Procedia CIRP 61 ( 2017 ) 177 – 182
A v ailable online at www .sciencedirect.com
2212-8271 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Else vier B.V . This is an open access article under the CC BY -NC-ND license
( http://creati vecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
Peer-re vie w under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering
doi: 10.1016/j.procir .2016.11.265
ScienceDir ect
The 24th CIRP Conference on Life C y cl e Engineering
A compari son of best practices of publ ic and private support incentive s for
the remanufacturing industry
Guidat, T. a *, Seidel, J. a , Kohl, H. a , Seliger G. a
a Tec hnisch e Univ ersitä t Berl in, Institu t für Werkze ugmas chin en und Fa brikb etrieb , Pa scalst raße 8 - 9, 10587 Berl in

* Co rre sponding au thor. E- mai l addre s s: gu idat@ mf.tu - be rlin.de
Abstract
In the context of resource constraints an d the negative environmental and s ocial impacts of the linear “take - ma k e - dispose” pattern ,
rema nufa cturing off ers a promising so luti on f or the transform ation of end of life (EOL ) goods into prod ucts with equal or sup er ior specifications
and li fetim e a s compared with n ew ly prod uced goo ds. The increasing success of th is n ew in dustrial parad igm results from the possible
combination of production co sts re duction and profit maximizati o n as well as efforts to increase enviro nmental performance an d harvest social
benefits, such as job creation. However, a large number of countries faces challe n ges in building a valuable process b ecause of th e lack of
communication b etw een public and private stakehold er and the remanufacturing industry.
This paper intends to identify and classi fy the key stakeho lders in categories and define the t ype of actions taken in selected countries to foster
remanufacturing. G uidan ce for both public and private actors are sugg est ed for the development of specific remanufacturin g industries.

© 20 1 7 T h e A u tho rs. Pu b l ished b y Else v ier B.V .
P eer - r e v i e w unde r r e s p ons i bi l i t y of th e sc ientif ic committee o f th e 2 4 t h CIR P C o n f eren ce o n L i f e Cycle E n gin eerin g .
Keyw ords: Re ma nufac turing b usine ss mode ls; circ ular eco nomy ; public an d private incent ives; be st pr actice s

1. Introduction
The dyn amic between seemin gly unrestraint production and
ma s s - consumption reached a level far beyond planetary
bou ndaries so that safety for the environment and all beings that
inhabit it is no longer guaran teed. Biodiversity loss, climatic
changes, ocean acidification and d y s functional nitrogen cycles
are a few examples that wi ll lead to nature’s i nability to cope
with ecological imbalances and might theref ore jeopardize
water, f ood and raw m aterial supply [1 – 3] . At the same time
societies have to face iss ues of social inequality and questio ns
of poor living conditions , for which s olutions of te n include
in creased ecological footprints [4]. Rad ical changes in both
production pattern s a nd consum p tion habits are a necessity if
the present generation wants t o ensu re a fu t ure w ith similar or
improv ed living conditions without jeopardizing growth and
economic stability in the present.
Circular economy is a concep t that aims at such change;
f ollowing n ature ’s principle of decom p osi ng a nd recreation an d
the knowledge about limited resources it includes di fferent
sustainability strategies under the model of think ing through a
product’ s life - cycle from beginn i ng to end - of - life strategies
[5] . Circ ular E cono my ca n inc lud e tod ay’s - goods -are-
tomorrow’s - resources - strategies or life - pro longi ng mea sur es
as long as it ai ms at closing the loop betw ee n production a nd
dis posal so that all m aterial is reused, rem a nufactured or
recy cled.
Remanufacturing is recognized to be an effective strategy in
clo sing the loop by enh a ncing resou rce efficiency through
reuse of compon ents and products as input material and
guarantees competitive advantage s by significant price
reductions in com parison to a newly produ ced product. A
variety of definitions f or re manufacturing is offered, like the
one formulated by the British Standard In stit ute . B ut for this
pap er a more detailed defin i tion is chosen. Widera defines
rema nufa ctu ring as an "industrial process in which a product
th at no longer satisfies the initial purchaser or fi rst user, is
transformed into a like - new or next generation product in terms
of fun ctionality, performance, lifetime and warranty. This is
achieved through collection, inco ming inspection,
disassembly, cleaning, review and sorting, reconditioning ,
replacement, reassembly and testi ng of th e product” [6] . The

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V . This is an open access article under the CC BY -NC-ND license
( http://creati vecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
Peer -re view under responsibility of the scientifi c committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering

178 T . Guidat et al. / Pr ocedia CIRP 61 ( 2017 ) 177 – 182
remanufacturing industry is c urrently li mited to a few countries
and activity sectors as aerospace and automotive [6 – 8] .
Research mostl y focus in industry - s pecif ic impr ovemen t
prop osals, w hereas influence of public and private exter nal
s takeholders on national remanufacturing industry remains
w ith little academic attentio n.
This paper intends to identi fy private and public support
m easu res for rem anufacturing in dustry in handpicked nations
from the Americas, Europe an d Asia, lead ing to a qualitative
resu lts comparison.
2. D evelopment of the re m anuf acturing industry in
selected countries
2.1 Remanufacturing development in the Americas
The United States of America (USA) is the largest producer
of rem anufactured g oods with a sales volume am o unted to at
least $43.0 billion in 2011 com p ared to $37.3 billi on in 2009
[8]. The high est share of remanufactu ri ng production is
co mprised by Small and Medium - sized Enterprises (SME).
Glo bally, an estimated num ber of more than 100.000
en terprises gen erate around $100 billion with a workforce of
approxim a tely 500.000 em ployees [9] . USA possess in contrast
w ith other regions a low number of environmental laws
indirectly or directly a ff ecting re m anufacturing. The main actor
in environmental legislation is the En vironm ental Protectio n
Age ncy (EPA), and mostly a cts on custo mer pref erences to
generate change, as in the Safer Choice program [1 0].
However, su pport has been given to th e industry as soon as
1998 w ith the creation of a label “ Rema nuf act ured in the USA”
by the Federal Trade Comm iss ion [11]. This public recogn iti on
does n ot represent a certification standard, but according to th e
United States International Trad e Com mission (USITC),
quality standards are autonom o usly ensured by m oti vated
Original Equipm e nt Manufacturer (OEM ) following a
bu siness - oriented approach [8]. This assumption cannot be
co ntradicted by the success of the country having the highest
intensity of re m anufactured products w orldwide. Pi oneer
companies such as Cater pillar for the Hea vy Duty off Road
( HDOR ) sector are very sk illed in prom oti ng the strategy a s of
on e of their major key s to su ccess for customers worldwide,
co nstructing their trust and su staining their expectations. The
public su pport to the rem a nuf a cturing companies is not decided
at the federal le vel, but 20 states are offering direct assistance
by opening specific public procurement credits or offering tax
s ubs idies [12]. An other exam p le of pu blic support to th e
remanufacturing industry is enacted b y the public law 114 - 65,
m andating all federal agenc ies to consider remanufactured
parts for maintaining pu blic vehicles fleets [13, 14].
Brazil has a remanufa cturing industry in the domains of
auto motive parts, HDOR eq uipm e nt and IT products, which is
perform ed mainly by th ousands of SMEs em p loyin g fewer than
20 operators. No less th an 18,000 firms perform
remanufactu r ing of ink cartridges, representing 2 5% of the
broader printing industry companies count. Ho wever, in the
automotive parts sector, a few larg e multinational co mpanies
account f or 75% of the m ar ket, while 2000 SME are sharin g
the remaining 25% [15]. In 1991 and 200 6, the Ministry of
Develo p m e nt, Industry and Foreign Trade (MDIC) dra w a
co ncept of u sed and remanufactured products but f orbids
commercialization of used prod ucts, that can only be donated,
with ordinances DECEX 8/1991 and DECE X 235/2006 [16,
17]. The countr y enacted its first en vironmental legislatio n in
2010 w it h the National Policy of Solid Residuals (PNRS) [18]
to organize the m anageme nt of w aste and enforcing principles
of responsibility o f m anufacturers, importers and distribu t ors
to m anage the EOL of th eir products. By demon strating paths
to economical v al uation of waste, the PNRS ca n indirectly
benefit the develop m e nt of its remanufacturing industry.
Private initiatives are taken for the definition f o r
remanufacturing by t he Brazilian Association of Technical
Stan dards (A BNT ) NBR 15296 s tandard for road v ehicl es in
2006 [19 ] . It def ines remanufactured parts as “ a n origin a l used
production part or com ponent, characterized by having
undergone an industrial process b y t he original manufacturer
or in an authorized establi shment of this manufacturer, to
restore the origin al features and technical functions” [20]. In an
effort to ask for the f ac ilitatio n of rem a nufacturing activities by
legal support, th e Brazilian Associatio n of A uto Pa rts
Man ufacturers (SINDIP ECAS) submitted a report in 2010 to
the Federal House of Representati ves to ask for regulations in
their favor. The same year, an inter - ministerial w or kshop w as
created by the Executive Secretariat of Foreign Trade Chamber
(CAMEX) to develop a n ational policy for the im port and
export of rem a nufa ctured goods [20]. The National Association
of Auto Parts Remanufactu rers (ANRAP) is actively prom oti ng
remanuf acturing by organizing explicative w o rkshops. In the
co ntext of the Brazilian industry, economic aspects are
exclusivel y s tated by Brazilian companies as a motivation for
implementing new processes, such as re manufacturing. Eff o rts
towards a better communication on t he financial opportunities
offered by closed loop strateg ies co uld act as an enabler f or
remanuf acturing [21].
2.2 Remanufacturing development in Asia
Remanufacturing in South Korea m ain ly consists of
auto motive parts, accounting for 80% of all activities, followed
by IT equip m ent with 17%. Sporadi c activities take place i n the
HDOR, medical equip m e nt and defense sectors. Overall, the
re manuf acturing sector in crease d in value b y 11% y early in the
last 5 years while the num ber of firms and employees decrease d
by more than 30% in the same period [12]. It h as been the
w orld’s first country to give a legal framework for the quality
certification of some remanufactured auto motive parts and
elec trical and electronic items, as soon as 2006 by the Korean
Age ncy for Techn ology and Stan dards (KATS) [22 , 23]. In
2010, th e Act on the Prom o tion of th e Convers ion in to
Envir onme nta l - friendl y In dustrial Structure w a s enacted for
s upporting quality certification and R& D e ff orts of
environmentally friendly manufacturers. The Korean
gov ernment in te nds to support rem anufacturers , e xpan d the
market and reassu re the customers buying rem a nufactur ed
products [24]. P rof essional research agen cie s are supported by
universities and public research institutes. The private Korean
Automotive Technology Institu te ( KATECH), for example, is
in charge of the further development of the a utom otive par ts

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T . Guidat et al. / Pr ocedia CIRP 61 ( 2017 ) 177 – 182
certification process and of the development of sustainab le
business models. Initiative comes fro m K ATECH, but KAT S
is responsible for th e certifi cation and th e is suance of the
quality certificate [25]. Currently 13 items in automotive parts
and 4 items are electrical and elec tronic produ cts are off icially
certified as having KATS quality standards for
remanufacturing. The system is expected to reach over 30
products including electric al and electronic product s,
h ousehold supplies, and m ac hineries in a near fu t ure [12] .
In its role of f actory of the world, and w ith the fastest
sustai ned gro w t h rate w orldwid e, China set as objective to
emerge as a major rem anufacturing market. However, market
data are largely una vailable as the rem a nufactu ring sector was
not formerly established and identified as such before 2008
[26] . The Chi nese government foresee s rema nufac tur ing as a
w ay to sustain its industrial growth while reducing industrial
waste gen erat ion. In 2001 , authorities established the National
Key Laboratory for R emanufacturing (NKLR) for the
develop m ent of ne w technologies for the C hinese
Rem anufactu ring In dustry [27]. The State Council publis hed
an off icial announcement as 'Opinions on Accelerating the
Develo p m e nt of Circular Econo my' to draw national strategies
f or rem anufactu ring and other EOL strategies in 2005. Ye ar
2008 saw the inscription of Circular Economy in Ch inese law
to give a legal fra m e for national investme nt in
remanufactu ri ng, remanuf acturing quality cert ification and
labelin g, as well as joint penal provision for remanuf actured
produ cts, such as machinery, eq uipment and automotive parts.
In turn, the Chinese Academy of Scie nces included
disassembly, recycling, electron ic products rem an ufactu ri ng
and automotive remanufacturing in the 18 core areas of th e
science and technology roadmap for innov ative technologies in
2009 [ 28]. T he concretization of such preparatory w orks found
place in the 12th 5 - year Plan of the Chinese government from
2011 to 2 015 to c onstru ct a national standard for
re manufa ctur ing b y gr ant ing as sista nce i n manage me nt,
subsidies, expertise and public relatio n to rem an ufactu rers [29].
In contrast, the Japanese remanufacturing industry does not
en joy a cust omized support from pu blic authorities. The
Japanese la w for environmental preservation places the coun t ry
as precursor, stating with the Basic L a w f o r Env ironment
Pollu tion as early as 1967. A manifo ld of oth er la w su cceed ed:
Natu re Conserv at ion L a w was voted in 1972, th e Basic
En vi ronment Law in 1993, th e Basic Environment Plan in
1994. In 2000, the Basic A ct fo r Establish i ng a Sound Material -
Cycle Society encourage the use of EOL strategies. T he Home
A pplian ce Recycling Law and the End - of - L ife Vehicl es
R ecycling L a w, enacted in 2001 s p ecified th at recycling w as
mandatory [12]. Carried by private initiatives, the Japanese
remanuf acturing in dustry is not clearly identified as s uch and
suffers a lack of legal recognition to support its expansion [30].
For instance, the Japan Auto motive Parts Rec yclers
Ass ociation (JAPRA) designed a quality review st andard in
2011 and h as been issuing their ow n quality assurance label for
automotive parts [31]. Other priv ate actors of fer their o wn lab el
for rebuilt produ cts, such as Nippon Good Parts Gr oup or th e
Ass ociation of Japan Cartridge Remanufacturers [12] .
India coun ts a one of the m os t densely populated countr ies
of the w orld and faces majo r issues wi th questions of waste
m anagement and environmental protection. However, the
remanufacturing m arket is only at its inception pha se for m o st
sectors, except for printing ca rtridges. In this sector 30,000
companies reportedly remanufacture 10% of the total sales in
value, although there are larg e diff ere nces in the proce ss
quality . If the Indian law allows the import of us ed goods for
remanufacturing when their sales are reserved for export, the
administrative process is la borious and prevent eff ici e nt
application [15]. Legislation is ex istent with such articles as t he
Environm e nt Protection Ru l es from 1986, th e Rec y cl ed
Plastics Ma nuf acture and Usage Rules in 1999 as well as the
Batteries Man agement and Handling Rules in 2001, but is not
defined as stringent in their im plementation and compulsive in
their adoption [32]. How e ver, there has not been any know n
national definition of rem a nufacturing and doubts are issued on
the danger of the increase of dum pi ng if la ws in f a vor of
remanufactu ri ng are passed. Some remanuf ac turing ventures in
the fields of copy machines, white goods , industrial bearings,
ink cartridg e s, machinery, railway are showing effective
application of rem a nufactu ring in India [33]. Ho w ever, Sharma
et al. judge the current state of the industr y la gging as compared
to th e potential of India as a remanufact uring mark et and
identified custo m er quality concerns, the absence of a
standardized process an d lack of governmental support as main
roadblocks for the expansion of rem anu facturing i n India [34] .
Malaysia shows the example of a coun try active in the
develo p m ent of a nascent remanufacturing industry in a local
hub for remanufactu ring, as there is no institutional barrier to
remanufacturing. As a result, the remanuf acturing industr y in
Malaysia is significantly growing in aerospace, autom oti ve
compon e nts as well as ink and toner cartridges [26 , 35]. The
aerospace sector is worth €730 million and remanuf act uring
operations are presen t, but their exte nt is still unknown [35].
The import of automotive components cores from Japan and
Europe is perm it ted to the exception of par ts with important
security functions such as break , and led to a €6, 5 million
market aiming to feed to the national aftermarket sector, with a
ten- fold growth potential if intensit y catches with the USA
level [36]. The policy m a kers support to the automotive
co mpon e nts remanufacturing indu str y is not accompanied by a
legal framew ork, although collaboration in this domain is
req uested by the Malaysian Automotive Rec y clers Association
(MAARA) [37]. Printer an d cartridges rem anufacturing
represent almost €40 m illion and sh ared bet ween OEMs a nd
IRs, although the sector is mined by illegal practices [26].
Vietn am does not have an identified re m anu facturing
in dustry. However, its legal standards may i ncentive t he
creation of an in dustr y i n th e next years. Decree 38/2015/N Đ -
CP provides f o r w aste management including h azardous waste,
dom estic w aste, industrial solid waste, liquid w aste,
wastewater, industrial emissions and other particular waste as
well as environm e ntal protection in scrap im ports. Enacted by
th e parliament and g overnment on 22 May 2015 an d validated
on 15 J uly 2015, the regulation on recovery a nd process ing
w aste products 16/2015/Q Đ applies to manufacturers,
consumers and oth er organizations and individuals involved in
the recovery and processing of waste products. Several articles
m ention the responsibilities of OEMs, who have to organize
recovery acti vities for its w a ste products by establis hed

180 T . Guidat et al. / Pr ocedia CIRP 61 ( 2017 ) 177 – 182
recovery points or s y s tems for waste products w hich have to
adapt the standard requiremen ts about collecting, storage,
transport, as of the beginnin g of 2018. Recovery points might
be established by t he manufacturer or co - operate w ith other
m anufacturers. In addition , each OEM should highly e ncourage
recoverin g the same type of products made by other
manufacturers. The regulation has also ment ioned that the
Min istry of Natural Reso urces and Environment (MNRE) has
th e responsibilities to make the guideline as well as the
tech nical standard for these activities.
2.3 Remanufacturing development in Europe
Europe is described as the re gion with the widest
re manufactu red product portfolio. Despite the recent i ncrease
in interest from policy m a kers, the rem a nufacturing indu stry is
still lacking recogn ition and support from pu blic a uthorities,
esp ecially in Europe, where there is no cross - sectoral industr ial
rep resentation. In a recent study, the European rem anufacturing
industry is estimated to generate a total of €29 . 8 billion in
tu rnover with 190,000 e mployees. Four countries are
concentrating 70% of the tota l rem anufacturing activity , w ith
Ger many, United Kingdom, France and Italy having the largest
respectiv e im portance. Provided adequate support f rom public
authorities and stead y privat e investment, remanuf ac turing
could reach up to €90 billi on and an associated employment of
600,000 by 2030 [26]. Europe is rich of an extensive
fram e work of la w s conc erning indu strial environm ental
management. After the transmission of national powers to the
European Union , the legislative definition for Europe as a
region started significantly la ter, with th e fir st law stated in
1991 w ith the directiv e 91/157/EEC on batteries and
accumulators [38] updated by th e Directi ve 2006/66/EC [39]
but t hen sus tain ed a ra pid gro wth i n the 21s t centu r y . In 2000
th e directive 2000/53/EC on End - Of Life Vehicles (ELV) had
a f irst indirect im pact on the remanufa cturing industry as a n
incentive for the recuperation of cores for th e autom o tive sector
[40] . In 20 03, the Directive 2002/95/EC of Restriction of the
use of certai n Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic
equipment (RoHS 1) ai m s at r estricting inclusion of six toxic
substances in electronic products [41]. T he RoHS 2 directive
2011/65/EU conf ir ms the same substances and clarif ie s the
application of RoHS 1 [42]. The 2015/8 63/EU amends RoHS
2 by including four additional substances for an application in
2019 [43]. In 2003 the Directiv e 2002/96/EC on Waste
Electrical and Electronic Equipm e nt (WEEE) ensured a proper
post consumption treatment of electron ic products and
therefore indirectly provides better co nditions for
rema nufa c turing of elec tronic equipment [44] . T he 2012
u pdated legislation has define d in legal terms the principle of
“extended produ cer responsibility”, for producers of Electr ic
and Electronic Equipm ent. Article 12 and 13 assign that the
manuf acturer of n e w goods is responsible for f inancing the
collection, handling, recycling a nd envi ronmentally sound
disposal of the waste caused by the products he h a s brought on
a specific market, even after the property of the artifact has
been transferred to a customer [45] . The Directiv e 2005/32/EC
on Eco -Desi gn requirements for energy - using products, Ju ly
6th , 2005 (Eu P) targets energy consum ption [46]. T he directive
2008/9 8/CE on w a ste (Waste Framework Directive) classified
EOL strategies, withou t specifically mentioning
remanufactu ri ng as a proper strategy [47] . If s o m e indir ect
s upport is offered, there is yet no support legis lative framework
directly aiming at su pporting remanuf ac turin g. Ho w ever, the
interest of the Eu ropean Co mm i ssion in remanufacturing -
oriented research about is co nf ir med with the financing of
several re manufacturing oriented program s under the Horizon
2020 program .
At the nation al le vel, Great Britain is the on l y European
co untry who created a cross - sectoral s ta ndard f o r
dif f erentiating remanuf acturing wi th the BS 8887 - 2:2009
Desig n for manufacture, asse m b ly, disasse mbly and end - of -lif e
processin g (MADE) [48]. I n the aerospace industry , the
European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is certifyin g the
companies able to proceed rem anufacturing of aircraf t parts
[15]. In th e automotive sector, private rem anu fa cturers
ass ociations are active prom o tors in E urope, su ch as the
Auto motive Parts Re m anufacturers Associatio n, but do n ot
carry their own quality certifications standards. In Germany,
however, the German Associa tion of the Auto motive Industry
(VDA) for automotive parts estab lished the VDA 6.1 standard.
The Consumer Protection L aw enforces a warranty period of 1
year [22]. Cu rrently a guideline for the remanufacturing of
internal combustion engines is under developm ent by the
Ass ociation of German Engineers.
In Rus sia, no law supports th e re manufa ct uring i ndust ry.
Ho wever, according to a case study , Volvo managed to sell
product s , by re m a nufacturing a product us ed in Russia in
S weden and reimporting it int o Russia. The Russia n regulation
does n ot prohibit th e import, export and sales of u sed products,
alth ough th e ad ministrative process is tim e and cos t intensive.
Hig h barriers, such as lo w num ber o f machines available i n the
m ark et and a high education effort to be done am ongst t he
customers, the solution of international re manuf ac turing
solution imposed Volvo as the most success ful in
implementing remanuf acturin g in Russia. Ho w e ver, even this
extremely su pportive OEM with strong i ntern atio nal supply
chains does not force rem anufacturing in Russia as it is doing
in other countries, and on l y promote it as an alternative in
specific sales negotiations [49] .
3. Identification and co mparison of regional and national
support initiatives
The anal ysis of several co untries allow s the identification of
s takeholders in the definition of support initiatives to the
remanuf acturing industry as public and private organizations
and is s ummarized as follo ws :
x R egional or national public regulation bodies define the
leg islative framework for EOL, the extent of producers’
responsibilities and custo ms regulation for used products.
x International, regional and national technical standards
or ganizations can pla y an i m portant role i n def ining
re manufacturing in terms of general characteristics or
specific, product - oriented processes. Their de finitions can
be in turn referenced by regulation bodies in legal
provisions . They are public w hen linked to nations or

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T . Guidat et al. / Pr ocedia CIRP 61 ( 2017 ) 177 – 182
regions and inter - governmental or non - gover n m ent al
ass ociations when i nternational.
x Regional and national p ublic research agencies and
universities are of fe ring su pport to the indus try th rough th e
develop m ent and funding o f specific technological and
economic research projects to contribute to the development
of the rem a nufactu ri ng industry.
x Private industry associations pla y an important role in man y
sectors to su pport with repr esenting a dis tinct
remanuf acturing sector tow ard s regulation bodies, scientific
communities and society to a wider extent.
An international comparison of relative rem a nuf ac turing
m arket intensity wi t h support initiatives is done us ing a
qualitative description of the su pport measures. The
stake holder analysis per mits to identify three categories of
support m ea su res from private and pu blic actors, as presented
in Table 1:
x L egal definition of remanufacturing in dicates if and to
which extent remanufacturing appears in the nation al
regulation, as this is essential for rec ognition of the
remanufactu ring quality level .
x P ublic private partnerships in dicate whether co ncrete
partnersh ips between publ ic and private actors are
undertaken for supporting th e de velopment of th e
remanuf acturing industry.
x EOL regulation level acts as an in dicator of the relative state
of developm e nt of legislative material regarding th e EOL o f
industrial apparatus in a country.
Table 1 . C omparison of nati onal support poli cies for remanufacturin g

R egion

Country

Mark et
inten sit y

Lega l
defini tion
of r em an.

Pub lic - pri va te
partnershi ps

EOL
Regu lat ion
lev el

A mericas

USA

High est

Key wo rds

Yes

Mode rate

Brazil

Nascent

Key wo rds

No

Nascent

Asi a

South
Ko rea

De veloped

Key wo rds
Processes

Yes

De veloped

Jap an

De veloped

No

No

Earliest,
dev eloped

China

Fas t est
growth

Key wo rds
Processes

Yes

De veloped

I ndia

Nascent

No

No

Mode rate

Malay sia

Nascent

No

No

Ab sen t

Viet nam

Ab sen t

No

No

Nascent

Europe

EU

Wide st
portfoli o

Key wo rds
Processes
(UK)

Yes

Most
dev eloped

Russia

Ab sen t

No

No

Nascent

4. Resul ts discussio n
The comparis on of support initiativ e s for rem a nuf acturing
in selected countries show that all developed remanufacturing
markets also have comprehensive EOL regulation. A
comprehensive analysis of the rem a nufacturing industry
activity volume can onl y take p lace when its i ndustrial
processes are dif ferentiated by a legal definition. An alterna tive
to a public n ormative definition is a spontaneo us development
of norm ative documents by private industry - specific
re manufacturers’ associations. T his scenario is h o wever only
possible when se veral compan ies are alread y operatin g in a
national mark et. The systematic definition of remanufacturing
processes is an instantiation of the collaboration with several
stake holders in public - private partnersh ips . They actively
c ontribute to a wider diffusion o f universally recogn ized
re manufacturing industry and should be encouraged.
However, as trade and industry are increasingly inte grating
g lobal netw orks, the focus of international remanufacturing
companies identifie s the expo rt and import of cores from one
co untry to another as a key factor to become more cost efficie nt
[20]. The EU shows the only cros s national application of
consistent and constraining environmental laws, even if
directives from th e European Unio n have to be transposed in
the national law b y t he member states and the implementati on
process can be slowed down. Other countries are considering
th e benefits of core im portation for remanufacturing to develop
their local industry . As an example, the Indon esia n prime
m inister Saleh Husin authorized the import of second - hand
capital g oods f o r remanufacturing p urposes if they meet
specific requ ire ments in the Regu la tion 14 of 2016 [50].
5. C onclusion and outlook
In this paper rem a nufacturing activities in selected countries
in the Americas, Asia and Europe have been analyzed, showing
a broad variety in the level of develop ment as well as p ublic
support activities. From this anal ysis it is suggested for public
auth orities ai ming a t d ev elo pi ng th eir remanufacturing m arket
to f oster firs t on prov iding a legal de finit io n of
re manuf acturing. Private ass ociations can support the
develop m ent of such legal definitions for product - specific
processes. Stro ng EOL re gu lations are significant to cr eate
cir cular economy activities but their direct inf l uence on
re manufacturing development depends on the level of
differentiation with other EOL alternatives. The develop ment
of international remanufacturing co m p anies should also be
co nsidered to incentiviz e foreign investme nt in
remanufacturing facilities.
A v ery positive im pulse to w ards the recogn it ion of
re manufacturing as a key strategy for the in stantiation of
sustainable m an ufacturing practices h as been given in the G7
lead ers declaration at the 201 5 summit in Germ any. The G7
A lliance on Reso urce Efficiency intends to collaborate with
industry to f oster best prac tices and innovation and named
remanufactu ring as a specific focus area [51 , 52] .
Acknowledge m e nts
We express our gratitude to the Auto m o tive Parts
Re manufacturers’ A ssociat ion (A P RA) w ho exe m plaril y link
industry, academ ia and pub lic authorities for developing th e
re manuf acturing industry . We thank the Ger man Resea rch
Fou ndation for the project fu nding of BR AGECR IM Phase II
and the Collaborative Resea rch Centre 10 26 “ Sustainable
Manu fact uri ng ” .

182 T . Guidat et al. / Pr ocedia CIRP 61 ( 2017 ) 177 – 182
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