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Wo king Pape s on En i onmen al Sciences
A ilia ions:
1 Ins i u de Ciència I Tecnologia Ambien al, Uni e si a A ònoma de Ba celona, Edi ici
C, Campus UAB, Bella e a (Ce danyola), Spain.
2 Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain.
Con ac : Giacomo D’Alisa <[email p o ec ed]>
Da e: 26-01-2011
I aly’s u ban was e me abolism!
Giacomo D’Alisa1 and Ma ia Fede ica Di Nola2
G. D’Alisa & M.F. Di Nola I aly’s was e me abolism 2
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Re e o as:
G. D’Alisa & M.F. Di Nola: I aly’s u ban was e me abolism.
Wo king Pape s on En i onmen al Sciences
Ins i u de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambien als (ICTA)
Edi ici Cn, Campus UAB
08193 Ce danyola del Vallès, Spain
Tel: (+34) 622579311
h p://ic a.uab.ca
[email p o ec ed]
G. D’Alisa & M.F. Di Nola I aly’s was e me abolism 3
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ABSTRACT
The p oblem o was e managemen is causing g owing conce n due o inc easing
gene a ion a es, he emissions in o soil, wa e and ai , he social con lic s de i ed om
he elec ion o disposal si es and he loss o esou ces and ene gy among o he s.
In his wo k, an inno a i e me hodology is used o enable a be e unde s anding o he
was e gene a ion and managemen sys em in I aly. Two new was e indica o s a e buil
o complemen he con en ional indica o s used by o icial s a is ics. Then a mul i-scale
analysis o he Densi y o Was e Disposed (DWD) is ca ied ou o highligh he
e i o ial di e si y o was e pe o mances and es i s con ibu ion o de ec plausible
isky a eas. S a ing om I alian egions, he scale down goes on o he p o incial le el
and, only o he egion o Campania, he municipal one.
Fi s , he analysis shows ha he DWD is able o complemen he in o ma ion p o ided
by he con en ional was e indica o s. Second, he analysis shows he limi a ions o
using a unique ins i u ional solu ion o was e managemen p oblems. In his sense he
mul i-scale analysis p o ides wi h a mo e ealis ic pic u e o I alian was e sys em han
using a single scale.
Keywo ds: U ban Was e, Mul i-scale Analysis, Was e P oduc ion Me abolic Ra es,
Densi y o Was e Disposed, I alian egions and p o inces, Campania’s municipali ies.
G. D’Alisa & M.F. Di Nola I aly’s was e me abolism 4
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G. D’Alisa & M.F. Di Nola I aly’s was e me abolism 5
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1. In oduc ion
The p oblem o was e managemen is causing g owing conce n due o inc easing
gene a ion a es, he emissions in o soil, wa e and ai , he social con lic s de i ed om
he elec ion o disposal si es and he loss o esou ces and ene gy among o he s.
These issues a e inc easingly ampli ied by demog aphic change, economic g ow h,
echnological de elopmen and he con lic s ela ed o speci ic social con ex s (de Jong
e Wolsink 1997). This complex pic u e, whose social, economic, and poli ical aspec s
a e necessa ily in e linked, makes was e managemen a quin essen ial issue in
Ecological Economics (Ba a a 2002, pag. 117, Bisson K., P oops J., 2002). As poin ed
ou by Geo gescu-Roegen (1971) a bio-economic app oach should ake in o accoun
he una oidable was e associa ed o all p oduc ion p ocesses o mode n socie ies.
In his wo k, an inno a i e me hodology is used o enable a be e unde s anding o he
was e gene a ion and managemen sys em in I aly. Two new was e indica o s a e buil
o complemen he con en ional indica o s used by o icial s a is ics. Then a mul iscale
analysis is ca ied ou o es hei con ibu ion o de ec plausible isky a eas. Taking
in o accoun he a ailabili y o da a he analysis co e s he pe iod since 1999-2007.
The main indica o s used by o icial s a is ics a e: o al amoun s o was e; was e pe
capi a and he ac ion o ecycled was e (Eu os a 2010, OECD 2008, ISPRA 2008).
Policy make s use hese indica o s as base o designing was e managemen plans
and schola s o de elop hei own elabo a ions and compa a i e wo ks (Chen e al.
2010, den Boe e al. 2010, Zhang e al. 2010). Ne e heless hese indica o s may no
be su icien o p o ide policy make s wi h a comp ehensi e analysis o was e
gene a ion pa e ns. In o de o b idge his gap, wo new indica o s a e p oposed. The
i s one is he Was e P oduc ion Me abolic Ra e (WPMR) and indica es he pace o
was e p oduc ion pe hou o human ac i i y. The second one is he Densi y o Was e
P oduc ion (DWP) ha is he amoun o was e gene a ed pe day in a gi en a ea. In a
amewo k o science o go e nance (Giampie o e al. 2006d), he wo k is ocused on
he mul iscale analysis o DWP and i s ole in de ec ing plausible social con lic s ela ed
o he localiza ion o disposal acili ies, such as land ills o incine a o s.
The pape is o ganized as ollows: Sec ion 2 p esen s he concep ual basis o he
Mul iscale In eg a ed Assessmen o Socie al and Ecosys em Me abolism (MuSIASEM)
as well as he a iables and indica o s coming ou om i . Sec ion 3 shows he
mul iscale analysis a egional and p o incial le el and p o ides wi h a i s discussion
on he con ibu ion o DWP. In Sec ion 4 he analysis is ocused on he case o
Campania’s municipali ies. Sec ion 5 discusses he main esul s and d aws some gene al
conclusions.
G. D’Alisa & M.F. Di Nola I aly’s was e me abolism 6
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2. Me hodology
The ep esen a ion o a complex sys em equi es an accoun abili y scheme able o
ope a e h ough di e en scales o analysis and o o e an in eg a ed ep esen a ion.
The MuSIASEM, Mul iScale In eg a ed Analysis o Socie al and Ecosys em Me abolism
(Giampie o, Mayumi, 2000 a,b; Pas o e e al., 2000 Giampie o, Ramos-Ma in 2005;
Giampie o e al., 2006a) is an e ol ing app oach c ea ed in o de o deal wi h
p oblems ela ed o complex sys ems and sus ainabili y. I has been de eloped by
in eg a ing a ious heo e ical concep s om di e en ields: (i) non-equilib ium
he modynamics applied o ecological analysis; (ii) complex sys ems heo y and (iii)
bioeconomics (Geo gescu-Roegen, 1971). Fo an o e iew o i s heo e ical basis see
Giampie o e al., 2009.
The MuSIASEM has been used in di e se empi ical s udies ela ed o he sus ainabili y
o ag icul u e (Giampie o, 2003), he ene gy me abolism bo h o de eloping coun ies
such as China, (Ramos-Ma in e al., 2007) and de eloped coun ies such as England
(Gaspa a os e al., 2008), he analysis o ene gy policies a he sub-na ional (o
egional) le el, in Ca alonia (Ramos-Ma in e al. 2009), he in oduc ion o bio- uels
(Giampie o, 2006b) in a socioeconomic sys em depending on oil (Giampie o, 2006c).
The me hodology is based on he me apho o “socie al me abolism”, as i has been
de eloped in Ecological Economics. The e m me abolism comes om Physiology o
indica e he p ocess by which a li ing o ganism is esponsible o i s main enance,
ep oduc ion and g ow h. Rep esen ing socie y as a li ing o ganism, Ecological
Economis s use ha me apho o cha ac e ize he p ocesses o ene gy and ma e ial
ans o ma ion o a socie y, which a e essen ial o gua an ee i s con inue exis ence.
The MuSIASEM cha ac e izes he socie al me abolism in economic and biophysical
e ms a di e en scales based on he Bioeconomics o Geo gescu-Roegen (1971) and
e-elabo a es in an e ec i e way he low- und model ha he p oposed o ep esen , in
biophysical e ms, he socioeconomic p ocess o p oduc ion and consump ion o goods
and se ices.
The und a iables (capi al goods, pe sons and Rica dian land) ep esen he size o
he sys em, de ine he socioeconomic p ocess analyzed and emain he same o he
whole p ocess. They a e ‘wha has o be main ained’ by he use o lows and ep esen
he se o a ibu es used by he analys o de ine wha he sys em is. The low a iables
(ene gy, wa e , was e, new p oduc s) de ine he elemen s ha go h ough he sys em
and can change acco ding o he accessibili y o he s ock as well as he echnical
capaci y o he p ocess. They a e ‘needed/p oduced” by unds and imply in e ace wi h
he en i onmen . They ep esen he se o a ibu es ha de ines wha he sys em does
(Giampie o e al., 2009).
The low– und ep esen a ion, in he MuSIASEM app oach, is based on he use o
ex ensi e and in ensi e a iables. Ex ensi e a iables a e addi i e and cha ac e ize he
size o he ex en o a sys em. In ensi e a iables canno be added bu ep esen a
a io. They a e in insic o he sys em and can a y om poin o poin (Ramos-Ma in e
al., 2007).
2.1 Va iables and da a
In his wo k wo und a iables and one low a iable a e in oduced in he analysis o
he was e sys em. The wo und a iables a e:
• To al Human Ac i i y (THA): i measu es he o al amoun o hou s o a sys em
in a yea . THA = Popula ion * 24 hou s * 365 days.
• Colonized Land (COL): i measu es he ex ension o he a ea o he a ious
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“sys ems” conside ed in he analysis: 20 Regions, 103 P o inces and 551
Municipali ies wi hin he Campania egion. I is exp essed in km2.
The low a iable is:
• Was e P oduced low (WP): i is he o al amoun o was e gene a ed by he
sys em. I is composed by wo ca ego ies: he amoun o eco e ed was e,
Was e Reco e ed (WR), and he Was e Disposed (WD) esul ing om he
sepa a ion p ocess, which is disposed in o land ills, ei he di ec ly such as, o
going i s h ough an incine a o . The uni o measu e o hese indica o s is
exp essed in ons.
The ollowing ela ion links hese h ee quan i ies:
WD = WP – WR = WP x (1 – WR/WP)
These a iables a e analyzed a h ee le els: a ocal le el x, o med by I alian egions;
a con ex le el x+1 ha co esponds o he coun y as a whole; a composi ion le el x-1,
ep esen ed by he 103 I alian p o inces. Finally only o he egion o Campania, we
ha e conside ed a u he le el x-2, ela ed o he municipali ies o each one o i s i e
p o inces. The choice o he ocal le el is mainly ins i u ional: egions ep esen an
essen ial le el in he was e managemen sys em since hey a e esponsible o was e
managemen planning.
In syn hesis da a a e p o ided o ou di e en le el o analysis:
* le el x+1: na ional le el p o iding he s anda d benchma ks o egional analysis;
* le el x: egional le el ( o 20 egions o I aly), he ocus o he analysis;
* le el x-1: p o incial le el ( o 103 p o inces o I aly);
* le el x-2: municipal le el (only o he 5 p o inces wi hin he egion Campania
Based on hese h ee ex ensi e a iables (THA, COL, WP), o s udy he cha ac e is ics
o he me abolic pa e n i is necessa y o cha ac e ize he low elemen s agains he
ela i e size o he wo und elemen s: (i) human ac i i y; and (ii) colonized land –
de ined o he a ious le els o analysis ( egional, p o incial, municipal). I means o
cha ac e ize he lows in e m o “me abolic a es”.
(1) S ep 1 - calcula ing he me abolic a e agains he und elemen Human Ac i i y.
Flow WP/ und HA
I de ines he Was e P oduc ion Me abolic Ra e (WPMR) – indica ing he pace o was e
p oduc ion pe hou o human ac i i y in he sys em conside ed. In ela ion o he mul i-
le el ma ix: WPMRi=WPi/HAi (depending on he de ini ion o he sys em i).
Flow WR/ und HA
I de ines he Was e Recycled Me abolic Ra e (WRMR) – indica ing he pace o was e
ecycled pe hou o human ac i i y in he sys em conside ed. In ela ion o he mul i-
le el ma ix: WRMRi=WRi/HAi (depending on he de ini ion o he sys em i).
Flow WD/ und HA
I de ines he Was e Disposed Me abolic Ra e, (WDMR) – indica ing he pace o was e
ecycled pe hou o human ac i i y in he sys em conside ed. In ela ion o he mul i-
le el ma ix: WDMRi,=WDi/HAi a he di e en hie a chical le els.
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The uni s o measu e a e ons p oduced pe Giga-hou s ( on/Gh) o egional and
p o incial indica o s and Mega-hou s ( on/Mh) o municipal indica o s.
(2) S ep 2 - calcula ing he me abolic densi y agains he und elemen – Colonized
Land.
To inc ease he obus ness o he quan i a i e ep esen a ion i is use ul o de ine i s
he exis ing ela ion be ween he wo und elemen s THA/COL (To al Human
Ac i i y/Colonized Land). This ac o is needed o deal wi h he e ec o demog aphic
p essu e. In ac , he densi y o popula ion will de e mine in ul ima e analysis he
p essu e o was e on he en i onmen . In his way we es ablish a co espondence
ac oss elemen s belonging o he di e en le els among he wo mul ile el ma ices: (i)
THA à HAi; and (ii) COL à COLi.
The a io Fund HAi/ und COLi
The Densi y o Human Ac i i y (DHA = THA/COL) can be exp essed a di e en le els
(na ional, egional, p o incial, municipal): DHAi = HAi/COLi.
A e ha ing in oduced DHAi – a ac o capable o cha ac e izing di e ences in
demog aphic p essu e o be e in di e ences in he p essu e o hou s o human
ac i i y pe uni o a ea – i is impo an o highligh he possibili y o calcula e in wo
non-equi alen ways:
Densi y o Was e P oduc ion (DWP).
(i) as he a io low/ und: DWPi = WPi/COLi
o in al e na i e
(ii) as a p oduc : DWPi = WPMRi x DHAi.
In seman ic e ms his implies exp essing he Densi y o Was e P oduc ion as he
p oduc o he pace o p oduc ion pe capi a by he demog aphic p essu e.
Densi y o Was e Recycled (DWR).
(i) as he a io low/ und: DWRi = WRi/COLi
o in al e na i e
(ii) as a p oduc : DWRi = WRMRi x DHAi.
In seman ic e ms his implies exp essing he Densi y o Was e P oduc ion as he
p oduc o he pace o p oduc ion pe capi a by he demog aphic p essu e.
Densi y o Was e Disposed (DWD).
(i) as he a io low/ und: DWDi = WDi/COLi
o in al e na i e
(ii) as a p oduc : DWDi = WDMRi x DHAi.
In seman ic e ms his implies exp essing he Densi y o Was e Disposed as he
p oduc o he pace o was e disposed pe capi a by he demog aphic p essu e.
The uni o measu e is kg o was e p oduced pe day pe km2, (kg/d)/km2. In his wo k
we use he i s o mula (i).
Fo he wen y I alian egions he da a used ha e been ob ained by he Was e Repo s
yea ly published by he Ins i u e o En i onmen al P o ec ion and Resea ch (ISPRA), in
o de o analyse he p oduc ion and managemen o municipal was e as well as o
supe ise he e i o ial planning in I aly. Taking in o accoun he a ailabili y o da a he
analysis co e s he pe iod since1999-2007.
Fo Campania case, he da a ha e been p o ided by he Regional Agency o
En i onmen al P o ec ion o he pe iod 2000-2007.
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3. Analysis
3.1 Con en ional indica o s
In his i s pa o he analysis a anking o he 20 I alian egions based on he
adi ional indica o s used by o icial s a is ics is p esen ed. The g aphical
ep esen a ion o egional Was e P oduced shows h ee well-de ined g oups (Fig.3).
Lomba dia alone ep esen s he i s g oup wi h almos 5 million ons o was e
p oduced pe yea . This amoun is abou wo imes highe han he a e age o he
second clus e and a leas 5 imes highe han he amoun p oduced by each egion o
he hi d clus e . This huge di e ence is pa ly explained by he popula ion e ec .
Lomba dia is indeed he egion wi h he highes popula ion in absolu e e ms.
Was e P oduced
4.932.260
3.359.544
2.148.328
0
1.000.000
2.000.000
3.000.000
4.000.000
5.000.000
6.000.000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ons/yea
LOMBARDIA
LAZIO
EMILIA
CAMPANIA
SICILIA
TOSCANA
VENETO
PIEMONTE
PUGLIA
ITALIA
LIGURIA
CALABRIA
MARCHE
SARDEGNA
ABRUZZO
FRIULI
UMBRIA
TRENTINO
BASILICATA
MOLISE
VALLE D'AOSTA
Fig. 1 Was e P oduced - Regions
In o de o no malize he absolu e da a elimina ing his e ec , o icial s a is ics use he
amoun s o Was e P oduced pe capi a. Fig. 2 shows ha I alian a e age o was e
gene a ed pe capi a is 544 kg and he ange goes om 694 kg in Toscana o 416 kg in
Basilica a. In some case, he egional di e ences can be due o a di e en
accoun abili y sys em assimila ing some comme cial o he household was e. Regions
as Toscana and Emilia Romagna a e indeed a he op o he anking o was e
p oduc ion pe capi a because in bo h cases some ypologies o comme cial was e a e
included in he u ban was e da a (APAT 2007).
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p o inces wi h highes and lowes DWD in I aly. The alues go om 32 (kg/d)/km2 in
Nuo o, he lowes densi y p o ince o 3.525 (kg/d)/km2 in Naples. I is in e es ing o
highligh han a he x-1 le el Naples, besides being i s , has a daily p oduc ion o
was e pe km2 wice o e han Milan, second in he anking, which also expe ienced a
was e c isis in ‘90s (Depu y Came a Doc. XXIII n. 393). The municipali y o Milan
expe ienced om 1994 o 1996 a was e c isis a e he closing o he land ill a Ce o
Maggio e. Nowadays i shows a good a e o ecycled was e (Fig. 15).
The esul s con i m ha he DWP can be conside ed an indica o o he c i ical
si ua ion o a ce ain a eas ha does no appea when conside ing he con en ional
indica o s o pe capi a p oduc ion.
Densi y o Was e Disposed (DWD) - Top 10 P o inces
3462,10
1406,29
389,05
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(kg/g)/km2
NAPOLI
MILANO
TRIESTE
ROMA
PRATO
RIMINI
GENOVA
CATANIA
CASERTA
BARI
Densi y o Was e Disposed (DWD) - Las 10 P o inces
3462,10
1406,29
389,05
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(kg/g)/km2
POTENZA
ISERNIA
TRENTO
VERBANIA
ORISTANO
SONDRIO
AOSTA
BOLZANO
BELLUNO
NUORO
Fig. 9 – P o inces wi h highe DWD Fig. 10 – P o inces wi h lowe DWD
The mul i-scale analysis emphasizes he p o incial di e si y in e ms o DWD (Fig.11),
which ein o ce he idea ha a mono-scale and mono-dimensional analysis is u he o
p oduce ele an esul s in a con ex o science o go e nance (Giampie o e al.
2006). In ac , as seen a egional le el, Lazio is among he egions wi h highes DWD.
Ne e heless, a p o incial le el i s capi al Roma has a high alue bu he es o
p o inces show in e media e and lowe anges. Simila ly Lomba dia has a high le el o
DWD bu scaling down o he p o incial le el i is obse able ha his high alue is
d i en by i s capi al Milan, which is he only ed p o ince in he egion. I makes clea
ha a wide e i o ial di e si y, hidden a he egional le el x, can eme ge a he
p o incial le el x-1.
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Fig. 11 I alian map o DWD – P o ince 2007
I is wo h o no e ha Naples is he only ed p o ince, which means ha i s DWD is he
highes and i canno be pa o a clus e wi h o he p o inces. This esul is con i med
by Fig.11 and will be u he discussed in he nex pa ag aph. The p o ince lies in he
whi e band ega ding all ela i e indica o s excep DWD. His hugely high le el o
densi y is s ill mo e ema kable compa ed o he es o p o inces whose DWD lie in
he whi e and g een bands.
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Was e Indica o s - P o inces - Le el x-1
0
0.5
1
WP
WPpc
WR*(%)
WD*
DWD
WPMR
Milano
Napoli
To ino
Pale mo
T ies e
Fu he mo e he impo ance o he mul i-scale analysis can be highligh ed showing how
egions wi h a simila egional DWD, as Ma che and Toscana, 191 (kg/d)/km2 e 204
(kg/d)/km2 ha e di e en alues in hei p o incial composi ion (Fig.13 and Fig.14). In
he i s case, he p o incial alues do no show ema kable di e ences while in he
second case he p o ince o P a o shows a DWD o abou 958 (kg/d)/km2, mo e han 4
imes highe han he egional a e age and wi h a huge de ia ion compa ed o he es
o he p o inces (i is 5 h in I aly).
Thus, he mul i-scale analysis on he one hand shows he ele ance o DWD in o de o
assess he plausible isk o was e eme gency, on he o he hand highligh s he di e si y
o I alian e i o y and he need o a b oad-based ins i u ional app oach o ace he
was e p oblem.
Densi y o Was e Disposed (DWD) - Toscana
958.48
378.47
204,80
71,57
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(kg/g)/km2
PRATO
LIVORNO
PISTOIA
FIRENZE
LUCCA
MASSA-
CARRARA
PISA
TOSCANA
AREZZO
SIENA
GROSSETO
Densi y o Was e Disposed (DWD) - Ma che
296.15
214.93
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(kg/g)/km2
ANCONA
ASCOLI
MARCHE
PESARO
MACERATA
Fig. 13 – DWD Ma che Fig. 14 – DWD Toscana.
An app oach looking a jus one le el isk, in ac , o decla e a whole egion in was e
eme gency e en i some p o ince o i expe ience good pe o mance o di e en
indica o s, as he esul s o he Campania case will show.
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4. The case o Campania
A e ha ing analysed he da a a egional and p o incial le el and compa ed he
esul s based on he di e en indica o s, we go h ough he analysis a le el x-2, he
municipal one, conside ing he speci ic case o Campania. The scaling down is use ul:
1) o s ess he con ibu ion o DWP o de ec plausible c i ique a eas and hei isk o
su e a was e c isis and socio-en i onmen al con lic s; 2) o highligh , by means o a
mul i-scale analysis, he necessi y o cap u e he di e si y o local was e pe o mances.
The choice o Campania as case s udy is due o he was e c isis he egion has been
expe iencing o e he las i een yea s whe e he consequen ecological con lic s ha e
con e ed he s a e o eme gency in o a c isis o democ acy (D’Alisa e al. 2010).
4.1 Le el x-2: Municipali ies
The ada cha highligh s he con ibu ion o Densi y o Was e Disposed (DWD) o he
analysis o he was e sys em. Among all he ela i e indica o s i is he only one ha
pic u es he was e p oblem in Campania. Fig.11 has shown ha looking a he
con en ional indica o s used by o icial s a is ics he was e c isis in Campania is no
e iden : he o al amoun o was e is highe hen I alian a e age bu i is jus he 4 h in
he anking, he was e gene a ed pe capi a is below he na ional a e age and he e
a e 15 egion pe o ming wo se hen i (Appendix 1). On he con a y, acco ding o he
DWD, Campania is he i s egion o he anking and he only one in he ed band. This
huge alue is explained by he combina ion o a huge densi y o popula ion a he and
he was e p oduc ion pe capi a, e en i he la e is unde he na ional a e age (Fig.2).
I should ale he planne s on he di icul ies aced when deciding upon disposal si e
loca ion (e.g. incine a o o land ill), due o he possibili y o social clashes.
Fu he sensi i i y analysis migh be able o show whe he a high DWD is ela ed ei he
o a high housing densi y o o a high p oduc ion pe hou o o a combina ion o bo h
o each egion.
Campania
Was e Indica o s - P o inces - Le el x-1
0
0.5
1
WP
WPpc
WR*(%)
WD*
DWD
WPMR
NAPOLI
C ASERTA
BENEVENTO
AVELLINO
SALERNO
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Fig. 15 - Ranking acco ding o di e en indica o s – Campania – P o inces 2007
The was e p oblem in Campania is s ill mo e e iden i we look a he DWD scaling
down o he p o incial le el. The mul i-scale analysis allows us o cap u e he
di e ence be ween Naples and he es o Campania’s p o inces. Naples p o ince is
43 d conside ing i s was e gene a ion pe capi a and does no s and ou compa ed o
he es o I alian p o inces (Appendix 2). His ecycling a e is e y low and lies in he
ed band wi h Case a and Bene en o, while A ellino and Sale no a e in he whi e
band. Rega ding DWD i is he only p o ince in he ed band whe eas he es o
p o inces a e in he g een one (Fig. 15). This esul is qui e in e es ing: i con i ms ha
he c isis in Campania has been due mainly o he was e p oduced and managed in he
p o ince o Naples. Ne e heless, because o a mono-scale solu ion o he was e c isis,
all he p o inces ha e been included in he same eme gency plan, ega dless o hei
good pe o mance. Tha solu ion has hampe ed hem o de elop hei own was e
managemen plan and keep hei good was e pe o mance, wi h consequence in e ms
o social con lic s.
Fig. 16 - Campania map o DWD in 2007 - Municipali y le el x-2
Scaling down o he municipal le el (Fig. 16) i is clea he g ea he e ogenei y ha
cha ac e izes he municipali ies in Campania. The alues go om he 2 (kg/d)/km2 o
To o ella in P o ince o Sale no o he highes alue in he egion o 18.367 o
F a amino e in P o ince o Naples.
Besides he indica o s o absolu e p oduc ion, which a e in luenced by he o al
popula ion, he municipali y o Naples has no wo se alue compa ed o he es o he
Campania municipali ies o he alue o p oduc ion pe capi a and o he pe cen age
o ecycled was e (Fig. 17). Ne e heless i is he only municipali y wi h DWD in he ed
band whe eas all he es lie in he g een one. The esul con i ms ha he was e c isis
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is well ep esen ed by he DWD and ha i is mainly e e able o he ci y o Naples and
some o he municipali ies in i s p o ince and in he p o ince o Case a.
As shown o egions and p o inces, also in his case he use o a single scale does no
allow an e ec i e ep esen a ion o he was e managemen sys em since i leads o
include e y di e se municipali ies in o he same g oup.
Campania
Was e Indica o s - Municipali ies - Le el x-2
0
0.5
1
WP
WPpc
WR*(%)
WD*
DWD
WPMR
NAPOLI
C ASERTA
BENEVENTO
AVELLINO
SALERNO
Fig. 17 Ranking acco ding o di e en indica o s – Campania – Municipali ies 2007
The case o Campania shows ha he adi ional ep esen a ion o he was e sys em
changes ema kably conside ing he DWD and acco ding o he di e en le els (x+1, x,
x-1, x-2). Fig.20 syn hesizes hese conclusions. A le el x, he egion has he highes
DWD, 491 (kg/d)/km2 mo e han wo imes highe han he na ional a e age le el x+1,
183 (kg/d)/km2. A le el x-1 he di e ence be ween he densi ies becomes mo e
e iden : Naples has he highes DWD, 3.492 (kg/d)/km2 compa ed o all I alian
p o ince. Looking a o he p o ince in Campania i s alue is almos nine imes highe
han Case a (CE), 401 (kg/d)/km2 he second wo s p o ince o he egion. Finally a
le el x-2, Naples is he only p o ince whose municipali ies ha e a DWD highe han
10.000 (kg/d)/km2 up o 18.000 (kg/d)/km2. Mo eo e abou he 77% o Naples
municipali ies has a DWD highe han 1.000 (kg/d)/km2. No one o Bene en o’s has a
DWD highe han 1.000 (kg/d)/km2, while mo e han hal is below 100 (kg/d)/km2.
Sale no, hough ha ing 10 municipali ies abo e 1.000 (kg/d)/km2, has a 60% o i s
municipali ies below 100. Finally he 98% o he municipali ies o A ellino is below
1.000 (kg/d)/km2 and he 70% does no each 100 (kg/d)/km2.
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Fig. 18 Mul i-scale scheme o DWD
Tab.1 summa izes he main desc ip i e s a is ics o each p o ince. I is wo h o
highligh ha Naples's municipali ies ha e a mean alue o 3.681 (kg/d)/km2 mo e han
h ee imes highe han he second one, Case a, 851,35 (kg/d)/km2. This huge
di e ence emphasizes he di e ence o alues among p o inces as well as s anda d
de ia ions b ing ou a u he huge dispe sion wi hin each p o ince.
Tab.1 –Desc ip i e S a is ics
The mul i-scale analysis o Campania poin s ou ha he egional da a hide a ele an
e i o ial di e si y ha eme ges in he p o incial analysis and e en mo e in he
municipal one. Ne e heless all p o inces and he ela ed municipali ies ha e been
o ced o he same ex ao dina y was e managemen du ing hese i een yea s. This
op-down app oach has no been able so a o sol e he p oblem in Campania,
opening a deba e on he an i-democ a ic measu es issued all along he eme gency
(D’alisa e al. 2010). I hampe ed municipali ies o design hei own was e plans so o
imp o e hei en i onmen al pe o mances, p o oking se e al social con lic s.
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5. Conclusions
This wo k p esen s an in eg a ed analysis o I alian was e sys em since 1999 o 2007 o
allow a be e unde s anding o was e gene a ion pa e ns. Two new was e indica o s
a e buil o complemen he con en ional indica o s used by o icial s a is ics. Then a
mul iscale analysis o he Densi y o Was e Disposed (DWD) is ca ied ou o highligh
he e i o ial di e si y o was e pe o mances and es i s con ibu ion o de ec
plausible isky a eas. S a ing om I alian egions, he scale down goes on o he
p o incial le el and, only o he egion o Campania, he municipal one. Fi s , he
analysis shows ha he DWD is able o complemen he in o ma ion p o ided by he
con en ional was e indica o s. This esul is pa icula ly e iden in he case o
Campania. Looking a he con en ional indica o s, he was e c isis he egion has been
expe iencing du ing he las i een yea s is no obse able. Indeed, i s was e
p oduc ion pe capi a is qui e simila o I alian a e age and i s ecycling a e is no he
wo s compa ed o he es o egions (Appendix 1). Ne e heless, looking a he DWD
Campania is he wo s in he egional anking. Lazio and Ligu ia, second and hi d
egions espec i ely, ha e also expe ienced p oblems in hei was e managemen
sys em in hese pas yea s. I is he e o e a gued ha he DWD may be able o de ec
he plausible isk o a gi en e i o y o su e a was e c isis. The high densi y pe km2
indica es a high was e p essu e on he a ea ha migh gene a e con lic s be ween and
wi hin local communi ies when dealing wi h he localiza ion o was e in as uc u es,
such as incine a o s o land ills.
Second, he analysis shows he limi a ions o using a unique ins i u ional solu ion o
was e managemen p oblems. In his sense he mul iscale analysis p o ides wi h a
mo e ealis ic pic u e o I alian was e sys em han using a single scale. The analysis o
bo h he p o incial and municipal le el b ings ou huge e i o ial di e si ies in e ms o
DWD. A le el x-1, he p o ince o Naples has he highes DWD among he 103 I alian
p o inces. Mo eo e his alue is h ee imes highe han he second wo s p o ince,
Milan, which also aced a was e c isis du ing he 90’. Mo e ele an in e ms o science
o go e nance is ha h ee ou o i e p o inces o Campania, i.e. A ellino, Bene en o
and Sale no show p e y good pe o mance acco ding o all he indica o s o was e
p essu e. Ne e heless, hey ha e been included in he same ex ao dina y Was e
Eme gency Plan ha ha e been app o ed since 1994 o handle he egional was e
c isis. Hence, despi e he e i o ial he e ogenei y eme ging om he analysis, decla ing
he whole Campania as a egion o “was e eme gency” may ha e implied o cing hose
p o inces o was e policies no adequa e o hei good pe o mance. An o dina y was e
managemen migh ha e allowed hem keeping hei good esul s and helping Naples
and Case a in a mo e decen alised and consensual way. This may ha e a oided
some socio-en i onmen al con lic he egion has been expe iencing since 2004.
In e ms o policy implica ions, he esul s o he mul iscale analysis poin ou ha he
egional da a hide a ele an e i o ial di e si y ha eme ges in he p o incial analysis
and e en mo e in he municipal one. Acco dingly, local was e plans may be conside ed
mo e sui able o deal wi h he p oblem o was e managemen .
Finally, i is impo an o highligh ha he s udy o was e me abolism needs addi ional
e o s o assess o wha ex en he DWD depends on he amoun o popula ion and/o
on he p oduc ion pe hou , in o de o ind mo e e ec i e solu ions depending on he
case. A he same ime, he MuSIASEM amewo k would be also equi ed o analyse
he WPMR, he e only in oduced, o u he b idge he gap o he con en ional was e
indica o s. Bo h WP and WPpc, indeed, do no ake in o accoun ha he u ban
me abolism is no de e mined only by he inhabi an s o an a ea bu also by he es o
he people ha do hei ac i i ies in ha a ea only o easons o wo k, s udy o leisu e.
In his sense, he inhabi an s o big ci ies migh be cha ged conside ably also by he
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was e p oduced by ex e nal people. A be e allo men o was e, esponsibili ies and
he e o e o cos s and a i s migh be p o ided by he WPMR. A u he analysis
including s a is ics abou wo k, educa ion and ou ism, will allow o spli he lows
ela ed o esiden s and hose ela ed o wo ke s, s uden s and ou is s. The
decomposi ion o WPMR will lead o a di e en allo men o was e lows able o o e a
mo e de ailed and co ec desc ip ion especially o big owns and densely ou is ic
a eas. I would be also in e es ing o compa e he was e low p oduced wi h he was e
low disposed in he same pe iod. This kind o analysis has no been de eloped so a
because o he lack and incong uence o da a on land ill capaci ies.
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Appendix
Appendix 1 – Ranking acco ding o di e en indica o s – Regions 2007
