scieee Science in your language
[en] (orig)
Thesis
Presented to Berlin University of Technology
In cooperation with the German Aerospace Center (DLR)
Methodologies for Aviation Emission Calculation –
A comparison of alternative approaches towards 4D global inventories
By Martin Schaefer
May 2006
Supervisors:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Hüttig Berlin University of Technology
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Dipl.-Ing. Adir Kende Berlin University of Technology
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Dipl.-Inf. Holger Pabst German Aerospace Center (DLR)
Air Transport and Airport Research
PAGE II
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
CONTENTS.......................................................................................II
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................ IV
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................ VII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................... VIII
PREFACE........................................................................................ X
1 AVIATION EMISSIONS – AN OVERVIEW ...............................................1
1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................1
1.2 Emissions from Aviation .............................................................................................2
1.2.1 Emitted Species..........................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Engine Technology – State of the Art.........................................................................4
1.2.3 Emission Standards & Legislation ..............................................................................7
1.3 Adverse Effects of Aircraft Emissions.......................................................................10
1.3.1 Local Air Quality........................................................................................................10
1.3.2 Global Atmospheric Effects ......................................................................................11
1.4 Aviation Trends.........................................................................................................16
2 METHODOLOGY OUTLINE FOR INVENTORY PRODUCTION....................18
2.1 Introduction to Emission Inventories.........................................................................18
2.2 Elements of Inventory Production.............................................................................21
2.2.1 Processing of Movements Data................................................................................21
2.2.2 Aircraft Representation.............................................................................................27
2.2.3 Aircraft Performance Models & Fuel Profiling...........................................................30
2.2.4 Emission Models.......................................................................................................40
2.2.5 Emission Allocation & Data Integration.....................................................................47
2.3 Uncertainties and Error Analysis ..............................................................................51
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CONTENTS
3 COMPARISON OF METHODOLOGIES..................................................55
3.1 Aviation Emission Inventories – The “Classical Generation”....................................55
3.2 The Latest Methodologies in Detail ..........................................................................60
3.2.1 NASA Inventory for 1999..........................................................................................60
3.2.2 AERO2k – Inventory for 2002...................................................................................64
3.2.3 SAGE – Approach of the Future?.............................................................................70
3.3 Comparison of Results .............................................................................................79
3.3.1 Global Distribution of Fuel Burn and Emissions .......................................................79
3.3.2 Comparison of Fuel Burn Calculations .....................................................................81
3.3.3 Comparison of NOx Emissions..................................................................................84
3.3.4 Comparison of CO and HC Emissions .....................................................................88
3.4 Summary of Findings & Conclusion..........................................................................90
REFERENCES .................................................................................94
APPENDICES ..................................................................................98
PAGE IV
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Combustion process and proportions of emissions in cruise flight
[Source: IPCC (1999), p. 235]............................................................................................. 2
Figure 2: Development of fuel efficiency
[Source: IPCC (1999), p. 298]............................................................................................. 4
Figure 3: Development of OPR and TET
[Source: IPCC (1999), pp. 231-232].................................................................................... 5
Figure 4: ICAO landing and take-off (LTO)-cycle
[Source: http://www.adv-net.org]......................................................................................... 7
Figure 5: NOx emission standards
[Source: Donnerhack (2005)].............................................................................................. 9
Figure 6: NOx emission rates from aircraft
[Source: Schumann (2002), p. 2] ...................................................................................... 12
Figure 7: The effects of aircraft emissions on climate change
[Source: IPCC (1999), p. 189]........................................................................................... 14
Figure 8: Radiative forcing estimates for aviation
[Source: Sausen et al. (2005), p. 556] .............................................................................. 15
Figure 9: Development of Air Traffic and Fuel Consumption
[Source: ICAO, IEA] .......................................................................................................... 16
Figure 10: Global NOx inventory for scheduled aviation in March 1992
[Source: DLR] ...................................................................................................................19
Figure 11: The “bottom-up” approach for inventory calculation
[Source: IPCC (1999), p. 299]........................................................................................... 20
Figure 12: Mergin of trajectories in AERO2k
[Source: Eyers et al. (2004), p. 15] ................................................................................... 26
Figure 13: CASE fleet database by Airclaims Limited
[Source: Screenshot] ........................................................................................................ 27
Figure 14: Specific Air Range of an Airbus A330-200 at 37,000 ft altitude
[Source: TU Berlin (2002)] ................................................................................................ 30
Figure 15: Schematic of typical flight phases for performance calculations
[Source: Middel and de Witte (2001), p. 22] ..................................................................... 31
Figure 16: Mission rules for NASA inventories
[Source: IPCC (1999), p. 300]........................................................................................... 33
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