos, L. (PPRE-IREA)
“Assessing excess p o i s om di e en en y egula ions”
(Ab il 2009)
XREAP2009-04
San omá, E. (IEB); Ramos, R. (AQR-IREA), Simon, H.
“Los sala ios de los inmig an es en el me cado de abajo español. ¿Impo a el o igen del capi al
humano?”
(Ab il 2009)
XREAP2009-05
Jiménez, J. L.; Pe digue o, J. (PPRE-IREA)
“(No)compe i ion in he Spanish e ailing gasoline ma ke : a a iance il e app oach”
(Maig 2009)
XREAP2009-06
Ál a ez-Albelo,C. D. (CREB), Man esa, A. (CREB), Pigem-Vigo, M. (CREB)
“In e na ional ade as he sole engine o g ow h o an economy”
(Juny 2009)
XREAP2009-07
Callejón, M. (PPRE-IREA), O ún V, M.
“The Black Box o Business Dynamics”
(Se emb e 2009)
XREAP2009-08
Lucena, A. (CREB)
“The an eceden s and inno a ion consequences o o ganiza ional sea ch: empi ical e idence o Spain”
(Oc ub e 2009)
XREAP2009-09
Domènech Campmajó, L. (PPRE-IREA)
“Compe i ion be ween TV Pla o ms”
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SÈRIE DE DOCUMENTS DE TREBALL DE LA XREAP
XREAP2009-10
Solé-Au ó, A. (RFA-IREA),Guillén, M. (RFA-IREA), C immins, E. M.
“Heal h ca e u iliza ion among immig an s and na i e-bo n popula ions in 11 Eu opean coun ies. Resul s
om he Su ey o Heal h, Ageing and Re i emen in Eu ope”
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XREAP2009-11
Sega a, A. (GRIT), Te uel, M. (GRIT)
“Small i ms, g ow h and inancial cons ain s”
(Oc ub e 2009)
XREAP2009-12
Ma as, A. (GEAP), Raymond, J.Ll. (GEAP), Ruiz, A. (GEAP)
“T a ic o ecas s unde unce ain y and capaci y cons ain s”
(No emb e 2009)
XREAP2009-13
Sole-Ollé, A. (IEB)
“In e - egional edis ibu ion h ough in as uc u e in es men : ac ical o p og amma ic?”
(No emb e 2009)
XREAP2009-14
Del Ba io-Cas o, T., Ga cía-Que edo, J. (IEB)
“The de e minan s o uni e si y pa en ing: Do incen i es ma e ?”
(No emb e 2009)
XREAP2009-15
Ramos, R. (AQR-IREA), Su iñach, J. (AQR-IREA), A ís, M. (AQR-IREA)
“Human capi al spillo e s, p oduc i i y and egional con e gence in Spain”
(No emb e 2009)
XREAP2009-16
Ál a ez-Albelo, C. D. (CREB), He nández-Ma ín, R.
“The commons and an i-commons p oblems in he ou ism economy”
(Desemb e 2009)
SÈRIE DE DOCUMENTS DE TREBALL DE LA XREAP
2010
XREAP2010-01
Ga cía-López, M. A. (GEAP)
“The Accessibili y Ci y. When T anspo In as uc u e Ma e s in U ban Spa ial S uc u e”
(Feb e 2010)
XREAP2010-02
Ga cía-Que edo, J. (IEB), Mas-Ve dú, F. (IEB), Polo-O e o, J. (IEB)
“Which i ms wan PhDs? The e ec o he uni e si y-indus y ela ionship on he PhD labou ma ke ”
(Ma ç 2010)
XREAP2010-03
Pi , D., Guillén, M. (RFA-IREA)
“An in oduc ion o pa ame ic and non-pa ame ic models o bi a ia e posi i e insu ance claim se e i y
dis ibu ions”
(Ma ç 2010)
XREAP2010-04
Be múdez, Ll. (RFA-IREA), Ka lis, D.
“Modelling dependence in a a emaking p ocedu e wi h mul i a ia e Poisson eg ession models”
(Ab il 2010)
XREAP2010-05
Di Paolo, A. (IEB)
“Pa en al educa ion and amily cha ac e is ics: educa ional oppo uni ies ac oss coho s in I aly and
Spain”
(Maig 2010)
XREAP2010-06
Simón, H. (IEB), Ramos, R. (AQR-IREA), San omá, E. (IEB)
“Mo ilidad ocupacional de los inmig an es en una economía de bajas cuali icaciones. El caso de España”
(Juny 2010)
XREAP2010-07
Di Paolo, A. (GEAP & IEB), Raymond, J. Ll. (GEAP & IEB)
“Language knowledge and ea nings in Ca alonia”
(Juliol 2010)
XREAP2010-08
Bolancé, C. (RFA-IREA), Alemany, R. (RFA-IREA), Guillén, M. (RFA-IREA)
“P edic ion o he economic cos o indi idual long- e m ca e in he Spanish popula ion”
(Se emb e 2010)
XREAP2010-09
Di Paolo, A. (GEAP & IEB)
“Knowledge o ca alan, public/p i a e sec o choice and ea nings: E idence om a double sample
selec ion model”
(Se emb e 2010)
SÈRIE DE DOCUMENTS DE TREBALL DE LA XREAP
XREAP2010-10
Coad, A., Sega a, A. (GRIT), Te uel, M. (GRIT)
“Like milk o wine: Does i m pe o mance imp o e wi h age?”
(Se emb e 2010)
XREAP2010-11
Di Paolo, A. (GEAP & IEB), Raymond, J. Ll. (GEAP & IEB), Cale o, J. (IEB)
“Explo ing educa ional mobili y in Eu ope”
(Oc ub e 2010)
XREAP2010-12
Bo ell, A. (GiM-IREA), Fe nández-Villadangos, L. (GiM-IREA)
“Clus e ing o sca e ing: he unde lying eason o egula ing dis ance among e ail ou le s”
(Desemb e 2010)
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