The latinist poet-viceroy of Peru and his magnum opus

Diego de Benavides A descendent of one of the sons of King Alfonso VII of Castile and León, Juan Alonso de Benavides, who took his family name from the Leonese city granted to him by his father, Diego de Benavides de la Cueva y Bazán was born in 1582 in Santisteban del Puerto (Jaén). Son of the count of Santisteban del Puerto, a title granted by King Enrique IV to Díaz Sánchez in Jaén in 1473, he studied in the Colegio Mayor of San Bartolomé in the University of Salamanca, and followed both careers in letters and arms. He was the eighth count of Santisteban del Puerto, commander of Monreal in the Order of Santiago, count of Cocentina, title granted to Ximén Pérez de Corella by King Alfonso V of Aragón in 1448; count of El Risco, title granted to Pedro Dávila y Bracamonte by the Catholic Monarchs in 1475; and marquis of Las Navas, title granted to Pedro Dávila y Zúñiga, count of El Risco in 1533. As a result of his heroic actions in the Italian wars, on 11 August 1637 Benavides was granted the title of marquis of Solera by Philip IV, and he was subsequently appointed governor of Galicia and viceroy of Navarra. A royal counselor of war, he was a minister plenipotentiary at the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659, and arranged the marriage of Louis XIV with the Princess María Teresa of Austria as part of the terms of the teatry1. 1. The title of Santisteban del Puerto was elevated to duke for the tenth count, Manuel de Benavides y Aragón, on 20 August 1739; the current title holder is Luis de Medina y Fernández de Córdoba of Seville, who is also the marquis of Solera, son of the duchess of Medinaceli who also holds the titles of Concentaina, las Navas, and el Risco. Instituto Salazar y Castro, Elenco de grandezas y títulos nobiliarios españoles 1986, (Madrid: Hidalguía, 1986), p. 240, 426, 482, 578, 656, 679. Faventia 21/1, 1999119-137 The latinist poet-viceroy of Peru and his magnum opus Bengt Löfstedt W. Michael Mathes University of California-Los Angeles Data de recepció: 30/11/1997 Summary Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 119 Diego de Benavides Imprints by Benavides Horae succisivae Index of persons, places and events Source references In that same year Benavides received appointment as viceroy of Peru and embarked fron Cádiz in November in the fleet of General Pablo de Contreras. Shortly after sailing, a severe storm arose and, following the loss of seven ships, the fleet was forced to return to port. Reembarking on 10 January 1660, Benavides reached Nombre de Dios, crossed the isthmus of Panama and sailed for Callao. He arrived in the viceregal capital of Lima on 31 July 1661, and there received the transfer of power from his predecessor, the count of Alba de Liste. Benavides had brought a statue of Our Lady of Mercy from Spain and, presenting it to the monastery of San Agustín, he founded a successful confraternity for the support of hospitals. Also, early in his administration, he established a tax in the consulate of Lima for the support of convoys to and from Spain under the House of trade of Seville. The great wealth of silver in Peru gave rise to perpetual unrest in the viceroyalty, and the mines of Potosí was the smuggling of silver in evasion of royal taxes to the degree that it equaled legal production estimated at 2,960,000,000 pesos between 1545 and 1661. In December, 1661 a revolt by mestizos involved in silver smuggling in La Paz resulted in looting and plundering, and the death of corregidor and chief justice Cristóbal Canedo, his cousin Juana de Ortega, and other officials. Halted by governor Francisco Herquiñigo and magistrate Agustín Zegarra de las Roelas, the leaders Lucas de Montealegre, Antonio Orduña, Juan Ruiz de Rojas, Alonso de la Fuente, and Juan de Amaya were hanged, and the principal instigator, Antonio Gallardo, was killed while leading an assault on Puno. In the following year, Benavides named Angel Peredo of the Order of Santiago as interim governor of Chile, and dispatched him with 750 soldiers to control the region against Aracanian hostilities. He also sustained an active campaign against corruption by officials and laxity of punishment for these offenses. Attempts at reform of the systems of forced labor in Potosí under the count of Alba de Liste had been headed by bishop Fray Francisco de la Cruz who had died unexpectedly and was thought to have been poisoned. His successor, Fray Francisco Vergara yLoyola, was sent to establish reforms and halt abuses but he was suborned by corrupt officials and forced labor abuses and exploitation continued. Thus, because of the wealth and power of the miners they were able to dominate local administration, and the viceroy was unable to do much more than hear complaints and confront the constant threat of revolt and violence. Violent and bloody family struggles between Basques and criollos, disorder, and government corruption in Potosí reoccurred in 1663, and corregidor Gómez de Ávila was called to Lima to answer charges of involvement. He was acquitted but poisoned upon his return to Potosí, and matters continued as usual. In that same year, a large donation was made by Lima to the crown for the prosecution of war against France, and a brief attempt at the establishment of a royal law court in Buenos Aires was made. On 28 January 1664 the Holy Office of the Inquisition held an auto de fe in Lima, with Manuel Henrique burned at the stake for practising Judaism, and Mencia de Luna burned in effigy for practising Judaism and witchcraft. In the same year, on 12 May, the city of Pisco was destroyed by an earthquake felt in distant Lima, and over 450 residents were killed. In a more positive sense, some success in 120 Faventia 21/1, 1999 Bengt Löfstedt; W. Michael Mathes Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 120 reforms of forced labor in textile mills for the payment of taxes was met on 14 July 1664 with the establishment of an ordinance fixing the length of service, hours, value of wages, payment in money under official supervision, food rations, and licenses required for the establishment of textile mills an the use of Indian labor. Forcing work was punishable by death, service in lieu of tithes outlawed, and the involuntary transfer of laborers prohibited. Strong opposition by mill owners and deeply established corruption nevertheless impeded full implementation of these reforms. Other frustrations and setbacks occurred with establishment of a chair in mathematics endowed with 692 pesos at the University of San Marcos in Lima and its closure due to insufficient students, and smallpox epidemics causing the flight of neophytes from the Jesuit missions in the province of Maynas. Violence again broke out in 1665, on this occasion in the mines of Laicacota where the Andalusians José and Gaspar Salcedo formed alliances with their countrymen and Castilians against miners from Cataluña, Galicia, and Vizcaya. The latter took arms against the Salcedo faction, molding harquebus shot from silver, and effectively halted production in the region. The archbishop of Arequipa, Fray Juan de Almoguera, and Angel Perredo with loyal militia were unable to restore order, and Perredo was seriously wounded. Peace did not come to the mines until 1667 when viceroy count of Lemos defeated and executed the Salcedos. The lawlessness that had plagued Peru since its conquest, the heavy pressure placed on the wealth of Peru by wars in France and Portugal, and, in 1665, riots and violence in the Laicacota mines caused Benavides great concern and contributed to his declining health and subsequent death in Lima in the early morning of 17 March 1666. He left his widow, Ana de Silva y Manrique, his eldest son Francisco, later the viceroy of Sardinia and Sicily, counselor and grande de España in 1696; his second son, Manuel, who remained in Lima for a time studying under famed cosmographer Juan Ramón Koening; and his daughter, Josefa, born in Lima. Administrative succession passed to the royal court presided over by Bernardo Iturrizarra until the arrival of the count of Lemos on 21 November 1667. The lawlessness, corruption, and violence which Benavides had sought to stem, continued in Peru for many years following his death, but his literary works in Latin, a rarity among the many lettered viceroys serving during the three centuries of the Spanish Empire in the New World, remain as his legacy2. Imprints by Benavides In laudem Illmo...Didaci Philipez de Guzman, Marchiones de Leganes, Milano: 1638 (poem; 14 lvs.); ANTONIO PALAU Y DULCET, Manual del Librero HispanoAmericano, (Barcelona, 1948-), (Palau), 27186. El Conde de Satistevan, Marqués de Moya, dize: ..., s.l.: 1643 (vindication of viceroy marquis of Villena from charges made by bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza The latinist poet-viceroy of Peru and his magnum opus Faventia 21/1, 1999 121 2. MANUEL DE MENDIBURU, Diccionario histórico-biográfico del Perú, 2nd. ed. (Lima: Imprenta Enrique Palacios, 1932), II, p. 413-429; RICARDO PALMA, Tradiciones Peruanas (Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra, 1994), p. 190-193. Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 121 of Puebla); JOSÉ TORIBIO MEDINA, Biblioteca Hispano-Americana 1493-1810, (Amsterdam: N. Israel, 1968), (BHA), 6374. Horae Succisivae sive elucubrationes, Lyon: Ioannis Coronneau, 1660. (Engraved frontis, 21 lvs., 388 p.); Palermo: Typis Barbera, 1679. Palau, 27185; BHA, 1310, 1372. Memorial en que se representa al Rey...servicios, Madrid: 1660 (reports of merits and services; 58 lvs., 350 p.); Palau, 27187. Licencia, Lima:1662. (license to Antonio Gutiérrez Bueno for extraction of silver and excusing two parts of quicksilver from taxation) José Toribio Medina, La Imprenta en Lima (1584-1824), (Amsterdam: N. Israel, 1965), (Lima), 407. Relación...Conde de Alva...estado del Perú al...Conde de Santistevan su sucersor, Lima: 1662 (advice and report on Peru from count of Alba de Liste). Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla. Ordenanzas de Obrages, Lima: 1664 (labor for taxation ordinances). Lima, 428. Relación...por muerte...Diego de Benavides, Lima: 1667. (report on the death of Benavides). Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. Horae succisivae Benavides’ magnum opus, the Horae Succisivae, has become a raririty for bibliophiles, although it appeared in three editions in the seventeenth century. The National Union Catalog, 46:34, shows no copy in the public or university libraries of the United States, and only a photocopy of the second edition is listed, taken from the original in the Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago, Chile, and preserved in the Rockefeller Library, Brown University. In this study, page references are to the first edition in the personal library of B. Löfstedt. The Horae Succisivae, published by Benavides’ sons Francisco and Manuel, consists of two parts: The first contains poems and so-called elogia to or about persons and places or about important events; the second part consists of an interpretation of the first three chapters of Genesis, attempting to show what a Christian may learn from them in relation to political science. The title of this part is “Oracula divina ex tribus primis Geneseos capitibus ad Christianam politicam expensa.” The entire volume is written in excellent Latin, and the metrics of the poetry is impeccable. Since many of the persons, places, and events mentioned in the first part may not be well known to modern readers, we shall list them with short commentaries. This index will provide an idea of the political, cultural, and religious world in which Benavides lived. Following the style of his time, Benavides gives indications of the sources and authorities he used while compiling the second part of his book in the margins. However, often such citations are lacking altogether or are incomplete or erroneous. We shall list all sources used in the second part which are not satisfactorily indicated in the first edition; such a list, incomplete as it is, will also reflect Benavides’ wide reading in Christian and profane literature. Some, by no means all or even the majority, of the errors in the first edition, have been corrected in the second. 122 Faventia 21/1, 1999 Bengt Löfstedt; W. Michael Mathes Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 122 Index of persons, places and events Álvarez de Toledo, Fernando, duke of Alba: Piedrahita, 29 October 1507-Lisboa, 11 December 1582; in service of Charles V at Fuenterrabía against France, given command of city, 1524, took Perpignan; command of armies against Protestants in Germany, 1546-1552; continued in service of Philip II against Pope Paul IV and duke of Guise, failure to take Rome, 1557, angered Charles V in retirement in Yuste; captain general of Flanders to crush Protestant rebellion, 1567; harsh repression and execution of counts of Egmont and Horn, defeated duke of Nassau, 1568, and William of Orange, 1572; recalled, 1573 (p. 111). Alexander VII (Fabio Chigui), pope: Siena, 1599-Rome, 1667; elected pope, 7 April 1655; notable poet, work published in Paris, 1656; founded Sapientia college and provided it with a large library (p. 1-6). Anthony of Padua (Fernando de Bulloes), O.F.M., Saint: Lisboa, 1193-Padua, 13 June 1231; entered Franciscan order, 1215; missionary in Africa, friend of St. Francis of Assisi; canonized, 1232; doctor of the Church, 1946 (p. 95-96). Antolínez, Fernando: footsoldier who fought against Moslems (p. 131-32). Aquinas, O.P., Thomas, Saint (p. 94-95). Assumption of the Virgin: feast of the bodily assumption of the Virgin Mary to heaven celebrated since the sixth century A.D., fixed on 15 August by Emperor Mauritius (582-602); dogma defined in 1950 (p. 86, 228-29). Ataulfo, general of Compostela: Visigothic king, 410-415; edected in Cosenza, Calabria; occupied Tarragona against Rome, 414; established court in Barcelona; fortified Río Ebro (p. 101). Bartholomew, Saint: first century A.D.; apostle; patron of Pontevedra; feast, 24 August (p. 83-84). Bazán, Álvaro de, marquis of Santa Cruz de Marcenado: Granada, 1526-Lisboa, 1588; naval commander, defeated France off Galicia, 1544, 1554, 1564; fought Turks in Mediterranean, 1561, 1564, 1576, 1579; liberated Corfu, 1570; participated in defeat of Turkish fleet at Lepanto, 1571; occupied Lisboa for Philip II, 1580; fought France off Portugal, 1582; command of armada for invasion of England, 1586 to death (p. 114, 275-78). Benavides, Álvaro, doctor: nephew of Pedro Benavides, marquis of Navarra (p. 90-91). Benavides, Francisco, marquis of Navarra, Villafranca, count of Cozentina and El Risco: son of author, succeeded older brother Pedro to titles (p. 143-44, 173-81). Benavides, Manuel: son of author (p. 143-44). Benavides, Pedro, marquis of Navarra: -1659; eldest son of author (p. 185-91). Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint (p. 83). The latinist poet-viceroy of Peru and his magnum opus Faventia 21/1, 1999 123 Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 123 Borja, S.J., Francisco, Saint: Gandía, 1510-Rome, 1572; viceroy of Cataluña, 1537; fourth duke of Gandía, 1543; enered Society of Jesus, 1546; third general of the Society, 1565; expanded missions in Americas; canonized, 1671; patron of Spanish nobility; feast, 10 October, established in 1724 (p. 80). Caesar, Caius Julius (p. 115). Calderón, Rodrigo: native of Antwerp, resident in Valladolid; entered service of duke of Lerma; attained confidence of Philip III and granted Order of Santiago and benefits of Ocaña; captain of German guard and counsellor of state; marquis of Siete Iglesias; accused of poisoning Queen Margarita by enemies, imprisoned and tortured; confessed to killing others; on death of Philip III, ordered hanged by Conde-Duque de Olivares; executed, Madrid, 21 October 1621 (p. 121). Catherine of Siena (Catalina de Bermicosa), Saint: Siena, 1347-Rome, 29 April 1380; entered Domincan convent, 1364; sought to end schism and Avignon papacy; canonized, 1471; second patroness of Rome (p. 145). Clare of Assisi (Clara Offreducci), Saint: Assisi, 1193-San Damiano, 1253; established Order of Poor Ladies with her sisters and cousin under rule of St. Francis of Assisi, San Damiano, 1212; Poor Clares established throughout Europe; canonized by Alexander IV; feast, 12 August (p. 82-83). Contestania: ancient region of Valencia, Alicante, Murcia, and Albacete, and ancient city of Cocentaina; following victory over the Moslems, Jaime I founded church of Santa María in gratitude to the Virgin, 1269 (p. 229-30). Coronneau, Ioannes: printer and publisher of Bayonne (title). Díaz de Vivar, Rodrigo: Vivar, 1041-Valencia, 1099; commander for Sancho of Castile and later for Alfonso VI; given title of El Cid; fought against Moslems at Toledo, Zaragoza; accused of treason and exiled, became soldier of fortune; took Valencia, 1093-1094 and became ruler; fought against Almoravides in Valencia (p. 118-19). Estrada, Famiano, S.J.: author of history of wars of Flanders in Latin, translated to Italian, French, English, and Castilian; published in Rome, Antwerp, Leyden, Sulbac, Paris, Rouen, London, Cologne in 23 editions in seventeenth century and in various later editions (p. 97). Felix, Saint: Zaragoza, seventh century, A.D.-718; hermit in San Juan de la Peña; encouraged fighting against Moslems; feast, 29 May (p. 141-42). Fermín, Saint: Pamplona, third century A.D.; son of pagan parents, studied under San Honesto; first bishop of Pamplona; to Amiens; martyred 25 September (feast); patron of Pamplona (p. 105, 110, 146). Fernández de Córdoba, Gonzalo: Montilla, 1453-Granada, 1515; served Fernando The Catholic against Boabdil at Málaga and Granada, 1487-1492; campaigned against France in Naples and Calabria (Cosenza), named Gran Capitán; defended Italy against Turks, 1499-1502; controlled Naples and Sicily for Aragón (p. 136). 124 Faventia 21/1, 1999 Bengt Löfstedt; W. Michael Mathes Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 124 Fernando, Saint: Castile, 1199-Sevilla, 1252; king of León and Castile, 1217-1252; campaigned against Moslems in Andalusia, 1240; Jaén taken, 1245; Sevilla conquered, 1247-1248; Jerez and Cádiz taken, 1249-1252; canonized, 1671 (p. 120, 124-125). Fernando de Austria: El Escorial, 1609-Brussels, 1641; brother of Philip IV; cardinal, 1619; governor of Flanders; broke siege of Louvain (p. 6-13). Ferrer, Vicente, O.P., Saint: Valencia, 1350-Vannes, 5 April 1419; entered Dominican Order, 1367; preacher and miracle worker; decided Castilian succession at Compromise of Caspe, 1412; conversion of Jews and Moriscos in Balearic Islands and Valencia, 1413-1416; canonized, 1458; patron of Valencia (p. 79). Fines, Juana de: descendant of Fernando II of León; wife of Rodrigo Íñiguez de Biedma (p. 109). Fines, Sánchez de: descendant of Fernando II of León (-1188); founder of lineage in Cantabria and Navarra; fought Moslems in reconquest; endowed church in Toledo (p. 134-35). Fleet to the Indies, 1659: under command of general Pablo de Contreras left Cádiz in November; forced to return after loss of seven ships in storm; sailed sucessfully on 10 January 1660; carried Benavides to Panama (p. 115-16). Francis of Assisi (Francesco Bernardone), Saint (p. 148-49). Francisco de Paula, Saint: Paula, 1416-Plessis, 1508; established monastic order of Minims, 1474; ministered to Louis XI of France, 1482; canonized, 1519 (p. 107). Fuenterrabía, Treaty of: Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659, ending decades of war between France and Spain; Louis XIV to marry Infanta María Teresa; Luxembourg and Rousellon to France (p. 146-48, 182-84). Genoveve, Saint: Nanterre, 422-Paris, 3 January 512; virgin, holy woman, miracle worker; defeat of Attila attributed to her prayers, 451; patroness of Paris (p. 103-04). Gonzaga, S.J., Aloysius, Saint: Castiglione, 1568-Rome, 21 June 1591; entered Society of Jesus, 1585; ministered to plague victims, 1590-1591; beatified, 1605; canonized, 1726 (p. 79-80). Guzmán, Diego Felipe de, duke of Sanlucar la Mayor: captain general and governor of Low Countries; defeated France at Vecelli in Lombardy, governor of Naples, 1638; governor of Milan; marquis of Leganés; fought with Thomas of Savoy against France in Italy, 1639; defeated by France in Cataluña, 1642; count of Harcourt siege against Lérida broken by Guzmán as viceroy of Cataluña, 1646; defeated by Portuguese, Olivenza, 1646; died, Madrid, 1655 (p. 20-49, 57-63). Hermenegildo, Saint: c. 564-13 April 586; Visigothic prince, governor of Sevilla, converted to Roman Catholicism, 577; attacked by Arian father, king Leovigildo; The latinist poet-viceroy of Peru and his magnum opus Faventia 21/1, 1999 125 Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 125 captured, imprisoned, tortured at Tarragona, 584; beheaded; patron of Sevilla (p. 100-01). Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary: popes Gregory XV, 1622, and Alexander VII, 1661 forbade teaching contrary to that of the conception of Mary without original sin; proclaimed article of faith by Pius IX, 1854; feast, 8December (p. 81-82). Íñiguez de Biedma, Rodrigo: member of noble family of Jaén intermarried with Benavides family; Enrique Benavides de Biedma, son of count of Santisteban del Puerto, 1614 (p. 109). Isidore the Laborer, Saint: Madrid, 1080-1130; farm laborer and servant known for charitable acts and holy life; canonized, 1622; patron of Madrid (p. 99, 103-04, 106). Jacinto, Saint: Bresleu, 1185-Cracow, 15 August 1257; son of count of Korski of Poland; studied in Bologna and received doctorate; returned to Cracow as vicar, founded monasteries in Poland, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Turkestan, Siberia; evangelized in China; famed for miracles; canonized by Clement VIII, 1594 (p. 95). James the Greater: first century, A.D.-42; apostle; beheaded by Herod Agrippa in Jerusalem, 42; reputedly in Spain in Braga, Iria, Zaragoza, 40-41; body returned to Iria Flavia by boat, entombed; tomb discovered and became center of pilgrimages at Compostela, ninth century; patron os Spanish army (p. 123). Kotska, Stanislas, S.J., Saint: Kotskow, 1550-Rome, 15 August 1568; son of Polish noble; entered Society of Jesus, 1557; died ministering to the sick; canonized, 1604; patron of Jesuit novices (p. 96). Lawrence, Saint: Huesca-Rome, 10 August 258; archdeacon of the church of Rome; martyred by order of Emperor Valerian; burned to death on a grate (p. 84-85, 90). López de Isasi e Idiáquez, Juan, cardinal: tutor of the princes; count of Pie de Concha, Santander, 1638 (p. 13-17). Loyola, Ignatius, S.J., Saint (p. 89-90). Lucan, Marcus Annaeus: Córdoba, 39-Rome, 65 A.D.; nephew of Seneca; to Rome; friend of Nero; poet and orator; split with Nero, plotted against him, executed by bleeding (p. 112). Mazarin (Mazarino), Julio: Pescina, 1602-Paris, 1661; doctor in law; captain of Papal infantry; diplomat, negotiated peace between France, Spain, Savoy, 16301631; nuncio to France, 1634; naturalized in France, 1639; cardinal, 1641; succedes Richelieu as French minister for Louis XIII, 1642; temporary peace with Spain at Westfalia, 1648; alliance with England against Spain, 1655; Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 after long negotiations with Luis Méndez de Haro ends wars with Spain, Louis XIV to Marry María Teresa (p. 259-66). 126 Faventia 21/1, 1999 Bengt Löfstedt; W. Michael Mathes Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 126 Méndez de Haro y Guzmán, Luis de: Valladolid, 1598-1661; marquis of Carpio; fought against France at Lérida, 1643; minister of Philip IV, negotiated Peace of the Pyrenees at Fuenterrabía, 1659; title of duke of Carpio (p. 56-57, 252-58). Montanus (Gerhard Van den Berghe), Gerardus, S.J.: Menin, The Netherlands-; Latinist, editor of Cicero, Salomon, Quintillian, and Aristotle; author of Jesuit martyrology; works published in Mantua, Madrid, Alcalá de Henares; master of Benavides and Oquete (p. 53). Moret, José, S.J.: Pamplona-; author of history of the siege of Fuenterrabía in Latin, published in Lyon by Coronneau (1654) and in Valladolid (1655); funerary eulogies of Philip IV in Basque, Pamplona (1655); early history and annals of Navarra in Castilian, Pamplona (1665, 1678, 1684; and later editions); life of Saint Fermín, Mexico (1710) (p. 17-19, 280-82). Moura, Margarita de: daughter of Francisco de Moura, marquis of Castel-Rodrigo; ambassador in Vienna; viceroy of Sardinia; governor general of Flanders, 16641668; died without male issue, 1675 (p. 77). Navas de Tolosa, Battle of: decisive victory of Castile, Aragón, Navarra under Alfonso VIII of Castile over Moslem forces under Miramolin Alnasir Mohamed ben Yacub, 16 July 1212 (p. 125-26). Neri, Philip, Saint: Florence, 1515-Rome, 1595; studied, preached and taught; ordained, 1551; established oratory confraternaties, approved by Holy See, 1575; canonized, 1622 (p. 112-13). Nieves, Nuestra Señora de las: avocation of the Virgin in Santa María la Mayor, Rome; in an apparition of the Virgin a Roman noble and wife were requested to build a church on Esquiline Hill; Pope Liberius (352-366) requested a sign supporting this, and on 5 August the Esquiline Hill was covered with snow; church consecrated by Pope Sixtus III, 435 (p. 82). Oquete, Diego de, S.J.: Madrid, 1603-1 February 1691; fellow student of Benavides; taught holy scripture, theology, philosophy at Murcia, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid and English Seminary, Rome (p. 53-56, 63-67, 103). Pelayo: -Cangas, 737; elected king of Asturias, 714; defended Cangas de Onís against Moslems under Musa; defeated Moslems, Covadonga, 718; halted advance of Moslem invasion; initiated Castilian dynasty (p. 142-43). Philip IV, King: Valladolid, 8 April 1605-Madrid, 17 September 1665; coronation, 1621; Conde-Duque de Olivares as controlling minister; inherited conflicts of predecessors in France, Low Countries; appointed author as viceroy (p. 132-34). Pimentel, Pedro, S.J.: Benavente, 1594-Madrid, 5 April 1658; professor of philosophy and rector in Salamanca; captured by French; delivered sermon in praise of Saint Francis Xavier, Pamplona, 1653 (p. 93-93). The latinist poet-viceroy of Peru and his magnum opus Faventia 21/1, 1999 127 Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 127 264. Antiquus ad salutem publicam rati, si magistratus deos suspicerent, quam hostes superarent: Plutarch. Marc. 4,4. 265. Quod communiter omnibus prodest, hoc rei privatae, nostrae utilitati praferendum censemus, nostrum esse proprium subditorum commodum imperialiter existimantes: Cod. Iust. 6,51,14a (ed. Krueger, Corp. Iur. Bd. 2 p. 282). 266. Et aedificavit Dominus Deus costam, quam tulerat de Adam, in mulierem: Gen. 2,22. Itaque illud patrocinium orbis terrae verius quam imperium poterat nominari: Cic. off. 2,8,27. 267. […] cathedra pestilentiarum, ube aër, qui superiacebat, scelestis vocibus constupratus: Tert. spect. 27 (CC 1 p. 250,12 f.). 269. Quando influentibus negotiis paria fecisti, instar refectionis existimas mutationem laboris. Quae enim remissio tibi, nisi lustrare saltus, excutere cubilibus feras, superare immensa montium iuga et horrentibus scopulis gradum inferre atque inter haec pia mente adire lucos, occursare numinibus?: Plin. paneg. 81,1. 270. Erat autem populus iucundus secundum faciem sanctorum: Iudith 16,24. 275. Proposuit mensam suam, misit ancillas suas, ut vocarent ad arcem et moenia civitatis: Prov. 9,2 f. 278. (Henricus, rex Anglorum) cum ab exercitu regis Gallici circumventus esset ann. 1415 […] militibus suasit, ut numine invocato alter alteri pauxillum terrae porrigeret ob memoriam venerandi Eucharistiae sacramenti eiusque ope freti proelium animose committerant […]: vgl. Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Opera (Basel 1551) p. 490 f. 282. Monstrat tolerare labores, non iubet: Lucan. 9,588 f. Nec ille segne aut corruptum luxu iter. Sed lorica ferrea usus et ante signa pedester horridus, incomptus famaeque dissimilis: Tac. Hist. 2,11. 283. Cum in illa meditatione campestri militaribus turmis imperatorium pulverem sudoremque misceres, nihil a ceteris nisi robore et praestantia differens: Plin. paneg. 13,1. 286. Surgit ipse rex, filius regis, et lapidantium acies interrumpens, triumphatori certaminis non sine dolore cordis assistit […] Ubi pietas et misericordia tua, Domine, si non compateris patienti?: Petrus Damiani serm. 62 (PL 144 p.853 D). 134 Faventia 21/1, 1999 Bengt Löfstedt; W. Michael Mathes Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 134 287. Videtur Dominus stans a dextris virtutis Dei, ne Patre minor esse putetur; stat cum stante, cum bellante bellatur, qui lapidatur in lapidato: Petrus Damiani, serm. 62 (PL 144 p. 855 D - 856 A). 288. Quod magna sapientia praeditus fuerit Adam, disce ex his quae nunc fiunt: […] Nam hominibus mos est hoc facere in signum dominii, ut cum servos emerint, ipsorum nomina mutent. Unde et Adam instruit, ut omnibus brutis tamquam dominus nomina indat: Ioh. Chrysos. serm. in Gen. 14,5 (PG 53 p. 116). 290. Et posuit solium eius super omnes principes, quos habebat, cunctique servi regis, qui in foribus palatii versabantur, flectebant genua et adorabant Aman; sic enim praeceperat eis imperator: Esther 3,1 f. quia videlicet Aman aegre tulit, quod Mardocheus accusavit eunuchos Regi, qui erant amici Aman atque (ut aliqui opinantur) cupiebant promotionem ipsius Aman in Regem: Dionysius Chartusianus, Enarratio in librum Esther, cap. XII nr. XII (Montreuil 1898, vol. 5, p. 196). 292. Non firmis radicibus nititur amor indebitus, et cito ad examen reducitur, quidquid gratiae aura surripuit: Ennod. epist. 3,11 (ed. Vogel nr. 78 p. 84,1 f.). 297. Fuit enim Cainus hac plaga divinitus afflictus (rather: affectus), ut temore concuteretur et stabilis non esset, quo scilicet fraternae caedis admoneretur: Wilhelm Hamer, Commentationes in Genesim (Dillingen 1564) p. 55. 298. Ficta cito in naturam suam recidunt. Quibus veritas subest quaeque, ut ita dicam, ex solido nascuntur, tempore ipso in maius meliusque procedunt: Sen. clem. 1,1,6. prudentes sicut serpentes et simplices sicut columbae: Matth. 10,16. 299. sicut aspidis surdae et obturantis aures suas, quae non exaudiet vocem incantantium et venefici incantantis sapientes: Psalm. 57,5 f. serpens alteram aurem terrae vel petrae admovet atque apprimit, alteram vero cauda obturat: vgl. Aug. ad loc. (CC 39 p. 715,38 f.). 304. Prius habebat (sc. serpens) formam et faciem gratiosam super omnes bestias, et factus est horribilior omnibus: Nicolaus de Lyra ad Gen. 3,14 (Biblia sacra cum Glossa ordinaria […] et postilla Nicolai Lyrani [Douai 1617] p. 104). 307. Magnas divitias promittunt et dragma petunt, et iis divitiis sibi deducant dragma, reddant cetera: Cic. divin. 1,132. 308. […] visas serpentes anserinis pedibus: Plin. mai. nat. 11,107,257. 312. Per terram peccatorem intellegimus. Unde serpenti a Domino dictum est: Terram comedes omnibus diebus vitae tuae. Antiquus enim hostis terram comeThe latinist poet-viceroy of Peru and his magnum opus Faventia 21/1, 1999 135 Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 135 dit, quia peccatores quosque in ventrem suae malitiae abscondit: Ps. Greg. M. in sept. psalm. poent. 5,22 (PL 76 p. 617 A). 313. Sicut hoc reptile, cuius calliditate abusus es, super pectus suum graditur et se ipsum in terram premit, sic tu, diabole, cum sis rationalis spiritus, rationale tuum semper gravi fatuitate onerabis, et quocumque te verteris, intentionem tuam deorsum conteres et factis premes contrariis: Rupert. Tiut. Trin. 3,18 (PL 167 p. 304 A = CCcm 21 p. 254,770-775). 314. Cibus eius electus: Hab. 1,17. Neque enim eos se gaudet rapere, quos pravis ac sordidis actionibus implicatos in imis secum respicit voluntariae iacere. Foenum ergo ut bos comedere appetit, quia suggestionis suae dente conterere mundam vitam spiritualium quaerit: Greg. M. moral. 32,13,18 (CC 143 B p. 1643,18-22). Terram comedes, et non caelum: hoc est non quorum conversatio in caelis est, sed quia terrena sapiunt, illi cibus tuus erunt. Malus operarius et nequam servus, Deo tamen utilis, fatigationem iracundiae tuae talium devoratione consolaberis: Rupert. Tiut. Trin. 3,18 (PL 167 p. 304 C = Cccm 21 p. 255,786-789). Invidendo enim evacuasti meritum hominis. Sed hoc facto gratiae Dei locum aperuisti. Cui amplius invidebis, dum homo se ipso tanto fit altior, quanto gratia Dei cuiusque creaturae meritis est maior: Rupert. Tiut. Trin. 3,18 (PL 167 p. 304 B = Cccm 21 p. 254,775-225,778). 317. […] ut nullum bonum abesset homini, quod recta voluntate optare posset, nullumque malum adesset, quod hominis feliciter viventis carnem et animam offenderet: Aug. civ. 14,10 (CC 48 p. 430,10-12). 320. Non est haec multiplicatio benedictionis, sed damnationis, non gratiae, sed irae. Mulier quippe quanto fecundior tanto aerumnosior: Rupert. Tiut. Trin. 3,22 (PL 167 p. 308 B). 321. Nos omnibus hominibus, nobis autem mulieres dominantur: Plutarch. Cato Maior 8,2. Non contenta transgressione propria, postquam comedit, viro dedit: Rupert. Tiut. Trin. 3,22 (PL 167 p. 306 D). 325. Opera hic non ruris colendi, ut plerique putant, sed peccata significant: Hier. quaest. Hebr. in Gen. 3,17 (CC 72 p. 6,21 f.). Terra maledicitur, non Adam, ut cuncti, propter quos haec scripta sunt, terrerentur, ne similia facientes simili poena plecterentur: Ps. Wal. Strabo ad Gen. 3,17 (Glossa ordinaria, PL 113 p. 95). Ipse vero Cain, qui primae praevaricationi fratricidium addidit, maledicitur, cum dicitur: Maledictus eris super terram: ib. 136 Faventia 21/1, 1999 Bengt Löfstedt; W. Michael Mathes Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 136 326. Parvulum occidit invidia: Iob 5,2. 327. Ipse se angelo ferienti obtulit: Ambr. apol. Dav. 1,7,38 (CSEL 32:2 p. 323,6). Ego sum qui peccavi. Vertatur, obsecro, manus tua in me et in domum patris mei, populus autem tuus non percutiatur: I Paral. 21,17. 328. Esurivi et non dedistis mihi manducare; sitivi et non dedistis mihi potum; hospes eram et non collegistis me: Matth. 25,35. In omni enim pauperum numero non est universorum omnium una paupertas. Sunt enim aliqui, quibus etsi vestimenta desunt, alimenta non desunt...Christus tantummodo est solus, cui nihil est, quod in omni humano genere non desit: Salv. eccl. 4,4,21 f. (CSEL 8 p. 307,18-25). 329. Quoscumque luctus fleveris, flebis meos. / Sua quemque tantum, me omnium clades premit. / Mihi cuncta pereunt; quisquis est, Hecubae est miser: Sen. Tro. 1060-1062. 330. In multitudine populi dignitas regis, et in paucitate plebis ignominia pincipis: Prov. 14,28. 332. Si beatos explicare possunt, nihil causae est, quin pecudes quoque beatae esse dicantur, quarum omnis ad explendam corporalem lacunam festinat intentio: Boeth. cons. 3 pros. 7,4. […] quarum appetentia quidem plena est anxietatis, satietas vero paenitentiae […] Tristes vero esse voluptatem exitus, quisquis reminisci libidinum suarum volet, intelliget: Boeth. cons. 3 pros. 7,1-3. The latinist poet-viceroy of Peru and his magnum opus Faventia 21/1, 1999 137 Faventia 21/1 119-137 16/3/99 12:52 Página 137